index...
TRANSCRIPT
Index
Acid sulphate soils, 108 Acidification, 1048 Adjustment factor, 156 Admiralty method, 101 1 Adsorption, 399 Aeration, see Soil aeration Aeration zone, 604 Aerodynamic
diffusion resistance, 154 evaporation equivalent, 169 resistance, 159 term, 155
Affinity laws, 976 Agricultural soil qualities, 79 Agro-ecological zone map, 695
semi-arid regions, 673 sub-humid zones, 680 temperate humid zone, 670 tropical humid zones, 682
Air entrapment, 900 Albedo, 156 Alkali soils, 109 Alkalinity, 99 Allowable velocity, 768
Alluvial correction factors, 772
fan, 34 lowlands, 1045 plain, 34,305 soils, 436,443
fine-textured, 108 Ancient civilizations, 24 Anisotropy, 84,436 Antecedent
moisture condition, 125, 128 precipitation index, 129
Apparent velocity, 233 Aquiclude, 43 Aquifer, 43
boundaries, 374 confined, 43 elastic storage, 371 hydraulic characteristics, 341 leaky, 445 semi-confined, 44,305,3 1 1
drawdown, 355,368 specific storage, 47,328 thickness, 934 system water balance, 61 1 test, 341,610
analysis, 348
assumptions, 350 duration, 347 execution, 345 late-time drawdown deviations, 374 preparation, 341 semi-confined calculation, 358,369 single well tests, 375 site geology, 375 site selection, 341 steady-state drawdown, 357 synthetic recovery data, 361 time measurement, 346 unconfined calculation, 366
unconfined, 43,316,361,609 deep, 443 drawdown, 350 medium-deep, 442 shallow, 441
Aquitard, 44,934 leakage, 356
Archimedean screw description, 966 dimensioning, 969 discharge characteristics, 967
Artesian conditions, 43 Atmometer, 15 1 Atterberg limits, 90,740 Auger hole method, 455,457
equipment, 460 inversed, 461 principle, 457 procedure, 460 theory, 458
Axial-flow pump, 966,971
Bank-full flow, 736 Base flow, 68,117 Base saturation, 98 Basic allowable velocity, 769 Basin length, 785 Bed-and-furrow system, 802 Bedding system, 800
bed width, 802 construction, 801
Bell-mouth diameter, 987 Benefit-cost ratio, 657, 1062 Bernoulli equation, 230 Bessel function, modified, 357 Best-fitting land slope, 809 Black alkali soils, 99 Black cotton soils, 108
1107
Blaney-Criddle formula, 152 Blindjunctions, 841 Borehole maintenance, 960 Boundary conditions, 410,621
groundwater flow, 249 Bowen ratio, 153 Braided river, 36 Broad-crested weir, 781, 1022 Bulk density, 92,384
dry, 387 wet, 386,481,487
Bypass, 418,572,574,591,593
Cambered beds, 802 Canal
allowable velocity, 773 bottom
hydraulic resistance, 339 infiltration rate, 338 reduced seepage, 338
cross section, 721,750 curvature, 749 depth/width ratio, 745 freeboard, 735 geometry factor, 756 maintenance, 762 normal discharge, 735 partially penetrating, 324 permissible velocity, 764 preliminary design, 73 1 profiles, 750 seepage, 514,1059
analog solutions, 334 calculation, 322,335 linear level change, 324 models, 332 steady-state, 334 sudden level change, 3 17
side slope, 742 stability, 764 structures, 721 system
discharge capacity, 739 lay-out, 727 mapping, 732 storage capacity, 739
Canalized drainage stream, 727 Canopy diffusion resistance, 158, 159 Capacitance method, 387 Capillary
flux, 559 fringe, 226,605 rise, 96,256,390,403,520,558,606,615,
653,1055 height, 391,409, 566 rate, 566
salinization, 533
Cation adsorption, 536 Cation exchange capacity, 88,97,536 Cauchy condition, 410,423 Cauchy-Rieman equations, 248 Cavitation, 978 Censored data series, 188 Centrifugal pump, 970 Channel: compound section, 763 Checked drainage, 636,637 Chemical amendments, 598 Classification
drainage systems, 637 sodic waters, 584 soil, 104,540
FAO-Unesco, 105,541 unified system, 740 US Salinity Laboratory, 540 USDA/SCS, 105 USSR, 541
Clastic sediment, 40 Clay
content, 493 mineralogy, 89 physico-chemical characteristics, 88 tiles, 830
Climatic data, 695,716 CLIMWAT, 170 Coastal plain, 39,445 Coefficient of determination, 21 1 Collector
criteria, 671 design procedure, 887 drain, 29,638,884 drainage, 652 installation, 860 multiple-diameter, 887,888 open, 848 pipes, 848 outlet, 840
Combination method, 146 Compressibility
aquifer, 328 water, 329
Compression constant, 484 index, 483 peat, 506
data bank, 961 model FYRYMO, 500 models, 27 program CAPSEV, 403,409 program SATEM, 358,361,373 programs for ET, 170
Computer-aided design, 721 Concentration factor, 548, 575 Concrete pipes, 830
Computer
1108
Confidence analysis, 185 belt, 186,216 interval, 176, 185,215 statement, 21 I
Conservation of mass, 228 Consolidation, 477,480,486
theory, 483 total pressure, 487
Consolidometer, 486 Constant-head method, 454 Contact erosion, 897 Continuity equation, 229,406 Contour lines, 694 Contraction resistance, 891,893 Contractor, 722 Control gates, 638 Conveyance
efficiency, 521,524 system, 514
Correlation coeficient, 21 1 Corrosion, 953,963 Cost estimates, 721 Cost-benefit analysis, 705, 1062 Cost-effectiveness analysis, 1063 Crop coefficient, 156,165 Crop response, 645 Crop water requirements, 165 Cropping lay-out, 852 CROPWAT, 170 Crust method, 412 Culvert, 790
