Index Abrasion, 231

exposure, 46 resistance, 23, 234-40

Abrasive, 8 access prevention, 131, 136

Absorption, thermal movement, 182 Acceptable surface roughness

fabrication requi~ements, 221 service requirements, 221

Accessibility for maintenance, 312, 313 reactive oxygen, 202 seatings 312,313

Accessory, 243 Acid

derusting, 222 strength, reduction, 247 sulphuric, 247 weak, 245

Acoustic hood, 190 Acrylic, 237 Adhesion, 234, 235, 237-40

condition, 221 intercoat, 242

Adhesive, 305 anaerobic, 215 bond to substrate, 213 design, 215 design limitations, 66, 67 economic factor, 67 fabrication character, 67 physical character, 65, 66 selective check-off, 65-7

Adjustment of environment, protection, 247 of media, 71 of relative position, 199

Aeration, 24, 254 differential, JO

Affinity, corrosion, mechanical function, 166 Ageing, 254, 305 Aggressiveness of environment, 29 Air

conditioning, 247, 304 dryer, 282 drying, 243 evacua tion, 304 filtering, 304

flow, 248 hardening, 233 pocket, 259

Airborne contaminants, 307 Alignment of equipment, 190 Alkyd, 237

amine, 237 phenolic, 237 silicone, 237 styrenated, 237 urea, 237

Alloy brazing, jointing, 82 selection, cost, 52

Aluminising, 8, 229 Aluminium, 305

acidic soil, 120 anodic film, 117 casting, steel insert, 92 film, separation, 117 heat treated, priming, 257 high temperature, protection, 304 protection, 304 surface finish, 224

Ammonia, 305 Amplitude, 223

of profile, 8 Analysis, 48

of stress, 32 project, 44 schematic, design control, 49 systematic, 34-49

Anchor, 182, 183 pattern, 8

Angle brace, 189 of incidence, 199

Anion, 8 Annealing, 194, 232 Anode, 2, 5-8, 24

attachment, 246 attachment, storage tanks, 278, 279 capacity, 264 cathode, relative size, 72 efficiency, 264 equipment, attachment, 281, 283 high output, distribution, 264 in groups, 264

356

Anode continued insert, 264 location, 264 material, 245, 246 number, 245, 246 output, 264 polarisation, 8 position, 246 potential, 264 replacement, 315, 317 shape, 245 size, 245, 246 spacing, 245, 246 system, life, 264 trailing, 266 type and design, 246 variables, 264 voltage, 246

Anode, sacrificial, 14, 203 application, 264 a ttachmen t, 263 replaceability, 245

Anodising, 8, 215, 221, 232, 234, 257, 304 Anti-condensation, 233

compound, 223 Anti-corrosion, 242

factors, upkeep, 226 integrity, 228 maintenance, engineering, 312

Anti-fouling, 233, 242 Anti-seize, 201 Application, 235, 237-41, 262

brush, 234 cost con trol, 219 critical, 232, 233 detail, 243 ease, 234 faults, 228 metallic coating, 227 metallising over zinc and aluminium, 118 method, 236, 257 of plastic coating, design, 204 of protective coating, stages, 307 reliability, 235 roller, 234 spray, 234 technique, 221 temporary protection, 227 tinted coating, 257

Applicator, approved, 243 Area

anodic/cathodic, 218 low oxygen, 19 of heat transfer, 137

Arrangement of steel reinforcement, 144 Assembly, 9

complex, 226 methods, failure, 52 palladium plating, 306

Index

Assessment of services, 35 Atmosphere, reduction of corrosivity, 247 Atmospheric

conditions, 45 environment classification, 46

Attack insidious, 166 localised, 12 microbial, 27 preferential, 32

Automatic inhibition control, 297, 299, 301 Availability, 50

of maintenance personnel, 312 Average dry film, 238-41 Avoidance, turbulence, surging agitation,

148-52

Backburn, 234 Backfill, 293

quality, 108, 120 Baffle, 20, 142, 151

replaceable, 162, 163 steam, 156

Baking, 26 after welding, 169 cycle, 216

Balance of stress and strain, 169 Balancing section, fatigue parameters, 179 Ballast compartment, 244 Barrel

finishing, 221 process, 231 processing, parts, 216

Base potential, 8,13,14 Basic treatment, evaluation, 53 Bead reinforcement, 154 Beam coupling, 261 Bearing, 182,219 Bend, 285 Bilge, 244

cathodic protection, 265, 266 Bill of materials, 42, 43 Bimetallic

assembly, coating selection, 117 pad, compatible metals, 87 pad, design variations, 91 structure, inhibitor, 266

Bimetallic connection clad metal, 76 discontinuity, 116 dismantleable,91 fumes, 74 haphazard insulation, 81 interposed metal, 76 transition joint, 87 typical, 82 water access, 86

Biological fouling, sea water, 298, 299 Bitumen, 237

Blast cleaning, 8, 221, 222, 315, 317 Blast peening, 8, 52, 194, 215, 221 Blasting

abrasive, 221 profile, coating, 223 vapour, 22 wet, 259

Blockage, 254 Boiler, 247

feed water, treatment, 301, 303 tube, pitting, 295

Bolting, 31 Bond, 30

aluminium, 115 anodising, 115 conductive gasket, 114 dissimilar metals, 115 electrical, surface finish, 113 sealing, 114 strap, 116 strippable coating, 114

Bonderising, 8 Bonding

complete, unified pipe system, 116 electrical, 304 foreign structures, 245, 246 fusion, 229 jumper, 293

Boring, 221 Bottom involvement, 246 Bought-out item, 73 Boundary

layer, 248 Box section, interior coating, 216 Bracing, horizon tal, 164 Bracket, sacrificial, 113, 115 Brake drum, 219 Branching of pipelines, 153 Brazing, 233 Breakage, 244 Breakdown

catastrophic, 166 local,262

Breaking, sharp corners, 181 Brittle material, corrosion-prone space, 53 Broaching, 221 Budgetary control, 37, 38, 40, 41 Build-up, 232 Burnishing, 193 Burr, 172,210

removal, 222 Bush, 182 Bushing, 219 Butt-welded joint, 209 By-product of microbial life, 27

Cable, 244 armour, grounding, 112

Index

electrical, 30 encased, 261 run, layout, 165

Cabling, 246 Cadmium, 304, 305

surface finish, 224 Calculation of economics

annualcos~, 329-30 appraisal, 326-43 definitions, 327, 328

357

depreciation derivation schedule, 338-9 examples and applications, 334-8 expression for various cost flows, 332-4 factors for various industries, 339-40 general, 326 present worth and future worth, 329-32 symbol description, 328-9 tables, 339 types of cash flow, 340-2

Capacity, spare, 245 Car radiator, design, 96 Carbide solution treatment, resistivity reduc­

tion, 168 Carbon

component, conductive environment, 97 dioxide, concentration, 247

Carbonate, I Carburisation, II, 25, 168 Cargo compartment, 244 Carry of metallic particles, 71 Case

hardening, 168, 194 history, 46

Casting, investment, 221 Catastrophic failure, 351 Cathode, 2, 5-7,9, 24

design and attachment, 247 fouling, 247 material,247 number, size and spacing, 247 sputtering, 229 surface, 276, 286, 287 type, 247 voltage, 247

Cathodic contamination, 24 inhibitor, 9 interference, prevention, 293 metal, critical components, 82 over-protection, 281 reaction, 3, 9

Cathodic control buried pipeline, 288, 292 buried storage tank, 276, 278 deep well pump, 276, 277 freshwater storage, 276, 277 ground bed, 295 heat exchanger, 278, 279 heat treater, 281, 282

358

Cathodic control continued industrial water tanks, 276, 278 oil storage tank, 276, 277 oilfield tanks, 276, 279 platform rig, 266, 273

Index

of surface composition, 227 Chemical, 45

attack,27 effect, 206

Cathodic protection, 9, 18, 20, 24, 27,29, 30, efficiency, sacrifice, 247 film treatment, 304 filter, 282 32,42,72,244,264,266

acidity of soils, 120 appreciation, 245 closed vessel, electrode location, 276 compensating, 286 condenser boxes, 281 design, 246 dielectric shield, 258 economic life, 245 electrical equipment, 112 endurance limit, 176 impressed currents, 246 inhibited cooling water, 281 interference, 245, 294 mooring buoys, 280, 281 of angle and shape, 214 oilfield tanks, 281, 282 paint coating, 246 platform rig, 266, 267 potential, 26 power supply, 245 propeller, 278, 280 reliability, 284 safety, 245 sea inlet, 287-9 size of project, 245 type selection, 244

Cation, 9 Caulking, 19 Caustic embrittlement, 9 Cavitation, 9,190, 191

damage, 16, 18 deformation, 17 fatigue, 17, 190 process, buffering, 191 provision of air pressure, 281

Cavity, 17 Cement, 223

grout, 261 mortar, 261 slurry, 262

Centrifuging, 232 Ceramic, 223

deposition, 215 Chamfering, 172 Change

in composition, 232 of direction; bends, loops, offsets, 182 of environment, 247 of frequency, 189 of polarity, 71, 122

inertness, 244, 275, 285 metal system, suitability, 247 milling, 221 peening, 193 reduction, 229, 231 resistance, 235, 237-41 trea tmen t, 298

