Index

This index was prepared to enable readers to retrieve information concerning the application of isotopic datapertaining to geological and archeological problems at specific locations. In this way, the Index complementsthe detailed Table of Contents in which the subject matter is divided on the basis of isotope systematics. Thekey words were taken from the diagrams (d) and the tables (t).

A

Abitibi belt, Ontario and QuebecPontiac Sandstone, U–Pb concordia, 235d

Abundances of the elements (solar system), 11t,12d

AchondritesMoama, Sm–Nd isochron, 208dδ15N, whole rock and minerals, ureilites, 817t

Sm–Nd dates, initial 143Nd/144Nd ratios, 209tAdularia

Rb–Sr dating, basement rocks, Ohio, 99dAerosol particles

Pb, isotope composition, Foshan, China,467d

Pb, isotope composition, Los Angeles, Califor-nia, 468d

Alberta, Canadaoilfield brines, δD and δ18O, 722d

Algae, thermophilicC, isotope composition, function of dissolved

inorganic C, 757dH, fractionation factor, temperature dependence,

760dAllanite

Ba, concentration, Amitsoq gneiss, 341t

La, concentration, Amisoq gneiss, 341tAllende, carbonaceous chondrite

26Al/27Al ratios, A and B-type inclusions, 659t26Al–26Mg date, B1 inclusion, 658dδ18O-δ17O, inclusions, FUN anomalies, 741d

Alpha-decay, 24dAlpha-particle, range, in biotite, 578dAluminum-26

26Al, decay to 26Mg, solar nebula, 658d26Al–26Mg date, anorthite, B1 inclusion,

Allende, 658dmanganese nodule, Techno-1, South Pacific

Ocean, 632dproduction rate, in quartz, 635t

Amazon River, BrazilNd and Sr, model dates, sediment, Amazon and

tributaries, 431tPb–Pb, isotopic mixing, sediment, 431dRa concentration, water, 531t228Ra and 226Ra activity, estuary, water, 514d228Ra/226Ra activity ratio, estuary, water,

514dRb and Sr, isotope ratios and concentrations,

sediment, 428tSr, isotopic disequilibrium, water and sediment,

427d

875

876 Index

Sr, isotopic mixing, water, 430dSr–Nd, isotopic mixture, sediment, 428dSr, Rb, Nd, Sm isotope ratios sediment, Amazon

and tributaries, 430tU–Pb, mixing, sediment, 430dU–Pb, mixing, water, 429d

Amitsoq gneiss, West GreenlandBa, concentration, gneiss and minerals, 341tBa–La isochron, 342dLu–Hf isochron, 292dRb–Sr isochron, 94d

Anatolia (Turkey)Marble, provenance, δ18O and δ13C, 781d

Andes Mountains, South AmericaSr–Nd, isotopic mixing, ignimbrites, 388dSr–Pb, isotopic mixing, ignimbrites, 388d

AnorthiteBa inclusion, Allende, 26Al–26Mg date, 658d

AntarcticaAllan Hills, meteorites, terrestrial residence

dates, 645dLa Gorce Formation, Rb–Sr isochron, 95dPole of inaccessibility, 210Pb, deposition rate,

526dTuatara, Mt., Rb–Sr isochron, feldspar, till,

101dVostok, δ18O, ice core, 703d

Apatiteannealing, fission tracks, 590ddiffusion, He, Durango, Mexico, 550dO, isotope fractionation, temperature depen-

dence, 731dU–Th/He date, Mt. Whitney, California, 553dU–Th/He dating, Otway Basin, South Australia,

553dApollo 12 landing site, Moon

basalt samples, Ocean of Storms, 89dolivine basalt, Rb–Sr isochron, 88d

Apollo 14 landing site, MoonU–Pb concordia, Tera–Wasserburg, basalt,

239dApollo 17 landing site, Moon

40∗Ar/39Ar partial-release pattern, basalt, 155dAr–Ar isochron, orange glass, 156dSm–Nd isochron, basalt, 210d

AragoniteC, isotope fractionation, aragonite–HCO3

−, 764t

Arctic Oceancurrents, entering and leaving, 684dFram basin, 684dMakarov basin, 684dSi, concentration, seawater, Fram basin, 685t

Argondistribution, radiogenic 40Ar, mineral grains,

148dexcess 40Ar, Kola Peninsula, Russia, 142drelease pattern 40∗Ar/39Ar, minerals, 149d

Arkansas, USAdiamonds, δ13C and δ15N, 815d

Arrhenius plotdiffusion, Ar, hornblende, 169ddiffusion, He, apatite, 550d

Atlantic Oceanmap, North Atlantic, 366dMn nodules, epsilon Ce, 333dPb, concentration, seawater, decrease with time,

468d210Pb, seawater, 524d228Ra, 226Ra, 228Ra/226Ra activity,

seawater, 516d90Sr, profile, 1961, 675d

Augitediffusion, He, 552t

AustraliaBerridale and Kosciusko batholiths, Sr-Nd iso-

tope mixtures, granitic rocks, 404dBroken Hill, N.S.W., K–Ar and 40∗Ar/39Ar

dates, minerals, 167ddiamonds, δ13C and δ15N, Western Australia,

815dHamersley Group, Dales Gorge, δ13C, ankerite,

Precambrian, 770dMt. Narryer, Hf isotope ratios, zircon, 293dMurray River, N.S.W., sediment, chemical com-

position, 420t,dAutomobile exhaust

Pb, concentration, seawater, Atlantic Ocean,468d

Pb, isotope composition, Pearl River delta,China, 467d

Azore Islands, Atlantic Ocean87Sr/86Sr longitudinal profile, basalt, 367d

Index 877

B

BacteriaC, isotopic composition, function of dissolved

inorganic C, 757dH, fractionation factor, temperature dependence,

760dBaltic Sea

map, 454dMn nodules, epsilon Ce, 33dNd, isotopic mixing, seawater-river water,

445tNd and Sm, concentration, depth dependence,

454dOs, isotope composition, Mn nodules, 473dS, concentration, isotope composition, sediment,

Bay of Kiel, 828dSr, isotopic mixing, seawater-river water,

455dSr–Nd, isotopic mixing, seawater,

455dBarbados Island

230Th dating, coral terraces, 508dBarents Sea

Mn nodules, epsilon Ce, 333dBarite

40∗Ar/39Ar partial-release date, Fig Tree Grp,Barberton Greenstone belt, South Africa,164d

Bariumconcentration, rocks, 341tisotope composition, rock standards, 343t

Belt Series, MontanaRb–Sr date, glauconite, 110rRb–Sr isochron, glauconite, 98d

BentoniteHell Creek, Montana, Z coal, Rb–Sr isochron,

102dBerridale and Kosciusko batholiths, southeastern

AustraliaSr–Nd, isotope mixture, granitic rocks, 404d

Beryllium-10activity, variation with depth, sediment core,

Pacific Ocean, 629dCaribbean Sea, sediment core, 632dexposure age, weathering rate, quartz, 638dgrowth, exposure time, in quartz, 637d

ice core, Dye 3, Greenland, 633dmanganese nodule, Techno-1, South Pacific

Ocean, 632dproduction rates in quartz, 635t

Biotitebentonite, Hell Creek, Montana, Rb–Sr isochron,

102dIdaho batholith, metamorphic veil, K–Ar dates,

133dzero K–Ar date, geothermal gradient, continental

crust, 134dBeta (negatron) decay, 16dBeta particle (negatron), energy spectrum, 40K,

16dBlack Forest, Germany

U–Th/He date, hematite, 555dBones, human

90Sr, New York City, 1954–1982, 677dBoron

isotope composition, 854tisotope composition, chondrules, 859disotope geochemistry, 857d

Brassfield Formation, Ohio and IndianaRb–Sr isochron, glauconite, 97d

Brachiopods and mollusksδ18O, marine, Cambrian to Recent, 728d

BrazilAmazon River, 429dParana, map, 392d

British Columbia, CanadaFraser River, 423d

Broken Hill, N.S.W., Australia40∗Ar/39Ar partial-release dates, hornblende and

plagioclase, 167d, 168dK–Ar dates, minerals, 167d

Bulawayan Group (limestone), Zimbabweδ13C, 3.3–2.9 Ga, 770d

Bushveld Complex, South AfricaLa–Ce isochron, 328d

C

Calciumabundances of stable isotopes, 10dconcentrations, rocks, 76tgrowth of radiogenic 40Ca, 182d

878 Index

Calcium (continued )isotope fractionation, food chain, 188dK–Ca isochron, Pikes Peak granite, Colorado,

