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Index

Abal Medina, Fernando, 129Abal Medina, Juan Manuel, 129Abellan, Jose Luis, 309Abourezk, James, 249Açao Libertadora Nacional (ALN) (Brazil), 197,

199Accion Chilena Anticomunista (ACHA), 141acculturation, 22Acher, Renato, 190Achugar, Hugo, 310Activism, 23, 31–32, 78, 130, 193–255, 304

activists, 11, 32, 125, 128, 134, 137, 148, 155,162, 166, 186–87, 199–200, 206, 212, 220,224, 231, 248, 251, 291, 298, 322

Acuerdo Paraguayo en el Exilio, or ParaguayanAccord in Exile (APE), 254

Administrative Department of Security,Departamento Administrativo de Seguridad(DAS) (Colombia), 317

Affonso, Almino, 104, 196Africa, 23, 40–41, 50, 166, 193, 237, 293Aguiar, Cesar, 244Aguiar, Juan Jose, 85Aguiluz, Marcial, 187Aguirre, Nataniel, 122Alaman, Lucas, 108, 118Alberdi, Juan Bautista, 95–8Alberti, Rafael, 12Alegrıa, Claribel, 12Aleman, Jose, 154Alessandri Palma, Arturo, 141, 229Alfaro, Pompeyo, 187Alfonsın, Raul, 300Algeria, 25, 138Alianza Popular Revolucionaria Americana, or

American Popular Revolutionary Alliance(APRA) (Peru), 148–49, 185–86

alienation, 12, 14–16, 18, 39, 112, 133, 217–18,239, 287, 304

Alighieri, Dante, 12Allende, Isabel, 202Allende, Salvador, 103–4, 128–29, 161, 165, 171,

187, 190, 232, 234, 237, 242, 245, 302Allier Montano, Eugenia, 309Almazan, Juan Andreu, 119Almeyda, Clodomiro, 237Alsina, Valentın, 98alterity, 8Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para

los Refugiados (ACNUR), 113, 149, 251,297, 303

Alvares de Cabral, Pedro, 41Alvarez, Hugo, 183Amado, Jorge, 12Amazonia, Brazil, 50American Convention of Human Rights, 151American Embassy in Buenos Aires, 176American independence, 48American lands, 47Americas, 8, 10, 19, 40–42, 46–49, 51, 53, 57,

59, 61, 72, 79, 81–82, 93, 103, 107–8, 118,120, 122, 124, 126, 147, 150, 152–54, 169,193–94, 249, 265, 292

Americas Watch, 144, 161Ameringer, Charles D., 153Amnesty International, 144, 161, 248–49,

321Andalusia, 46Anderson, Benedict, 49, 80Andinia plan, 175Andrade, Oswald de, 112Andreotti, Giulio, 1Angel Calderon, Rafael, 159Angell, Alan, 21, 291

347

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348 Index

Angola, 41, 135Anino, Antonio, 50Ansina, 85–86Antigua (Guatemala), 49Antillas, 113anti-Semitism, 175, 177–78, 181Aragon, Louis, 287Araguaia, 197Arango, Sanchez, 125Araoz de Lamadrid, Gregorio, 100Araujo, Ana Marıa 4Araujo Lima, Pedro, 110Arbenz, Jacobo, 127, 140, 157, 273Areco, Pacheco, 244Arenas, Reinaldo, 12Arendt, Hannah, 21Arequipa, 48, 186Argentina, 9, 16, 25–27, 33–7, 48, 62, 74, 82–83,

88, 91–105, 108, 112, 116, 122, 124,127–30, 135, 138, 142, 162–63, 165–66,169–70, 173–82, 186–88, 190–91, 195,197–98, 207, 209–11, 215–17, 219–27,229–30, 233, 235, 243–47, 262, 266–68,273, 278–83, 287, 298–300, 303–4, 306,311–13

authorities, 161, 179, 186, 298Constitution of 1853, 100Cordobazo, 209coup of 24 March 1976, 135, 173, 177, 211culture, 36diaspora, 209, 313exiles, 95, 100–01, 116, 194, 207–29, 222,

255, 306expatriates, 211Generation of 1837, 98government, 186human rights organizations, 306identity, 224intellectuals, 37Left, 186, 210, 215liberalism, 96–97massive exiles, 211Migration, 128military takeover, 128, 135, 165, 190, 196,

242, 246, 253–54presidents, 97–98, 101, 103provinces of Rio de la Plata, 74security services, 130Tragic Week 1919, 138War of the Triple Alliance, 186Workers and Syndicalists in Exile, 222

Argentinean Committee of Solidarity with theArgentinean People (COSPA) (Mexico), 224

Argentinean Solidarity Commission, ComisionArgentina de Solidaridad (CAS) (Mexico),224

Argentine Anticommunist Alliance (AAA), 215

Arguedas, Alcides, 122Arias Madrid, Arnulfo, 258Arias Plan, 90Aristide, Jean-Bertrand, 260, 273, 276, 282Armand, Octavio, 11armed forces, 140, 163, 175, 186, 196, 207, 209,

222, 258, 282, 284, 315Arraes, Miguel, 196Arrate, Jorge, 230, 290Arroyo del Rio, Carlos Alberto, 270Artigas, Jose, 262Artigas, Jose Gervasio, 84–86, 99Artigas, Manuel, 85Aruba, 184ASER (Think Tank) (Paris), 243Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), 318Asociacion General de Estudiantes

Latinoamericanos (AGELA), 185assassination, 45, 93, 138, 144, 154, 169, 197,

206, 243, 245, 249, 265, 298, 316, 321Assis Figueiredo, Affonso Celso de, 88associations, 7, 81, 114–17, 174, 212, 237, 239,

245, 270, 274, 276–77, 280, 298human-rights, 206, 235, 239, 295

Astorga, Mario, 184Asturias, Miguel Angel, 12Asuncion (Paraguay), 25, 187asylum, 7, 9, 13, 28–29, 66, 70, 74–75, 85,

91–95, 114, 117–18, 120–23, 125–30,132–34, 146–51, 154, 156, 158, 161–62,164, 166, 169–73, 182–88, 190–91, 193,204–5, 210–11, 215, 218, 233–34, 237–38,253, 256, 293–94, 297, 307,320

diplomatic, 66, 126, 128–29, 147–49, 162,170, 200

Inter-American treaties, 148international agreement, 9, 151political, 67, 95, 118, 125, 127–30, 133,

146–8, 151, 166, 184–5, 190, 230, 253Athens, 12Audiencia of Quito, 44Australia, 135, 138, 165, 172, 191, 193, 210,

233–34, 237–38, 246–47, 293Austria, 76, 109, 173, 175Authoritarianism, 1–2, 19–21, 26, 104, 120, 137,

141, 145, 162, 190, 245, 256, 275, 286,290, 305–7, 314, 319–23

Avendano, Colonel Flores, 140Azuero, Juan N., 63

Bachelet, Alberto, 264Bachelet, Michelle, 260, 264Bachmann, Susanna, 15






Index 349

Bahamas, 113Bahia (Brazil), 52banishment, 9, 13–14, 40–41, 50–51, 55, 70, 72,

75, 89, 94, 199–200Banton, Michael, 19Barcelona, 12, 15, 43, 140, 168, 213Bareiro Saguier, Ruben, 27Barman, Roderick, 109Barrientos, General Rene, 104Barrios, Gerardo, 78Barros Jarpa, Ernesto, 141Basso, Lelio, 204–5, 215Batista, Fulgencio, 125–26, 152, 154–55,

273Bauza, Rufino, 86Begin, Menahem, 178Belgium, 76, 81, 147, 164, 175, 185, 191,

302Belize, 131, 167Bello, Emilio, 229Bello Andres, 82, 96, 98, 100, 103Bendini, General Roberto, 175Benedetti, Mario, 12, 34–35, 251Benedetto, Filippo di, 174Benedetto Antonio di, 13Benıtez, Justo Pastor, 27Benjamin, Walter, 107Bentham, Jeremy, 76Berdun, Jose Antonio, 85–86Berlin, 186, 236, 239Bermudez, Jose Francisco, 53–54Bermudez, Pedro Pablo, 69Bertrand Russell Tribunal, 205Betances, Ramon Emeterio, 34Betancourt, Romulo, 154, 157–58, 185, 187–88Betancourt Patino, Oscar, 316Bethlehem, 12Bezerra, Gregorio, 199Bilbao, Francisco, 106Billinghurst, Guillermo, 94Birmingham, 234Blanco, Benito, 86Blest Gana, Alberto, 111Bocachica, San Fernando de, 65Bogota, 63, 81, 299, 317Bolıvar, Simon, 2, 40, 51–55, 59–60, 63–69, 76,

98, 108, 121, 183, 263Bolivia, 67–70, 73, 94, 99, 127, 129, 138, 148,

189, 199, 205, 223, 266–68, 277–79,281–83

asylum, 70nationality, 69state, 68–9

Bolivian Movimiento NacionalistaRevolucionario de Izquierda (MNRI)(Bolivia), 128

Bolivian Partido Revolucionario de IzquierdaNacionalista (PRIN) (Bolivia), 184

Bolivians, 69, 99, 101, 113, 150, 165Bolsheviks, 152Bonifacio, Jose, 88Bordaberry, 190Borda Leano, Hector, 13Bosch, German, 290Bosch, Juan, 156–58, 187, 205, 279Boves, Jose Tomas, 52Brading, David, 46, 49Braga, Claudio, 190Braulio Carrillo, 78Bravo, General Enrique, 141Brazil, 9, 25–6, 28, 41, 51, 74, 79, 82–3, 85, 88,

99, 104–6, 108, 110–11, 115, 117–18, 124,127, 138, 159, 163, 184, 187–90, 195–200,202, 204–7, 215, 223, 233, 235, 241,246–7, 257–8, 260, 262, 264–8, 278–9,281–3, 290–1, 300–1, 304–5, 317–18

1792 Bahia rebellion, 521964 coup d’etat, 2Brazilian Empire, 86–88, 109Conjuraçao Baiana – 1798, 50culture, 117exile, 104–5, 112, 115, 117, 171, 184, 189–90,

194–206, 255, 291, 305First Republic, 110governments, 200, 296independence, 88Marranos, 41politics, 110, 117, 134, 190, 202Romanticism, 112

Brazilian Communist Party (PCB), 199Brazilian conservative (“Old”) Republic, 52Brazilian Democratic Movement Party (PMDB),

207Brazilian Partido Trabalhista, 184Brazilians, 2, 35, 52, 104–5, 109–10, 113,

116–17, 128, 143, 159, 170, 184–85,190–91, 194, 196–98, 202–4, 206, 210,295, 305

Brazilian women, 116Circulo de Mulheres Brasileiras, 116Comite de Mulheres Brasileiras no Exterior,