Chemistry, composite, 71 Chloride, 191,255

free atmosphere, 266 Chlorinated

polyether, 240 rubber, 239

Chromatising, 232 Chromium, 305 Circuit

characteristic, 307 electronic, 307 printed, cleaning, 224

Clad metal connection, 89 for major equipment, 91 galvanic corrosion, 88 method of bonding, 88 porous, 215

Clad steel, hydrogen embrittlement, 195 Clamping pad, 170 Clarification, 299 Cleaning

alkaline, 222 anodic, high strength steel, 222 cathodic, high strength steel, 222 chemical,9 cold solven t, 222 compound, 30 electrolytic, II flame, II hand, 222 mechanical, 222 ultrasonic, 222

Cleanliness, 196 factor, 346

Close tolerance part, protection, 304 Clutch plate, 219 Coalescer filter, 282 Coat

barrier, 242, 256 sealing, 262 tie, 235, 242 thickness, practical, 243

Index 359

top, 304 Coating, 20

absorption, 276 aerosol type, varnish, 307 after case hardening, 194 aluminium, 255 anodic metal, 8, 26, 234, 254 anti-corrosive type, 242 attenuation of noise, 276 balanced coverage and location, 117 barrier, 235, 242 brittle, porosity, 233 cadmium, 255 cathodic metallic, 255 ceramic, limit, 266 chemical conversion, 9 chromium, 266 conductive, 24 conversion, 194,216,234 damping, 189 dielectric insulation, 293 diffusion, 10, 228, 229, 233 ductile, porosity, 233 effective life, 236 elastomeric, 307 electrophoretic, 229 electrostatic, 244 engineering, 262 engineering data, 69, 70 foam type, 307 glass composition, 266 heat conductivity, 233 hydrodynamic structure, 259 inorganic, 12 insulating, 120 interruption, 257 jelly type, 307 lead, 12, 229, 255 metal anodic, 245 metal or metal salts bearing, environment,

119 metal, physical properties, 230 method, change of properties, 230 moisture proofing, 110, 304, 305 nickel, 266 nitride, 22 number of coats, 236 organic, 32, 266, 305 organic zinc, 13 phosphate, 194 prefabrication, 234 pre-paint, 305 purpose, 242 rigid, 307 special purpose, 233 specification, accuracy, 257 springs, 266

standard, 257 stoved resin, 32 strength, 233 substrate relationship, 236 surface, 233 thermal sprayed, property, 255 thickness, 232, 257 tie, 242 tin, 266 top type, 242 toxicity, 259 vessels, hydrogen embrittlement, 195 weight distribution, 242 weight effect, 242 with ceramics, 227 with plastics, 227 zinc, 254, 255 zinc-rich, 345

Coating, metallic, 12, 304 change of polari ty, 119 environment, 231 galvanic effect, 117 insulation, 254 porous, 194 practical application, 231 purpose, 231, 283 selection, 305 strength structure, 254 substrate, 230 vacuum deposition, 305

Coating, plastic, 244, 247 Coating, protective 19, 23, 24, 27, 28, 33,

303 allowance, 245 application, 219 application inspection, 243 application specifications, 243 economy, 235, 344, 345 impervious, 26 list, 236-41 optimum result, 262

Coating system, 257 appreciation, 236 compatibility, 242 design, 234, 235 effectiveness, 242 multilayer, 233 renewal, 242

Coefficient of expansion, 31 of friction, increase, 194

Cold exposure, 45 liquid transport, temperature adjustment,

296 rolling, 221 working, 172, 234

360 Index

Colour, 243 differentiation, 242 retention, 237-39, 241, 243

Combustion engine, air intake, 282 Communication tower, controlled ground, 82 Comparative index, 47 Compatibility, 42,71-127

beneficial results, 126-7 chemical, 119-20 coatings, 116-19 electrical bonding, 112-16 electrical equipment, 110-12 electrical grounding, 112-16 electromagnetic bonding, 225 electronic equipment, 110-12 encapsulation, 110 enveloping, 110 environment, 120 fasteners, 108-10 films, 116-19 piping system, 100-8 reconciliation parameter, 72 sealing, 110 stray currents, 120-5 structures and equipment, 82-9 treatments, 116-19

Compatible affinity, 82 brazing metal, 24 cleaning method, coating, 224 couple, 72 material, 71, 73 metal, 23, 202 organic and inorganic coatings, 307 welding metal, 24

Complete sealing, uncontrolled leakage, 145 Complex multilayer, 82 Component

anodic, 80, 81 configuration, 248 electrical, 30 enveloping, 215 lesser resistance to flow, 148 material, 248 sizing, facilities, 130

Composition alloying, 245 anti-corrosion, 235, 259 bituminous, 259 high duty, 257 metallurgical, 31, 168 of alloy, quality, 52

Compound anti-seize, 305 chocking, 190 potting, 110

Compressed air system, removal ofliquids, 145 Concentrated solution, filling, 164

Concentration cell, 9, 18, 196 solution, 19 stress decrease, 180

Concrete cover, steel reinforcement, 144 prestressed, 244 structures, waterlogged ground, 259

Condensate cold, 185 precipi tation, 220 retention, 220

Condensation, 307 precipitation, 248 prevention, 131, 135-7, 236

Condensed phase, impingement, 248 Condenser, 156

bracing, 156 design, 156 economic evaluation, 346 tube material, hot wall effect, 347

Condition as fabricated, 52 climatic, 236 economic and operational, 311 working, 236

Conductive environment, 218 media, polarisation, 244 path, 72 plastics, attachment, 307

Conductivity electrical, 30, 234, 305 thermal, 283

Conductor attachment, 195 moisture barrier, 309 spacing, 165

Configuration of surface 196, 199,202 Connection

accessibility, 142 design, incompatible materials, 119 dry, 131 outgassing or fuming materials, 119 take-off, 184, 185

Consistency of operation, 219 Construction, 40 Constructive criticism, 41 Consumption

by area of metal, 248 by reaction, 248 initial, 254 of fluid, cathodic metal, 191

Contaminant abrasive, 20 air-borne, 307 hand-borne, 307 removal, 309

Contamination, 236 Continuity

electrical, 264 of insulation, 32 oflining, 32 of profile flow, 202, 284 of surface, 196

Continuous venting, 247 Contour

improvement, 223 smooth,220

Contract document, 42 Contractor, 262 Control

anodic, 247 of compatibility, 351 of economics, 352 of flow, location, 148 of geometry, 352 of joints and bends, 146 of maintainability, 352 of materials, 351 of mechanics, 352 of media chemistry, 26~8 of protection, 352 of surfaces, 352 of wear, 219 production, 42

Controlled galvanic system, 9 Controller

location, 246, 247 power supply, 247 transmission, 247

Conversion, 232 Cooler, 156

box, 244 discharge, 164

Cooling water starvation, 156 Co-operation, 35 Co-ordination, 50 Copper

alloy, surface finish, 224 grounding conductors, attachment, 113 pipe, condensation-prone space, 102 pipe system, residual deposits, 299 plating, method, 306 protection, 304

Index

salts on stream, tanks and components, 103 Corner reduction, 215 Corrodant, 19, 32

elimination, 176 identification, 170 reduction, 170 removal, 170

Corrosion, 9, 254, 305 allowance, 52 attack, localised, 218 atmospheric, protection, 235

barrier, 82 basic theory, I ~5 behaviour, reliability, 323 bimetallic, II breakaway, 8 cavitation, 17 change of performance, 350 committee, 43 common forms, 16~33 concentration cell, 22 data, 44 effect of operability, 130 effect of performance, 130 electrolytic, 29 engineer, 37, 38, 40, 42 erosion, 9, 16, 19 failure, 43, 323

361

fatigue, 9,16,21,28,166,167,169,170,194, 195,215

fatigue, high strength material, 168 fatigue limit, 9, 21 fatigue, prevention, 312 filiform, II film, 7 flash, II fretting, II, 16, 22, 166, 167, 170, 176, 182,

194, 195 galvanic, II, 16, 22~4, 32, 102, 120 general, II, 15, 16,33 graphitic, 29 hazard,351 high temperature, 12, 16,24 inhibitor, 176 intercrystalline, 12,26 intergranular, 12, 16,26 involvement, 41 layer, heat treated aluminium, 255 localised, 20 microbial, 13,27 of steel, 5 pitting, 14, 16,27 potential, 10 prevention, 236, 275, 349 problem, corrosion records, 323 process, 3 product, 5 products, effect of quality, 53 protection, 231 rate, 10,51,324 rating, 247 resistance, 52, 172, 312 resistant steel, passivation, 224, 307 safe design, 324 scale, 248 specialist, 41 stray current, 15, 29 stress, 15,28, 166, 195 subsurface, 12

362

Corrosion continued technology, cost value, 319 thermogalvanic, 15, 16, 32 underfilm, 14 uniform, 15,33 weld, 16

Corrosion control, 220 analysis, financial comparison, 325 assessmen t, 310 concept, 37, 348 constant or seasonal, 323 curative, 34 economic permanency, 219 economics; 322 maturity, 350 plan, 348 preventive, 34 progressive or static, 323 proposal, 37 reliability, 352 schematic diagram, 36 selection of value, 325 team, 41 weight reduction, 344