182dradiogenic 40Ca, crustal rocks, 185d

CalciteC, isotope fractionation, calcite–HCO3

−, 764tδ13C, marine, Cambrian–Recent, 765disotope fractionation, O, calcite–water, tempera-

ture dependence, 706d, 731dCalcite–graphite

C, isotope fractionation, temperature depen-dence, 779d

California, USADeath Valley, excursion, δ13C, Neoprotero-

zoic–Early Cambrian, 768dLassen Volcanic Park, snow, Pb isotope compo-

sition, 468dMarble Mountains, 40∗Ar/39Ar partial-release

dates, 150dMt. Whitney, U–Th/He dating, apatite, 553dSierra Nevada, Sr–Nd isotopic mixture, granitic

rocks, 404dSr, isotope composition, igneous rocks, 403dThe Geysers, He, isotope ratios, 569d

CanadaMackenzie Mountains, δ13C excursion, Neopro-

terozoic–Early Cambrian, 768doilfield brines, δD and δ18O, Alberta, 722dOttawa, record of tritium fallout, 556drivers, Sr concentration, isotope composition,

414tSuperior structural province, Pb–Pb model dates,

269ttectonic provinces, 136d, 205dYellowknife, NW Territory, saline minewater, δD

and δ18O, 724dCarbon

δ13C, excursion, Death Valley, Neoproterozoic–Early Cambrian, 768d

δ13C, excursion, Mackenzie Mountains, Neopro-terozoic–Early Cambrian, 768d

δ13C, excursion, Rheinisches Schiefergebirge,Germany, Frasnian–Famennian, 767d

δ13C, excursions, Sturtian and Varangian, Neo-proterozoic, 773d

δ13C, igneous rocks, 777d

δ13C, martian meteorites, 791dδ13C, organic matter and carbonates, 620tMoon, rocks and soil, concentration and isotope

composition, 789tCarbon-14

calibration, 14C and dendrochronology dates,619d

corrections, 14C dates, 618ddecay curves, 616d

Carbonatiteδ13C, calcite, dolomite, and ferriferous carbonate,

784d231Pa/285U and 230Th238U activity ratios, 537d

Caribbean Sea10Be, at ODP, 502B, 631d90Sr, profile, 1961 675d230Th/231Pa sedimentation rate, 518d

Carn Chuinneag intrusion, ScotlandRb–Sr isochron, 93d

Carbonaceous chondritesN, concentration and isotope composition, 826dδ15N, carbonates, 816tδ15N, diamond, 816tδ15N, graphite, 816tδ15N, organic matter, 816tδ15N, SiC, 816tδ15N and δ13C, components, organic matter, 817t

Catskill Delta, New Yorkthermochronology, fission-track dating, apatite,

573dCerium

chemical and physical properties, 323tchert, relative to CHUR, 335dconcentrations, terrestrial minerals and rocks,

323tepsilon Ce values (CHUR), terrestrial rocks,

332disotope ratios, interlaboratory references

standards, 331dinitial 138Ce/142Ce ratios, stony meteorites, 329tseawater-depth, Pacific Ocean, 337d

Cesium-137 (fission product)Arctic Ocean, water, depth profile, 685dfirn, Dye 3, 1950–1976, Greenland, 679dfood items, 1968, Chicago, Illinois, 679tloss, by leaching, soil, Russia, 680ttransfer coefficient, plant/soil, 680t, 681d

Index 879

Chart of the nuclides, 6t, 9d, 147dtransuranium elements, 669d

Chernobyl, Ukraine137Cs, sediment, Lake Sempach, Switzerland,

682dChert

biogenic silica, O, isotope fractionation, temper-ature dependence, 736d

Ce, isotope ratios, 335dδ18O, marine chert, 550–0 Ma, 738d, 739tδ18O, Precambrian, 3.8–0.5 Ga, 740dPb, concentration, radiolaria, 469tSi, isotope composition, biogenic silica, opal,

chalcedony, 864dChile–Peru trench, map, 385dChina

Foshan, Pearl River delta, Pb isotope composi-tion, eolian dust, and aerosol particles,466t

Chlorineisotope composition, 854tisotope geochemistry, 869d

Chlorine-26, thermonuclearDye 3, ice, Greenland, 640dmeteorites, terrestrial residence dates, Allan

Hills, Antarctica, 645dChondrites (all kinds)

initial 138Ce/142Ce ratios, 329tinitial 187Os/188Os ratios, 306tLL chondrites, Rb–Sr isochron, 84d21Ne-irradiation dates, 643dproduction rates, cosmogenic 3H, 21Ne, and 83Kr,

643tRe–Os isochron, chondrites, H group, 308dRe/Os ratio, chondrites, 298dRe–Os dates, 306tSm–Nd dates, initial 143Nd/144Nd, 209t

ChondrulesB, isotope composition, 859d

ChromiteOs isotope evolution, Finland, 304dOs isotope evolution, Zimbabwe, 304d

CHUR (chondritic uniform reservoir)Hf, isotope evolution, 288dmodel dates, Nd, 200d, 207dNd, isotope ratios, 198tOs, isotope composition, 309d

Clay mineralsδD and δ18O, kaolinite and montmorillonite, soil,

726dClay, marine sediment

Pb, concentration, marine sediment, 469tClaystone (see also Tonstein)

Rb–Sr isochron, Estonia, 104dClimate record

δ18O, benthic foraminifera, 70 to 0 ka, AtlanticOcean, 709d

δ18O, ice core, Vostok, East Antarctica, 703dδ18O, marine calcite, 750 to 0 ka, 698d

Closure temperature (Ar) in minerals, 170tHematite, 4He, depending on cooling rate,

555tretention of fission tracks by minerals, 590d

CoalN, concentration, 804tδ15N, coal, components, 810d

CO2 –CH4 geothermometerLarderello, Tuscany, Italy, steam jets, 775d

CO2 –HCO3−CaCO3

isotope fractionation factors, O, 706tColorado, USA

Idaho Springs Formation, Colorado, K–Ar dates,minerals, 116d

Snake River, Pb2+ sorption to Al–hydroxysul-fate, 464d

Steamboat Springs, He, isotope ratios, 569dColumbia River Basalt, Oregon and Washington

K–Ar dates, stratigraphy, 289tSr, isotope mixing, basalt, 391dSr–Nd, isotope mixing, basalt, 390dSr–Nd, isotope mixing, Late Tertiary basalt,

392dSr–Os, isotopic mixing, Late Tertiary basalt,

392dConcordia, U–Pb, Tera–Wasserburg, 237d,tConcordia, U–Pb, Wetherill, 224d, 225dConodonts, Silurian, Sweden

δ18O carbonate, 734dδ18O, phosphate, 734d

Contact metamorphismeffect on K–Ar dates, minerals, Idaho Springs

Formation, Colorado, 116deffect on K–Ar dates, minerals Snowbank stock,

Minnesota, 117d

880 Index

Cooling curveCatskill delta, New York, 593dDamara orogen, Namibia, 595dHaliburton Highlands, Greenville tectonic

province, Ontario, 171dCosmic rays, 613tCosmogenic radionuclides, atmospheric

halflives and decay constants, 613tCosmogenic radionuclides, rocks

target elements and product radionuclides, 634t

D

Damara orogen, Namibiacooling curve, 595d

Death Valley, Californiaδ18C excursion, Neoproterozoic–Early Cam-

brian, 768dDecay curve, 36dDecay in three-component series, 41dDecay, long-lived parent to short-lived daughter,

42dDecay-scheme diagrams

alpha-decay, 23892U, 26d

alpha-decay, 22890Th, 26d

beta- (negatron) decay, 2411Na, 18d

beta- (negatron) decay, 2712Mg, 19d

branched decay, 4019K, 22d

positron decay 148O, 21d

Decay series238

92U → 20682Pb, 27d

23592U → 207

82Pb, 27d232

90Th → 20882Pb, 28d

Deep-sea sediment26Al, sediment core, South Pacific Ocean, 632dB, concentration, 856d10Be, specific activity, Pacific Ocean, 639dCl, concentration, 856tLi, concentration, 856dδ15N, sediment and NH4, 814tδ18O values, 711tHf, concentration and isotope composition, 482tPb, concentration, 242t, 269tS, concentration, isotope composition, Bay or

Kiel, Baltic Sea, 828dTh, concentration, 242t

230Th/231Pa activity ratio, sediment, CaribbeanSea, 518d

230Th/232Th ratios versus depth, 501dU concentration, 242t

Dendrochronologycomparison to 14C dates, 619d

Denmarktritium profile, soil, 557d

DiamondC, diamond-graphite, isotope fractionation,

792dδ15N and δ13C, isotopic mixture, 815d

DiatomsSi, isotope fractionation factors, 865t

DiffusionAr, hornblende, 169dHe, apatite, Durango, Mexico, 550d4He, minerals, 40Ar retentive, 552tPb, minerals, 228d