116, 295O clubinho do Saci, 117

Brecht, Bertolt, 232Briceno, Justo, 53Bricero Mendez, Colonel Jose Marıa, 65Brigate Rosse (Italy), 215Bristol, 317Britain, 47–48, 107Brizola, Leonel, 184, 189–90, 196, 305Brodsky, Joseph, 12Bronstein, Baruch Ivcher, 314






350 Index

Bucaram, Abdala, 260, 317Bucareli, Francisco, 46Buenos Aires, 3, 46, 48, 50, 56, 60–61, 68,

83–88, 91, 93, 96, 100, 106, 116, 122, 129,175, 178, 188, 190, 211, 219, 223, 245–48,264, 298–99, 314, 317

Buitrago, Fanny, 13Busch, German, 141Bussi de Allende, Hortensia, 129

Cabrera Infante, Guillermo, 12, 15Caicedo, Jose Marıa, 81Caicedo Torres, 81Calamai, Enrico, 172–74, 215Calderon Guardia, Rafael Angel, 168Caldwell, Robert G., 73, 141Calles, Plutarco Elıas, 119Camara Canto, Antonio da, 105, 190Campeche (Mexico), 132Campora, Hector, 129, 209, 224, 245Campos Cervera, Herib, 12, 27Canaan, 12Canada, 113, 138, 164, 166, 233, 237–39, 246,

317Cane, Miguel, 98capital, cultural, 109, 134, 323Capitanıa General of Chile, 56Caracas, 33, 63, 93, 120–21, 148, 155–56,

183–84, 236, 262–63, 282Cardenas, Lazaro, 122–23, 126Cardoso, Fernando Henrique, 264Carıas Andino, Tiburcio, 24Cariola, Luis Alberto, 141Carlos III, 46Carmona, Pedro, 260Carpentier, Alejo, 12Carranza, Venustiano, 119–20Carrera, Javiera, 56–57Carrera, Jose Miguel, 55–57Carrera, Juan Jose, 56Carrera, Luis, 56Carrera brothers, 55–57, 62Carrillo, Viola, 238Carrillo Puerto, Felipe, 121Carstairs, Susan, 21Cartagena, 48, 53–54, 63, 65–66, 150Cartagena de Indias, 53Carter, Jimmy, 223, 249Carvalho, Apolonio de, 200Carvalho Anina de, 115Casa Argentina, 225Casaccia, Gabriel, 12, 27Castello Branco, Humberto, 198Castillo Armas, Carlos, 125Castillo Velasco, Jaime, 298Castro, Cipriano, 262–63

Castro, Fidel, 125–26, 155, 184, 259–60,263

Casullo, Nicolas, 219, 226Casuso y Morin, Teresa, 125Catala y Codina, Jose, 87Catalonia (Spain), 214Catholic Church, 44, 49, 144, 177, 205censorship, 7, 31, 197, 206Central America, 10, 74, 78, 93, 106, 113–14,

132, 138, 148, 150–51, 153, 158, 160, 169,186, 191, 211, 280, 282, 289, 293, 297,323

Central American Federation, 78Central American Isthmus, 74Central Bureau of Statistics of Sweden (SCB)

(Sweden), 165Central Unica de Trabajadores, or Workers’

Union Organization (CUT) (Chile), 239

Centre Argentine d’Information et Solidarite, orArgentinean Center Information andSolidarity (CAIS) (France), 222–23

Centre for Psychosocial Assistance to Refugeesand Migrants, Center for PsykosocialtArbejde med Flygtninge og Indvandrere(CEPAR) (Denmark), 237

Centro de Abogados por los Derechos Humanos,or Lawyer’s Center for Human Rights(CADHU) (Argentina), 222–23

Centro de Estudios Legales y Sociales (CELS)(Argentina), 222, 306

Centro de Investigacion y Docencia Economica,or Center of Economic Research andTeaching (CIDE) (Mexico), 212, 230

Chaco (Argentina), 246Chacon, Lazaro, 140Chamorro, Pedro Joaquın, 167Chamorro, Violeta, 167Charles, King, 110Chavez, Fernando, 216Chavez, Hugo, 2, 263, 284Cheibub, Jose Antonio, 259Chelen, Alejandro, 129Chiapas, 132–33, 138Chiaramonte, Jose Carlos, 50childhood, 308children, 24, 28, 32, 52, 114–15, 117, 171, 217,

227, 238–39, 288, 294, 296–97, 302–3,306–7, 310–11

of exiles, 227, 304Chile, 9, 21, 25, 28, 32, 37, 43, 47–49,

55–58, 60, 62, 67, 69–75, 77, 79–80,82, 91, 93–106, 108, 111–12, 115–18, 124,127–29, 133–35, 138, 140–42, 159–60, 163,165, 170, 172–73, 182, 184–85, 187–91,194, 198–202, 204–5, 210, 215, 223–24,






Index 351

227, 229–43, 245, 253–54, 257, 262,264–68, 278–83, 287–88, 290–91, 294–99,302, 310, 314–15

1833 Constitution, 93Casa de Chile, 227Chileans, 32–33, 35, 56, 59, 78, 91, 93, 95–99,

104, 111, 113–14, 128–29, 133–34, 160–61,165, 168–72, 183–84, 190–91, 194, 204,210, 224, 227, 229–43, 247, 253, 288, 291,294–95, 299, 301, 315

Code of Commerce, 96Colchagua province, 96constitutional authoritarianism, 96constitutionalism, 58coup of September 1973, 160, 165, 170,

183–85, 231Decree Law 3,168, 142diaspora, 232, 242, 249, 254exiles, 21, 33, 105, 165–66, 173, 182, 184–85,

194, 214, 231–37, 240–41, 254, 291, 294,298, 310

expatriates, 165, 233expedition to Peru, 71government, 56, 71, 94, 99–100, 104–5, 172,

188, 190, 233, 301, 310historiography, 80, 242Junta, 105, 128, 205Law of Freedom of the Press 1828, 97Left, 58, 104, 128, 172, 190, 230, 234,

241–42, 264, 295Legal Code, 96liberals, 96massacre of Santa Marıa de Iquique 1907, 138

military, 99, 204modernization of, 80opposition to Pinochet, 113, 235–36, 297Pinochet government, 37, 172, 298police, 105, 190politics, 37, 97, 101–2, 104, 190, 243press, 94, 97, 289public administration, 98public opinion, 99society, 57, 95, 102, 231women, 242, 295

Chilean Commission for Human Rights, 230,298

Chilean Communist Party, 164Chilean Solidarity Movement, 235Chile Committee for Human Rights (CCHR)

(United Kindgdom), 235Christian, 46Christian Association for the Abolition of

Torture, 222–23Christian Democracy (Democracia Cristiana, or

DC) (Chile, Italy), 215

Christian Democratic Party, Partido DemocrataCristiano (PDC) (Chile), 231, 243, 254, 300

Christian Youth Association, 303Church, Frank, 159, 249churches, 44, 64, 144, 146, 205, 239, 241, 307,

321citizenship, 2, 4, 19, 21, 38, 64–65, 70, 89, 102,

106, 109, 116, 118–20, 123, 128–29, 144,146, 151, 158, 161, 164, 176, 196, 198,212, 232, 258, 263, 285, 295, 316, 318

civil society, 99, 139–40, 145, 163, 194, 248civil wars, 5, 7, 49–50, 61–62, 69, 76–77, 86,

88–89, 93–94, 118, 133, 138, 159–60,166–68, 191, 196, 211, 259, 262, 320

classes, 51, 67, 104, 107, 132, 138, 163, 194,201–3, 240, 322

political, 69, 73–74, 89, 137, 231Clavijero, Francisco Javier, 47Cleisthenes, 12Club de Exiliados Jose Martı, 126cluster, 23, 89coercion, 14–15, 18–19, 23Cohen, Geula, 181Coimbra (Portugal), 109Cold War, 137–38, 143, 145, 158, 164, 172, 177,

224, 232, 242, 254, 256Colectivo de Mujeres Uruguayas, 250Colectivo Latinoamericano de Trabajo

Psicosocial, or Latin American Collective ofPsychosocial Work (COLAT) (Belgium), 237

collective experiences, 3, 9collective identities, 4–5, 9, 18, 23, 38, 40–41, 43,

45–49, 51, 53, 55, 57, 59, 61, 63, 65, 67,69, 71, 81, 117, 120, 143, 183, 261, 314,319–20

collective imageries, 73, 78, 80–81Colombia 40, 60, 62–5, 67, 74, 76, 81–2, 108,

118, 120, 148, 156, 166, 173, 187, 266–8,278–85, 317–18

Colombians, 138, 143, 156, 317colonial period, 6, 8, 105

Bourbon absolutism, 43, 105colonization, 79Comision Argentina, 214, 224, 226Comision Argentina de Derechos Humanos

(CADHU), 222–23Comision Argentina de Solidaridad (CAS)

(Mexico), 224, 226Comision Nacional de Repatriacion/National

Commission of Repatriation (CNR)Uruguay, 303, 306

Comision Nacional de Retorno de Argentinos enel Exterior, (CNRAE), 306

Comision Nacional Sobre la Desaparicion dePersonas (CONADEP) (Argentina),178






352 Index

Comite Anti-Fascista contra la Represion enArgentina/Anti-Fascist Committee againstRepression in Argentina (CAFRA) (Italy),220

Comite Argentino de Solidaridad con el PuebloArgentino/Argentinean Committee ofSolidarity with the Argentinean People(COSPA) (Mexico), 224

Comite Brasil pela Anistia (CBA) (Brazil), 117

Comite de Defense de Prisonniers Politiques enUruguay, or Committee for the Defense ofPolitical Prisoners in Uruguay (CDPPU)(France), 251

Comite de Iglesias para Ayudas de Emergencias(CIPAE) (Paraguay), 306

Comite de Organizacion Polıtica ElectoralIndependiente (COPEI) (Venezuela),284

Comite de Solidarite Nicaragua, 114Comite Exterior Mapuche, 234, 239Comite inter-mouvements aupres des evacuees

(CIMADE), 113Commission de solidarite des parents des

prisonniers, disparus et tues en Argentine(COSOFAM) (France), 222–23

Commission of Peace and Justice of theArchbishopric of Sao Paulo, 200

Committee of Indictment of Repression in Brazil,204

Communism, 113, 141, 195–96, 240–41,256

Communist bloc, 138communist countries, 37, 164, 254, 290Communist Party, 121, 157, 165, 199–200, 216,

234–35, 242Communist Popular Socialist Party, 156communists, 156, 160, 168, 172, 210, 215,

234–35, 239, 243co-nationals, 3, 9, 19, 31, 102, 166–68, 170, 175,

190–91, 193–95, 204, 220, 224–25, 227,244, 247, 249, 251–53, 256, 289, 297, 310,316, 318

Concepcion (Chile), 98Condorcanqui, Jose Gabriel, 44, 46, 48, 51The Condor Operation, 144Confederation of the Antilles, 34, 82Conference of the Petroleum Committee

(International Labor Organization), 155Conferencia Episcopal Paraguaya, or Episcopal