Corrosion-prone area, access, 130 Corrosive

atmosphere, access, 248 environment, drainage, 93, 307 fume, 72 gas, fire, 53 interference, 42 particulates, removal, 296, 297 vapour, emission, 254

Corrosivity of outgassing, 243 Corrugated pipe, 182 Cost, 238-41

annual, 325 direct, 320 indirect, 320 limit, 41 of material, 52

Costing personnel, 41 Couple, 10

action, II galvanic, 23

Coupling insulated, separate structures, 121 of electrodes, 23

Coverage, 238-41 theoretical and practical, 243

Coverplate, 312, 314 Crack, 168

arrester, design, 189-92 Cracking, 21

intercrystalline, 26 Crazing, 215 Crevice, 19, 199,201,204,211

avoidance, 137

Index

corrosion damage, 206 effects, 19 ingress of cor rod ant, 131, 137 red uction, 215 sealing, 224

Critical area, 32, 218 assembly, galvanic coupling, 112 component, 51 equipment, 281, 312, 315 humidity, 10 part, 311, 312, 316 section, 21, 31,172 shock loading, 186 space, 32 stress, geometry, 184 structure, hydrogen embrittlement, 168 surface, 32, 199

Cri tical system access ofligh t, 299 control of temperature, 299 internal surfaces, 299 water velocity, 299

Cryogenic temperature, 177 Crystal boundary, 4, 5 Culling of material, 54 Current

allowance, 245, 246 density, 10, 245, 264, 276 distribution, 245, 289 impressed, 245 jump, 121, 122 leakage, design, 125 output rating, 288 protective, 245 requirement, 245, 247 reversal, 125

Cyclic loading, 21, 184 rate, 176 stress, tension to compression, 172 stressing, 21

Cylinder bore, 219 high pressure, 219 liner, cavitation, 223

Deactivation, 10 Dead micro-organism, clogging, 299 Dealuminification, 10, 29 Debugging period, 310, 350 Decarburisation, 10, 25

surface layers, 192 Deck covering, underlay, 223 Decorative, 242

medium, 233 properties, 237-9, 241 purpose, 236

Deep anode system, 294 Deficiency of coating, multiple system, 228 Deformation

loading, 172 local attack, 172 of material, 169

Degreasing, 216 Dehumidification, 247

appreciation, 247 De-ionised water, priming, 224 De-mister, 282 Depassivation of surface, 27 Depolarisation, 10 Deposit attack, 10 Deposited metal

composition, 230 desirable properties, 231 effectiveness, 231 method of application, 231 precoating, 231 reduction of tensile stress, 231 thickness, 231

Deposition of dust, 207 of water scale, 220 side effects, 231 vacuum, 15, 194, 230, 266 vapour, 15

Descaling, flame, II Desiccant, 248, 309

regeneration, 248 Design

access, quality weldment, 174 allowable stress, I 71 balanced, 350 concept, fundamental change, 311 control analysis, 48, 49 exact fit, 170 for high absolute pressure, 151 for inspectability, 311 for reduction of surging, 138 for removal of liquid from gas, 145, 146 for removal of rust, etc., 145 for smooth discharge, 152 functional, 44 galvanising, 204 geometry development, 170 layout, 32 length of corrosion prevention, 311 life, 167 maintenance difficulty and economics, 311 of sealed joint, 213 office, 37, 38, 40 parameter, 167 personnel, 41 phase, 38 pipe/bulkhead, 104 planned maintenance programme, 311

Index

reconciliation, 42 reduction of cost, 324 specifications, 38

Design form, 19,42 corrodan t reten tion, 129 corrosion control, 129 corrosion reduction, 129 formation of gas bubbles, 137, 138 oxygen control, 129 solids reten tion, 129 turbulence reduction, 137, 138 velocity reduction, 137, 138

Desludging, 299 Deterioration, 235

replacement, 322 Detonation spray, 229, 232 Development engineer, 37, 41 Dezincification, 10, 29

layer-type, 28 plug-type, 28

Diagram flow, 37 of corrosion con trol, 36

Die casting, 221 extrusion, 219 precision casting, 219 stamping, 219 threading, 219

Dielectric insulation, 23 properties, 237-40 separation, 74, 116 separation modes, 74 strength, 10

Dielectric materials environment, 67 faying surfaces, 67 function, 67 selection guidelines, 67, 68 shape, 67

Difference of emf, 72 Diffusion, 254, 305

barrier, 306 coating, 233 layer, environment, 233 of substrate metal, 306

Dimensional change by protection, 228 Dipping, 244 Discharge, leakage reduction, 125 Discontinuity of conductance, 67 Discounted cash flow, 325 Dispersion

hardening, 168 of air contents, reduction, 190

Displacement between interfaces, 167 Dissimilar metals, 5, 24, 71

adhesive jointing, 82

363

364 Index

Dissimilar metals continued assembly, selection, 82 conductive attachment, 102 conversion coating, 117 crevices, 76 fa ying surfaces, 74 joint, laminar composite, 82 junction, 78 porous materials, 92 sec, corrosion fatigue, fretting corrosion,

168 welding, 99

Dissimilar metal connection adjustable, 92 chromate, 117 electrical equipment, 110 metallised, 117 non-adjustable, 92 painted, 117 phosphated, 117

Dissipation of heat, 32 Dissolved metals or minerals, pipe system, 298 Dissolved oxygen, 19 Distance between dissimilar metals, 72 Distillation of water, 298 Drain, wire, leakage return, 125 Drainability, 223 Drainage, 19, 131, 134 Draining notch, conversion coating, 216 Draughtsman, 41, 42 Drilling, 221, 307 Dry

cured, 243 handling, 243 overcoat, 243

Drying acceleration, 248 method, 243 temperature, time, 243

Duct, vibration, 185 Ductility, 22

improvement, 168 Durability, 219 Dusting prevention, 248 Dyeing, 232

Earthing, 234 Ecology

involvement, protection, 226 problems, 41

Economic analysis, cost element, 320, 321 appraisal, techniques, 325 feasible protection, 226, 227 life, 168,219 velocity, 152

Economic evaluation balanced investigation, 347

comprehensive records, 322 comprehensive specifications, 321 estimator, 321 information, 321, 322 precautions, 349

Economics, 230, 319-47 equipment and pipe systems, 345 general, 320-5 methods of appraisal, 325-43 structures, 343-5

Economist, 37-41 Economy

continuity, 50 evaluation, 43 feasibility, 41

Eddy resistance, 259 Edge

effect, 231 sharp, avoidance, 172

Effect of wa ter line, 248 Effective

length reduction, 189 polarisation, 288

Effectiveness corroded metal, 254 of protective measures, 226 plan t conditions, 248 time, 248

Elastomers, 247 corrosive effect, 65 economic factor, 65 environmental properties, 64, 65 fabrication character, 65 mechanical properties, 64 physical character, 63, 64 selective check-off, 63-5 subjective properties, 65

Elbow, 285 radius, 153

Electric arc spray, 232 Electrical

assembly, galvanic couple, 112 bond, joint area, 305 cables, 112 circuit, coating utility, 307 circuits, grounding, 112 neutrality, 275 separation, design, 71 stability, 196

Electrical equipment coa ting, 304 quality of engineering, 112 reduction of corrosion, 165 rigid attachment, 195

Electrical parts cadmium, vapours, 112 dissimilar metal, 112 drainage path, 165

Index 365

encapsulation, 165 enveloping, 165 joint, 165 sealing, 165 siting, 165 ventilation drying, 165 void, 165 welding, brazing, soldering, 165

Electrochemical imbalance, 206 reaction, I series, 5 stability, 196

Electrode, 2 low hydrogen welding, 26 potential, 5, 6, 10

Electrodeposi tion, 22 Electroforming, 231 Electrogalvanising, 10 Electrolysis, II, 29

damage, bonding, 125 Electrolyte, 5, II

aeration, 264 flow-rate, 264 solution, 18

Electron, II flow, 2, 5

Electronic equipment closures, 309 gaskets, 309 housing, 309 moisture level, 309 seals, 309

Electroplated nickel, erosion of plastics, 266 Electroplating, 11,32, 229

fatigue strength, 194 Electropolishing, II Electrostatic fluidised bed, 244 Embedment, 24, 30 Embodiment of corrosion control, design,

128 Embrittlement

ofla yers, 233 relieve after plating, 195

Emulsification, 254 Emulsion cleaning, 222 Encapsulant, 202, 254 Encapsulation, 19, 109, 110, 142, 303, 304

vapours, 119 Enclosed

assembly, cadmium plating, 305 components, conversion coating, 216

Entrained gas, removal from pipe system, 145 Entrapment, gas, 254 Envelope, waterproof, 202 Enveloping, 19, 110, 142, 227 EQvironment, 167

adjustment, 42

analysis, 255 aqueous, 19 assessment, 245 causing stress corrosion, 31 chemical composition, 248 conditions, 32, 44 conductive, coating, 119 corrosive, 32 optimal microstructure, 168 service, 176 spray, 233 thermodynamic property, 248 uniform, 19

Environmental conditions, 44, 231, 243

Epoxy, 305 ester, 238 furane,238 melamine, 238 phenolic, 238 urea, 238

Equipment attachment, 178, 179 casting, continuity of surface, 216 cyclic loading, 180 electrical, 30 high performance, assembly, 179 mounting, 177 seating, 190 submerged, protection, 281 supports, design, 178 vital, 248