Drake Passage, Atlantic–Pacific OceansNd, isotope composition and concentration, sea-

water, 457dDucktown, Tennessee

Pb2+, sorption, Davis Mill creek, 464dDuluth Gabbro, Minnesota

effect on Rb–Sr dates, Snowbank stock, 117dDurango, Mexico

diffusion, apatite, 550dDye, 3, Greenland

10Be, cosmogenic, ice, 633d36Cl, thermonuclear, ice, 640d137Cs, thermonuclear, firn, 1950 to 1976, 679d

E

EarthCa, isotope composition, 189d

East Bull Lake intrusive, OntarioSr, isotope mixing, groundwater, 418dRb–Sr isochron, altered and unaltered rocks,

417dSr, isotope composition, groundwater, secondary

minerals, bedrock, 417dElectron-Spin Resonance Dating

ESR spectrum of electron traps, 605dEnergy profile, isobaric, A = 38, 23d

Index 881

Eolian dust and aerosol particlesPb, isotope composition, Foshan, Pearl River

delta, China, 466t, 467dEpidote

La, concentration, Amitsoq gneiss, 341tBa, concentration, Amitsoq gneiss, 341t

Estoniaclaystone, Rb–Sr isochron, 104d

Excursions, δ13C, marine carbonate, 773dδ13C calcite, Frasnian–Famennian, Behringhau-

ser Tunnel, Germany, 767dδ18O, apatite, conodonts and fish teeth, Fras-

nian–Famennian, Behringhauser Tunnel, Ger-many, 767d

Death Valley, California, δ13C, Neoprotero-zoic–Early Cambrian, 768d

Mackenzie Mountains, Northwest Territory,Canada, δ13C, Neoproterozoic-Cambrian,768d

Sturtian, Neoproterozoic, δ13C, 773dVarangian, Neoproterozoic, δ13C, 773d

F

Feldspar, authigenic (see Adularia)Rb–Sr isochron, basement rocks, Ohio, 99d

Feldspar, K-richPb concentrations, 268tTh concentrations, 268tU concentrations, 268tzero K–Ar date, geothermal gradient, continental

crust, 134dFeldspar (K-rich), detrital

Pb, marine sediment, 268tTh, marine sediment, 268tU, marine sediment, 268t

Fiji Islands, Pacific Ocean90Sr, corals, 1957–1979, 676d

FinlandOs isotope evolution, chromite, 304d

Fission-product radionuclideshalflives, 668t

Fission-track datingannealing, fission tracks, apatite and sphene,

590detching procedure, mineral surfaces, 581t

fission-track retention by minerals, 590dplateau-dating procedure, 592d

Fluid inclusions, CO2

δ13C, granite pegmatite, 776dδ13C, MORBs, 776d

Food Webδ15N, Usujiri, Japan, 809d

Foraminiferaδ18O, benthic, Atlantic Ocean, 70–0 ka, 709d

Forest Vale, chondrite182Hf–182W date, 661d

Foshan, Pearl River delta, Chinaeolian dust and aerosols, sorption, metals, 466d

Fractionation, isotopicO, biogenic silica-water, 736tC, carbonate ions–CO2, 764tC, diamond-graphite, isotope fractionation, 782dC, isotope fractionation, aragonite–HCO3

−, 764tC, isotope fractionation, calcite–HCO3

−, 764tC, isotope fractionation, siderite–HCO3

−, 764tCa, food chain, 188dcalcite–water, O, temperature dependence, 706dcalcite–water, Ca–phosphate–water, geother-

mometers, 731dCO2 –HCO3 –CaCO3, O, 706tδ18O–δ17O, terrestrial fractionation, 741dO, gibbsite–water, 736tO, goethite–water, 736tO and H, meteoric water, 700dO, mineral–mineral, 713tO, mineral–water, temperature dependence, 712dSO2 outgassing, lava flow, 840dS, H2Saq –S2−, 843dS, HS− –S2−, 843dS, SO4

2− –S2−, 843dS, isotope fractionation, coexisting sulfide min-

erals, 842tS, pyrite–galena, 841dS, pyrite–sphalerite, 841dS, sphalerite–galena, 841d

Fractionation, mass independentozone, isotope composition, 846d

Fraser River, British Columbiamap, 423dNd–Sr, mixing, sediment, 425dSr, isotope composition, water and sediment,

424d

882 Index

Fraser River, British Columbia (continued )Sr, isotopic mixing, tributaries, water and sedi-

ment, 425dFrasnian–Famennian event

excursions, δ18O and δ13C, 767d

G

Ganges-Brahmaputra Rivers, India226Ra, water, estuary, 515d228Ra, water, estuary, 525d

GasolinePb, isotope composition, 468t

Geco Mine, Manitouwadge, OntarioAr–Ar isochron, pyrite, 165dGeiger–Muller radiation detector

design, 37dvoltage-response profile, 38d

GeochemistryCa, concentrations, rocks, 76tHf, concentrations, 285tK, concentrations, rocks, 76tLu, concentrations, 285tLu/Hf ratios, meteorites and terrestrial rocks,

286dNd, concentrations, rocks, 195tOs, meteorites and minerals, 199tOs, minerals, 300tPb, concentrations, rocks, 215tPb, deep-sea sediment, 242tPb, limestone, calcite, 246tPb, seawater, 242tRb, concentrations, rocks, 76tRe, meteorites and minerals, 299tRe, minerals, 300tRe/Os ratio, rocks, 300tSm, concentrations, rocks, 195tSm/Nd ratios, igneous rocks, 196dSr, concentration, rocks, 76tTh, concentrations rocks, 215tTh, deep-sea sediment, 242tTh, seawater, 242tU, concentrations, rocks, 215tU, deep-sediment, 242tU, limestone, calcite, 246tU, seawater, 242t

Geochronometrygrowth of stable radiogenic daughter, 56disochron diagram, 57dmean sum of weighted deviations (MSW),

63dGeomagnetic polarity reversals, frequency, 124dGeomagnetic polarity timescale, 124t

Olby–Laschamp event, 230Th–238U isochrondate, 534d

Geothermal gradientzero age of minerals, K–Ar, 124d

GeothermometerC, calcite–graphite, 779dC, diamond–graphite, 782dCO2 –CH4, volcanic gas, based on C isotope

fractionation, 775dO, calcite–silica, 737dO, calcite–gibbsite, 737dO, calcite–goethite, 737dO, isotope fractionation, calcite–water, phos-

phate–water, 731dGermany

Black Forest, U–Th/He date, hematite, 555dRheinisches Schiefergebirge, excursions δ18O

(apatite), δ13C (calcite), 767dGibbsite

O, isotope fractionation factor, temperaturedependence, 736d

Glauconite40∗Ar/39Ar partial release pattern after in vacuo

irradiation, 161dBelt Series, Montana, Rb–Sr isochron, 98dBrassfield Formation, Ohio and Indiana, 97deffect of leaching on Rb/Sr ratios, 98dLlano uplift, Texas, Rb–Sr isochron, 98d

GoethiteO, isotope fractionation, temperature depen-

dence, 736dGold

Re–Os dates, Witwatersrand, South Africa, 315dGranite, lunar, isotopic dates, 183dGranite Mountains, Wyoming

Th–Pb, U–Pb, and Pb–Pb isochrons, 241dGranitic rocks

δ15N, S-type granite, 814tRb/Sr ratio versus chemical composition, 416dSr–Nd, isotope mixture, 401d

Index 883

Sr–Nd, isotopic mixture, Sierra Nevada, Califor-nia, 404d

GraphiteC, graphite–diamond, isotope fractionation,

783dGreece

marble, provenance, δ18O and δ13C, 781dGreenland

Amitsoq gneiss, Ba–La isochron, 342dAmitsoq gneiss, Lu–Hf isochron, 292dAmitsoq gneiss, Rb–Sr isochron, 94dDye 3, 10Be, ice core, 633dDye 3, 36Cl, thermonuclear, ice, 640dDye 3, 137Cs, thermonuclear, 1950–1976, 679d

GroundwaterδD and δ18O, mixing, rain and deep groundwater,

721dδ18O shift, geothermal water, 719dpiston flow, 558dSr, isotope mixing, East Bull Lake intrusive,

Ontario, 417d, 418d

H

Hafniumchemical and physical properties, 285tconcentration, meteorites, 660tisotope composition, DMM and EM1, 379tisotope composition, detrital zircon, Mt. Narryer,