Conference of Paraguay (CEP), 306confrontation, political, 58, 138, 319Conrad, Joseph Korzeniowski, 12Consejo Nacional de Repatriacion de

Connacionales, 306Consejo Real de Indias, 42

conspiracy, 48, 57, 86, 269Constitutionalism, 133contestation, 5, 21, 198Convergencia Socialista, 239Coordinadora de Derechos Humanos, 224Copenhagen, 236–37Copiapo, 93, 95Corao, Manuel, 316Cordillera de los Andes, 56, 79, 100, 138, 165,

280Cordoba (Argentina), 46, 96, 175, 177,

226Corporacion de Fomento, or Development

Corporation (CORFO) (Chile), 129Corporacion de Promocion y Defensa de los

Derechos del Pueblo/Corporation for thePromotion and Defense of People’s Rights(CODEPU) (Chile), 315

Corrientes (Argentina), 83Corriere della Sera, 174corruption, 1, 260, 264–65, 276, 315–18Cortazar, Julio, 13, 32, 36, 112, 205,

223Coser, Lewis A., 20Costa, Gal, 25Costa Rica, 34, 69, 78, 90, 93, 120, 131, 138,

148, 153, 155, 157–61, 166–68, 187–88,241, 266–68, 278–83, 317

1948 civil war, 93exiles, 168

Couto e Silva, Golbery, 205Cozarinsky, Edgardo, 13crimes, 40–45, 57, 97, 123, 146, 148, 205–07,

319crises, political, 5, 160, 195Cruz Ponce, Lisandro, 129Cuadra, Manolo, 167Cuba, 10, 19, 33–34, 37, 54, 82, 93, 113,

119–20, 122, 125–27, 138, 152–53, 155–56,158, 164, 173, 184–85, 187–88, 201, 221,233, 247, 256, 259–60, 266–68, 278–83,290–91, 304, 310–11, 323

Committee, 108–9community, 108, 126, 250diaspora, 126, 152exiles, 18, 108–9, 125–26, 150, 152–56, 164,

166, 184, 250, 316independence of, 34, 82, 108military coup of March 1952, 125postrevolutionary, 127refugees, 127revolution, 166Revolutionary Junta, 82

Cubas Grau, Raul Alberto, 260, 276Cuenca, 71Cultural capital, 109, 134, 323






Index 353

cultural hybridity, 4cultural Mecca, 9, 36, 204culture, 16–17, 22, 39, 45, 48, 81, 96, 99, 101,

103, 110, 134, 203–4, 217–18, 225, 227,236–37, 239, 287, 296, 302, 307, 313–14

organizational, 39political, 5, 8, 36, 73, 99, 137, 160, 255, 291

Curaçao (Brazil), 52–53, 120, 184, 187Curiel, Ran, 176Cuzco, 46, 68, 70Cymerman, Claude, 219Czech National Movement, 152

Dalton, Roque, 12Darıo, Ruben, 111death penalty, 13, 36, 40, 44, 64–65, 70, 76–77,

177Declaration of Cartagena on Refugees, 150Declaration on Territorial Asylum (General

Assembly of the UN 1967), 150Dedijer, Vladimir, 205De Gaulle, Charles, 1deinstitutionalization, 6–7Delano, Luis Enrique, 238De la Pena Montenegro, Alonso, 44De la Selva, Salomon, 13De la Vega, Garcilaso, 45–46Delegacia de Ordem Polıtica e Social, or

Department of Political and Social Order(DOPS) (Brazil), 199

Delgado Chalbaud, Carlos, 283democracy, 1–2, 4–5, 10, 37, 93, 120, 134–35,

139, 145, 154, 157–58, 160, 165, 167,177–78, 189, 196, 200, 206, 210–11,226–27, 230, 239, 242–44, 246, 252–55,264, 267, 275–76, 283–84, 286, 289–92,297, 300, 303, 307–8, 310–11, 314,317–19, 321–23

exclusionary, 6formal, 160, 211, 284liberal, 248political, 7restoration of, 161–62, 182

democratization, 39, 134, 168, 182, 213,227, 252, 256, 273, 286, 301, 306–8,313

Denmark, 169, 233deportation, 13–15, 33, 41, 109, 126–27,

131–32, 188, 259despotism, 106destierro, 13–15, 24, 26, 41–46, 57, 87–88, 94,

160, 164, 309De Vera y Pintado, Bernardo, 91Diaspora, 4, 8–9, 17–19, 23, 92, 108, 133, 177,

191, 193–256, 323Dıaz, Luis Miguel, 17

Dıaz, Porfirio, 33, 111, 118, 120, 259,261–62

Dıaz de Vivar, Rodrigo, 103dictatorship, 24, 37–38, 55, 64, 73, 97, 100, 116,

120–21, 124, 134, 153–56, 158, 161–62,183–84, 187, 194–95, 200–201, 220, 225,227, 229, 231–32, 236, 239–40, 243,245–46, 248, 251, 254, 256, 259, 263, 283,285, 290, 300, 307, 313

Diogenes, 28diplomatic missions, 23, 92, 98, 107, 120,

126–31, 170, 172, 176–77, 183, 199,240

Direccion Nacional de Identificacion y Extranjerıa(DIEX) (Venezuela), 247

Direccion Nacional de Inteligencia (DINA)(Chile), 144, 298

Directorio Obrero Revolucionario, 126disappearances, 169, 173, 182, 198, 210, 223,

245, 265disexile, 310, 321disintegrating empires, 8dismemberment, 50–51, 89displacement, 1, 4–5, 9–13, 15–23, 27, 31–32,

35, 40–42, 44–45, 51, 67, 69, 72–73, 80, 83,91–92, 103, 116, 119, 131, 142–43, 150,158, 163, 183, 185, 187–88, 191, 203, 210,224, 267, 283, 285, 287–88, 293, 296–97,308–9, 312, 315, 320

forced, 11, 18, 27, 37, 43, 309, 312, 314, 317distrust, 4, 219divorce, 4, 294Dmowski, Roman, 152Doctrines of national security, 138, 140, 142–43,

175, 191, 195, 197, 231,315

Dominican Republic, 33, 37, 81–82, 113, 124,153, 156–59, 167, 186–87, 191, 266–67,278–79, 281–83, 290, 317

Dominican Revolutionary Party, or PartidoRevolucionario Dominicano) (PRD](Republica Dominicana), 154

Dominicans, 150, 153–54, 156–57, 167–69, 268Dominitz, Jehuda, 180Donoso, Jose, 12Dorfman, Ariel, 12, 28Dorticos Torrado, Osvaldo, 259Dultzin, Arie, 178Durham, 70, 234Durham Peters, John, 17Dutrenit-Bielous, Silvia, 244Duvalier, Jean-Claude, 273Duvalier, Francois ‘Papa Doc’, 124

early exile, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, 83, 85, 87, 89, 320Echeverrıa, Esteban, 98






354 Index

Echeverrıa, Luis, 128, 130, 224economic development, 95–96, 122Ecuador, 59, 67–69, 71, 74, 108, 175, 266–68,

270, 276–79, 281–83, 317Ecumenical Movement for Human Rights

(SERPAJ) Argentina, 306Edelstam, Harald, 170, 238Edinburgh, 234Edwards, Jorge, 12, 16Egypt, 12Eichmann, Adolf, 174Eisenstadt, Shmuel N., 22Ejercito de los Andes, 56Ejercito Revolucionario del Pueblo, or People’s

Revolutionary Army (ERP) (Argentina), 177,216, 221–22, 224, 283

Ekaizer, Ernesto, 215Elbrick, Charles Burke, 197El Comercio, 97El Dıa, 81El Eclipse, 71El Heraldo Argentino, 99El Interprete, 71Elıo (Spanish Viceroy), 84elites, 1, 8, 26, 62, 66, 77, 79–80, 88–89, 97,

106–7, 109, 119, 124, 136, 141, 175, 197,200, 203, 227, 229, 258, 290

El Libertador, 121El Mercurio, 95, 98–100Eloy Martınez, Tomas, 12El Paıs, 215El Popular, 71El Progreso, 99El Salvador, 25, 78, 81, 90, 121, 131–32, 148,

158, 166, 186, 191, 211, 223, 266–68, 273,278–81, 283

authorities, 78presidency of, 78refugees, 132, 166Salvadorans, 131, 157–58, 166, 227, 252

emigrants, 16–17, 30–31, 244, 246, 303emigres, 20, 152empowerment, 297, 321end of exile, 286–87, 289, 291, 293, 295, 297,

299, 301, 303, 305, 307, 309, 311, 313,315, 317, 319, 321, 323

England, 48, 53, 77, 98, 103Enlightenment, 47, 96, 105–6, 268Enrıquez, Edgardo, 238Enrıquez, Raul Silva, 223entitlements, 4Entre Rıos (Argentina), 84–86, 88Erro, Enrique, 245escape, 10, 27, 30, 40, 51–52, 75, 86, 92,

118–19, 135, 150, 152, 169–183, 193, 209,211, 214, 294, 317

Escobar, Gonzalo, 119Escuela de Mecanica de la Armada, or Navy

Mechanics School (ESMA) (Argentina), 223Espana, 122Esponda Fernandez, Jaime, 302Esposito, Matthew, 261Estensoro, Vıctor Paz, 270Estrada Cabrera, Manuel, 120estrangement, 12–13, 37, 63, 168, 287, 307, 310Euro-Communism, 241–42Europe, 25, 37, 39–40, 45, 47, 59–62, 65,

70, 76, 79, 88–89, 93, 98, 101, 103,110, 115, 125, 147–48, 152, 161, 165, 168,182, 186, 188, 191, 193–94,203–4, 209–11, 213, 216–17, 224, 232–37,242, 246, 273, 290, 293, 301, 303, 317, 319

European refugees, 124Evangelical Church of the Rıo de la Plata, 303exclusion, 2, 5, 8, 10, 21, 26, 75, 77, 88, 137,

139, 141–44, 147, 194, 218, 255, 260, 284,299, 311, 323

institutionalized and political, 1, 3, 19, 25, 66,77, 97, 137–38, 142, 144, 154, 284–85,312–14, 318–20, 322

execution, 57, 66–67, 70, 77exile

activities, 127, 154, 157collective experiences, 193communities of, 6, 9–10, 19, 53, 70, 74, 92,

95, 116, 126, 187, 193–256, 286–87, 294,296, 300, 320

experience of exile, 3, 6female, 116–17forced, 112, 190, 246, 270, 279–80intellectual, 93internal, 142, 229, 233leaders, 75, 77, 240, 265major sites of, 9, 93, 134organizations, 19, 234, 255patterns, 73–78, 87–90 162–169proactive, 19, 26, 32, 108, 253–55recurrent sites, 93self-imposed, 3serial, 24, 34, 75, 105, 115–16, 158, 183–192,