Erection of structures, auxiliary equipment, 344

Erosion, 420, 346 lining, 275

Estimate of life expectancy, 323 Estimation

exterior and interior corrosion, 324 projection into future, 324

Estimator, 41 Etching, 221, 256, 305 Evaluation, technological solution, 324 Exact

assembly and fitting, 172 machining, 181

Excitation magnitude, reduction, 189 Exclusion

of air, 228 of moisture, 228

Exfoliation, II Expansion

bend, stress absorption, 186 differential, 170 strain, 183 swivel, 182

Explosion bonding, 230 Exposed fitting, dry surface, 274

366

Exterior surface, stabilisation, 218 Extruding, 221

Fabricability, 50 Fabricated vessels, economic coating, 346 Fabrication, 307

assembly, residual stress, 172 methods, failure, 52 properties, 52 stage, application, 242 stress pattern, 171

Fail-safe design, 174,316 shear web, 176

Failure catastrophic, 167 committee, 43 degradation, 350 rate, 310 reports, 47 sustained load, IS

Fairing, 223 Fast drying, 234 Fastener

alternative protection, 263 basic components, 68 compatibility, 68 dissimilar metals, 86 economy, 68 function, 68 non-compatible connections, 108 prolonged wetting, 110 selection guidelines, 68, 108 submerged, design, 137 treatment, 68, 305

Fatigue, 167 crack,22 damage, 171 low cycle, life, 180 mode, 179 of metal, 166 resistance, 190 strength, 170, 171, 182, 192

Faying surface, 199 Feed

water, removal of oxygen, 295 water treatment, cooling tower, 282

Ferric chloride, 305 Ferrous hydroxide, 3 Ferrule

extension, 156 feathering, 156

Fertiliser, 244 Fibre-bonded plastic, separator, 182 Fibrous packaging, 19 Filament-wound

composite, 176 composite pipe, 189

Index

Filler, 223 type, 242

Fillet, 172, 180 design, 21 in comer, 172 streamlined, stress concentration, 170 welding, 21

Filleting, corner, 181 Film

protective, 28, 218 sequence, 242 surface, separation, 120 thickness, 233, 235 time lapse, 242

Filter, 20, 151,282 Filtration, 19, 299

of contaminants, 248 Finger marks, 224 Finish appearance, 242 Fissure, 168 Fitting

diameter, 154 hinge, aluminium, 118 inaccurate and incomplete, 154 precise, 219

Flame cleaning, new steel, 222 Flame cutting, 221

after assembly, 257 interference, 234

Flame descaling, 222 Flame hardening, 168 Flame spraying, 229

design, 204 Flammable materials, critical places, 53 Flange, 216

diameter, 154 doubler, 175

Flare removal, 222 Flash rusting, 221 Flat vs multiform surface, 198 Flex arms, 176 Flexibility, 21, 31,178,237-40 Flexible

bellows, 182 hose, 186, 187 metallic conduit, 261 pipe hanger, 186

Flexing surface, 198 Flocking, 244 Flow

charts, 36 cladding, 244 direction, 20, 248 divergence, 17 field,248 lamellar, 20 reducing, pipe bend, 149 regulation device, 148

restrain t, 20 separation and reattachment, 248

Fluid container, interior, 158 current strata, 72 inhibition, 191 non-conducting, 30 stream veloci ty, 20

Fluidised bed, 244 Flushing of debris, 23, 170, 194 Fluttering, 21, 166

reduction, 189 Flux, 224

removal, 222 residue, brazing, soldering, 224

Folding, 216 Forced draft, 248 Forcing frequency, 177 Forecast life, 242 Foreign matter, 19 Forging, 221 Formation

of cavities, 27 of oxide film, 202

Forming, 307 Fouling, II

monitors, 299 weed, 246

Fragile materials, corrosion-prone spaces, 53 Frequency

natural, 21, 189 offailures, 323

Fretting, 22 Friction, 167

coefficient, 242 dry, 219 limited, 167 red uction, 219

Frictional resistance, 259 Fuel, 247

oil, cleaning, 299, 30 I Fume access, 248 Function

conductivity, 233 decorative, 233 lubrication, 233 posi tive, 50 protective, 233 sealing, 233

Functional parameters, 50 suitability, 50, 51

Furane,238 Fusion of metal, glass, ceramics, 304

Galling prevention, 231 Galvanic

cell, 2, 8, 32

Index

corrosion indicator, 72 couple, 78, 79, 92, 263 problem, alleviation, 236 reaction, 6 relationship, 230 series, 5, 23, 24 tunnelling, 88

367

Galvanised washers, contact with anodic metal, 126

Galvanising, II, 229, 256 air/metal interface, 213 asymmetrical shapes, 141 change of character, 232 improvement of properties, 232 jointing, 232 light metal, 216 notches and holes, 213 painting, 232 post-metallising treatment, 202 pretreatment, 232

Gas bubble formation, 196 flow-powered turbine, 295 holder, 244

Gasket bore, 156 dielectric, piping, 100, 104 overlapping, 138 vibration absorbing, 182

Gasket, conductive combination, 115 moisture, liS porous elastomer, 115 sealing, liS wire mesh, liS

Gathering line, 244 Gauge block, 219 Gear, 219

helical, 219 worn, 219

Generic group, 227, 236 Geometric form, separation method, 228 Geometry, 18,28, 128-65

appreciation, extent, 128 balanced, 158 design, interdependence, 128 drying air, 129 electrical and electronic, 165 excessive complexity, 128 for cleaning, application, inspection, 262 for maintenance, 262 general, 128-30 of attachment, 180 piping systems, 144-58 pretrea ted materials, 130 repetitive treatment, 315, 317, 318 securemen t of clean state, 128 ship movement, 131

368 Index

Geometry continued structures and equipment, 130-44 tanks and vessels, 158-65 uniformity of conditions, 128 wetting prevention, 176

Glass fibre cloth, 259 Gloss, 243

initial, 237-9, 241 retention, 238-9, 241, 243

Gold,305 electrodeposit, high temperature, 306 plating, porosity and thickness, 306

Grain boundary, 26 of surface finish, 219

Graphite components, conductive environment, 97 full dry film, 305 gaskets, heat exchanger, 102 seals, corrosion on stream, 102

Green rot, II Grinding, 172, 221

electrolytic, 221 Groove, 169, 199

reduction, 215 Ground,220

bed, location, 246 Grounding, 30

bus strap, 113 controlled, 30 electrical equipment, 165 generating station, 113, 114 interior wiring, 113, 114 shearsplice joint, 113

Guidance drawing, 42, 43 Guide, 183

Habitability requirement, 247 Handling, protection, 307 Hanger

design, 186 rod, 183

Harbour structure, 244 Hard

facing, 220, 232 surfacing, 223

Hardness of deposit, 231 requirement, 236 Sward rocker, 237-40

Health precautions, application of coatings, 259

Heat co-current and counter-current, 247 dry, 45 reflecting finish, 231 shrinkable plastic, 202 sink,304

transfer, 19 transfer factor, 346 treatment, 22, 27, 32, 166, 168

Heat exchanger, 156,244 discharge, 156 ducting of water, 106 tube sheet, 188 tubes, slanting, 157

Heater, 156 Heating coils, siting, 160 High strength steel, 195

acid cleaning, 192 cathodic cleaning, 192

Highly alloyed alloy, cost, 52 Hinge, shrink assembly, 118 Historical case, reliability, 323 Holding of tolerance, 219 Homogeneous continuity, pickling, 211 Honing, 220, 221 Horizontal offset, penetration, 185 Hot dip

galvanising, 195, 345 metal deposition, 231 tinning, 306

Hot immersion cleaning, 222 Hotspot, 220

formation, 32, 157 Human variant, exclusion, 226 Hydrodynamic pressure difference, 18, 162 Hydrogen

attack,25 blistering, 12, 25 damage, 12, 16,25, 166 evolution, 276

Hydrogen embrittlement, 12,25,169,194,231, 254

cathodic protection, 254, 264 high strength metal, 246 origin, 168 over-protection, 281 stress corrosion, 168 surface preparation, 254 welding, 169

Hydrostatic, 172 Hydroxyl ions, 2 Hypalone rubber, 239

Imbalance electrical, 206 in strain concentration, 182

Immersion in oil, 304 Impact

resistance, 237-40 strength, 22 strength improvement, 168

Impeller cavitation, 223 shape, turbulence, 144

Imperfection site, 172 Impermeability, 233 Impingement, 196,346

attack, 12,20 pia te, 20, 162 surface lining, 275

Impregnation, 24 canvas/metal structures, 97 wood/metals, 98

Improvement of sealant performance, 213 Increase

in wall thickness, 52 of electrolyte path, 74 of inertia cross-section, 189 of utility, structures and equipment, 322