friction losses, 795 long, 1025 short, 1025 transition losses, 791
Cumulative frequency, 179 Curve Number, 123,127, 128
estimation, 126 factors, 124 method, 121
actual retention, 121 flat areas, I30 initial abstraction, 121 land treatment, 124 land use or cover, 124 potential maximum retention, 121 sloping areas, I31
Cut/fill ratio, 809
Daily inequality, 1006 Darcy, 71,232,307,405,435,935
applications, 238 validity, 237 Weisbach equation, 876
Databases, 1072
De Zeeuw-Hellinga calculation, 290 equation, 287
De-watering, 860 Dead furrows, 800 Deep borings, 700 Deep percolation, 96,443,545,579 Delayed-yield effect, 374 Delta plain, 37 Depression storage, 117 Design, see also Canal, Drainage
considerations, 27 collector, 887 discharge, 175,650,651,736
optimum capacity, 738 documents, 829 drainage level, 1019 field drain, 884 frequency, 175 peak runoff rate, 142 rainfall, 116, 175 return period, 11 I study, 720 water level, 735 watertable depth, 946
Desorption, 399 Diagnostic plot, 371 Dielectrical soil properties, 389 Diffuse double-layer, 88,538 Diffusor, 972 Dirichlet condition, 410,423 Discharge
coefficient, 1023 hydrograph, 926
Dislocation of soil particles, 896, 898 Dispersion, 571 Displacement, 160 Disposal drain, 638 Distance-drawdown analysis, 349
semi-confined, 368 unconfined, 365
efficiency, 521,524 system, 514
Distribution, see also Frequency distribution
Diurnal tides, I010 Diversion drain, 825 Donnan equation, 266 Drain
alignment, 720,849 depth, 844
critical, 856, 895 discharge, 266,580
measurement, 902 ideal, 271,473,891,892 line performance, 890 non-ideal, 893,895 open, 29,827
1109
outfall, 1057 pipes, 830
hydraulic gradient, 874 hydraulics, 869
spacing, 266,716,844,845 calculations, 277,288
Drainable pore space, 46,95,284,288,402,614 porosity, 95,402,650 surplus, 305,601,612,945,946
calculation, 629 Drainage, 608
agricultural effects, 657 aims, 533 art, 26 base, 844 basin, 118
characteristics, 118 size, 143
benefits, 643 bibliographies, 1086 canals, 725
design criteria, 735 design water level, 735 field check, 731 system
cost, 737 optimum design discharge, 738 planning, 731 quantity estimates, 721
capacity, 718 coastal plains, 727 coefficient, 883 conditions, 441,457 criterion, 27,277,288,292,383,635,642,656,
706,707,846 agricultural, 635 factors, 641 index, 642
Guyana, 683 Indonesia, 686 NW India, 681 Peru, 615,679 technical, 635
criteria, 419
Egypt, 673
design
agricultural, 277,288,292,635 steady, unsteady, 292 technical, 278,288,292
detailed, 829 discharge, 189,718 equations
steady-state, 263,275,649 comparison, 275 discussion, 275 two-layered profile, 272,276,295
unsteady-state, 263,283,649 comparison, 292 discussion, 288
problem, 11 1
direct, 640, 1041 downstream, 1053 indirect, 641, 1042 local side-effects, 1044 negative, 641 positive, 641 upstream side-effects, 1060
efficiency, 1056 effluent, 1053
experimental fields, 456 failure, 907 field experiments, 900 gravity, 638 health, 1051 heavy clay soils, 301 hill-side, 299 history, 24 horizontal, 638,651 intensity, 277 intermediate solution, 818 investigation, 33, 707
lay-out, 852
effects
disposal options, 1055
network, 708
herringbone system, 847 parallel grid system, 847 random system, 847
machines, 855,856 comparison, 859 grade-control system, 856 monitoring, 723 trenchers, 856 trenchless, 856 vertical plough, 856 V-plough, 856
monitoring and evaluation, 723 natural, 44,50,306,443,610,699 need, 23,643,700 network, 706 objectives, 1041 off-season, 646 outlet, 29,694,729 pipe, see Pipe drainage problems, 693,698 problem soils, 107 projects, 1041
alternative options, 1061 planning, 691 proposed land use, 697
pumping, 638 retention reservoir, 727 simulation models, 427
1110 \
sloping lands, 294,726 sluice, 1001, 1020
self-operating, 1021 special situations, 294 strategies, 425 structures, 725
subsidence, 477 subsurface, see Subsurface drainage surface, see Surface drainage survey, 27,691
Pakistan, 703 Peru, 701
combined, 728,817,828 cross-slope, 822 operation and maintenance, 722 parallel open ditches, 8 17 storage capacity, 651 sustainability, 383 testing, 900,902,906
principles, 901 techniques, 25 types, 635
theories, 26 tubewell, see Tubewell drainage vertical, 638 water
regulating, 727
system
quality, 1039 re-use, 515,523,653, 1056
execution, 722 inspection, 722
works
Drawdown, 3 17,349 data, 346
corrected, 352 deviating curves, 371
well field, 939,942
assumptions, 253 formula, 255,313 well flow equation, 258
Dupuit
Dupit-Forchheimer assumptions, 252,264,284 Duration analysis, 187
Earth-moon system, 1005 Earthmoving equipment, 807 Earthwork volume, 809 Ecosystem, 1042
Edelman’s auxiliary variable, 317 Effective
destruction, 1043
porosity, 46,95,609,
soil depth see also Drainable pore space
deep profile, 448 layered soil, 450
soil stress, 481 well radius, 948
conductivity, 58,98,533
resistance blocks, 396 Electroneutrality, 538 Elevation head, 94,230,393 Encrustation, 899,961,962 Endoscope, 926 Energy
balance, 152 concept, 391 dissipator, 780