194, 270spiritual, 46voluntary, 15, 29, 318

exilic condition, 4, 9, 11–13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23,25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 297, 307

expatriates, 2–3, 16–18, 20, 22, 32, 36–37,58–59, 67, 74, 81, 89, 107–8, 112,176, 184, 186, 200, 249, 310, 314,320

expatriation, 11, 13–14, 16, 36, 49, 58, 70, 88,91, 112, 162, 196, 230, 260, 265, 278–79,285, 319






Index 355

expulsion, 2, 13–15, 40–42, 46, 51, 88–89,94, 99, 127, 133, 152, 159, 163, 174, 191,212, 231, 233, 243, 278, 280–81, 319

extradition, 17, 85, 147–48, 158, 283extranamiento, 42, 64, 94, 233

factionalism, 6–8, 60, 62–67, 71, 75, 77, 80,140–41, 262, 320

Fajnzylber, Fernando, 238Falkner, Federico, 129Faletto, Enzo, 202family disruption, 4, 293–94Fascism, 37, 147Father Aldao, 101fatherland, 14favoritism, 2Febrerista Party of Paraguay, 184Febreristas, 300Federal District (Mexico), 211Fernando VII (Spain), 68Ferreira, Gloria, 296Ferreira Aldunate, Wilson, 248–49Figueiredo, Joao Baptista, 206Figueres, Jose, 154, 168Finland, 152Firmenich, Mario Eduardo, 216First South American Conference on International

Private Law (Montevideo, 1889), 147Florence, 47, 185Flores, Juan Jose, 68Flores Magon, Ricardo, 118Florida, 33Foa, Giangiacomo, 174forceful displacement, 40–41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51,

53, 55, 57, 59, 61, 63, 65, 67, 69, 71, 289France, 4, 33, 61, 81, 85–86, 104–7, 109–11,

113–18, 120, 134, 147, 164, 166–67, 169,173, 175, 189, 191, 199–201, 203–4, 210,221–22, 233, 237, 246–47, 251–52, 279,287, 292, 295, 297, 317

culture, 109government, 76, 113heroes, 109institutions, 114

Franco, Francisco, 186Frankfurt, 37, 236Frati, Rolando, 200Frazer, Donald, 249freedom, 6, 21, 25, 28, 38, 54, 57, 74, 85, 89, 97,

99, 101, 105, 112, 126–27, 151, 158, 160,165, 183, 216–17, 231, 252, 300, 314–15

Freire, Marcos, 190Freire, Ramon, 279Freire, Manuel, 86, 88Freire, Paulo, 104Freites, Pedro Marıa, 53

French May (1968), 163French Office of Protection of Refugees and

Stateless Persons, 167French Revolution, 105–6, 108, 146, 152French Socialist party, 222Frente Amplio (Uruguay), 184Frente Patriotico Manuel Rodrıguez, 242Frenz, Helmut, 233Fried, Gabriela, 304Fuentes, Carlos, 259Fujimori, Alberto, 2, 260, 264–65, 276, 315Fujimori, Keiko, 265Fundacion de Ayuda Social de las Iglesias

Cristianas (FASIC) (Chile), 142, 301,315

Furlong, Guillermo, 48

Gadea, Lazaro, 87Gadea, Santiago, 88Gaitan, Jorge Eliecer, 138Galan, Jose Antonio, 51Galeano, Eduardo, 12, 245Gallegos, Romulo, 12, 153, 155, 187, 273Gamarra, General Agustın, 69, 71–72, 99Garcıa, Alan, 318Garcıa Canclini, Nestor, 217Garcıa del Rıo, Juan, 98Garciadiego, Javier, 119Garcıa-Lupo, Enrique, 214Garcıa Marquez, Gabriel, 205Garcilaso de la Vega, 45–46Gardel, Carlos, 116Garden of Eden, 12Garrastazu Medici, Emılio, 198Garzon Maceda, Lucio, 223Gaspari, Elio, 195Gass, Adolfo, 184gastarbeiters, 22–23, 25Gazeta de Buenos Aires, 106Geisel, General Ernesto, 195Gelman, Juan, 13gender, 10, 44, 117, 198, 217, 234, 286, 293–96,

322General Council of the Inquisition, 41General Directorate of Police, 213General Herrera, 70German Democratic Republic, 130Germany, 109, 135, 164, 173, 175, 237, 263, 317Giardinelli, Mempo, 12, 220, 225Gil, Gilberto, 25Gilman, Bruce, 25Giro, Juan Francisco, 86, 88Giroud, Colonel Alberto Bayo, 126Glasgow, 294global arena, 7, 22, 26, 54, 144–45, 153, 164,

192, 253, 290, 320






356 Index

globalization, 24, 182, 242, 293, 323Godoy, Juan, 48Goldberg, Florinda, 13, 292, 310golden exile, 111, 154, 201, 297Gombrowicz, Witold, 12Gomez, Juan Carlos, 98–99Gomez, Juan Vicente, 120, 187, 259, 263,

283Gomez, Laureano, 285Gomez, Maximo, 34Gonçalves de Magalhaes, 112Gonzalez, Elda, 168, 203Gonzalez, Felipe, 291Gonzalez Corbala, 128Gonzalez Salazar, Roque, 130Gorriaran Merlo, Enrique, 216, 221, 282Gorriti, Juana Manuela, 12Goulart, Joao, 104, 127, 189–90, 195–97, 199,

203, 260, 271, 273governments, 24, 50, 55, 57, 60, 63–65, 69–71,

75, 81–82, 86, 88, 94, 98–99, 109–11, 117,122, 125–29, 133, 135, 137, 141, 151, 154,156–57, 160, 164, 168, 170, 176–78, 183,187–89, 191, 195, 197, 205–6, 212, 215,224, 229, 237–38, 240, 242, 244, 248–49,257–58, 261–63, 286, 291, 298–99, 315–17,321

agencies, 314–15authoritarian, 26, 141expelling, 7redemocratizated, 305repressive, 162–63, 205, 256, 292republican, 76, 111, 122ruling, 6

Graetz, Roberto, 178Graham-Yooll, Andrew, 29Gramsci, Antonio, 5, 291Granada, 46Great Britain, 29, 263Great Famine (Ireland), 30–1Grecco, Helena, 206Greece, 146, 204Green, James N., 159Grenada, 53Groupe d’Avocats Argentines Exiles en

France, or Group of ArgentineanLawyers Exiled in France (GAAEF) (France),222

Grove, Marmaduque, 141Guanabara (Brazil), 189Guanajuato, 46Guardia Navarro, Ernesto de la 271Guatemala, 33, 49, 90, 120, 125, 127, 131–32,

138, 140, 148, 153, 157–58, 166, 186, 191,211, 223, 266–68, 278–83, 289

Army, 132

Guatemala City, 49, 90refugees, 132

Guatemalans, 131–32, 157, 252Guayaquil, 43, 59–60, 71–72Guerra, Francois-Xavier, 50, 107guerrillas, 11, 138, 163, 177, 197–99, 210, 225,

242Guest, Ian, 210Guevara, Ana Marıa, 216Guevara, Ernesto (Che), 126, 155, 216Gutierrez, Eulalio, 119Gutierrez, Lucio, 260, 276, 317Gutierrez Alliende, Luis, 141Gutierrez Alliende, Ramon, 141Gutierrez de La Fuente, Antonio, 99Gutierrez Ruiz, Hector, 248Guyana, 113Guzman, Carlos, 142Guzzetti, Cesar Augusto, 224

Hacohen, Menahem, 181Haiti, 10, 53–54, 66, 108, 113, 124, 167,

266–67, 276–83Haitians, 113, 150, 164, 167Halperin Donghi, Tulio, 75, 83Hamburger, Cao, 28Harari, Leo, 309Harkin, Tom, 249Harris, Allen, 176Havana, 33, 43, 48, 156, 187Havana Convention, 149Haya de La Torre, Vıctor Raul, 148, 185Hechter, Michael, 19Heise Gonzalez, Julio, 257Hecker, Liliana, 37, 313Hernandez Martınez, Maximilano, 273Herrera, Don Carlos, 140Herrera, Luis Alberto de, 106Herrera y Luna, Carlos, 273Herzog, Tamar, 44Herzog, Vladimir, 198Hildebrando, Luiz, 204Hirschman, Albert, 73Hispanic America, 51–52Holland, 164Hollanda, Chico Buarque de, 25Holmberg, Elena, 223Holocaust, 170, 176, 178Holy Alliance, 76, 152Hondurans, 150, 153Honduras, 24, 33, 90, 131, 148, 158, 167, 191,

266–68, 278–79, 281, 283Hong Kong Committee of Philippine

Revolutionaries, 109host countries, 5–6, 9–10, 17–19, 22–23,

30, 32, 37–39, 53–54, 69, 72, 74–76, 92–93,






Index 357

95, 99, 114, 125, 133–35, 143, 145, 152,154, 158, 162, 167, 169, 182–83, 185,188–90, 193–95, 201, 203, 210–12, 216–18,225, 227, 232, 237, 239–41, 243, 246, 253,255, 266, 271, 280, 282, 286–89, 291,308–9, 311–12, 320, 322

Hostos, Eugenio Marıa de, 81–82House of Bragança, 51Huerta, Adolfo de la, 119Huerta, Victoriano, 119Hugo, Victor, 12, 16, 81, 110Humanismo, 125human-rights, 7, 21, 24, 26, 54, 106, 127,

144–45, 150–51, 159, 161, 169–70,178, 194, 199, 205–6, 222–25, 230, 240,248, 251, 253, 261, 298, 306, 315, 320, 322

international, 153, 254organizations, 161, 194, 247, 299violations, 136, 155, 161–62, 165, 181–82,

198, 205, 207, 248, 265–66, 275, 290, 292,298, 315–16, 322

Human Rights Watch, 144Humboldt, Alexander von, 107, 118

Ibanez, Adolfo, 102Ibanez del Campo, Carlos, 229, 270Iberian Peninsula, 46, 50, 52Ibraim, Jose, 199Icaza, Jorge, 12identities, 8–9, 11, 21–22, 30–32, 38–39, 49, 51,

55, 78, 84, 93, 113, 116–17, 181–82, 194,218–20, 253, 288–89, 292, 294–95, 309,311–13, 322

common, 18–19fragmented, 5hybrid, 5nation-state, 72political, 194singular, 8

Illıa, Arturo, 186, 223imaginaries, collective, 9, 49immigration, 49, 123, 136, 165, 173, 176,

180imperialism, 83, 185, 248imprisonment, 45, 53, 66, 77, 97, 120, 147, 169,

197–98, 284Incas, 46, 67inclusion, 137, 141–42, 145, 322independence, 6, 8–10, 33–34, 36, 48–53, 58,

61–62, 68–69, 82, 88–89, 91, 93–94, 105,107, 117–19, 162, 263, 266, 274, 283, 316,319, 321

movements, 33, 51, 68, 108pan-American, 57, 59

Indians, 43–44, 118Indias, 41–42, 53, 184

Infanta Isabel, 262Inquisition, 41, 48insile, 13, 75institutional exclusion, 1, 11, 18–19, 21, 23, 25,