Indium, 305 Induction

hardening, 168 of corrosion cell, 27

Industry, 40, 41, 44 Inert gas, bubble generation, 191 Inhibited fluid, efficient problem, 254 In-going pocket, reduction, 215 Inhibiting, application, 259 Inhibition, 22, 24, 27, 32, 33

appreciation, 248 concentration, 248 critical media, 247

Inhibitor, 12, 28 addi tion, 195 ammonia, 251 anodic, 8 arsenic and antimony, 251 bimetallic couple, 254 borates, 250 calcium, 250 carbon monoxide, 252 cathodic protection, 254 chromate, 249 concentration, galvanic corrosion, 298 corrosion deposits, 254 cost, 254 effect, 248 formaldehyde, 253 ferric and cupric, 251 ferrocyanides, 250 filtration reduction, 254 foaming, 254 heat transfer, 254 hydrogen sulphide, 252 iodates, 250 list, 248-53 mercaptan, 253 molybdates, 250 nitride, 249 nitrogen-base compounds, 253 oxygen, 252 phosphate, 249

Index

pitting, 248 polar organic, 253 precipitation on stream, 254 product contamination, 254 reduction of concentration, 254 relation to surface area, 248 replenish men t, 189 silicate, 249 sodium benzoate, 252 soluble oil, 253 surface coating, 254 tin, 251 toxicity, 254 zinc, 250

Initiation of corrosion resistance, 219 of stress raisers, thermal shock, 177

Injector, 219 Inorganic

zinc, 235 zinc coating, marine conditions, 264

Input of compressive residual stress, 192 of compressive stress, 32 stress, 172

Insolubility to petroleum crudes, 285 Inspectability, loss, 176 Inspection, 44

accessibility for NDT, 312 coatings, 258 method, 162 of tank, forgotten tools, 104 tinted coating, 257

Inspector, 40 Instructions, practical working, 43 Insulation, 19,30,227,236,242

application, 206, 259 compound, fillet, 86 device, 286 elevated temperature, 120 flange, 245, 246 haphazard, 161 non-hydroscopic, 224 protection, 307 resistance, 283

Insulator length, current jump, 121 In-tank protrusion, 160 Integrated

369

corrosion control, maximum economy, 325, 352

entity, 50, 51 Interchangeable parts, 20 Interface, 22, 248

solid/liquid, 17 Interference problem, 246 Inter-material relations, 72 Intermetallic contact, non-compatible, 305 Intermittent wetting/drying, 170

370

Ion erosion, 12 Iron, 304

rot, 12 surface finish, 224

Isolation of components, 23

Jacketing, 259 Jetty,244

cathodic control, 266, 274 Joined structural members, galvanising, 211 Joint

ball, 182 bimetallic, 24 bolted, stress loading, 172, 175 bonded, 175 brazed,24 butt, 19 design, 224 expansion, 183 frictional, 219, 228 fused,24 lap, 19 leaking, 182 mitre, 213 mobile, combination coating, 118 open and closed, 199,216 'O'-ring, 156 piping, location, 184 riveted, 172, 175, 204 sealed, back-up, 213 soldered, moisture proofing, 307 structural, 190 take-down, 154, 155 threaded, 24 transition, 229 treatment, 116 vertical, sealed, 213 welded, stress loading, 172 welding for attachment, 170

Jointing pattern, 204

Key components, noble metals, 80 way, 169

Laboratory, 37, 40, 41, 43 data, practical conditions, 169

Lagging-in, 185 Lamina tion, 11 Lap

avoidance, 137 design, 137 sealed joint, 213

Lap joint, 209 Lapping, 221 Lateral, 153

stiffener, 172, 179 vibration, 179

Index

Lay angular, 220 circular, 220 direction, 220 for preservation, 141 multidirectional, 220 out, 128 parallel, 220 perpendicular, 220 radial,220

Leaching, 14,28 Lead

acidic soils, 120 insert, separation, 100 spraying, 232

Leakage of current, 30 Ledge, 204, 211 Lever action, 184 Life expectancy, 323, 325 Lighting fixture, resilient mount, 195 Limber hole, 131 Limitation of coating, specification and design,

258 Limited survival life, 228 Line

configuration, 182 finishing, 216

Liner loosely hung, 259 rubber, 259

Lining, 12,20,215,227,233 appreciation, 236 loose, 259 loose-bonded elastomer, 275 rubber, 223

Liquid concentration, 247 conductivity, 247 media, access, 248 pressure and velocity, 247 temperature and pH, 247 throughput, economy, 346

Liquor vapour degreasing, 222 Load

bearing part, weakening, 169 reversal, 219 spectrum, 175 static, 33

Local thermodynamic properties, 248 Location

of surface strength members, 207 transmission, 246

Longi tudinal movement, 183

Lubricant, 23, 30 high tenacity, 194 moving parts, 219 retention, 215

Index 371

Lubricating arrangements, access, 194 Lubrication, 23, 274

boundary, 219 control, 219 oil cleaning, 299, 30 I

Lubricity, 275 Lug, 216

Machine bottle washing, 244 tool bit, 219 way, 219

Machining, 31, 307 aggravation of corrosion, 163 cost control, 219

Magnesium, 305 alloys, other metals, 76 electrical equipment, dissimilar metal con­

nections, 112 protection, 304 surface finish, 223

Magnetic circuit, lamination, 304 Maintainability, 285, 310-18

general, 311, 312 preservation and protection, 315-18 structures and equipment, 312-15

Maintenance functional and corrosion, 310 periodicity, 311 practice, 236 repetitive, 228 safety, 311 visibility, 312

Malicious damage, 246 Manufacturing process, locality, 242 Marine equipment, design of connection, 109 Marker tape, varnish, 224 Marking and lettering, selection, 223 Mastic, 223 Material, 50

absorbent, 46 absorbent lining, 189 appreciation, 54-67 cleaning, specification, 222 complex, 51 composite, practical application, 236 composition, information, 73 conductive, 30 corrosion fatigue, 168 description, 73 dissimilar, cleaning, 222 environments, 51 evaluation, 50 expensive, economy, 51 general, 51-4 guidelines, selection of separators, 67, 68 homogeneous, 232 hygroscopic, 309

in electrical equipment, 53 information, request, 68-70 insulating, 254 intergranular and stress corrosion, 168, 195 jointing, 19 knowledge, 262 long life, 53 non-compatible, joining, 74 non-metallic, 53, 166, 167 non-migrating, 306 organic, 119 property, 236 report, 47 selection, 20, 22, 23, 25-9, 31, 33, 40, 51 short life, 53 similar coefficient of expansion, 172 specification, 167, 168 storing, handling, maintenance, 235 subject to hydrogen embrittlement, 195 surface damage reduction, 206 surfacing, 220, 223 to be shaped, annealing, 195 toxic vs fire, 53 vapours, 119

Mechanical case hardening, 194 strength, improvement, 236 stress relieve, plating, 195

Mechanics, 166-95 electrical and electronic equipment, 195 equipment, 177-82 general, 167-71 piping systems, 182-9 structures, 171-7 surface treatment, 191-5 vibration transfer, 189-91

Medium, anti-corrosive, 233, 234 Melted particles, behaviour, 232 Mercury

sources, 97 Metal, 223

anisotropic characteristic, 171 anodic, 8, 203 basic, pretreatment, 233 bending, forming and shaping, 168 clad, 12,26,42 cladding, 12, 229 coatings, 228-30 composition, uniformity, 218 corrosion resistant, protection, 305 defects, residual tensile stress, 172 depositions, 194, 232 design limitations, 56 economic factors, 58 electrodeposited, 223 fabrication character 56-8 filled surfacer, 223 formation of surface film, 202

372

Metal continued hydrogen embrittlement, 168 ion concentration cell, 12, 19 liquid, 45 noble, 1,305 plastic connection, corrosion, 76 porous, eiectrodeposit, 215 powder spray, 232 preservation systems, 195 reactivity, 1,2 sacrifical, 235 soft, threaded joints, 108 selection list, 54-63 sprayed, 223 surface, 19 tarnishing, 224 treatment, compressive stress, 168 working, 32 wire spray, 232

Metal spraying, 12, 194,345 abrasion, 232 bond strength, 232 coating hardness, 232 composite, 232 edge effect, 232 environment, 232 hot, 232 optimum result, 232 purpose, 232 roughness of substrate, 232 sealing, 232 shear stress, 232 uniformity and porosity, 232

Metallising, 12, 26, 32, 42, 52, 221 Metallurgical phase transformation, 168 Method

knowledge, 262 reduction of cost, 324

Microbial effect, 246 influence, 46

Microcracking, 230 Microstructure, 168

resistant, 32 Mill scale, 13, 222 Milling, 172,221 Minor devices, corrosion resistan t, 305 Misalignment, 31, 155

of sections, 172 pipe, 186

Modular assembly, 312 Moisture

barrier, 224 exclusion, 304 proof coating, 304 proofing compound, 305 sealing, 307

Molten metal spray, 232

Index

Monel spraying, pump rods, impellers, 232 Money

ou tflow, 325 saving practice, 236

Mortar, 262 lined and coated pipe, design, 286

Motion random, pipe, 186 reciprocating, pipe, 186

Mounting, 189 conditions, modification, 189 machinery, 177

Multiple-load path, 176

Navigational aid, 244 Neoprene rubber, 239 Neutral axis, 183 New steel/old steel, connection, 93 Nickel, 304, 305

spraying, 232 surface finish, 223

Nitrate, 255 Nitriding, 168 Noble metal

c1ad,82 coating, 228

Noise damping, 233, 236 damping compounds, 223

Nominal stress decrease, 180 Non-compatible joint, separation of fasten­

ers, 109 N on-inspectable areas, design, 312 Non-metallic

metallic coating, 307 nipples and pipes, insulation, 121

Non-porosity, securement, 231 Normalising, 233 Notch, 169, 172

reinforced plastics, 172 removal, 222 toughness, stress corrosion cracking, 344

Nylon powder, 240

Obsolescence, design, 349 Obstacle to structures, distance, 312, 313 Obstruction, subdivision, 312, 313 Offset, 183 Offshore

pipeline, 244 structure, 244

Oil, 227 consumption, 220 field, steam generation, 301, 302 film, 219 hold, 169

Operation, 40 phase, 40

Operational cycle, 311 function, 228 life, failure, 310 maintenance, 310 stress, cumulative effect, 181