W. Australia, 293disotope composition, 287fmagma formation in CHUR, 288dNd–Hf, terrigeneous array, 481d

Halflife determination, 2411Na, 36d

Halflivesradionuclides, long-lived, naturally occurring,

55tHaliburton Highlands, Ontario

cooling curve, 171dHamersley Group, Dales Gorge (ankerite), Aus-

traliaδ13C, 2.2–2.0 Ga, 770d

Harnas, SwedenRe–Os isochron, sulfide minerals, 204d

Hawaii, USAK–Ar dates, basalt, 123d

Kilauea, He, isotope ratios, 569dKilauea, S, isotope composition, volcanic rocks,

837d.map, Hawaiian Islands, 122dOahu, Sr–Nd isotope mixing, basalt, 376dSr–Os, isotope mixing, Hawaiian Islands,

380dHawaiian-Emperor chain

K–Ar dates, basalt, Hawaiian Islands, 123dHelium

closure temperature, hematite, 555dcrustal volcanics and xenoliths, isotope ratios,

566ddiffusion, apatite, Durango, Mexico, 55ddiffusion, minerals, 552t3He, production rates, chondrites, 643tHe–Sr, isotopic mixing, OIBs, 565dhotsprings, isotope ratios, USA and New Zealand,

569disotope composition, aquifer age, 1600–0 Ma,

568tisotope composition, continental crust, 1600–0

Ma, 568dMurchison, carbonaceous chondrite, concentra-

tion and isotope composition, 563dstony meteorites, concentration and 3He/4He

ratio, 561dvolcanic rocks, oceanic islands, isotope ratios,

564dHell Creek, Montana

Rb–Sr date, Z coal, K–T boundary, 102dHematite

closure temperature, 4He, 555tU–Th/He date, Black Forest, Germany, 555d

Holmes–Houtermans model, 262d, 263tHomo erectus

chronology, 528tPerning, Java, 40∗Ar/39Ar spectrum of dates,

hornblende, 528Homo sapiens

Qufzeh, Israel, 230Th/238U dating, dentine, 530tHornblende

40∗Ar/39Ar date, Perning, Java, Homo erectus,528d

diffusion, He, 552tzero K–Ar date, geothermal gradient, continental

crust, 134d

884 Index

Hotspringsalgae and bacteria δ13C, Yellowstone National

Park, 757dδD and δ18O, water, 719dHe, isotope ratios, 569d

Hydrogendeuterium excess, meteoric water, 700disotope composition, 693tisotope fractionation factor, mineral–water,

725tisotope fractionation factor, temperature depen-

dence, 697d

I

Ice, glaciersVostok, Antarctica, ice core, δ18O, 703d

IcelandPb–Pb mixing, basalt, 373dSr, isotope composition, basalt, 369dSr–Nd, isotope composition, volcanic rocks,

370dSr–Pb mixing, basalt, 373d

Idaho, USASnake River Plain, He, isotope ratios, 569dIdaho batholith, metamorphic veil, K–Ar dates,

biotite, 133dIdaho Springs Formation, Colorado

K–Ar dates, minerals, contact metamorphism,116d

Igneous rocksB, concentrations, 856d,tδ13C, carbonates, 777dδ13C, CH4, carbides, and graphite, 777dCl, concentration, 856tLi, concentration, 856t

Illinois, USAoilfield brines, δD and δ18O, 722d

Illite (clay mineral)Alps, effect of metamorphism on K–Ar dates,

131dAlps, Late Jurassic, K–Ar isochron, 131dcrystallinity index, 131dK–Ar dating, size fractions, 127d

IlmeniteRe and Os, concentrations, 471t

Indian Oceanδ15N, seawater, profile, 907dPb–Pb isotopic mixing, Mn nodules, 470d90Sr, corals, islands, 676d

Indiana, USAglauconite, Brassfield Fm., Rb–Sr isochron, 98d

Ironisotope composition, 854t

Iron meteoritesδ13C , graphite, cliftonite, cohenite, taenite,

788dGibeon, iron meteorite, 107Pd–107Ag decay,

655dinitial 187Os/188Os ratios, 306dN, concentration, 804tRe–Os dates, 306tRe/Os ratio, iron meteorites, 298dseparation dates, 107Pd–107Ag, 657dδ30Si, iron meteorites, 867t

IsochronAr–Ar, orange glass, Taurus-Littrow valley,

Moon, 156dAr–Ar, plagioclase, Portage Lake Volcanics,

Michigan, 154dAr–Ar, pyrite, Geco Mine, Manitouwadge,

Ontario, 165dBa–La, Amitsoq gneiss, 342dK–Ar, ignimbrite, Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania,

121dK–Ca, granite, Moon, 183dK–Ca, granite, Pikes Peak, Colorado, 182dLa–Ce, Bushveld Complex, South Africa, 328dLa–Ce, Lewisian Gneiss, Scotland, 329dparent–daughter relation, 57dPb–Pb, Granite Mountains, Wyoming, 241dPb–Pb, Mushandike granite and limestone, 244dPb–Pb, Stacey–Kramers model, 267tPb–Pb, Transvaal dolomite, South Africa, 245dRb–Sr, fictitious, 360dRb–Sr isochron, 81dRb–Sr, komatiite, Onverwacht Group, South

Africa, 204dRe–Os, chondrites, 308dRe–Os, ore samples, Noril’sk, Russia, 311dRe–Os, pyrite, Witwatersrand, South Africa,

326dSm–Nd, basalt, Taurus-Littrow, Moon, 210d

Index 885

Sm–Nd, komatiite, Onverwacht Group, SouthAfrica, 203d

Sm–Nd, Moama, achondrite, 208dSm–Nd, Nakhla, martian meteorite, 208dSm–Nd, Zagami, martian meteorite, 208dSr isotope evolution, rocks, and minerals, by

metamorphism, 92dTh–Pb isochron, Granite Mountains, Wyoming,

241d230Th238 –U Olby–Laschamp geomagnetic polar-

ity event, 534d230Th–238U, volcanic rocks, 533dU–Pb, calcite, Winnats Head cave, UK,

249dU–Pb, Granite Mountains, Wyoming, 241d

Italymap, volcanic provinces, 395dSr, isotope mixing, alkali basalt, 397dSr–Nd, isotopic mixing, alkali basalt, 396d

J

JapanUsujiri, δ15N, food web, 809d

Java, IndonesiaPerning, Homo erectus, 40∗Ar/39Ar date, horn-

blende, 528d

K

K–Ar dating, minerals, 119dK–T boundary

Hell Creek, Z coal, Montana, Rb–Sr isochron,102d

Kerogenδ13C, Precambrian, 3.8–0.5 Ga, 759disotopic evolution, δ13C and H/C ratio, 758d

Kilauea, HawaiiHe, isotope composition, 569dS, concentration and isotope composition, vol-

canic rocks, 837dKola Peninsula, Russia

40∗Ar/39Ar partial-release spectrum, biotite, 152dKrypton

83Kr, production rate, chondrites, 643t

L

LaGorce Formation, Transantarctic MountainsRb–Sr isochron, contact metamorphism, 95d

Lake HuronCa–Sr mixing, North Channel, 357dSr, isotope ratio versus concentration, 357d

Lake Oneida, New YorkOs, isotope composition, water and Mn nodules,

472dLake Rockwell, Ohio

210Pb, sedimentation rate, 525dLake Sempach, Switzerland

137Cs, profile, sediment, 682dLangbeinite

diffusion, He, 552tLanthanum

branched decay,13857La, 326d

chemical and physical properties, 323tconcentrations, terrestrial minerals and rocks,

323t, 342thalflives, 327tLa/Ce ratio, igneous rocks, 325d

Lassen National Park, CaliforniaδD and δ18O, water, 719dPb isotope composition, snow, 468d

Laysan Island, Hawaiian RidgeK–Ar dates, 140

Leadanomalous ore Pb, interpretations, 270dautomobile exhaust, Pearl delta, China, 467ddeep-sea sediment, Pb concentration, 469teolian dust and aerosol, isotope composition,

467dHolmes–Houtermans model, 262d, 263tisochrons, Stacey–Kramers, isotope evolution,

ore Pb, 267tlimestone, calcite, 246tMn nodules, Pb concentration, 469tPb–Pb isochron, meteorites, 260d210Pb in soil, 523dprimeval Pb, troilite, meteorites, 260tradiogenic 207Pb/206Pb-date, 220trocks, concentration, 215tseawater, concentration, 242t, 467dsingle-stage ore Pb, 264dsorption to Fe(OH)3, pH dependence, 464d

886 Index

Lead (continued )thorogenic Pb, evolution model, 273dtwo-stage ore Pb, 266t, 267d