40, 77, 94, 160, 285, 311–12, 319, 321Institut national de la statistique et

desetudeseconomiques, or National Institutefor Statistics and Economics (INSEE)(France), 221

Instituto Latinoamericano de PlanificacionEconomica Social (ILPES), 201–2, 264

Instituto Nacional de Estadıstica, or NationalInstitute of Statistics (INE), 213

Instituto para el Nuevo Chile (Think Tank)(Rotterdam), 243

Insunza, Jose, 290intellectuals, 21, 26–27, 31, 49, 78, 80, 102, 105,

107, 109, 112, 115, 121–22, 129–30, 134,141, 159, 162, 185, 190, 206, 209, 211–12,219–20, 255, 305, 314, 317

Interamerican Commission of Human Rights,127, 150, 161, 315

Internal Relegation Displacement, 75International Commission of Jurists, 223International Court of Justice, 148–49International Literary Association, 81International Migration, 91, 322International of Popular (Demo-Christian)

parties, 144International Organization for Migration,

Organizacion Internacional de Migracion(OIM), 144, 301, 306

international private law, 7International Red Cross, 205International Union of Lawyers, 223Interpol, 315Inti Illimani, 299Ireland, 30–1, 264, 317Isla de los Pinos (Cuba), 125Isla de Piedra, 43Island, Margarita, 53isolation, 4, 26, 62, 86, 194, 217, 225, 292Israel, 135, 138, 164, 168–71, 174–82, 210, 235

1973 Israeli-Arab war, 212Arab-Israeli conflict, 176Labor Party, 171, 234–35Law of Return, 176MAPAM’s Youth, 182National Archives, 181

Istituto Nazionale di Statistiche, 220Italians, 169–71, 174, 183, 216Italy, 1, 12, 25, 45, 47–48, 76, 135, 164, 166,

169, 172–73, 182, 197, 210, 215–16,220–21, 229, 231, 233, 237, 263, 317

Ithaca, 12Iturbe, Francisco, 52






358 Index

Iturbide, Agustın Cosme Damian de, 76–77Iwanska, Alicja, 19Izquierda Cristiana, 239

Jackson, Andrew, 65Jacobinism, 102Jaimovich, Luis, 182Jaksic, Ivan, 94Jamaica, 48, 53, 282Japan, 265, 318Jensen, Silvina, 3, 209, 214Jerusalem, 171, 174, 179Jesuits, 46–49Jesus, 12, 51Jewish Agency (JA), 175–80Jews, 40, 46, 123, 171, 176–78, 216Jitrik, Noe, 13, 224Joao III, 41Johnson, John, 66Jordan, Servando, 314journalism, 29, 33, 82, 95, 98–100, 108, 174,

203, 212, 214, 216, 220, 313–14, 316Juan Carlos I, King, 223Junta Coordinadora de las Fuerzas Democraticas

del Cono Sur, 184juntas, 68, 159, 210, 222–23, 258, 266, 321justice, 21, 45, 65, 67, 129, 148–49, 200, 261,

270, 296Justice and Peace Commission, 205Juventud del Partido Revolucionario Cubano, 126

Kahlo, Frida, 121Kaminsky, Amy, 15Karp, Eliana, 318Kastler, Alfred, 205Katra, William, 97–98Kaufman, Edy, 175, 248Kay, Diana, 33, 294Keane, John, 145Kennedy, Edward, 249Kierszenbaum, Leandro, 162Kissinger, Henry, 249Koch, Edward, 249Kozameh, Alicia, 13Kristeva, Julia, 23Kubitschek, Juscelino, 196

La Aurora, 71La Bandera Bicolor, 71Labrousse, Alain, 251La Casa de Espana (El Colegio de Mexico), 122Lacerda, Carlos, 189–90La Fuente, Armando, 69Lagos, Ricardo, 242, 264La Habana, 120Lamas, Andres, 98

Lamonaca, Julio C., 29La Nacion, 314Landıvar, Rafael, 49language, 3, 11, 15, 35, 37, 41, 45, 92, 103, 112,

117, 123, 132, 134, 167, 182, 203–4,217–19, 237, 248, 271, 289, 292, 295, 310,320

Lanusse, Alejandro Agustın, 209La Opinion, 215La Paz, 15, 68La Republica Cubana, 109Las Heras, General Gregorio, 100Lastarria, Jose Victorino, 95–96Latin American Union, 81Lavalle, Juan, 100Lavalleja, Juan Antonio, 86, 88La Violencia, 138, 284Law of Foreigners, 213League of Nations, 122Leal, Pablo, 157Lefort, Claude, 22Leguıa, Augusto, 186Leighton, Bernardo, 197Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich, 152Leninism, 141Leon, Carlos, 121Leoni, Raul, 283Lerdo de Tejeda, Sebastian, 261Lerner Sigal, Victoria, 119Letelier, Orlando, 144, 197, 224, 249Liberalism, 74, 97, 141Liberman, Arnoldo, 219, 308Liga anti-imperialista de las Americas, 121Lijphart, Arendt, 259Lima, 43–44, 58–59, 68, 70, 147, 226, 315Linz, Juan Jose, 259Lira, Elizabeth, 140Lischer, Sarah, 133Littın, Miguel, 237Liverpool, 234–35Llambias-Wolff, Jaime, 233Lleras Camargo, Alberto, 285Lomos negros [black backs], 98London, 25, 37, 48, 81, 114, 185–86, 234Lopez, Carlos Antonio, 279Lopez, Estanislao, 85Lopez, Francisco Solano, 279Lopez, Teno, 167Lopez, Vicente Fidel, 96–97, 100Lopez Contreras, Eleazar, 187Lopez Michelsen, Alfonso, 285Lopez Perez, Rigoberto, 158Lopez Rega, Jose, 215Louis-Philippe, King, 110Loveman, Brian, 50, 137, 140, 162Lugo, Americo, 83






Index 359

Luna, Felix, 24, 98Lusinchi, Jaime, 283Luxemburg, 184

Maceo, Antonio, 34Machado, Gerardo, 152Machado, Gustavo, 121Madame Bovary, 14Madame de Stael, 12Madero, Francisco, 119Madrid, 15, 33, 168, 186, 213, 219, 222,

236, 298, 308Magalhaes, Ivo, 190Maggido, Oscar, 184Mahuad, Jamil, 2, 260, 276, 317Mainwaring, Scott, 259Malvinas-Falkland war, 226Mama Maquin, 296Manchester, 234Mann, Thomas, 12Mar, Jose de la, 68–69marginalization, 3, 12, 21, 25Margulis, Mario, 128Mariategui, Jose Carlos, 288Marighella, Carlos, 199Marini, Rui Mauro, 200Marino, Santiago, 282Marmol, Jose, 98Marof, Tristan, 122Marquez, Juan Manuel, 126Marranos, 41Martı, Jose, 12, 33–34, 183, 201Martınez Corbala, Gonzalo, 128Martınez de Peron, Marıa Estela (Isabelita), 186,

209, 260Martinique, 53Marxism, 141–42Masaryk, Thomas, 152Masetti, Jorge, 221Massera, Emilio, 215, 223Matamoro, Blas, 210, 213, 218Mato Grosso, 50Matthews, Herbert, 125Mattini, Luis, 216, 221Matus, Alejandra, 314Matzpen, 178Maza, Gustavo, 129McClennen, Sophia, 15McGovern, George, 159Medina Echavarrıa, Jose, 202Melo, Jose Marıa, 284memory, 3, 18, 31–32, 70, 73, 85, 115–16, 169,

260–61, 263, 309Mendez, Luis Lopez, 98Mendez-Faith, Teresa, 26Mendoza, 48, 56–57, 60–61, 100–101

Menem, Carlos, 262Mercado, Tununa, 12, 310mestizos, 3, 44, 218Methodist Evangelical Church, 303Rusticatio Mexicana, 49Mexican Commission for Aid to Refugees

(Comision Mexicana de Ayuda aRefugiados, or COMAR), 132

Mexicans, 33, 35, 47, 106, 118, 121–24, 126,128–30, 134, 143, 171, 212, 217–18, 220,226, 237

Mexico, 3, 9, 17, 33, 47, 49, 74, 76–77, 79, 93,106, 108, 111, 113, 117–32, 134–35, 138,150, 153, 155, 159, 166, 168, 173, 183–86,191, 194, 199, 210–12, 216–17, 219–27,233, 236–37, 246–47, 250, 255, 259,261–62, 264, 266–68, 270, 275–83, 291–92,296, 323

1857 Constitution, 1181917 Constitution, 118administration, 212, 237asylum policy, 123–24, 130–31authorities, 126–27, 131, 155, 184–85, 224colonial times, 117diplomatic relations with Chile, 129diplomats, 111, 123, 129–30government, 128, 130–33, 155, 212, 224immigration laws, 123intellectual life, 120, 122international image, 130Left, 125, 317Mexican Congress, 77Mexican Revolution, 119, 121Population Law 1947 (Ley General de

Poblacion), 124, 127postrevolutionary, 37, 93, 119, 135refugee policy, 124student massacre of Tlatelolco in 1968, 130

Treaty of Union and Confederation withColombia, 118

Yaqui Indians of Sonora, 118Meyer, Rabbi Marshall, 178Miami, 18, 126, 153–54, 157, 247, 315–16Michelena, Francisco, 98Michelini, Zelmar, 243, 248, 253Middle Ages, 14–15, 40Middle East, 176Mier, Fray Servando de, 108Mifleguet Poalim Meuhedet or United

Workers-Party (MAPAM) (Israel), 177Mignone, Eduardo F., 223migrants, 4, 16–19, 22, 26, 34–35, 44, 74, 93,

165, 168–69, 195, 213, 220, 230, 237, 244,246, 250, 252–53, 293, 312, 323

economic, 26, 131–32, 253






360 Index

migration, 12–3, 17, 31, 85, 123–4, 136, 144,166, 203, 233, 301, 306, 308, 322

Milan, 47, 242military, 16, 25, 69, 71, 104, 123, 141, 163, 166,

175, 177, 179, 194, 197, 199, 205, 207,209–10, 221, 232, 234, 244–45, 247–48,270, 297–99, 313

coup, 104, 125, 140, 153, 165, 170–72,183–84, 189–90, 194, 196, 201, 211, 227,229, 231–32, 235, 260, 283

rule, 3, 37, 57, 93, 113, 129, 166, 174–75,180–81, 184, 190, 194–96, 199, 201, 206,209, 222, 225, 229, 231–32, 234, 241, 243,248, 254–56, 260, 275, 283, 297, 300,302–3, 305–6, 313–14

Miller, Kerby, 30Miller, Martin A., 20Minas Gerais, 52Miranda, Francisco, 48, 52, 108Misiones, 46Mitchell, David, 48Mitre, Bartolome, 97, 99–100Mitterand, François, 222mobility, 16–17, 22mobilization, 1, 7, 137–38, 163, 192–93, 249,