Electrical
map, 623
baffle-block, 786 drop height, 782 inclined drop, 786 selection, 783 straight-drop, 784
kinetic, 229 losses
culvert, 791 culvert bends, 794
water, see Water
factors, 619,643,657 judgment, 26
Engineering
Entrance resistance, 467,470,471,910
Envelope, 832 design, 833 functions, 832
filter, 835 hydraulic, 835
material, 271,833 mineral, 833 organic, 833,839 synthetic, 833,837
calculation, 893
pore size, 839 Environmental
aspects, 1041 concern, 27,30 disturbance, 1043 factors, 643 impact, 1042
assessment, 1060 checklist, 1062 priority ranking, 1063
Equipment suppliers, 1088 Equipotential lines, 243 Equivalent
depth, 268,286 drain radius, 270
Ernst equation, 265,272 calculation, 282 geometry factor, 274
1111
Erosion, 1050 control techniques, 726 control terrace, 823
Error function, 318 Esker, 41 Estuary mixing parameter, 1015 Eutrophication, 1054 Evaporation, 607
demand, 150 method, 413 network, 718 open water, 152, 155 pan, 150,166 plant transpiration, 161 ponds, 1058 radiative equivalent, 168 soil, 161
actual, 147 concepts, 145 cropped surfaces, I56 developments, 145 dry crop, 157 limited soil-water supply, 163 measurements, 147 partial soil cover, 161 partitioning, 162 potential, 147
estimation, 165
Evapotranspiration, 28,145,514,606
empirical methods, 146, 151 FAO modified Penman, 146,156 one-step, 147 two-step, 147, 165 Penman, 152,155 Penman-Monteith, 146,157,167 physically-based methods, 146 weighting term, 167
reference, 147, 156, 160, 165, 166 computation, 167
solar radiation, 171 REF-ET, 170
wet crop, 156
rainfall, 1 18, 133 surface water, 1059
Exchange coefficient, 536 Exchangeable sodium, 536
Excess
effect, 539 percentage, 98,536
Extraterrestrial radiation, 172
Falling-head method, 454 Fallow re-salinization, 946 FAO Modified Penman method, 146, I56 Feasibility study, 691,705
density of observations, 708 preliminary design, 731
1112
Field application efficiency, 52 I , 526 capacity, 94,398 drain, 29,814,884
design procedure, 884 lay-out, 816 outlet, 840 V-shaped, 814 W-shaped, 814
criteria, 670 su b-areas, 7 15 system, 636
drainage
parallel, 8 16, 847 random, 8 16,847
irrigation losses, 556 lateral, 815 salt balance, 526 water balance, 526
construction, 779 function, 835 material beneath riprap, 776 natural build-up, 897 permeability, 776 stability, 777 strip, 825
Fissure development, 914,917 Flap gate, 1025 Floccules, 538 Flood plain, 36,441 Flood protection, 636,698 Flow
above drain level, 267 below drain level, 267 conditions near a pipe drain, 891 domain, 602 horizontal, 238,273 net, 337,448,590,624,626
diagrams, 244 literature, 1067 overland, 1 17 pipe see Pipe flow radial, 273 steady-state, 347,407 subcritical velocity, 753 supercritical velocity, 753 to drains, 29
basic assumptions, 263 subsurface, 263
to pumped wells, 30 turbulent, 752 uniform, 75 1,773 unsteady-state, 407, 410 vertical, 239,272
Filter
steady-state, 408
Flushing drain pipes, 866 effect, 868 machine, 867
Fluvisols, 106, 108 Forchheimer equation, 254 Fossil salts, 520 Free water surface, 225,250 Frequency
analysis, 175 interval method, 176 relative frequency, 176
density function, 193 distribution, 191,644
censored, 179 comparison, 203 exponential, 201 extreme values, 198 fitting, 192
parametric method, 192 plotting method, 192
Gumbel distribution, 198 log-exponential, 202 log-normal, 198 mean value, 193 median, 194 mode, 194 normal distribution, 193
censored, 196 standard, 195
duration analysis, 187 exceedance, 177 non-exceedance, 179 occurrence, 176 recurrence predictions, 181
Fresh-water head, 23 1 Friction factor, 876 Froude number, 754,783,1016,1023
standard deviation, 193
Gamma-ray attenuation, 386 Gapon equation, 536 Gas diffusion, 96 . Gated culvert, 1001, 1024 Geological
cross-sections, 696 map, 696
Geomorphology, 441 Geostatistics, 84,425 Geotextiles, 779,825,833 Glacial plain, 41 Gley, 91 Gleysols, 106 Glover-Dumm
calculation, 288 equation, 284,286
Graded river, 36
Grading curve, 835 Gravel
envelopes, 834 moles, 926 pack, 49,343,957
Gravimetric method, 384 Gravitational
head, 393 potential, 392
Gravity outlet see also Drainage sluice capacity, 1027 computation errors, 1035 construction, 1037 crest level, 1037 critical flow, 1023 design, 1020 discharge, 1023, 1024 doors, 1038 drainage period, 1002 flushing, 1040 gates, 1038 location, 1027 operation, 1039 outer water level, 1003 sedimentation, 1039 storage
calculation, 1030,1034 level, 1020 period, 1002 volume, 1002
structures, 1001 subcritical flow, 1022 types, 1020 width calculation, 1028, 1033
point elevation, 809 survey, 508 system, 710
Ground pressure, 481 Groundwater
balance, 609,649 data
collection, 47 interpretation, 65 processing, 59
definition, 225 depletion curve, 121 depth change, 525 divide, 603 flow, 29,225,305,701
Grid
boundary free water surface, 250 impervious layer, 249 plane of symmetry, 249 seepage surface, 25 1 water at rest, 251
1113
one-dimensional, 247 partial differential equation, 621 problems, 341 steady, 254