Optimalisation of design, 167 Optimum

economy, 285 interface, 233 porosity, 230

Organic materials, polymerisation, 306 solvent, access, 215

Organisation of work, 35 Orifice, 148

chamfering, 150, 151 pipe bends, 149 spacing, 149, 150

Out-of-service time, economy, 346 Output

limitation, 245 regulation, 288

Overflow, 244 Overheads, 320, 321 Overlap, insufficien t, 172 Overlay welding, 255 Overloading, 166 Overpolarisation, hydrogen, 176 Overprotection of structures, 264 Overstressing, 21, 182

by thermal expansion, 171 Oxidation, II, 13,224

anodic, 8 internal, 12 of surface, 218

Oxide, 1, 2 build-up, 304

Oxygen concentration, 7 concentration cell, 13, 19 corrosion, 172 in condensate, reduction, 247 scavenger, 191

Oxyhydrogen spray, 230

Packaging absorbent, 19 material, inhibited, 254

Packing graphited, dielectric separation, 100 inert, 102

Pad, bearing, 219 Paint, 247

application, purpose, 236 auxiliary precautions, 236 coatings, basic appreciation, 236 comparative cost, 236

Index

detail appreciation, 242 film, 216, 242 finishing, 307 high build, 223, 257 high duty, 257 inhibiting, 257 labour, 236 manufacturing programme, 236 peeling, 281 phenolic, elevated temperature, 119 physical properties, 237-40 preservation, 324 vinyl, hydrochloric acid vapour, 119

Paint preservation maintenance cost, 324 serviceability, 324

Painting, 221, 227, 304 cathodic protection, 264 crevice, 257 inaccessible surfaces, 257

Part barrel-plated, design, 216 composite, 226 electroplated, 216 embedded in encapsulant, 274 galvanised, design, 216 immersed in oil, 274 interchangeable, 20 movable, clearance, 216 precision, 304

Particle size, 232 Parting, 13 Passivating, 221 Passive film, stress corrosion cracking, 194 Passivation, 13

of surface, 298 Passive

region, 8 surface film, 32

Passivity, 13 Pattern of corrosion, 349 Pay-out period, 325 Peak, 235

metal temperature, reduction, 247 spotting, 14

Peening, 172 chemical, 193

Penetration, 31 of structure, 172

Periodical variations, service life, 345 Permanent

mould casting, 221 structures, coating system, 344

Permeability to water, 235 Personnel, trained, 262 Perspiration, 30 Petroleum jelly, 20 I, 224 pH value, 13

373

374

Phase preparatory, 37 production, 40

Phenolic, 238 vapour, 255

Phosphatising, 8,13,215,221,232 hot, 256

Pickle, 13 Pickling, 13, 26, 222

electrolytic, 14 of monel, 104 of stainless steel, 104

Pick-up leakage reduction, 125 of contaminants, 233

Pile, jacketed, 259 Pilot proj ect, 166 Pinhole, 257 Pipe

acidic soils, 120 active/passive metal, liquid transport, 296 anode attachment, 287, 291 bend radius, 152 copper, tinning, 108 design, balance, 218 distortion, 182 economic coating, 346 fittings, 151, 223 flexibility, 182 flexing, 184 fluctuation of pressure, 186 for fabrication and galvanising, 223 heating, boundary of environments, 107 insulated, 218 life expectancy, 346 lining design, 285 physical working, 183 plastic, 156 pulsating, penetration, 185, 186 removal of tool scars, 107 stress analysis, 189 surface, evaluation 216~18 tape wrapping, 285 thickness, life expectancy, 346 weldment, stress input, 285 wrapping, 218

Pipeline buried, 244 cathodic protection, 287, 292 complete filling, 151 contact with foreign structures, 107 dissimilar metal partitions, 104, 105 electrical continuity, 293 encased in concrete, 286 equalisation of pressure, 151 high voltage direct current system, 293 isolated segments, 293 material specifications, 107

Index

soft metal/sharp bend, 150, 151 Pipe system

corrosion control cost, 345 drainage, 147 economic velocity, 144, 145 fouling, 299, 300 make-up, assembly, 108 onstream cleaning, 312, 315 prevention of condensation, 295, 296 protection, 298 removal of entrained gas, 145 rubber-lined, 285 streamlining, 147 thermal expansion, shock, 182 working of structures, 182

Piston pin, 219 Pi tting 4, 5, 28, 264 Pivot, 183 Pivotal support, 189 Plan of action, 348~55

checking of design, 352~5 general, 349~50 inherent reliability, 350~ I objectives of integration, 351~2

Plane parallel, 233 perpendicular, 233

Planing, 221 Planned

elimination of shop operations, 344 maintenance frequency, 104

Planning, 35, 235 pilot, 37 preproduction, 34 production, 38, 39

Plant, 243 Plasma spraying, 230, 232 Plastic, 305

clad metal, 261, 275 coating, 243, 244 dip coating, 275 gold dust, 307 laminate, 259 lined pipe system, design, 284, 285 lining, 223 metal filler, 205 metal-plated, 304, 307 pure carbon, 307 silver flake, 307 strain, 169

Plastics design limitations, 61, 62 economic factors, 63 fabrication character, 62, 63 fibre, reinforced, 259 physical character, 59~61 removable, 227 selective check-off list, 59~63

shrinkable, 110 Plate, composite, 9 Plated electrical parts, mounting, 112 Plating, 26

bath, 216 brush, 9, 229, 231 cadmium, elevated temperature, 120 design, 204 electroless, II electrophoretic, II flame, II gas, 15,229 immersion, 229 mechanical, 194, 230 peen, 13, 230 plasma, 14 swab, 230 tarnishing, 224, 235 technique, 22

Platinum, 305 Plug, sintered metal, 150 Polarisation, 4, 5, 14

anodic, 245, 247 level limit, marine coatings, 259

Polishing, 220, 221 Polyamide (nylon), 239 Polyester, 239 Polyethylene, 239 Polypropylene, sheet, 260 Polyurethane, 305 Pore

shape, 233 size, 233 volume, 233

Porosity, 19 factor, 236 of protective materials, 228 variables, 233

Position relative, 128 spatial, 128

Post-weld heat-treatment, 169 Pot life, 234 Potential, 8, 13, 14

difference, 7 equilibrium, 8 Flade, II ground, 30 mixed, 13 negative, 8, 13, 14 noble, 13 positive, 8, 13, 14 profile, 293 standard electrode, 14 steady-state, 8

Potting compound, 223 Power

input, 288

Index

supply, location, 288 throwing, 230

Practice, good concreting, 176 Preassembly stage, coating damage, 257 Precoated

metal, 261, 275 metals, preference, 243 plastic clad, 259

Prefabrication primer, 223 appreciation, 243

Prefabrication priming critically loaded structures, 243 facilities, 243 handling, storing, fabrication, 243 masking, 243 removal, 243 substrate metal, 243 weathering, 243 workers' attitude, 243

Prefabrication stage, application, 242 Prefabrication treating, 221

purpose, 223 structural metals, 256

375

Preferential corrosion, anodic coating, 228 Preheater, 247, 282 Preparation, 37

surface, 196, 233 Preservation

coating, texture, 220 method, surface, 204

Press fit, 169 Pressure

absolu te, 17, 162 differential, 170 hydrostatic, 172 retaining ability, 219 vapour, 17

Prestressed concrete, water reservoir, 261 reinforcement, reduction of stress, 176

Pretreatment, 196 Prevention

of humidity, 73 of reingestion, 299

Preventive corrosion control, taxation system, 324 maintenance, 310 measures, 16, 17, 19-21,23,25-33

Primer adhesion, 242 alkali-resistant, 304 anti-corrosive, 257 chromate, priming, 194 coating, effect on substrate, 256 corrosion inhibition, 234 generic groups, 234 high-build, 235 prefabrication, 234, 235, 257

376 Index

Primer continued substrate, affinity, 242 type, 242 zinc-rich, 247, 256

Priming calcium plumbate, 256 zinc chromate, 256

Printed circuit boards, 229 Procedure, 42, 235 Process

liquid, 247 metal-working, 168 solution, 233

Procurement document, 42 Product

abrasion resistance, 242 decorative properties, 243 electrical conductivity, 242 environmental resistance, 242 flexibility, 242 hardn ess, 242 impact resistance, 242 powdering, 243 self-draining, 243 toxicity, 242

Production engineer, 38-41 plan, 243 planning, 234, 242 tool, control of surface, 219