251, 319–20Modena, 47modernity, 4, 107, 111, 114, 322modernization, 7, 49, 80, 103, 118, 136, 140, 302Moffitt, Ronnie, 144Molina, Juan Ignacio, 47Monteverde, Captain Domingo, 52Monagas, Tadeo, 282Monroe Doctrine, 263Montand, Yves, 222Monteagudo, Bernardo de, 106Montesinos, Vladimiro, 265Montevideo, 3, 12, 37, 57, 61, 83–85, 93, 96,

98–100, 118, 120, 129, 131, 147–48, 187,196, 203, 302

Montilla, Mariano, 54Montoneros, 128–29, 177, 209–10, 216, 220Montoya, Victor, 13Montt, Manuel, 94, 97–98, 100Montufar, Manuel, 73Montufar y Coronado, Manuel, 289Montupil, Fernando, 231Morazan, Francisco de, 78Moreno, Rosa, 302Moscow, 242Mosquera, Tomas Cipriano de, 98Mothers of Plaza de Mayo, 222–23Movement for Life and Peace (Argentina), 306

movementspolitical, 210–11

protonational, 50revolutionary, 125, 157, 177, 197, 206, 221

Movimento Feminino pela Anistia, 206Movimento Revolucionario 8 de Outubro or

Revolutionary Movement 8th October(MR-8) (Brazil), 197

Movimiento 26 de Julio, 126Movimiento de Accion Popular Unitaria (MAPU)

(Chile), 234, 239Movimiento de Izquierda Democratica Allendista

(MIDA) (Chile), 239Movimiento de Izquierda Revolucionaria (MIR)

(Chile), 172, 184, 234, 239Movimiento de Liberacion Nacional-Tupamaros,

244Movimiento Democratico Popular, Popular

Democratic Movement (MDP), 239Movimiento Nacionalista Revolucionario de

Izquierda (MNRI) (Bolivia), 189Movimiento Nacional Justicialista (peronism),

129Movimiento Nacional Socialista de Chile, 229The Movimiento Peronista Montonero, 220Movimiento Popular Colorado (MOPOCO)

(Paraguay), 254, 300Multiple Modernities, 4Muniz Arroyo, Vicente, 129Murillo, Pedro Domingo, 15Murilo de Carvalho, Jose, 258

Nabokov, Vladimir, 12Nabuco, Joaquim, 88Naficy, Hamid, 16Naples, 47Napoleonic wars, 51–52, 54Narodniy komissariat vnutrennikh del/People’s

Commissariat of Internal Affairs (NKVD)(USSR), 16

Narvaja, Fernando Vaca, 216National Autonomous University of Mexico

(UNAM), 120National Commission of Aid to Refugees,

Comision National de Ayuda a Refugiados(CONAR) (Chile), 232–33

national heroes, 49, 89National Intelligence Service, Servicio de

Inteligencia Nacional (SIN) (Peru), 265, 315nationalism, 50, 152nationality, 19, 144, 149, 151, 153, 157, 306National Office of Return, Oficina Nacional del

Retorno (ONR) (Chile), 230, 301National Reorganization Process (PRN)

(Argentina), 176, 209nationhood, 8, 18, 24, 38, 72, 78, 81, 83, 94,

101, 122, 141, 162, 250, 253, 257, 260–61,263, 289






Index 361

nation-states, 2, 8–9, 22, 49, 54, 78, 89, 136,141, 143, 145, 152, 161, 192, 320–21

Natividade Saldanha, Jose da, 110Navarro, Gustavo Adolfo, 122Nazism, 37, 176Nelo Spina, Pedro, 284Neri, Rafael Jose, 153Neruda, Pablo, 12, 160, 165, 229Netherlands, 81, 109, 173networks, 10, 13, 16, 18–19, 91–92, 108, 125,

145, 153, 161, 166, 192–93, 201, 234, 243,252, 269, 271, 274, 294–95, 298, 321,323

Neves, Tancredo, 207New Granada, 51, 67, 108New Orleans, 268New Spain, 46, 117new states, 6, 9, 49–50, 67–68, 73, 83, 89, 93,

106New World, 23, 30–31, 51, 104New York, 33, 107–8, 122, 153New York Times, 125, 161NGOs, 92, 144, 150, 169, 175, 234, 238, 248,

301, 306–7, 321Nicaragua, 78, 90, 93, 113, 125, 131, 134, 138,

148, 153, 157, 159, 166–68, 186–87, 191,223, 233, 242, 266–68, 278–83, 291

democratic elections, 90exiles, 158, 168rulers, 78

Nicaraguans, 131, 150, 153, 157, 164, 167, 188,227

Nicols, Colonel Emanuel, 189Nirgad, Ram, 179Nitheroy, 112Nixon, Richard, 1Noboa, Gustavo, 317nomads, 16, 22Non-Aligned States, 205nongovernmental organizations, 7Noriega, Manuel Antonio, 258–59North Africa, 176North America, 48Nunca Mais (Brazil), 198Nussbaum, Martha, 28

O’Higgins, Bernardo, 55, 60, 80, 91, 262,279

Oaxaca, 268Obando, Jose Marıa, 284Obes, Lucas Jose, 86Obligado, Clara, 12, 214oblivion, 36Obregon, Alvaro, 121Obregon Cano, Ricardo, 212, 224, 226Ocampo, Gabriel, 96

Ocampo, Melchor, 268–69O’Donnell, Guillermo, 259Oficina de Solidaridad para Exiliados Argentinos

(OSEA), 306Oficina Nacional de Retorno (ONR) (Chile),

301–2Olaneta, Pedro, 68Olavarrıa, Arturo, 141Olavo da Cunha, Carlos, 189O’Leary, Daniel Florencio, 64Onetti, Juan Carlos, 12, 251Operaçao Bandeirantes (OBAN), 197, 199Operaçao Limpeza, 197Operaçao Yakarta, 197Operation Colombo, 298Operation Condor, 135, 154, 197–98, 265Orbegoso, Luis Jose de, 69Ordenanzas de la Casa de Contratacion of 1552,

42Orellana, Jose Marıa, 140Orellana, Manuel, 140Organizacion de Venezolanos en el Exilio, or

Organization of Venezuelans in Exile(ORVEX), 316

Organization of American States (OAS), 150,172, 205

organizations, 5, 8, 10, 13, 38, 92, 114, 126,141–42, 144, 156, 161, 184, 199, 216,220–25, 231–52, 290–91, 296, 300, 303,315, 320

Oribe, Manuel, 86–88, 273Ornes, German, 156Oron, Benjamin, 171Orozco, Pascual, 119Ortega, Adolfo, 129Ortiz, Renato, 8Ospina Rodrıguez, Mariano, 285ostracism, 2, 6, 11–14, 31, 76, 80, 88, 91, 178,

260–61, 267, 270, 284–86Ouditt, Sharon, 17Ovalle, Alonso de, 47

Padilla, General Jose, 66–67Paez, Jose Antonio, 65, 262, 282Paiba, Raul, 315Paiva, Rubens, 188–89, 198Pakistan, 184Palma, Baudilio, 140Palme, Olof, 164Palmeira, Vladimir, 199Panama, 78, 122, 131, 150, 166–67, 173,

185–86, 191, 258–60, 266–68, 278–79,281–82, 317

Panamanian Social Democratic Party (PSDP), 184pan-Latin Americanism, 5, 89Papandreu, Andreas, 205






362 Index

Paraguay, 19, 25–27, 48, 74, 83, 85–86, 186,246–47, 254, 259, 265–68, 276, 278–79,281–83, 299–300, 305–6

exiles, 26, 93, 135, 283, 306Paraguayan Febreristas, 184Paraguayans, 25–26, 150, 166, 227, 300, 306paramilitary groups, 11, 209Parana River, 85Pardo, Felipe, 100Paris, 9, 36–37, 61, 74, 81, 93, 103, 105–17, 134,

152, 185, 202, 204, 222–23, 229, 235–36,239, 243, 251, 263–64, 295,317

Partido Comunista de Uruguay, 130Partido del Pueblo Cubano (Ortodoxo party), 126

Partido Liberal Radical Autentico (PLRA)(Paraguay), 254, 300

Partido Nacionalista (Republica Dominicana), 83Partido por la Democracia (PPD) (Chile), 239

Partido Revolucionario de Izquierda Nacionalista(PRIN) (Bolivia), 184

Partido Revolucionario de los Trabajadores,(PRT) (Argentina), 216, 220, 224

Partido Revolucionario Democratico (PRD)(Mexico, Panama), 157, 259

Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI)(Mexico), 211

Partido Revolucionario Venezolano (PRV), 121Partido Revolutionario Febrerista, 184, 254Partido Socialista Revolucionario of Peru, 128

Partido Trabalhista Brasileiro (PTB), 199–200Partito Socialista Italiano di Unita Proletaria

(PSIUP), 215Pastoral Catolica del Exilio, 239Patagonia, 48, 101–2, 175Patria Grande, 143patriotism, 19, 47–50, 107Pauw, Corneille de, 47Payro, Ana Lıa, 212Pedro I (Brazil), 88Pedro II (Brazil), 88, 110–11, 262, 279Pellegrino, Adela, 244, 252Pellicer, Carlos, 120Pena, Henry Jose Lugo, 316penal law, international, 7Penaloza, Chacho, 100Pereira, Gabriel Antonio, 86Pereira de Souza, Washington Luis, 273Pereira Nunes, Adao, 104Perestroika, 291Perez, Carlos Andres, 223, 260, 283–84Perez, Sergio, 157, 187Perez Esquivel, Adolfo, 223

Perez Jimenez, Marcos, 125, 154–56, 186–88,271, 273, 283

Peron, Juan Domingo 2, 174, 186–7, 190, 209,271, 282

Peronism, 112, 129, 177, 207, 209–11, 245, 255Peronists, 210, 224persecution, 2–3, 7, 17, 23, 27, 37, 46, 53, 92,

124–25, 129, 134, 146, 150, 161, 163–64,170, 174–76, 180–81, 193–97, 212, 236,256, 271, 320–21

Peru, 42–43, 46, 48, 56, 58–60, 62, 67–73, 82,94, 99, 105, 108, 120, 122, 148, 165, 173,183, 185–86, 190, 223, 265–68, 270,276–83, 310, 315, 318

authoritarian political system, 72authorities, 148Congress, 68, 265, 315Constitution of 1828, 68emigres, 69–71, 185exiles, 99, 315government, 58, 69–70, 149, 185, 315independence in 1825, 59, 68liberation of, 56, 59Peru and Alto Peru, 59, 67–68, 84Peruvian-Bolivian Confederation, 58, 69–71,

94, 99Peruvians, 60, 68, 70–71, 99, 101, 143, 265,

288royalist army of Peru, 68Yungay defeat, 71

Peruvian Refugee Committee, 315Petion, Alexandre, 54Philippines, 43, 109, 117Piar, Manuel Carlos, 54, 67Piedra, Zenon, 87Pinilla Fabrega, Jose Marıa, 258Pinochet, Augusto, 116, 159, 161, 170, 172,