unconfined, 252 unsteady differential equation, 285, 317
' two-dimensional, 240,248
hydraulic boundary, 44 hydrograph, 59,65 inflow, 609 integrated models, 622 interception, 445 investigations, 33 maps, 59,61,69
model interpretation, 69
numerical, 620 prediction, 621 SGMP, 629 simulation, 629 steady-state, 621 types, 62 1 unsteady-state, 621
observation frequency, 907 network, 52,719
density of observations, 53,708 lay-out, 52 spacing, 53
period, 907 well, 48, see also Piezometer
correlation, 66 depth, 53 elevation, 54 wetted tape method, 54
outflow, 609,615 profile in a dam, 256 quality, 56,617,936
chemical constituents, 59 map, 64,73 measurements, 58
recession curve, 61 recharge, 632
Punjab, 51 8 runoff, 68,117,120
rating curve, 68 seepage, 546 salt balance, 619
Guelph method, 455 Gypsum, 535
application efficiency, 599 requirement, 598 saturated irrigation water, 557
Habitat, 1045 Hand-dug well, 48 Hanging-water-column method, 40 1
Hantush inflection-point method, 356,358 Hantush well function, 356 Hantush-Jacob
drawdown equation, 356 method, 369
analysis, 1008 motion, 325
Harmonic
Head-differences map, 64,73 Head-discharge relationship, 78 1 Herringbone system, 847 High-water line, 739 Highly saline subsoil, 562 Histosols, 106, 108, 503 Homogeneous soils, 275 Hooghoudt
calculation, 278 equation, 264,265
simplified, 287 equivalent depth, 268,286 nomographs, 268 series solution, 268,280 tables, 268
application, 278,280 Hosts, 1073 Humus, 89 Hydraulic
characteristic, 984 accuracy, 358
conductivity, 46,96,233,265,406,487,492 see also K-value, permeability function, 424 horizontal, 436,442 map, 714 measurements, 435,708 vertical, 273,436 saturated, 415,435
drop, 754 gradient, 265,436 head, 44, SO, 93,230,251,308,315,393
measurements, 902 tidal influence, 327
jump, 754,784 output power, 969 overpressure, 489 pressure, 328,481 pump losses, 982 radius, 755 resistance, 47,308,356,439,933,934 soil properties, 28, 104
unsaturated, 410, see also K, K(h), K-theta accuracy, 425
Hydrocompaction, 478 Hydrodynamic period, 489 Hydrodynamics, 228 Hydrogeological sub-areas, 61 2 Hydrogeology, 33
1114
Hydrograph, 1,19,329 baselength, 121,134 composite, 134, 139 single-peaked, 119,120
Hydrologic cycle, 116 data, 716
regime, 695 Hydrological
soil group, 125 soil-cover complex, 126 soil-group map, 126
Hyetograph, 134 Hysteresis, 95,399,613
analysis, 175
Impact evaluation methods, 1062 Impeller
pumps description, 970 hydraulic behaviour, 97 1
size. nomograph, 992 speed, 978
Impermeable layer, 267,715 In-service training, 722 Infiltration, 96,586,588,606,607
wetting front, 461 Infiltrometer, 461,596 Information
addresses, 1089 dissemination, 1069 document delivery, 1071 quality, 1068 retrieval, 1067, 1070 sources, 1072
Infrastructure, 850 Institutions, 1084
aspects, 705,719 Intensified cropping, 1054 Intensity-duration-frequency curve, 115 Inter-disciplinary approach, 669 Interception
estimation, 148 formula, 150 surface. runoff, 726
drain, 28,825 height, 300
drainage, 298,636 canal, 727
Interflow, 117 Interfluve, 69 Intergranular pressure, 328,480,483 Interior plain, 39 Internal rate of return, 1062 Inundation damage, 736
Interceptor
Invers e Hooghoudt equation, 529 models, 622
procedure, 464 theory, 461
Inversed auger hole method, 456
Investment costs, 736 Ion concentration, 533 Iron ochre, 899 Irreversible shrinkage, 491, 503 Irrigation, 608
drainage, 513,533,652 basins, 806 efficiency, 521,632,654,1055
increase, 524 project, 521
environmental effects, 5 13 operational spills, S I S regime, 654 water
bicarbonate, 583 requirement, 523 salinity, 576 sodium hazard, 580,581
Isobath, 63 Isohyets, 113 Isopluvials, 113 Isothermal evaporation, 155 Isotropy, 236
Jacob’s straight-line method, 351,353,372 Jensen-Hake formula, 152
K-estimation: indirect, 413 parameter estimates, 413 parameter optimization, 41 5
K-measurement: direct, 412 crust method, 412 instantaneous profile method, 412 sorptivity, 412
K(h) prediction, 413 soil texture, 413 soil-water retention, 414
K(h) relationship, 409 K-theta relationship, 41 1
inverse method, 415 K-value, 435, see also Hydraulic conductivity
Darcy, 234 determination, 450
correlation, 451 grain-size distribution, 453 pore-size distribution, 452 soil mapping unit, 453 soil texture, 45 1
extraction, 455 hydraulic, 451 in-situ, 451
1115
large-scale, 456 parallel-drain methods, 466 small-scale, 454,457
Guelph method, 455 shallow well pump-in method, 455
laboratory methods, 451,453 flow induction, 454 permeameter method, 456 soil sampling, 453
geometric mean, 438 granular materials, 237 horizontal, 455 internal variability, 437 layered soils, 439 parallel drains, 466 representative K-value, 438,441 semi-confined aquifers, 444 time trend, 440 unconfined aquifers, 441 variability, 436
seasonal, 440 weighted average, 439
Kirkham equation, 264 Kopecky ring, 453
Lake plain, 40 Land
infiltration, 455
classification, 697 crowning, 802 drainage, 23, see also Drainage