Leucite Hills, WyomingSr–Nd, isotopic mixture, orendites and

madupites, 398dSr–Rb concentrations, orendites and madupites,

398dLewisian Gneiss, Scotland

La–Ce isochron, 329dLiberia

40∗Ar/39Ar partial-release date, diabase, 151dLithium

concentration and isotope composition, igneousrocks, 861t

isotope composition, 854tLlano region, Texas

Rb–Sr date, glauconite, 98dLomagundi Group (dolomite), Zimbabwe

δ13C, 2.65–1.95 Ga, 770dLong Island Sound, New York

Os, concentration, isotopic composition, sedi-ment, 475d

Lucas Formation, OntarioPb–Pb isochron, limestone, 246d

Lunar meteoritesRb–Sr isochron, olivine basalt, Ocean of Storms,

Apollo 12, 88dRb–Sr isochron, whole rock samples, basalt,

Ocean of Storms, Apollo 12, 89dLutetium

branched decay, 27671Lu, 286d

chemical and physical properties, 285thalflife, 176

71Lu, 55tisotope composition, 287t

M

Magma-source componentsDMM, EM1, EM2 and HIMU, isotope composi-

tions, Sr, Nd, Pb, Hf, and Os, 364t,565t

He, isotope ratios, 565tNd–Sr, isotopic mixing, sediment, Amazon and

Zaire, 432dNd–Sr, Sr–Pb isotopic mixing, 365d

MagnetiteRe and Os, concentrations, 471t

Manganese nodules (lacustrine)Nd, concentration, 457tNd, isotope composition, 458dOs, isotope composition, Lake Oneida, New

York, 472dManganese nodules (marine)

10Be, variation with time, 65–0 ka, 631dCe, isotope compositions, 333ddeposition rate, 10Be and 26Al, Techno-1, South

Pacific Ocean, 632dHf, concentrations and isotopic compositions,

482tHf, isotope evolution, Cretaceous to present,

485dNd–Hf array, ferromanganese nodules, marine,

483d, 484dNd, concentration, 457t, 460dNd, isotope composition, 456d, 458dNd, isotope evolution, 458d, 459d, 460dNd and Sr, isotope evolution, Rio Grande Rise,

South Atlantic Ocean, 458dOs, concentration, isotope composition, Atlantic,

Pacific, Indian Ocean, 478dOs, isotopic composition, Baltic Sea, 473dPb, isotope evolution, 30–0 Ma, 485dPb–Pb isotopic mixing, Indian Ocean, 470dPb, concentration, Pacific Ocean, 469t

Manitoba, CanadaThompson, saline minewater, δD and δ18O, 724d

Manitouwadge, OntarioGeco Mine, 40∗Ar/39Ar date, pyrite, 165d

Marble, provenanceGreece and Antolia, δ18O and δ13C, 781d

Marble Mountains, California40∗Ar/39Ar partial release pattern, biotite and

microcline, 150dMariana Islands, Pacific Ocean

Sr isotope composition, basalt, 384dSr–Pb, isotope mixing, basalt, 384d

Martian meteoritesALH, 84001, δ15N, 819d, 819tδ30Si, martian meteorites, 867tEETA, 79001, δ13C, 791dRb–Sr isochrons, 87dSm–Nd dates, initial 143Nd/144Nd, 209t

Index 887

Mass spectrometer, design, 65dMass spectrum, Sr, 66dMedical effects, ionizing radiation, 45d, 45tMeguma Group, Nova Scotia

40∗Ar/39Ar partial-release dates, hornfels andslate, 162d

Metamorphismredistribution of radiogenic 87Sr in minerals, 91d

Meteorites (by name)Allende, B1 inclusion, 26Al-26Mg date,

658dAllende, δ18O–δ17O, inclusions, FUN anomalies,

741dCanyon Diablo, iron meteorite, Pb isotope ratios,

troilite, 160tForest Vale, Hf and W, concentration, 660tGibeon, iron meteorite, decay 107Pd to 107Ag,

655dMezo-Madaras, chondrite, Pb isotope ratios,

260tMoama, Sm–Nd date, 208dMurchison, carbonaceous chondrite, δ13C, 786tMurchison, He concentration and isotope com-

position, 562dNakhla, martian meteorite, chronology, 108r,

208dOrgueil, carbonaceous chondrite He, concentra-

tion and isotope composition, 861tPultusk, 3He/4He ratio, 561dRichardson, Hf and W concentration, 660tSt. Severin, Re-Os systematics, 308dSte. Marguerite, Hf and W, concentrations, 660tVigarano, carbonaceous chondrite, δ18O–δ17O,

inclusions, FUN anomalies, 741dZagami, martian meteorite, 208d

Meteorites (properties)Ca, isotope composition, 198dCe concentrations, 323tδ18O–δ17O, Fun anomalies, inclusions, Allende,

Vigarano, 741dδ18O–δ17O, carbonaceous chrondrites, 741dδ30Si and δ29Si, SiC grains, Orgueil and Murchi-

son, 868dδ30Si, stony meteorites, 867tHe, concentration, and 3He/4He, 561d3He, 21Ne, and 83Kr, cosmogenic, production

rates, 643t

Hf concentrations, 285tLa concentration, 323tLu concentrations, 285tN, concentration, chondrites, 804t21Ne, cosmic-ray irradiation dates, 643dPb–Pb isochron, 260dRe, Os, concentrations, 299tterrestrial residence ages, Allan Hills, Antarctica,

645dMexico

Durango, apatite, He diffusion, 550dMichigan, USA

oilfield brine, δD and δ18O, 722dMid-Atlantic Ridge

map, 366dSr–Nd isotopic mixing, basalt, 368d

Milankovitch cyclesBarbados, coral terraces, 508d

Mineral stabilityO fugacity and pH, 844dMinerals, suitable for K–Ar dating, 119t

Minnesota, USAMorton gneiss, concordia, 226dSnowbank stock, Minnesota, K–Ar dates, 117d

Mississippi Valley Pb–Zn depositsanomalous Pb, Bonneterre Formation (Early

Cambrian), 278dfilling temperatures, fluid inclusions, calcite,

248dPb isotope ratios, galena and chalcopyrite, Vibur-

num Trend, 276dMissouri, USA

Pb–Pb isochron, calcite, Oronogo, Tri-Statedistrict, 247d

Mixing theoryC, isotope mixing, magma-sediment, 780dLake Huron, North Channel, Ca–Sr, 357dRb–Sr, fictitious isochron, 360dSr–Nd, isotope ratios, 355ttwo components, chemical composition, 348dtwo components, isotopic, one element, 352d,

353dtwo components, isotopic, two elements, 354d,

355dthree components, chemical, 349d, 350dthree components, isotopic, two elements,

356d

888 Index

Moama, achondriteSm–Nd isochron, 208d

MolybdeniteRe and Os, concentrations, 471t

Montana, USABelt Series, Rb–Sr isochron, 98dIdaho batholith, metamorphic veil, K–Ar dates,

biotite, 133dMoon

40∗Ar/39Ar partial-release pattern, basalt, Taurus-Littrow, Apollo 17, 155d

C, concentration and isotope composition, rocks,Apollo 12, 789t

C, concentration and isotope composition rocks,Apollo 12, 789t

C, isotope mixture, lunar C and terrestrialcontaminant, 790d

Ca, isotope composition, 198dCe concentrations, 323tgranite, isotopic dates, 183dgranite, K–Ca isochron, 183dHf concentrations, 285tLa concentrations, 323tLu concentrations, 285tN, concentration, rocks and soil, 804tN, isotope composition, components, Apollo 17

rock, 818dO, δ18O–δ17O, terrestrial fractionation line, 741dorange glass, Taurus-Littrow, Ar–Ar isochron,

Apollo 17, 156dSi, isotope composition lunar rocks, 867tSm–Nd isochron, basalt Taurus-Littrow Valley,

210dU–Pb concordia (Tera–Wasserburg) basalt,

Apollo 14, 239d, 240dMorton gneiss, Minnesota

concordia, zircons, U–Pb, 226dzircons, weathered, U–Pb dates, 229d

Murchison, carbonaceous chondriteδ13C, carbonate minerals, 786tδ13C, diamond, 786tδ13C, graphite, 786tδ13C, kerogen, 786tδ13C, SiC, 786tHe, concentration and isotope ratio, 562d