182–83, 194, 229, 231–32, 234, 239, 254,264, 297–99, 302

Pinto, Onofre, 199Pires, Waldir, 203Pires, Yolanda Avena, 203Plaza, Salvador de la, 121Poland, 241Polish National Movement, 152political activism, 10, 32, 182, 185, 193–95, 201,

225, 231–32, 236, 241, 256, 271, 286,292–93, 296, 299

political activities, 9, 17, 20, 27, 31, 76, 93, 101,114, 116, 125, 127, 143, 153, 158, 160,180, 183, 185, 188, 201, 221, 235, 240,256, 270, 294

political actors, 2, 8political autonomy, 50, 89political dissent, 11political inclusion, 7, 9, 136, 314, 320






Index 363

political involvement, 19, 32, 141, 162, 287political leaderships, 89, 104political life, 62, 73, 134, 245, 260–61, 265political participation, 1, 21, 136–37, 160, 194,

319political parties, 104, 140, 142, 156, 160, 184,

190, 194, 196, 210–11, 234, 237, 239–40,244, 254, 257, 291, 322

political persecution, 5, 26, 93, 127, 132, 136,144, 147, 166–67, 169, 178, 193, 211, 233,249, 315, 317, 320

political polarization, 138, 140, 159, 184political prisoners, 115, 119, 171, 181, 199,

205–6, 235, 240, 245, 251–52political violence, 14, 50, 80, 169, 215, 220, 317,

320politicians, 33, 35, 76, 78, 96, 109, 123, 128,

134, 141, 159, 186, 189, 196, 206, 220,235, 241–42, 262, 265–66, 270, 280,283–85, 289–90, 313, 317

politicization, 173, 193, 231, 284politics, 6–8, 45, 67, 69, 73–5, 163, 178, 194,

236, 254confrontational, 64, 140diaspora, 193discriminatory, 21domestic, 69, 292exclusionary, 73local, 74–75, 103, 153, 287mass, 7, 136–92militarization of, 62modern, 73, 320multistate, 8national, 8, 36, 263–64pluralistic, 73regional, 6territorial, 55of exit 88–90

population, indigenous, 49populism, 140–41, 258Porfirismo, 120Portales, Diego, 58, 71, 93, 279Portalesian conservative regime, 78Portella, Petronio, 206Porto Alegre (Brazil), 196Portugal, 14, 40–41, 85, 109, 188–90, 203–4, 319Portuguese, 35, 41, 50, 81, 84–85, 117Posadas, Gervasio, 98Posadas (Argentina), 300Positivism, 82, 106post-independence, 6, 26postmodern emphases, 3postpresidential exile, 267–68, 271–78, 280–83Prado, Eduardo, 109Prats, General Carlos, 165, 197prepresidential exile, 266–70, 280–81, 283

presidential exile, 10, 257, 265, 267–68, 271,273–76, 279, 284–85, 321

Prestes, Luis Carlos, 196Prieto, Joaquın, 94Princess Isabel Chimpu Ocllo, 46Prıo Socorras, Carlos, 125–26, 154, 157, 273prison, 24, 32–33, 43–45, 56–57, 64–66, 78,

98–99, 105, 117, 119, 140, 155, 162, 181,198–99, 229, 231, 233, 235, 246, 251, 262,264, 283, 297

prisoners, 30, 44, 65, 77, 85, 126, 198, 206–7,220, 237, 303

Proceso de Reorganizacion Nacional, or NationalReorganization Process (PRN) (Argentina),176

proscription, 13prosecution, 44, 207, 314proto-expatriation, 54Prussia, 76psychoanalysis, 163public opinion, 82, 193public spheres, 1–2, 4, 6, 8, 19, 21, 23–27, 38,

45, 89, 101, 107, 141, 162–63, 224, 253,255–57, 261, 283, 287, 289, 322

domestic, 144–45, 154, 192, 260international, 6, 136, 144, 165, 194, 223, 232,

243, 290, 311Puccio, Osvaldo, 237Puerto Cabello, 65Puerto Rico, 34, 43, 81–82, 119, 153, 156, 167,

188, 258independence of, 82Liga de Patriotas Puertorriquenos, 82nationalism, 34

Puig, Manuel, 12Puiggros, Rodolfo, 212, 224Puiggros Adriana, 212Pundak, Itzhak, 179punishment, 40, 42, 44, 53–57, 66, 97, 119, 142,

206, 248, 297

Quadros, Janio, 196Queen Maria (Portugal), 51Quintana Roo, 132Quiroga, Facundo, 100Quito, 43, 47, 49, 59

Rabin, Yitzhak, 178racism, 67, 115Rama, Angel, 17Rama, Carlos, 251Ramırez, Francisco, 85Raynal, Guillaume-Thomas, 47rebellions, 1, 15, 44, 50–52, 78, 94

political, 49Recanati, Dany, 176, 178–80






364 Index

reception, 38, 75, 93, 120, 124, 135, 213, 241,255, 278, 280–81, 307, 320

reconciliation, national, 77, 80, 103, 262Red Cross, 144, 248, 321Red de Hermandad y Solidaridad Colombia, or

Network of Brotherhood and Solidarity(REDHER), 317

redemocratization, 39, 194, 206, 231refuge, 24–25, 28, 54, 93–94, 99, 119, 127, 129,

134, 146, 148, 166, 172, 183, 190–91, 316refugees, 7, 13, 16, 20, 24, 27–29, 94, 113,

122–24, 128, 131–33, 149–51, 158, 161,164–65, 167–69, 171–72, 175, 185, 191,209, 211, 232, 237, 246, 251, 291, 301, 309

Central American, 132crisis, 131displaced, 150Jewish, 158political, 17, 113, 118, 124, 129, 131, 149–51,

165–66, 170–71, 221, 233,238

problem, 7status, 28, 113, 124, 149, 151, 167, 291statutory, 150

regime, 20, 45, 71, 211, 243, 247, 284, 298–300authoritarian presidential, 75dictatorial, 31political, 73, 259

reintegration, 301, 303, 307, 312, 314relegation, 13–15, 91relocation, 4

of exiles, 194, 301forced, 29, 92, 201

Renique, Jose Luis, 79, 288repatriation, 154, 261–63, 303, 306repression, 3, 10, 23, 27, 113, 118, 124, 138,

140, 142–44, 146, 163, 168, 173–75, 178,195, 197–98, 204–5, 209–10, 216, 220–23,225, 234, 236, 239, 243, 245–46, 249–51,254–56, 263, 291–93, 305, 321–22

political, 3, 134, 183, 231repressive violence, 138, 209, 211resilience, 1, 101, 138resistance, 34, 46, 194, 236, 239, 316Resistencia Obrero-Estudiantil, or Workers’ and

Students’ Resistance (ROE) (Uruguay), 245return, 31–36, 76–78, 260–64, 286–324returnees, 77, 252, 291, 301, 303–7, 310, 312,

322prospective, 303, 306–7

return of exiles, 37, 77, 126, 243, 252, 254,299–300, 303, 306–7, 311–12, 321

revolutionaries, 7, 221Revolutionary Alliance of Left Forces, Alianza

Revolucionaria de Izquierda, (ARDI)(Colombia and Venezuela), 187

revolutionary movements, 33Ribeiro, Darcy, 190, 196, 305Ricardo, David, 52Ricardo, Mordechay, 52Rigaud, François, 205Righi, Esteban, 212rights, 2

citizenship, 143, 311civil, 36political, 23, 38, 89, 139, 176, 196, 264

Rio Bravo, 104Rio de la Plata, 83–84, 96, 108, 246Rivadavia, Bernardino, 108Rivano, Manuel, 171Rivas Novoa, Gonzalo, 167Rivera, Diego, 121Roa, Raul, 125Roa Bastos, Augusto, 12, 27, 259Robertson, William, 47Roca, Julio Argentino, 97Rocka, Jose de, 237Rodriguez, Aniceto, 184Rodrıguez de Francia, Gaspar (Paraguay), 85–86,

279Rodrıguez de Ita, Guadalupe, 17Rodrıguez Elizondo, Jose, 241–42Rodrıguez Valmore, 155Rollemberg, Denise, 115, 199–200, 291, 301Romano Lozzaco, Salvador, 104Romanovs, 152Romanticism, 96Rome, 37, 47, 79, 112, 146, 205, 220, 222, 235,

243, 298, 317Romero, Elvio, 27Romero Mena, Carlos Humberto, 273Romero Rubio, Manuel, 261Roosevelt, Theodore, 263Rosas, Juan Manuel de, 24, 61–2, 73, 96–101,

262–3, 273, 279Rosas, Quiroga, 95–96Rossi, Cristina Peri, 13, 219, 251Ruiz Cortınez, Adolfo, 125–26Ruiz Massieu, Jose Francisco, 265Russell Tribunal II, 204Russia, 109, 147, 152, 173

Said, Edward, 16–17, 287Saint-German des Pres, 105Saint Thomas Aquinas, 48Salas Romo, Luis, 141Salazar, Marıa Elvira, 316Salinas de Gortari, Carlos, 2, 260, 264, 317Sanchez Berzaın, Jose Carlos, 318Sanchez Cerro, General Luis Miguel, 186Sanchez de Lozada, Gonzalo Daniel, 318San Cristobal de las Casas, 133






Index 365

Sandinistas, 90, 113, 167San Jose, 78, 148, 153, 161, 167San Jose Declaration (1994), 150San Jose de Costa Rica, 78, 153San Juan (Puerto Rico), 56, 153San Luis (Argentina), 46, 56San Martın, Jose de, 56–57, 59–62, 77, 94, 108,

116, 178, 262Santa Anna, Antonio Lopez de, 76, 268–70,

282Santa Cruz, Andres de, 44, 68, 70–71, 94,

99–100, 273Santamarıa, Carlos de, 156Santander, Francisco de Paula, 40, 64–65Santiago, 28, 37, 55, 80, 91, 93, 95–96, 100, 104,

112, 128–29, 170–71, 173, 190, 201, 215,224, 237, 264, 299, 310

Santo Domingo, 82, 284Santos, Teotonio dos, 200Santucho, Mario Roberto, 216Santucho Julio, 216Sao Paulo, 25, 197, 205Sao Tome, 41Sarmiento, Domingo Faustino, 94, 99, 201, 287Sarney, Jose, 207Sassen, Saskia, 144Savidor, Menahem, 181Secretariado Internacional de Juristas por la

Amnistia en Uruguay, or InternationalSecretary for Amnesty in Uruguay (SIJAU)(France), 252

secularism, 121self-censure, 25Senkman, Leonardo, 175, 179–80Seoane, Marıa, 226Serra, Jose, 171, 189Servicio de Paz y Justicia/Peace and Justice Service