definition, 24 objectives, 640, 1041
evaluation, 107 form, 33 forming, 800
grading, 803 farm size, 820
calculations, 807 centroid, 808 design, 804, 807 operations, 807
planing, 803 reclamation, 478 slope, 447 subsidence, see Subsidence use, 519
map, 101, 126 planning, 692
Langelier-Bower nomograph, 582 Laplace
equation, 248,406 operator, 248
Lateral, see Field drain Latosol, 440 Leaching, 527,608,652,1042,1050
depth, 546,597
calculation, 593,594 rule of thumb, 597
efficiency coefficient, 569, 573 equations, 591 fraction, 546,567,575,579 intermittent, 589 irrigation and rainfall, 575 ponding, 589 requirement, 28,544,546,564,584,654 techniques, 589
Leaf area index, 162 Leakage factor, 47,308,332,356
Least squares method, 205,210,101 1 Leg fissures, 914 Lime, 535 Literature
determination, 309
abstract journals, 1072 bibliography, 1067 books, 1075 grey, 1067 journals, 1073 multilingual dictionaries, 1086 newsletters, 1075 primary, 1067 proceedings of symposia, 1087 tertiary, 1072
Lithology, 714 Loess, 43 Logarithmic type curve, 322 Longitudinal profile, 721,750 Lunar tide, I005 Lysimeter, 148
Macroporosity, 418 Magnum terrace, 823 Main drainage, 699, see also Drainage
maintenance equipment, 746 system, 725
canal, 29, see also Canal
design, 706 system, 636
Maintenance canal, 762 pipe drainage systems, 865 pumps, 962
lay-out of canals, 725
Manholes, 842,904 Manning
equation, 747,755,870,876 resistance coefficient, 756
grain roughness component, 759 surface irregularity component, 759 vegetal drag component, 760 vegetal retardance, 761
Manometric pump head, 982 Mass conservation, 406
1116
Mass flow of gas, 96 Matric head, 94,392 Matrix potential, 392 Maximum recharge, 947 Measurements
drain testing, 907 drain discharges, 902 evapotranspiration, 147 groundwater salinity, 58 hydraulic head, 902 overpressure, 903 soil-water pressure head, 394 soil-water suction, 396
concept, 390 sounder, 55
Meteorological data, 167 Mineral soils, 89 Miscible displacement, 571 Mixed tides, 1011 Mixed-flow pump, 966,970 Modelling
Mechanical
groundwater flow, 620,629 drain depth and crop yield, 427 drainage for salinity control, 431 water supply and surface drainage, 430
Modulus of elasticity, 329 Mole
channel failure, 9 18 grade, 922 grade control, 923 outlet, 921 stability, 918 stability requirements, 919
depth, 920 formation, 913 spacing, 920 length of run, 921
drainage, 9 13 ' flow paths, 914,917 introduction, 926 investigations, 926
drain
foot diameter, 921 plough, 91 3
expander, 913,921 floating, 925 foot, 91 3 front-skid, 924 mounted, 923 scrubbing, 924 types, 923 wedge, 9 17
timing, 920 Mottling, 91 Mountains. 33
Muck soils, 89 Multi-criteria analysis, 1063 Multi-piezometer well, 54
Natural drainage, 44, SO, 306,443,610,699 resources, 1043
positive suction head, 980 present value, 958, 1062
Neumann condition, 410,423 Neutron
Net
probe, 615 scattering, 385
Nichols terrace, 822 Nile hydrology, 516 Nitrogen fertilizer, 668 Nodal
areas, 622 network, 422 points, 712
Non-erodible velocity, 804,824 Non-linearity, 620 Non-return valve, 990 Numerical
methods, 421 boundary conditions
lower, 423 upper, 422
finitedifference, 421,621 finite element, 422,621 initial conditions, 422 leaching calculation, 594 synthetic Newton-Raphson, 871
calibration, 424 groundwater, 620 input, 621 Cauchy condition, 410,423 Dirichlet condition, 410,423 Neumann condition, 410,423 shrinkage, 500 validation, 424
models
Nutrient supply, 667
Off-season drainage, 646 Open
augerholes, 904 collectors, 848 drains, 29,827
variable, 295 Organ i c
carbon oxidation, 477, 503 matter, 89
content, 493 decomposition, 503
soils, 89, 108,503, 504
1117
Osmotic head, 393 potential, 392 salinity effect, 542
Outlet, see Drainage outlet, Gravity outlet Oven-dry point, 398 Over-designing, 738 Overland flow, 117 Overpressure, 91 1 Oxidation
organic carbon, 477,503 pyrite, 104
Pan evaporation, 150,166 Particle-size distribution, 85 Peak
discharge, 636 drainage requirement, 946 runoff, 119
rate, 111, 136 estimation, 139
Peat, 89,108 Pedo-transfer functions, 4 13 Pedogenesis, 78 Penetration ratio, 943 Penman
FAOmodified, 146,156 formula, 155 method, 152
Penman-Monteith approach, 157,167 equation, 146
Perched watertable, 44,915 . Percolation, 96,515,606
losses, 578 net, 575
Periodicity, 222 Permeability, 44,96,585
pF, see Soil-water retention Photo mosaic, 731 Phreatic
conditions, 43 surface definition, 225
see also Groundwater observation well depth, 344 head, 50,230 method, 455 network, 905 number, 345 spacing, 344
see also Hydraulic conductivity, K-value
Piezometer, 49,231,344,610,902,903
confined aquifers, 345 semi-confined aquifers, 345 unconfined aquifers, 344
Pipe connections, 841
1118
diameter, 846, 870 drain, 29,827
area drained, 870,884 bridges, 842 chemical deposits, 899 cleaning, 866 gradient, 846,870,874 flow equation, 870
adapted, 872 full-flowing, 870 laminar, 234 non-uniform, 872 partially full, 871