Murray River, N.S.W., Australia

Rb, Sr concentrations, sediment, grainsize frac-tions, 421d

Rb–Sr, mixing, sediment, size fractions, 422dSr, concentration, sediment, size fractions versus

loss on ignition, 422dsediment, chemical composition, grainsize frac-

tions, 420d, 420tSr, isotope mixing, sediment, grainsize fractions,

421dMuscovite

diffusion, He, 552tMushandike granite, Zimbabwe

Pb–Pb isochron, 244dMushandike limestone

Pb–Pb isochron, 244d

N

Nakhla (martian meteorite)Sm–Nd isochron, 208dSr isotope evolution, 86d

NamibiaDamara orogen, cooling curve, 595d

Narryer, Mt., Western Australiazircon grains, Hf isotope ratios, interpretation,

293dNatural gas

δ13C (gas), dependence on vitrinite reflectance,kerogen, source rocks, 763d

δ15N, worldwide, 810tN, concentration, 804t

Neandertal humansTabun, Israel, 230Th/238U date, dentine, 530t

Neon21Ne-irradiation dates, chondrites, 643d21Ne, production rate, chondrites, 643t

Nephelinediffusion, He, 552t

NeodymiumCHUR, isotope ratios, 198tconcentration, pH dependence, river water, 4t,

52dconcentrations, rocks, 195disotope composition, 196tisotopic evolution, mantle and crust, 198dMn nodules, isotope composition, 456d, 458d

Index 889

model dates, based on CHUR, 200d, 207dmodel dates, tectonic provinces, Canada, 205dNd–Hf array, terrigenous rocks, 481d

NetherlandsScheldt estuary, δ15N, suspended organic matter,

808dNeutron activation

calibration by irradiated standards, 51d, 52ddecay of product nuclides, 50dgrowth of radioactive product, 49d

New Jersey, USAtritium, bomb-produced, Kirkwood–Cohansey

aquifer, 560dNew York, USA

Catskill delta, cooling curve, 593dLake Oneida, Os, isotope composition, 472dLong Island Sound, Os concentration, isotopic

composition, sediment, 474d, 475dNew York city, New York

90Sr, human bones, 1954–1982, 677dNew Zealand

He, isotope ratios, hotsprings, 569dTaranaki Basin, He, isotope ratios, 510d

NigeriaLiruei pluton, Rb–Sr isochron, 82d

Niland, CaliforniaδD and δ18O, water, 719d

Nitrogenfossil fuels, 804tmeteorites, 804trocks and minerals, terrestrial, 804t

Noril’sk, Siberia, RussiaRe–Os isochron, ore samples, 311d

Nova Scotia, CanadaMeguma Group, 40∗Ar/39Ar dates, 162d

Nuclear fission (induced)activation energy, Z = 82 to Z = 96, 29ddistribution, fission products, 30d

Nuclear fission (spontaneous)prevalence, even and odd Z, 30d

Nuclear reactions, 40Ar/39Ar dating, 146tNuclear reactions, target and products, 48tNuclear reactor

pressurized water reactor, 31dproduction, transuranium elements, 669d

Nuclear weapons, testingschedule, by countries, 672t

O

Oahu, HawaiiNd–Hf, isotope mixing, basalt, 378dNd–Sr, isotope mixing, basalt, 376dSr–Hf, isotope mixing, basalt, 378dSr–Pb, isotope mixing, basalt, 377d90Sr, corals, 1957–1979, 676d

Ohio, USAbasement rocks, Rb–Sr isochron, adularia, 99dglauconite, Brassfield Fm., Rb–Sr isochron, 97dLake Rockwell, 210Pb, sedimentation rate, 525d

Oilfield brinesδD and δ18O, linear trajectories, 722dlatitude effect, meteoric water component, 723d

Olby–Laschamp geomagnetic polarity event230Th–238U isochron date, 534d

Olduvai Gorge, TanzaniaK–Ar isochron, ignimbrite, 121d

Ontario, CanadaAbitibi belt, Pontiac Sandstone, U–Pb concordia,

zircon, 235dEast Bull Lake intrusive, Rb–Sr isochrons,

417dGeco Mine, Manitouwadge, Ar–Ar isochron,

pyrite, 165dHaliburton Highlands, cooling curve, 171dLucas Formation, Pb–Pb isochrons, 246dSudbury, saline minewater, δD and δ18O, 724d

Onverwacht Group, South AfricaRb–Sr isochron, komatiites, 204dSm–Nd isochron, komatiite, 203d

Ore depositsBohemia mining district, Oregon, δ18O values,

717dDucktown, Tennessee, sorption, Pb2+, 474dinitial 187Os/188Os ratios, 312tMississippi Valley Pb–Zn deposits, 247d, 276d,

278dMn ore, Pb concentration, 469tNoril’sk, Re–Os isochron, 311dorigin of sulfide ore, Os-isotope evidence, 313dWitwatersrand, South Africa, gold deposits,

315dOre Pb, single stage, 264d

anomalous Pb, interpretation, 270dthorogenic Pb, evolution, 273

890 Index

Oregon, USABohemia mining district, δ18O values, rocks,

717dColumbia River Basalt, 389t

Orgueil, carbonaceous chondriteLi, isotope composition and concentration,

861tOsmiridium

Re–Os dates, Witwatersrand, South Africa, 315dOsmium

chemical and physical properties, 298dconcentrations, minerals, 471tconcentrations, rivers, 471tconcentrations, rocks, 299t, 471tisotope composition, rivers, 471tgrowth, radiogenic 187Os, solar system, 307dinitial 187Os/188Os ratios, ore deposits, 313disotope composition, 301tisotope evolution, chromite, Finland and Zim-

babwe, 304tisotope evolution, CHUR and crust, 209disotope evolution, seawater, Cretaceous–Plio-

cene, 479dmanganese nodules, marine, 478dmanganese nodules, Lake Oneida, New York,

472dminerals and rocks, 471triver water, 471tsediment, Long Island Sound, 475d

Otway Basin, South AustraliaU–Th/He date, apatite, 533d

Ovruch Mountains, UkraineZbranki Formation, Rb–Sr isochron, 105d

OxygenCO2 –HCO3

− –CaCO3, isotope fractionation fac-tors, 706d

δ18O, excursion, Rheinisches Schiefergebirge,Germany, Frasnian–Famennian, 767d

isotope composition, mineral–mineral, rock–mineral pairs, 713t

isotope fractionation, albite–diopside, tempera-ture dependence, 712d

isotope fractionation, temperature dependence,silicate mineral pairs, 712t

isotope fractionation factor, temperature depen-dence, 697t

isotope composition, 693t

isotope profile, marine CaCO3, 750–0 ka, 708dmarine CaCO3, 800–0 ka, 708d

P

Pacific Ocean10Be, deep-sea sediment, core KH70-2-5,

629dmap, 375dMn nodules, epsilon Ce, 333d90Sr, corals, Oahu and Fiji, 1957–1979, 676d90Sr, profile, 1961, 675d

PalladiumPd–Ag separation dates, iron meteorites,

657d107Pd, decay to 107Ag, Gibeon meteorite,

755dParana Basalt, Brazil

map, 392dSr–Nd, isotopic mixing, basalt, 393d

PeruSr–Nd, isotope mixing, volcanic rocks, 386dSr–Pb, isotope mixing, volcanic rocks, 387d

Petroleumδ13C, dependence on molecular components,

763dN, concentration, 804t

Phosphorite (marine)δ18O, 1600–0 Ma, 733d

Pikes Peak, ColoradoK–Ca isochron date, 182d

PlantsCAM plants, 755dC3 plants, 755dC4 plants, 755dδ18O values, 755d

Platinum Group Elements (PGE), 297dOsmiridium, Re–Os dates, Witwatersrand, South

Africa, 315dPleochroic haloes

discoloration, biotite, alpha dose, 579dPole of Inaccessibility, East Antarctica

210Pb, deposition rate, 526dPontiac Sandstone, Abitibi belt, Ontario and Que-

becU–Pb concordia, detrital zircon, 235d,t

Index 891

Portage Lake Volcanics, Michigan40∗Ar/39Ar partial-release spectrum, plagioclase,

154dPotatoes

137Cs and 90Sr, Bryansk, Russia, 680tPotsdam Sandstone, New York

U–Pb concordia dates, detrital zircon, 234tPositron decay, 20dPotassium

halflife, 4019K, 55t

concentrations, rocks, 76tPotsdam Sandstone, New York

U–Pb dates, detrital zircon, 111Production rates, 10Be and 26Al, in quartz

polynomial coefficients, 635tvariation, geomagnetic latitude, 636d

Production rates, cosmogenic radionuclides, mete-orites

stable 3He, 21Ne, 83K, in chondrites, 643tProtactinium

231Pa–230Th concordia, 521d231Pa/235U and 230Th238U, andesites, 537d231Pa/235U and 230Th/238U, carbonatites, 537d213Pa/235U and 230Th238U, MORBs and OIBs,