Profile amplitude, 223 flow, 199

Profi t or loss, 321 Progressive degradation and deterioration, 310 Project officer, 43 Propeller

cavitation, 223 sbaft, grounding, 246 shape, turbulence, 144

Propulsion machinery, clean lubricants and fuels, 282

Protection 226-309 adjustment of environment, 227 anodic, 8, 33, 42, 276 anodic polarisation, 227 base, 234 cathodic, 227 controlled scale deposition, 298 ease of application, 226 electrical and electronic equipment, 303-9 engineering approach, 235 equipment, 226-83 geometry, 226 im pressed curren ts, 12 location, 226 of anodic coating, sealer, 228, 229 pipe systems, 283-303

sacrificial, 14 separation from environment, 226, 227 structures, 254-66 technique, in situ, 315 temporary, 234

Protective measures, temporary/permanent, 218 method, optimum period, 228

Protruding fasteners, welding, 208 Provision for formation/reformation of film,

203 Pump

cavitation, 223 impulse, 186

Punching, 307 Pylon, power, 244

Quality, uniform, 44 Quality assurance, 43, 44

specifications, 44 Quality control, 38, 41-4

organisation, 44 plan, 37 proced ures, 43

Racking facility, 216 Radiation

atomic, 46 emissivity, 248

Random catastrophic failure, 310 Rash rusting, 14 Rate

of corrosion, 42 offailure, 351 of impingement, 154

Reaction anodic, 3 vessel, partial filling, 165

Reactor, coolant system, 301, 302 Realistic appraisal, economy, 319 Reaming, 221 Recess, 204, 211 Recommended practices, 43 Rectifier

adjustment, 288 construction, 291 installation, 288 meter, 291 operational temperature, 291 output terminal, 291 selection, 288 shunt, 291 ventilation, 291

Redistribution of mass, 189 of stress, 31

Reduction, 3, 14 in size, 183

Index

of corrosion, de-aeration, 298, 299 of friction, 219 of impact, 242 of size, maintenance cost, 344 of vibration, 219

Re-entrant corner, 172 Reference

electrode, 246, 247, 293 file, 47

Refinery, fouling reduction, 301, 303 Reflection, 242 Regulation

anti-pollution, 259 of con tact, 25

Reinforced plastic, edge sealing, 215 Reinforcement, 184

cable, 176 Reinforcing

fibres, 215 rod, 245

Reingestion, 282 Relative

cost, comparison, 345 geometry, design pattern, 129 humidity, regulation, 248 size, 72 size, anodic/cathodic, 202 speed, 259

Reliability absolu te functional, 310 inherent, 350 of equipment, 179 operational, 350

Remedial maintenance, cost, 322 Removal

of microbial nutrient, 27 of moisture, critical space, 131, 135 of surface layers, 192 oil, grease, fingermarks, salt and contam­

inants, 222 Repeatability of corrosion control, 311 Repetitive

failure, data processing, 323 wetting/drying, 32

Replacement difficulty, cost, 345 of parts, maintenance, 311

Research applied, 43, 44 pure, 43

Reservoir design, 264 stressed bar, 261 stressed cable, 261 stressed wire, 262

Residual stress relieve, 171 tensile, 31

thermal effect, 181 Resistance

to deformation stress, 283 to microbial life, 285 to temperature deformation zones, 285 to ultraviolet light, 235 welded joints, sealing, 224

Resistivity, 246 of water, soil, electrolyte, 245

Resonance corrosion fatigue, 21, 189 Resonant

fatigue failure, 179 frequency, 177, 199

Restoration of damage, 257 Return on investment, 325 Revision of design, 42 Rhodium, 305 Ring, backing, 154 Rinsing, 216 Riser penetration, 186 Rivet, countersunk, surface profile, 209 Riveting, 31

assembly/vibration, 171 joint, 204

Rod, reinforcing, zinc coating, 118 Roll, 219 Roller

burnishing, 221 levelling, 232

Rolling, 22, 216, 232 hot, 221 of fillets, 193 of grooves, 193

Rough texture surface, 220 Roughening, 221 Roughness, excessive, 205, 223 Round

con tours, 196 corners, 196 grinding, 207 surfaces, 207

Rubbing surface separation, 176 Rudder

grounding, 246 position, cavitation, 144

Ruggedisation, shock, vibration, 307 Rules of procedure, 35 Rust, 3, 5, 8, 14

creep, 14 removal, 222 stain, 307

Sacrificial anode, 287 metal, 127 metal clad, 82 piece, 14, 103, 266 pipe flange, 287

377

378

Sacrificial continued washer, 126, 127

Safe life design, 174 reduction of weight, power saving, 346 steel, improved economy, 344

Safety factor, 179 of utility, 50

Salt, 307 Sand

casting, 221 padding, 293

Sawing, 221 Scale, 19, 224, 254

laminar, 12 of galvanic potential, 73

Scaling, 14 Schedule, 42-4 Scheduling, 235 Scoring, 22

prevention, 170 Scuppers, 131 Sea

inlet and discharge, 244 structures, cathodic protection, 266, 268 water, 30

Seal electromagnetic, 115 hermetic, 12 inert, 102 surface, 219

Sealant, 201, 224 organic, 110

Sealed cavities, venting and drainage, 218 Sealer, 233, 256

corrosive conditions, 257 purpose, 235

Sealing, 19, 142,221,227,241 complete, 199-201 hermetical, 304 inhibited, 218 membrane, 259 method, anodic metal deposit, 231 of welds, 52

Season cracking, 14 Seating

stiff, 177 tubular, 177

Sedimentation, 299 Selective

attack, 14, 16,28 check-off list, 54-67

Self-cleaning, 275 Self-draining, 199 Separation

abrasion, 228 compound, 20 I

Index

cryogenic temperature, 228 dimensional requirements, 228 dissimilar metals, piping, 100 economic cost, 228 effective applicability, 228 electrical conductivity, 228 fabrication and assembly stage, 228 heat transfer, 228 impact, 228 local availability, 228 method, compatibility, 228 of materials from environment, 227 of surface, 228, 235 overheating, 228 sealing, 67 thermal shock, 228 weight requirements, 228

Separation materials chemical composition, 68 conductivity, 67 environment, 67 field application, 67 fire safety, 68 function, 67 metallising, 68 paints, 68 thickness, 67

Service life, 323, 324, 345 life pattern, materials, 323, 324 riser pipe, anode, 287, 291

Settlemen t of deposi ts, 19 Shaft, plastic bearing, 94 Shape

form of attachment, 138 structural, 259

Shaping, 221 Sheet steel, pickled and oiled, 214 Sherardising, 14, 230 Shielding, electrical, mechanical, chemical,

307, 308 Shim, 176, 182 Ships' hulls

appendages, 244 cathodic control, 266, 270-2

Shock, 21, 46, 166 loading, 179 pipe, 186

Shot blasting, 215 peening, 22, 192, 194

Shrink fit, 169 Shrinkage, 232 Silicone, 339 Silver, 305

plating, protection in storage, 306 soldering, 233 surface finish, 224

tarnish, 306 Site selection, 30 Skin doubler, 175 Sled

runner type end, 181 runner type keyway, 181

Sleeve, dielectric, pipe system, 104 Slip, 22, 23 Slippage, 22

improvement, 194 Sludge, 254 Siudging, 299 Snagging, 221 Snubber, porous metal, 151 Sodium hydride descaling, 222 Soils

instability, 246 natural, 244 wet, 245

Solder soft, connection, 225 surface finish, 224

Solderability, 305 Soldering, 19

over gold, 306 Solid contaminants, access prevention, 131 Soluble gas, removal, 296, 297 Solution cleaning and coating, 216 Solvent

organic, 30 reflux, 216 resistance, 234

Source of information, 44 Space, access, 312, 314 Span wise discontinuity, 175 Spatter, 224 Specification, 34, 42-4, 235

accurate, 51 contract bidding, 321 incomplete, loss, 344

Specular effect, 231 Spillage, 244, 312 Splinter silencer, 189 Sponson plate, 138, 140 Spray

detonation, 229, 232 process, 233 welding, 232

Spring, protection, 304 Staggered welding technique, 195 Stagnant area, 19 Stainless steel

aluminium connection, 74 finishing, 307 stabilised, spraying, 232 steel connection, 74

Standardisation of structures, cost, 344 Standardised management method, 35

Index

Steam, 247 cleaning, 222 main, take off, 185 system, removal of liquids, 145

Steel casing, heat exchanger, 126 embedded, 118, 144, 176 mild,304 precipitation hardening, finishing, 307 surface finish, 223

Sterile design environment, 107 Stiffener location, 218 Stiffness

balance, 172 of structures, 189

Stopping-off, carburising, 231 Stoving, 243 Strain

creep, 170 elastic, 22 hardening, 168 on sealan t, 213

Strap, 183 design, 186

S tray curren ts, 30 cathodic protection, 125 design, 120 drainage, 112 preven tive design, 125 sources evaluation, 123, 124

Strength alloy sensitivity, 52 improved stress flow, 172 properties, 52 reduction, 166

Stress, 167,242

379

adverse, differential of temperature, 296 alternating, 21 analysis, 22, 171 bending, 179 biaxial, 175 caused by operation, 166 compressive, 22, 26, 167, 194 concentration, 21, 31, 188 concentration, reduction, 178 concentration factor, 171, 180 concentrator, 192 control, design, 169 corrosion cracking, 15, 16, 21, 30, 166, 167,

169, 170, 182, 194 cyclic, 167 distribution, 171 distribution fatigue life, 169 elastic, 167 externally applied, 166 flow, 21,170 flow distribution, 179 from fitting, relieve, 171

380

Stress continued from quenching, relieve, 171 induced, 168 internal, 174 level, 167-9 loading, 166 local, 179 raiser, 22, 31, 179, 192, 264 redistribution, 21 relieve, 22, 52, 168, 172, 174, 306 relieving, after welding, 169 repetitive, 167 residual, 166, 168 static, 21 tensile, 166, 194

Stressed area, 32 Structural

material evaluation, 53 member, 171 metal, cavitation, 255 part, protection, 304 reinforcement, input stress, 172 steel, cost/weight, 343 .