envelope, see Envelope invert level, 845 length, 870,884 multiple-diameter, 885 outlets, 840 physical conditions, 895 plastic, 830
corrugated, 831 corrugations, 877 double-walled, 831 PE, PP, PVC, 83 1 smooth, 831
quality, 832 root growth, 899 roughness, 875 safety factor, 881 sedimentation, 882 single-diameter, 885
implementation, 827 inspection, 722
frequency, 866 methods, 863
drainage, 639
level recording, 864 rodding, 863
routine checks, 866 installation, 854
effects, 895 logistics, 861 post-construction check, 866 special conditions, 862 staking out, 854 supervision, 863 wet conditions, 862
performance monitoring, 865 structures, 840 systems
composite, 847 design, 829 lay-out, 846 maintenance, 865 operation, 865 singular, 847
testing, 900
measurements, 907 discharge, 902
overpressure, 903
I
I t hydraulic head, 902
Piping, 898 I Plains, 33
I Plane method, 808,810 Planosols, 106, 109,437 Plasticity index, 90 Playa, 40 Plinthosols, 107 Pluviograph, 115 Pluviometer, 115 Point rainfall, 112 Poiseuille equation, 234 Polder, 25,636 Ponded water case, 590,912 Porchet method, 462 Pore-size distribution, 92 Porosity, 91,233,481,486,504 Post-authorization study, 691,720,829 Potential head, 50,230 Precipitation, 607, see also Rainfall
bicarbonate, 583 calcium carbonate, 580 magnesium carbonate, 583 slightly-soluble salts, 583
Preferential flow, 418 sink term, 419 source term, 419
head, 94,230,393 logger, 55 membrane method, 402 pan method, 402
Probability paper Gumbel, 200 normal, 196
Press ure
Production casing, 950,953 Profile method, 81 1
calculation, 812 Proportionality principle, 134 Protective lining, 773
sieve curves, 777 stone size, 773
Pseudo-steady-state aquifer tests, 347,365 drawdowns, 366
modified, 159,168
adjustment, 984 best-efficiency point, 972,975 capacity, 945 characteristic, 984 dimensions, 978 discharge
Psychometric constant, 154, 168
Pump, 965
aquifer tests, 347 measurement, 347
maintenance, 962 power, 993,995 power reduction, 995
efficiency, 969,974 housing, 950,952 maintenance, 962 net positive suction head, 980 operating point, 984 operating range, 974 relations diagram, 991 selection, 990 shaft input power, 969,974,993 specific speed, 974 static head, 983 submersible, 957,962 system characteristic, 986 total head, 982 types, 966
driver, 995
axial flow, 966,971 centrifugal, 970 impeller, 970 mixed-flow, 966,970 screw
advantages, 967 disadvantages, 967
Pumping station, 699,965 design, 986
multiple-sump, 989 single-sump, 987 sump model tests, 987
location, 997 multiple, 853
Pumping test, 349 Pyrite oxidation, 104
Quick-sand, 845
Radial flow, 273
parallel pumping, 987
resistance, 70,296,892 towards a drain, 296 hydraulic conductivity, 436,442,443 pump, 966
Radiation net, 168
long-wave, 169 short-wave, 168
term, 155
analysis, 11 1 Rainfall
depth-area, 112 depth-area-duration, 114 depth-duration-frequency, 11 5, 188 maximum totals, 187
1119
moving totals, 187 ranking ofdata, 181 successive totals, 187
areal, 112 depth, 11 1 intensity, 11 1 irrigation schemes, 523 maximum ratios, 116 observation network, 717 phenomena, 11 1 records, 717 regime, 654
Rainfall-frequency analysis, 115, 718 approach, 11 1
Rainfall-runoff relationship, 123, 718 Ratio method, 205,206 Rational method, 137
drainage basin slope, 138 maximum length of travel, 138 time of concentration, 137
Reaction factor, 286,287,293 Recharge, 256
non-uniform, 287. Reclamation, 490,915
considerations, 588 field tests, 596 newly reclaimed soils, 490 saline sodic soils, 598 salt-affected soils, 588 sodic soils, 598 time required, 597
basic data, 694 basic data collection, 692
groundwater, 515,523 test, 349
Regression analysis, 175,205,474 coefficient, 209 constant, 209 intermediate, 215 reduced sum of squares, 210 segmented, 217
two-way, 214,469 y upon x, 209
Relaxation method, 259 Remote sensing, 163 Reservoir
Reconnaissance survey, 49,691,692
Recovery
break points, 217
analysis, 1035 series, with bypass, 593 single, with bypass, 591
drawdown, 360 Residual
data, 361
sodium carbonate, 583 soil-water content, 414
Resistance network, 296 Return
flows, 5 15 period, 181
conditional, 184 Reynolds number, 237,752 Richards’ equation, 407 Rip-rap, 774 River
catchment, 612 deltas, 445 floods, 1014 gauging network, 719 plain, 34 runoff, 613
depth, 97 drying, 561 four-layered, 567,573,594 leaching, 567 one-layered, 544, 573 salinity: estimating, 578 salt balance, 544
Roughness length, 160 Row drain, 8 17 Runoff
Rootzone
calculation procedure, 141 cycle, 116 direct, 117, 120, 707
depth estimation, 129 hydrograph, 120 rate, 133
time distribution, 133 groundwater, 68,117, 120 hydrograph, 118 peak runoff reliability, 143 phenomena, 116 response characteristic, 124 surface, 51 5 total, 117
Sabakh soil, 541 Saline
soils, 109, 540 groundwater head, 23 1 seep, 5 19 sodic soils, 540
Salinity, 98, 440,519, 533,652, 669 classification, 543 control, 28,533,652, 1041, 1054
drainage, 579 effects
crop growth, 542 local, 520 regional, 519 specific ion, 542
1120