536dPultusk (meteorite)

He, concentration and isotope ratio, 561dPyrite

Ar–Ar isochron, Geco Mine, Manitouwadge,Ontario, 165d

Re–Os isochron, pyrite, Witwatersrand, SouthAfrica, 316d

Q

Quartz10Be exposure age, weathering rate of quartz,

638dgrowth, 10Be, exposure time, 637dlatitudinal variation, production rates, 10Be and

26Al, 636dproduction rates, cosmogenic 10Be and 26Al,

635tQuebec, Canada

Abitibi belt, Pontiac Sandstone, U–Pb concordia,235d

R

Radionuclides, very long-lived, naturally occurringhalflives, 322t

RadiumGanges–Brahmaputra Rivers, India, 228Ra and

226Ra, water, 515d228Ra/226Ra dating, 512d228Ra and 226Ra, Amazon estuary, water,

514d228Ra/226Ra ratio, activity, water, Amazon River,

515t228Ra, 226Ra, 228Ra/226Ra, Atlantic Ocean, 526d226Ra and 228Ra, rivers, 513t228Ra/226Ra, activity ratio, seawater, 515t

Rainδ15N, ammonium, 806tδ15N, nitrate, 806tPb, isotope composition, Pearl River delta,

China, 467disotope fractionation, O and H, 700dtritium, rise and fall, Ottawa, Canada, 556

Red SeaSr isotope, mixing, silicate sediment, 358dSr isotope stratigraphy, volcanogenic sediment,

359dReykjanes Ridge, Iceland

Pb, isotope composition, basalt, 371d, 372dSr, isotope composition, basalt, 369d

Rheinisches Schiefergebirge, Germanyδ18O (condonts) and δ13C (marine calcite) excur-

sions, Frasnian–Famennian age, 767dRhenium

chemical and physical properties, 298tconcentrations, minerals, 471tconcentrations, rocks, 299t, 471thalflife 187

75Re, 55tisotope composition, 301t

Richardton, chondrite182Hf–182W date, 661t

Rivers, CanadaFraser River, British Columbia, 423dSr, concentrations, isotope ratios, 414tSr, isotope compositions, rivers versus age of

bedrock, 415dSr, isotope mixing, Precambrian and Paleozoic

bedrock, 415d

892 Index

Rivers, North AmericanNd, concentration, water, effect of pH, 452dOs, concentrations, 471tOs, isotope ratios, 471tRa concentration, 513tSnake River, Colorado, Pb2+ sorption, 464dSr and Nd, isotopic mixing, river water, 453d

River waterB, concentration, 856tCl, concentration, 856tLi, concentration, 856tδ30Si, silicic acid, in solution, rivers, worldwide,

866tRubidium

concentration, rocks, 76thalflife, 87

37Rb55tRurutu, Austral Islands, Polynesia

Pb–Pb, isotope mixing, basalt, 382tSr–Nd, isotope mixing, basalt, 381dSr–Pb, isotope mixing, basalt, 381d

RussiaBryansk region, 137Cs and 90Sr, thermonuclear,

soil, 680t137Cs and 90Sr, thermonuclear, potatoes, Bryansk

region, 680tKola Peninsula, 40∗Ar/39Ar partial- release dates,

biotite, 152dNoril’sk, Re–Os isochron, ore samples, 311dVostok Station, Antarctica, ice core, δ18O, 703d

S

Saline minewatersδD and δ18O, Precambrian shield, Canada, 724d

Salt domesδ34S, mineral components, 830t

Samariumconcentrations, rocks, 195thalflife, 55tisotope composition, 196t

Samoan Islands, Pacific OceanHe–Sr isotopic mixing, basalt, 565d

San Carlos, Arizonaδ15N, minerals, ultramafic xenoliths, 813d

Sanidine (feldspar)

bentonite, Hell Creek, Montana Rb–Sr isochron,102d

diffusion, He, 552tScheldt estuary, Netherlands

δ15N, suspended organic matter, 808dScotland

Carn Chuinneag, Rb–Sr isochron, 93dLewisian Gneiss, La–Ce isochron, 329dTorridonian sandstone, Rb–Sr dating, 105d

Seafloor spreading rateHawaiian Islands, 123dSouth Pacific, K–Ar dates, basalt, 125d

SeawaterArctic Ocean, 137Cs and 90Sr, 685dB, concentration, 856tCe, isotope ratio, versus depth, 337dCl, concentration, 856t137Cs and 90Sr, water masses, Arctic Ocean,

685tLi, concentration, 856tδ15N, depth profile, Indian Ocean, 807dNd, isotope composition, 456dNd, Drake passage, isotope composition and

concentration, 457dδ18O, sulfate, marine, Neoproterozoic to Recent,

834dOs, isotope evolution, Cretaceous–Pliocene, sea-

water, 479dPb concentration, 242tPb, concentration, Atlantic Ocean, 468d210Pb, Atlantic Ocean, 524dδ34S, sulfate, marine, Neoproterozoic–Recent,

834dSi, concentration, Arctic Ocean, 685tSr, isotope composition, 437tSr, isotope composition, marine Ca carbonate,

437tSr, isotope evolution, Precambrian, 451dSr, isotope evolution, Neoproterozoic, 449dSr, isotope evolution, Cambrian, 447dSr, isotope evolution, Phanerozoic, 440dSr, isotope evolution, Cenozoic, 445dSr, isotope evolution, Neogene, 446dSr, three-component, isotopic mixing model,

442d, 443dTh concentration, 242tU concentration, 242t

Index 893

Sedimentary rocksB, concentration, 856tCl, concentration, 850tLi, concentration, 856t

Sedimentation rateNorth Pacific Ocean, K–Ar dates of minerals,

129d210Pb, Lake Rockwell, Ohio, 525d230Th methods and patterns, 501d230Th/231Pa method, Caribbean Sea, 518d

Seleniumisotope composition, 854t

Siberia, RussiaNoril’sk, Re-Os isochron ore samples, 311d

SideriteC, isotope fractionation, siderite–HCO3

−, 764tSierra Nevada, California

Sr–Nd, isotopic mixture, granitic rocks, 404dSilicon

isotope composition, 854tisotope composition, biogenic silica, 864disotope composition, clay minerals, 864disotope composition, igneous rocks, 864disotope composition, opal and chalcedony, 864disotopic reference standards, 864tseawater, Arctic Ocean, 685tδ30Si and δ29Si, Orgueil and Murchison, 868d

Snake River, ColoradoPb2+, deposition with Al–hydroxy sulfate pre-

cipitate, 464dSNC (see also Martian meteorites)

Rb–Sr isochrons, 87dSnow

isotope fraction, H and O, 700dPb, isotope ratios, Lassen National Volcanic

Park, California, 468t210Pb, Pole of Inaccessibility, deposition rate,

526dSnowball Earth

Sr, isotope evolution, 800–650 Ma, 450dSnowbank stock, Minnesota

K–Ar dates, minerals, contact metamorphism,117d

Soil137Cs and 90Sr, activity, Bryansk, Russia, 680t137Cs and 90Sr, loss by leaching, 680t

δD and δ18O, clay minerals, kaolinite andmontmorillonite, 726d

δ15N, animal waste, 806tδ15N, fertilizer, 806tδ15N, organic matter, 806t210Pb, profile, 523dtritium profile, Denmark, 557d

Solar nebula26Al–26Mg decay, 654t182Hf–182W decay, 654t129I–129Xe decay, 654t107Pd–107Ag decay, 655dradionuclides and stable decay products, 654tSi, isotopic mixing δ30Si and δ29Si, 868d

Solar systemgrowth of radiogenic 187Os, 307d

South Africa, Republic ofBushveld Complex, La–Ce isochron, 328ddiamonds, δ13C and δ15N, 815dFig Tree Group, Barberton Greenstone belt,

40∗Ar/39Ar date, 164dOnverwacht Group, Sm–Nd, Rb–Sr isochrons,

203d, 204dTransvaal dolomite, Pb–Pb isochron, 245dWitwatersrand, Re–Os dates, osmiridium and

gold, 315dSphene

annealing, fission tracks, 590dBa, concentration, Amitsoq gneiss, 341tLa, concentration, Amitsoq gneiss, 345t

Stacey–Kramers model of ore Pb, 266t, 267dSte. Marguerite, chondrite

182Hf–182W date, 661tSteamboat Springs, Colorado

δD and δ18O, water, 719dHe, isotope ratios, 569d

Strontiumatomic weight, calculation, 80tconcentration, rocks, 76tgrowth of radiogenic 87Sr, 90disotope composition, 79tmass spectrum, 66dredistribution of 87Sr among minerals by meta-

morphism of rocks, 91dStrontium-90 (fission product)