(SERPAJ) (Uruguay, Chile, 303, 306Servicio Ecumenico de Reintegracion, or

Ecumenical Reintegration Service (SER)(Uruguay), 303

Shain, Yossi, 20Shaw, Christine, 45Sheffer, Gabriel, 18Sheffield, 234Shimose, Pedro, 13Shining Path (Sendero Luminoso), 138Shugart, Matthew, 259Sierra Leone, 138Signoret, Simone, 222Siles Suazo, Hernan, 270Silva, Amaury, 190Silva, Lincoln, 27Silveira Martins, Gaspar, 88Simpson, John, 16Skarmeta, Antonio, 12

slavery, 42, 54, 82slaves, 43, 52, 91, 146Soboul, Albert, 205Social Democracy, (SD), 169, 242Socialism, 112, 141, 204Socialist International, 144, 161, 170–71, 240Socialist League for Human Rights, 222Socialist Party of Chile, 184Solan, Nahum, 171, 177Solanas, Fernando, 116Soldan, Edmundo Paz, 13Somoza Debayle, Anastasio, 260, 283Somoza Garcıa, Anastasio, 124, 154, 157–58,

167–68, 186Sosnowski, Saul, 313Soto, Francisco, 63Sotomayor, Humberto, 172South Africa, 135Southern Cone, 10sovereignty, 8, 97, 145, 152–162Soviet Union, 176, 238, 241Spain, 15, 33–34, 42–43, 46, 48–49, 76, 82–83,

85, 95, 105–6, 108, 119–20, 122, 135, 147,164, 166, 168–69, 173, 175, 182, 186–87,210, 212–16, 218–19, 226, 233, 235, 247,250, 284, 290, 307, 317–19

citizenship, 168Civil War, 37, 122, 126, 158

Republican Army, 126Empire, 41, 46–47, 50, 79, 106exiles, 123–24jurisprudence, 42legislation, 42refugees, 122–23Republic, 122, 126rule, 43, 81–82, 108Second Republic, 147

Spaniards, 42, 48, 56, 59, 122, 213, 216, 219Spanish America, 35, 41–43, 48, 50, 69, 120Spanish-American

elites, 107empire, 89identities, 103independence, 48nations, 121personalities, 108states, 88

Spanish Socialist Party, 291spheres

fragmented, 8political, 18, 24, 80, 89, 322

state formation, 8, 40, 51–72, 83–8Stefanich, Juan, 85Steiner, Niklaus, 151Stockholm, 233, 236, 242, 317Straits of Magellan, 97, 101–2






366 Index

Stroessner, Alfredo, 25–26, 166, 186, 190, 254,259–60, 264–65, 276, 282, 299–300, 305

St. Thomas (UK), 53Suarez, Francisco, 48Suarez de Figueroa, Gomez, 45–46Suarez Mason, Carlos, 215Sucre, Antonio Jose de, 52–4, 65, 68suicide, 4, 33, 238, 311suspicion, 24, 53, 87, 89, 114, 156, 314–15Swansea, 234Sweden, 135, 152, 164–66, 168–69, 171, 173,

183, 191, 203, 210, 218, 233, 237–38, 247,288, 317

Switzerland, 135, 164, 175, 185, 247Sydney, 247

Tacuarembo (Uruguay), 189Tarso Neto, Paulo de, 104, 196Teja, Ana Marıa, 244Tejedor, Carlos, 98–99, 101Teplizky, Benjamın, 171Terra, Gabriel, 243Terrazas, Mariano Ricardo, 122territorial asylum, 146, 149–50territorial boundaries, 49–62, 67–72, 83–88Theophilo, Marcia, 12Tierra del Fuego (Argentina), 101tiers of exile, 6–7, 74, 145, 153–54, 159,

169, 211, 224–25, 252–53, 256, 298,320–21

Timerman, Jacobo, 223Tiradentes, 51–2Tiradentes prison of Sao Paulo, 198Tizon, Hector, 13Toledo, Alejandro, 2, 318Toledo, Francisco de, 42Toronto, 247Torres, Juan Jose, 197Torrijos, Omar, 258torture, 32, 137, 169–70, 197–99, 205–7,

222–23, 245, 248Toulouse-Lautrec, Henri de, 105Touraine, Alain, 202Tov, Moshe, 171trade unions, 7transculturation, 4transformations

collective, 30, 34cultural, 3, 23, 36

translocation, 6–9, 13–16, 22, 40–45, 51, 53–55,62, 64, 66–67, 70, 74, 76–77, 84, 86, 88,91, 94, 253, 307, 319–20

colonial, 7, 66transnational, 4

activism, 146, 321dimension, 192

identities, 38, 144social-political spaces, 193studies, 4

Travailleurs et Syndicalistes Argentines en Exil(TYSAE) (France), 222–23

Travasso, Luis, 199treason, 41–42, 51, 57, 69, 177Trinidad, 54Triolet, Elsa, 287Triple A, Anti-Communist Argentine Alliance,

209, 211, 215, 220Tropicalia, 25Trotsky, Leon, 121Trotskyism, 141Trujillo, Rafael Leonidas, 83, 124, 154, 156–58,

186–87Tucuman (Argentina), 48, 100Tupac Amaru (Jose Gabriel Condorcanqui), 44,

46, 48, 51Tupac Inca, Yupanqui, 46Tupamaros, 244–45, 248, 251Turner, Victor, 23Tweed, Thomas, 18

Ubico Jorge, 140Ugalde, Pedro Leon, 141Ulanovsky, Carlos, 17, 128Unidad Popular, or Popular Unity coalition (UP)

(Chile), 129Unidad Tecnica para la Reinsercion Laboral,

(UT), 304Union Artiguista de Liberacion, or Artigas

Liberation Union (UAL) (Uruguay), 245Union Democratica de Liberacion of Nicaragua,

128Union de Periodistas Argentinos Residentes en

Francia, or Association of ArgentineanJournalists Living in France (UPARF), 222

Union Nacional Dominicana, 83United Nations (UN), 105, 144, 150–51, 155,

180, 190, 201, 204–5, 240, 320United Nations Commission for Human Rights

(UNCHR), 144, 149, 223, 251United Nations Declaration of Human Rights,

170United Nations Educational, Scientific and

Cultural Organization (UNESCO), 205United Nations Employment Regional Program

for Latin America and Caribbean(PREALC), 264

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees,(UNHCR), 28, 113, 128, 133, 149–50, 161,165–66, 169, 185, 188, 191, 200, 209, 297,301, 306

United Nations International Labor Organization(ILO), 205






Index 367

United States, 1, 33–35, 64–65, 73, 76, 79, 93,101, 103, 107, 113, 118–20, 125–27, 132,138, 148, 150, 152, 155, 159, 161, 164,166–68, 174–75, 184–85, 188, 190–91, 197,233, 242, 246–48, 250–52, 254, 259,261–63, 268, 283, 311–12, 314, 316–18

Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 150University of Buenos Aires (UBA), 212University of Sao Paulo, 264Uribe, Alvaro, 317Uribe, Miguel, 63Urquijo, Jose Marıa Mariluz, 43Uruguay, 9, 26, 33, 74, 83–87, 99, 104–5, 108,

128–30, 134–35, 166, 174, 189–90, 195,197–99, 205, 210, 215, 223, 235, 243–53,266–68, 273, 278–79, 281–83, 287, 302–3,306, 309

Banda Oriental, 74, 83–84, 86–87Treinta y Tres, 87

caudillismo, 99civil-military dictatorship, 195community of exiles, 131diaspora, 195, 243–44, 246, 249dictatorship, 245–46exiles, 86, 166, 203, 245, 249, 251, 253, 292exile to the Ayui camp, 85independence, 74intellectuals, 250–51

Uruguay River, 83–84Uruguayans, 17, 113, 127–31, 165–66, 168–69,

195–96, 204, 207, 227, 244–53U.S. House Subcommittee on Human Rights, 223

Ushuaia (Argentina), 246U.S. military intervention of 1916, 83USSR, 130, 135, 175, 185, 234, 242

Vaides, General Federico Ponce, 140Valdense Evangelical Church, 303Valdivia, 43Valenzuela, Arturo, 259Vallejo, Cesar, 12Vallejo, Fernando, 13Vallejos, Jose Joaquın, 95Valparaıso, 241Vandre, Geraldo, 25Vanguardia Revolucionaria Dominicana, 156

Varela, Florencio, 98Varela, Pedro, 273Vargas Llosa, Mario, 318Vasconcelos, Jose, 119–20Vasquez, Ana, 4, 33, 105, 115Vazquez, Francisco, 119Vedery, Katherine, 261Vega, Luis, 171

Velasco, Juan de, 47Velasco Ibarra, Jose Marıa, 270Velhoso, Caetano, 25Venezuela, 2, 37, 53–54, 63, 65, 67, 74, 98, 106,

108, 120–21, 124–25, 134, 148, 153,155–56, 158–59, 166, 173, 183–84, 186–88,210–11, 233, 246–47, 250, 259–60, 263,266–68, 273, 277–79, 281–83, 291, 317

Accion Democratica (AD), 153Bolivarian Revolution, 316diaspora, 121, 316exiles, 121, 283–84, 316oil, 134

Venice, 47Viceroyalty of the Rıo de la Plata, 56, 68Vicuna Mackenna, Benjamin, 78–80, 103Vidal, Pedro, 87Vietnam, 159, 204

Russell Tribunal, 205War, 159

Vilela, Magno Jose, 112Villa, Francisco (Pancho), 119Villafane, Benjamın, 98Villeda Morales, Ramon, 158Vinar, Marcelo N., 29Vivanco, Manuel Ignacio de, 71, 100Vizcardo, Juan Pablo, 48Vuskovic, Pedro, 129, 237

Waisman, Carlos, 259Washington, 37, 144, 148, 175, 222, 249, 298,

313, 317Washington Post, 161Western Europe, 35, 138, 166, 233–34, 238, 240,

291Western imagery, 12Wilson, Harold, 235Wolberg, Joshua, 179Wolfe, Thomas, 310Wollny, Hans, 123, 131women, 32, 39, 116–17, 171, 177, 291, 293–97,

321Wonsewer, Israel, 244worker-migrant, 20World Council of Churches, 144, 205World University Service, 301, 306World War I, 119World War II, 123Wright, Thomas, 32, 298

Yacyreta, 300Yanez, Eliodoro, 229Yankelevich, Pablo, 130, 209Yapeyu, 83–84Yegros, Fulgencio, 86Yegros, Elpidio, 184






368 Index

Yucatan, 118, 121Yugoslavia, 185Yupanqui, Alphonse Chunca Capac, 71

Zambrano, Marıa, 309Zamora, Daisy, 13Zaragoza, 33, 35, 50

Zarco, Isidoro, 140Zedillo, Ernesto, 265Zeigerman, Dror, 181Zenteno, Jose Ignacio, 58Zerbini, Teresinha, 206zero-sum game, 5, 8, 77Zionism, 164, 175–77, 182






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