long-term, 575 natural, 696 sources, 57 subsoil salts, 520
with seepage, 562 without seepage, 561
affected soils, 540
balance, 601
Salinization, 104,513,533,1048
Salt
salic horizon, 542
assumptions, 545 equations, 617 groundwater zone, 619 rootzone, 544 studies, 620 surface, 617 total, 619 unsaturated zone, 618
build-up, 619 concentration, 98,533 displacement, 569 equilibrium, 544
calculation, 550 equation, 549
calculation, 1018, 1019 maximum length, 1017 minimum length, 1016
intrusion, 1015
rootzone, 548 slightly soluble, 556 storage, 548
calculation, 550 equation, 549
tolerance, 542
pumping, 963 trap, 957
ESP nomogram, 537 irrigation water, 580 soil solution, 580,585
extract, 534 paste, 534 thickness, 46 zone, 225
model, 622 water balance, 609 salt balance, 619
Sand
SAR
Saturated
Savenije method, 1017 Scaling, 425 Scarification, 803 Scouring
outlets, 1039 protection, 773
Sediment bed-material load, 768 suspended, 768 transport, 765
Sedimentation primary, 898 secondary, 898
area, 67 dam, 312 dike, 3 13
downward, 610 equation, 308 open channels, 332 river, 305 spatial distribution, 309 surface, 25 1 unsteady, 316 upward, 44
SE, index, 648 Shear stress, 227 Sheet flow, 806 Sheet piles, 1039 Shrinkage, 477,489
calculation
Seepage, 69,305,443,1049
calculation, 315
calculation, 3 1 1
heterogeneous soil, 499 homogeneous soil, 498
density-comparison method, 494 estimation, 494
Silt content, 559,566 Simulation model, 420
data input, 424 SWACROP, 420,426,427 SWATRE, 162,164,431
aquifer tests, 375 residual drawdown, 363 unconfined calculation, 353
Single-well test, 341, 358
Siphon, 791, 1025 Sodic soils, 109, 539,540
natric horizon, 542 Sodicity, 98,533,440, 585, 668
crop growth, 542 Sodification, 104 Sodium
adsorption ratio, 98,536 adjusted, 586
hazard, 580,58 1 plant sensitivity, 544
acidity, 99,440,669 aeration, 492, 1042 aggregates, 90 air, 96
Soil, 77
carbon dioxide pressure, 585
1121
alluvial, 436,443 alkali, 109
bearing capacity, 665 black cotton, 108 characteristics, 85 classification, see Classification colour, 91 compaction, 477 compression, 477,480 conditions, 77 consistency, 90, 740
limits, 90,740 Atterberg, 90, 742 liquid, 90 plastic, 90
black, 99
plasticity index, 90 consolidation, see Consolidation crack formation, 492 crust, 539 data
collection, 100 drainage design, 28,277,292 existing, 101 measuring programme, 101
deficiencies, 109 depth, 97 dispersion, 539 drying, 1042 fertility, 99 formation, 77
factors, 78 climate, 78 human activity, 80 organisms, 80 parent material, 78 time, 80 topography, 78
processes, 80 biological, 81 chemical, 8 1 physical, 80
heterogeneity, 83 homogeneity, 83 horizons, 8 I
functional, 414 master, 82 soil differentiation, 8 I
map, 99,700,708 mapping, 103 matrix, 93 mechanics, 477
' mineral,89 mineral composition, 87 muck, 89 organic, 89, 108,503,504 peat, 108
peds, 90 phases, 91 physical behaviour, 537 pit, 700 pores
macro-pores, 93 meso-pores, 93 micro-pores, 93
pressure calculation, 48 I profile, 82
master horizons, 82 stratification, 845
properties, 90,45 1 drainage, 104 physical, 9 I
biological, 491 chemical, 490 classification, 493 physical, 490
saline, 109,540 salt-affected, 540 sodic, 109,539,540 salinity see Salinity samples
disturbed, 100 undisturbed, 100
ripening, 104, 108,490
saturation, 397 specific heat capacity, 97 stability, 897 structure, 90,539,664 subsidence, see Subsidence suitability, 697 survey, 99, 103
systematic, 696 taxonomy, 541,697 temperature, 97,664 texture, 85,578,833 visual observations, 100 water
balance method, 147,544 characteristic, 397,424,614 content, 92,403,613
mass basis, 384 measurement, 383 volume basis, 384
diffusivity, 412 dynamics
basicconcepts, 389 mathematical models, 420
extract, 535 flow simulation, 419 mixing, 546 movement equation, 416 retention, 93,94,397
curve, 94,397,613 determination, 400
1122
in situ, 400 laboratory, 401 porous medium, 401 suction, 94,395 suction plate method, 401
storage, 606 storage coefficient, 402 tension, 395 zone, 605
Solonchak, 106,541 Solonetz, 107,541 Solubility
workability, 649,665
calcium carbonate, 556,58 1 gypsum, 556
Sorjan system, 803 Sorptivity, 412 Source-sink system, 566 Spatial variability, 425,436,620,63 1
hydraulic soil parameters, 425 water balance terms, 425
surface Specific
area, 88 ratio, 453
volume, 494 water capacity, 407 yield,46,95,317,351,364,372,609,614
calculation, 353 recovery, 361 underestimation, 363
Statistical analysis, 456 Step-drawdown test, 353 Stomatal resistance, 157 Storativity, 46,328,350 Storm surges, 1013 Stream function, 242 Streamlines, 240
refraction, 245 Structural stability, 919 Student
distribution, 207 t-test, 221
Sub-irrigation, 529 Subcatchment, 61 2 Subsidence, 30, 104,440,477,483,667, 1046
calculation, 485 computer model, 489 degree, 479 effects
direct, 486 drainage, 479, SO8 land use, 478 secular, 486 structures, 479
organic soils, 503 calculation, 507
equations, 504 oxidation, SOS peat, 504 rate, 479 time-dependent, 486