Structure anode attachment, 266, 269 chemical corrosive leaching, 120 expansion and contraction reduction, 172 fail-safe, 176 flexibility, 171 immersed, 245 many elements, crevice corrosion, 175 multiple-load paths, 175 physical working, 183 self-draining, 131, 134 small enclosures, 131, 135 stainless steel, access of oxygen, 143 tubular, 259

Strut, mounting, 189 Sub-assembly, 226

non-reparable, 53 Substance, coat, abrade, coagulate, 247 Substrate, 8, 15, 19, 196,220,242

defect of process solution, 231 metal, 228

Subsurface transformer, cathodic protection, 308, 309 water, 244

Sulphidation, 25 Sulphur

compound, 307 in rubber, chemical compatibility, 119

Sum of renewals, labour cost, 346 Superfinishing, 221 Support

build, 189 design, 186

Surfacant, 206, 215, 223

Index

Surface, 196-225 aerodynamic, 20, 196 at design stage, 220 cleaning, 19, 191,210,222 close tolerance, 223 coating, 22, 32, 203, 275 compromise of texture, 219, 220 conditions in design, treatment, 221 contaminants, conductor surfaces, 224 continuity, 203 contours, covering, 234 covering, application, 206 damage, filiform corrosion, 207 deposit, factor, 248 design, 196, 224 discontinuity, 202 drying, 199 electrical and electronic equipment, 224-5 electrically stable, 202 equipment, 214-16 estimating aid, economic evaluation, 324 exposed to abrasion and impact, 259 finish, 22, 219 finish, parameters, 219 finish application. 193 finish control, quiet operation, 219 finish marks, avoidance, 192 flow, continuity, 218 general, 196-207 grinding, 220 hardening, 223 high polish, 215 hydrodynamic, 20, 196 i rregulari ty, 219 multishape, sealing, 202 organic coating, 194 parameter, 196 piping system, 216-18 preparation, 15,26,218-24,234,235,243 profile, design, 223 protection, continuity, 218 relative motion, clearance, 220 relative position and shape, 207 retention oflubricant, 221 roughness, 259 rubbing, 168 selection, 204 self-cleaning, 199 smoothness, 219 solid, hollow bodies, 199 stain, 307 structures, 207-14 tensile stress, 30 texture, 20, 219, 220, 257 treatment, 15, 26 velocity, current density, 287 waviness, 219

Index 381

Surfacing, 221 welding, 255

Surround, non-aggressive, 27 Susceptible

range, 27 to corrosion, 52

Suspension, 19 Swaging, 22 Sway brace, 184 Systematic analysis, calculation technique,

325

Take-down joint, 154 Take-off connection, 185 Tank

access to in terior, 163 bottom shape, 159 closing down for start-up, 104 design, 158 economic coating, 346 flat top, 158 galvanised, copper coil, 106, 107 galvanising, 218 hydrodynamic, 259 hygroscopic corrodant, 162 inlet pipe, 159 metal/geometry, 161 plastic liner, 275 removal of entrained air, 162 seating, design, 160 storage, 165,244 uncontrolled leakage, 162

Tape adhesive, dissimilar metal joint, 104 Tapped hole, 173 Tarnish,307

prevention, 305 Technical data records, 46 Technology, availability, 230 Temper selection, cost, 52 Temperature

above dew point, 307 ambient, 177 cryogenic, 177 fluctuating, 232 gradient, 72 limitation, 243 service, 32, 168 substrate, 233

Tension and compression, bending and torsion, 171

Tension surface, fail-safe construction, 176 Terne plate, 15,230 Test

lead,293 point, 245

Testing establishment, 37,43

hydrostatic, 244 non-destructive, 43 pilot, 43

Texture, 196,220,234 Thermal

conductivity, 233 contraction, 183, 186 efficiency adjustment, 247 efficiency appreciation, 248 expansion, 21, 183, 186, 233 gradient, 32 loading, 242 shock, steam line, 185

Thickness of sealing, 233 vs mechanical stability, 52

Thinner, 243 Throttle control, 150 Thrust line, 183 Thrusts and moments, excessive, 182 Tin, 304, 305

dipping, 233 lead solder, 305 plating, 306 spraying, food vessel>. 232 surface finish, 224

Tintability, 234 Titanium, 305 T-joint, 213 Total surface cleaning, 202 Touch-up specifications, 262 Toxic fumes, 234 Toxicity,237-40 Traffic hazard, 246 Transfer

of electrolysis, 71 of polarity, 71 of temperature, polarisation, 99

Transition joint, high temperature, 91 tapering, 152

Transmission tower, cathodic protection, 266, 267

Transverse movement, 183 Traverse plane exposure, 171 Treatment

bath,216 corrosion, 52 electronic, 298 report, 47

Tube assembly, venting and drainage, 218 bundle, 156 insulating, 285 rolling-in, 156 sheet, 229 welding, 156

382

Tuberculation, 15 Tumbling, 22, 193

abrasive, 192 Tunnel

cathodic protection, 273 design, 264

Turbulence, 20, 196 Turning, 221 Two-step application, 234, 257

Undercoat, 234, 242 Underground

pipe, 285 plastic pipe, trench, 187

Undrainable traps, 131, 133 Uniform

film forming, 218 size pipe, 182 surface, corrosion-prone side, 214 surface pretreatment, 202

Uniformity, securement, 231 Unproductive deterioration, 322 Urethane, 240 User, 40 Utility

arrangement, 130 location, 130 public, 244

Vacub1ast, 259 Valve

angle, 148 butterfly, 148 continuous piping system, 187 end of pipe, support, 187 flange, 187 gate, 148 globe, 148 plug, 148 regulating, support, 187 sea, design, 187 throttle, 148

Vapour application, 119 blasting, 193, 222 cleaning, 222 corrosion, 171 degreasing, 222 deposition, 230 unventilated spaces, 119

Varnish, 254, 305 Vat process, 231 Velocity tolerance, 346 Ventilation, 247

appreciation, 247 drying, 24, 129 trunking, routing, 190

Venting, hydrogen, 276

Index

Venturi tube, 148 Vibration, 17,21,23,46, 166, 184

absorber, 189 components selection, 190 dampener, 184 damping, 189 elimination site, 190 focal point, 190 isolation, 189 reduction, 189,219 sustained, 231 transfer, 18, 190

Vinyl, 240 alkyd, 240 organosol, 240 plastisol, 240

Vi ton, 239 Voltage, driving, \0 Volume control system, 301, 302

Waste heat boiler, 152 Water

brackish, 264 cooling, 247 natural, 45 pipe system, air entrainment, 162 potable, 245 proof mem brane, 202 pure, 245 resistivity, 245 river, 245 rotation, 17 scale, 218 sea, 245 tower, economic coating, 345 trap, 20 velocity equalisation, 158

Wave action, 246 guide, 306 guide, metal coating, 229 resistance, 259

Waviness, 220 Wear

con trol, 219 in, 220 out phase, 3\0, 351 resistance, 231

Weather resistance, 15, 235 Weathering, 15,222,256 Weight

penalty, 176 reduction, strength loss, 344 saving, 42

Weld cleaning, 224 con tin uous, 19 continuous, hot dip galvanising, 195

decay, 15 finishing, 31, 169,210 gas pocket, 168 inclusion, 168 incomplete, 173 intermittent, 173 lap, 168 metal alloying, 168 metal spatter, 210, 222 overlay, 42 penetration, 19, 174 precipitation of phases, 168 preferential corrosion, data, 346 preparation, 169 quality, 234 run, 174 stress relieving, 195

Welded joint, 24, 209 pipe assembly, galvanised, 213

Welding, 31 air and gas, 233 alloy, jointing, 82 butt, 31, 172 connection, hook-up, 82 continuity, 209 fillet, 31, 172 flux, 30, 210 in pockets, 210 in structural channels and grooves, 210 interference, 234 lap, 31

Index

residue, 210 rod, 168, 169 spot, 172, 204 strip overlay, 82 technique, 52, 168, 169

Weldment design, grounding, 121 Well casing, 244 Wetted surface area, 259 Wetting property, 242 Wiping, 232 Wire

bunching, 262 drawing, 15, 20

Wood acid contents, 120 galvanising, 120

Work hardening, 190, 192 Working

drawing, 42-4 of structure, 21 sequence, 35

Wrapping structural members, 213 tape, application, 218, 259

Zinc chromate, 305 chromate paste, 305 chromate primer, 307 plated electrical parts, vapours, 120 plating, electrical equipment, 306 stainless steel, hot environment, 120

383