Arctic Ocean, water profile, 685dcorals, Oahu and Fiji, 1957–1979, 676d

894 Index

Strontium-90 (fission product) (continued )food items, New York City, 1982, 678tfood, USSR, 1966, 678tglobal distribution, 1965–1967, 674dhuman bones, New York City, 1954–1982,

677dislands, Pacific and Indian Ocean, 676dloss, by leaching soil, Russia, 680tseawater, profiles, 1961, 675dtransfer coefficient, plant/soil, 680t

Structural provinces, CanadaPrecambrian shield, 136d, 205d

Superior province Pb–Pb model dates, feldspar andgalena, 326t

Sudbury, OntarioδD and δ18O, saline minewater, 724d

Sulfide minerals (Cu, Ni, Fe)Re and Os, concentrations, 471t

Sulfurconcentration, isotope composition, sediment,

Bay of Kiel, Baltic Sea, 628disotope composition, 824tisotope fractionation, sulfate–sulfide, Rayleigh

equation, 827dSweden

Gotland, δ18O phosphate and δ18O calcite, Sil-urian, correlation, 735d

Gotland, conodonts and brachiopods, Silurian,δ18O, 734d

Harnas, Re–Os isochron, sulfides, 304dSwitzerland

Lake Sempach, 137Cs profile, sediment, 682d

T

Tanzaniadiamonds, δ13C and δ15N, 815dK–Ar isochron, ignimbrite, Olduvai Gorge, 121d

Taranaki Basin, New ZealandHe, isotope ratios, hydrocarbon gas, 570d

Taurus-Littrow valley, Moon40∗Ar/39Ar partial-release pattern, basalt, 155dorange glass, Ar–Ar isochron, 156dSm–Nd isochron, basalt, 210d

Tectonic provinces, Canada (see Structural prov-inces)

Tennessee, USADucktown, Pb2+ sorption, 464d

Texas, USABoling salt dome, δ34SRb–Sr date, glauconite, Llano region, 98d

Thermoluminescence datingglow curves, pottery, 660dradiation dose, addition, method, 601d, 602dradiation dose, in soil, 599t

Thompson, ManitobaδD and δ18O, saline minewater, 724d

Thoriumrocks, concentration, 215t, 513thalflife 232

90Th, 55t, 216tseawater, concentration, 242t232Th, decay series, 217d230Th/232Th ratio, deep sea sediment, 501d228Th/228Ra dating, Clambake I, 511dTh/U ratio rocks, 513tvolcanic rocks, 537t

TillRb–Sr dating, feldspar, detrital, 101d

Timescale, geologicalMesozoic-Cenozoic, based on 40∗Ar/39Ar dates,

glauconite, 161tPrecambrian, Canada, 135tPrecambrian, Europe, 137tPrecambrian, North America, Geol. Soc. Amer.

137t.Timescales, geomagnetic, 124tTonstein (see also Claystone)

effect of leaching on Rb and Sr concentration,103d

Toro-Ankole volcanic field, East AfricaSr, isotope composition, K-rich volcanic rocks,

360dTorridonian Sandstone, Scotland

Rb–Sr isochron, 105dTransantarctic Mountains

LaGorce Formation, Rb–Sr isochron, 95dTuatara, Mt., Rb–Sr isochron, detrital feldspar,

till, 101dWisconsin Range, 95d, 101d

Transfer coefficient137Cs and 90Sr, plant/soil, 680t

Transuranium elements

Index 895

production, neutron capture, 238U, nuclear reac-tor, 32d, 669d

Transvaal dolomite, South AfricaPb–Pb isochron, 245d

Tri-State District, MissouriBonneterre Formation (Early Cambrian), anoma-

lous Pb line, 278dfilling temperatures, fluid inclusions, calcite,

248dPb, isotope compositions, 276dPb–Pb isochron, calcite, 247d

Tritiumglobal distribution, June, 1963, 557dKirkwood–Cohansey aquifer, New Jersey,

560drise and fall, Ottawa, Canada, 556dsoil profile, Denmark, 557d

Tritium–3He dating, groundwaterKirkwood–Cohansey aquifer, New Jersey,

560dTroilite

Pb, isotope ratios, Canyon Diablo, 260tRe–Os isochron, 308d

Tubuai and Mangaia, Austral Islands, PolynesiaPb–Os, isotopic mixing, basalt, 383tSr–Os, isotopic mixing, basalt, 383d

Tungstenconcentration, meteorites, 660t

U

UkraineChernobyl, nuclear accident, 1986, 682dZbranki Formation, Ovruch Mountains, Rb–Sr

date, 105dUnited Kingdom (UK)

Winnats Head, cave, U–Pb date, calcite, 249dUranium

halflives 23892U, 235

92U, 55t, 216tlimestone, calcite, 246trocks, concentration, 215t, 513tseawater, concentration, 242tTh/U ratios, rocks, 513d238U, decay series, 216d235U, decay series, 217d

U–Pb concordias, 226d, 228d, 229d, 231d, 235d,237d, 239d, 241d

U–Pb isochron, Granite Mountains, Wyoming,241d

U–Pb isochron, calcite, Winnats Head cave,249d

volcanic rocks, 537tUranium and thorium daughters

halflives and decay constants, 498t234U, excess

coral terraces, Barbados, 507d230Th in carbonates, 506d

235U–231Pa carbonate chronometer, 520d

V

Veil, metamorphicIdaho batholith, K–Ar dates, biotite, 133d

Viburnum Trend, Missourianomalous Pb line, 276dPb-isotope systematics galena and chalcopyrite,

276dVigarano, carbonaceous chondrite

δ18O–δ17O, inclusions, FUN anomalies,741d

Vitrinite reflectancekerogen, increase with depth, 763d

Volcanic gas, CO2

δ13C, volcanic rocks, 776dVolcanic rocks

δ13C, oceanic basalt, 778dfractionation SO2 outgassing, 841dHe, isotope ratios, 564dHe, isotope ratios, continental crust, 566dHe–Sr, isotopic mixing, OIBs, 565dδ15N, MORBs and OIBs, 812tδ18O values, 710t231Pa/235U and 230Th/238U, MORBs and OIBs,

536dS, concentration and isotope composition, vol-

canic rocks, Kilauea, Hawaii, 837d230Th–238U isochrons, 533dTh, concentrations, 527tU concentrations, 537t

Vostok Station, Russiaice core, δ18O, 703d

896 Index

W

Washington, USAColumbia River Basalt, 389t

WaterH2O, liquid–vapor, isotope fractionation, Ray-

leigh equation, 700dδ18O, meteoric precipitation, global distribution,

702ddeuterium excess, 700dmeteoric water isotope fractionation of O and D,

700dWater–rock interaction

Bohemia mining district, Oregon, δ18O contours,717d

δ18O, effect of W/R ratio and temperature, 720dSr and Nd, isotope composition, seawater-basalt,

462dWhitney, Mt., California

U–Th/He dating, apatite, 553dWinnats Head cave, UK

U–Pb isochron, calcite speleothem, 249dWisconsin Range, Antarctica

feldspar, till, Rb–Sr isochrons, 101dLa Gorce Formation, Rb–Sr isochron, 95d

Witwatersrand, South AfricaRe–Os dates, native gold, 315dRe–Os dates, osmiridium, 315d

Wyoming, USAGranite Mountains, Th–Pb, U–Pb, and Pb–Pb

isochrons, 241dLeucite Hills, map, 397d

X

XenolithsHe, isotope composition, 566d

N, concentration, isotope composition, minerals,813t

San Carlos, Arizona, δ15N and concentration,minerals, 813d

Y

Yellowknife, NW Territory, CanadaδD and δ18O, saline minewater, 724d

Yellowstone National Park, Wyomingδ18O, thermophilic algae and bacteria, 757d

Z

Zagami (martian meteorite)Sm–Nd isochron, 208d

Zaire River, AfricaPb–Pb, isotopic mixing, sediment, 431dRb and Sr, isotope ratios and concentrations,

sediment, 428tSr, isotopic disequilibrium, water and sediment,

427dSr–Nd, isotope mixture, sediment, 428d

Zbranki Formation, UkraineRb–Sr isochron, 105d

ZimbabweLomagundi and Bulawayan Groups, δ13C, Pre-

cambrian carbonate rocks, 770dMushandike granite and limestone, Pb–Pb iso-

chrons, 244dOs isotope evolution, chromite, 304d

Zirconeffect of weathering, U–Pb dates, 231dHf isotope ratios, Mt. Narryer quartzite, W.

Australia, 293dMorton gneiss, U–Pb concordia, 226d, 229d