see also Pipe drainage, Tubewell drainage rice fields, 85 1 problems, 699 soil features, 102 system, 636,639,827
Subsurfacedrainage, 29,301,631,715
types, 827 Superposition principle, 135 Surface
drainage, 29,301,65 1,799 definition, 799 design capacity, 115 problems, 698 regular, 637 sloping-area, 821 soil features, 103 system, 636,639,799
flushing, 590 mulch, 560 run-off, 515, 726 salt balance, 617 stagnant water, 912 water balance, 607 water inlets, 843 water storage, 607, 818
Survey procedures, 69 I Sustainable land use, 1043 Swelling and shrinkage, 89,440
Tail recession, 466 Tensiometer, 93,393,395 Terrace, 821 Terzaghi theory, 483 Textural triangle, 87 Thalweg, 849 Theis
equation, 350 recovery method, 361 well function, 35 1
Dupuit equation, 365,368 straight-line method, 365
Thiem
Thiessen method, 113 Thoma number, 980 Tidal
amplitude, 1009 angular speed, 1009 components, 1008 current, 1013 drainage, 1001 fluctuations propagation, 329 level, 1009
1123
phase lag, 1009 prediction, 101 1 river, 101 1 sluice simulation model, 1036 wave, 1004
amplitude, 326,331 ratio, 330 reduction, 327
frequency, 326 phase shift, 327,331 transmission
semi-confined, 327 unconfined, 327
Tide, 1003 mixed, 101 1 neap tide, 1007 semi-diurnal, 1006, 101 1 spring tide, 1006
Till, 41 Time
domain reflectrometry, 389 drawdown analysis, 349,350,364
semi-confined, 355 unconfined, 350
intensity rainfall graph, 134 invariance principle, 134 concentration, 137 recovery analysis, 349,360,364 series
extrapolation, 222 missing data, 223 periodicity, 222 screening, 175,220
stability, 220 to peak, 136 trend, 220
Topographic grid survey, 807 map, 694,73 1
Tractive stress, 766 Training facilities, 1088 Transmissivity, 46,239,273, 3 17,35 1, 364,365,
372,439,628,933,934 calculation, 322,353 overestimate, 363
Transpiration rate, 416 Trash rack, 996 Trench backfill, 834
erosion, 862 Trenchers, 856 Trenchless drainage machines, 856 Tubewell, 28, 520, see also Well
depth calculation, 955 design discharge, 945 drainage, 30,63 1,639,65 I , 93 1
advantages, 932 disadvantages, 932
equations, 937 feasibility, 933 systems, 93 1
irrigation, 936 operating factor, 945 public, 93 I pump, 957 system design, 944
Turc formula, I5 I
Unit hydrograph, 133 dimensional, I36 dimensionless, 136 parametric, 136
Unit storm period, 133 Unsaturated zone, 226,383
flow equation, 406 hydraulic conductivity, 410 model, 62 1 salt balance, 6 I8 water balance, 604
V-plough, 856 Vadose zone, 604
Van Genuchten equation, 414
Van Os&Abraham method, 1016 Vapour pressure
deficit, 170 method, 402
intermediate, 605
shape factor, 414
Varve, 42 Vector-borne diseases, 1052 Vegetated waterways, 824 Vegetation map, 101 Velocity
coherent earthen canals, 769 grassed channels, 769 head, 230 potential, 243
Vertical plough, 856 Vertisols, 106, 108,437 Void ratio, 483 Volute, 972
Water available, 95, 398
' balance, 27,513,521,601 analysis, 61 2,622,624 applications, 612 calculation, 625 changes, 519 components, 602 equations, 601,617 features, 602 integrated, 610 overall. 61 1
1124
studies, 63 I surface, 607 time, 602,6 16 top-soil, 610 unsaturated zone, 604
density, 226, 1036 development, 705 energy, 229 kinetic, 229
potential, 229 pressure, 229 total head, 230,753
sink term, 416 extraction by plant roots, 416
factor, 493 flow in isotropic media, 406 holding capacity, 95 level
fluctuations, 325 indicator, 55 measurement, 54,346 recorder, 55 losses from irrigation systems, 513
lifting devices, 965 management change, 525 potential, 93,391
mass basis, 392 volume basis, 392 weight basis, 392
quality, 719 readily available, 399 related diseases, 1052 retention, see Soil water retention transmitting properties, 96 uptake functions, 417 use efficiency, 28 viscosity, 227
dynamic, 227 kinematic, 227
Waterlogging, 513,578,635, 1041 Watertable, 609
contour map, 61,69,260,623 crop production, 659 definition, 225 depth, 615,707
critical, 561, 660 design, 946 map, 63,72,623 optimum, 565 permissible, 647,656
drawdown, 656 fluctuation, 650
map, 63,72 height, 265 index, 644,645
lowering, 1046 critical duration, 651
measurement frequency, 56 shape, 69 soil condi tions, 663 to discharge ratio, 656 yield relationships, 659
cased, 49 depth, 950 design, 950 development, 954 diameter, 951 distance calculation, 947 field
configuration, 948 design, 947
Well, see also Tubewell
computer program, 960 flow
equation, 341
steady-state, 257 steady-state, 937
formation, 952 location, 342 log, 345 losses, 952
non-linear, 352 maintenance, 960 pattern
rectangular, 940 triangular, 937
penetration full, 343 partial, 343,366,369,372,942
physical plugging, 962 records, 961 rehabilitation, 961 screen, 343
corrosion, 962 diameter, 955 entrance velocity, 945,954 functions, 953 length, 955 section, 950,953 semi-confined aquifers, 343 slot size, 954 unconfined aquifers, 343
spacing calculation, 949 system design optimization, 958 pointing, 860 uncased, 48
Wetlands, I044 Weisbach-Darcy Equation, 796 Wilting point, 95, 398
1 I25