index []httpauxpages)/a97994b4c90… · solid waste management practices 147–8 aid 131–2 aid...

acculturation, negative 132administrative procedures 253–5

full impact rarely recognised 254–5World Bank 253–4

Africa, and the Internet 298Agenda 21 103, 139, 151, 156n

programmes to go beyondecological sustainability 136

some ESA funding 187–8and use of ICTs 300

Ahmedabad Municipal CouncilParivartan (Change Project) 55–6

delays in using bond proceeds60–1funding problems 56innovative financing 55serious difficulties betweenpartners 56

World Bank loan to modernisesolid waste managementpractices 147–8

aid 131–2aid agencies

foreign 130–2, 146guidelines for staff 193–4inertia within 191involvement in urban sector 179lack of staff study time 193and poverty alleviation 188

AMC see Ahmedabad MunicipalCouncil

Andhra Pradesh 153Community Development Society

(CDS) 206, 211, 221contracting out of solid waste

collection 148

democratisation and grassroots representation 206

environmental deficiency in slumsof Class I towns 208

government initiatives(decentralisation) 206

mainstreaming the urban poor204–25

participatory planning appraisal(PPA) 210–12

Resident Community Volunteers(RCVs) 206, 221

women-only community-basedorganisations in slums 206

Andhra Pradesh Urban Services forthe Poor (APUSP) 6, 204–25access to Urban Intiative Fund

(UIF) 211concept of poverty reduction 204–5critical poverty reduction issues in

the Basic MAPP 217–22availability of funds 217participation of poorcommunities 220–2targeting for infrastructureimprovement 217–20

federated structure of women’sgroups 206used to advantage 220–1

Municipal Action Plan for PovertyReduction 212–16Basic MAPP Guidelines 212, 218basic process in action 216MAPP objectives and concepts212–13municipal SWOT analysis 214

Index 345

Index

objectives derive from APUSPprinciples 212stages in MAPP presentation213–16

sustainable poverty reduction,contribution of projectcomponents 205–12focus on improvements inenvironmental infrastructure208–10funds intended for in-settlement services upgrading209performance improvementrequires municipalities tochange 207preparation of Town LevelFramework Plan 211strengthening civil society210–12targeted approach to reform 207

sustaining poverty reduction andmainstreaming poor people222–4

Town Level Working Group 211, 223Argentina

1991 Convertibility Plan 20, 23displacement of freezer fleet,

opposed 30economic reform 13–14evolution of fish catches and export

volume 21, 22expansion of fishing rights to

foreign long-range fleet 21failure of national policies (1950s)

and rural-urban migration 17and the Falklands/Malvinas war 21Federal Fishing Law, to promote

sustainable development of thefishing industry 29–30

Multisectoral Group 29argued for nationalisation of thefishing industry 31conflict with long-range fleet 30proactive approach of 38

New Economic Model (NEM) 13post-war development of fishing,

Fordist model 12–13

shift from Fordism to liberal-productivism 13

reliance of small/medium cities onexploitation of naturalresources 14

restructuring of the fishingindustry, Mar del Plata 12–41

squid fishery established offPatagonia 21

traditional rulers of fishingindustry 37

see also Buenos AiresAsia

government-private enterpriseconnection key to economicsuccess 184

success of micro-enterpriseinitiatives and co-operativemovements 134

Asian Development Bank (ADB) 46Association for Progressive

Communication (APC), work of 300

BangkokMOLAND database costly 311use of MOLAND database 313

Bombay see MumbaiBrazil

advent of master plans enabled co-operation with developmentbanks 316

appearance of conjuntos (housingestates) 318

debate on popular participation 320eradication of ‘urban ills’ 316key negotiating term ‘community’

320–1new cityscape, fierce debate

between technocrats andbasistas 318

partnership, does not translateeasily 320

planejamento, 317Recife

assentamento, 318sub-normal zones 317The Special Zone of RigorousPreservation 319–20

Development and Cities346

bribes 255Buenos Aires

Buenos Aires City Government(BACG), efforts to increasehousing densities within the city288Casa Propia 8

as an example of ‘best practice’288–90other factors in the social cost-benefit analysis 292–4the search for a sustainablehousing policy 288

CNV/FODEVI programmes 292,296n

comparative analysis of projectsproduced by Casa Propia, CMV andthe free market 290–2social housing production 287

businesses 134

Calcutta Metropolitan District (CMD)Environment Strategy and Action

Plan 145fishing co-operative, PIL filed to

preserve their wetlands 149solid waste management a priority

145capital interests, and sustainability 137capital markets, and financial

institutions, raising resourcesfrom, India 56–61

capital markets, developmentmay restrict functioning ofULBs 61–2discontinuance of stateguarantee 59financial power, shift awayfrom state governments 59–60Income Tax Act, provision forbond income 59

Casa Propia, Brazil 8as an example of ‘best practice’

288–90beneficiaries of 290–2and CMV and the free market 290,failure to predict main

beneficiaries 294

operates in an isolated manner 294other factors in social cost-benefit

analysis 292–4Programmes 001 and 102 289–90reflects absence of unified social

housing policy 293search for sustainable housing

policy 288serving middle income families

289–90, 290–1, 292CBOs see community-based

organisations (CBOs)Cedepesca

fought for compensation for Mardel Plata workers 32

investigated foreign fleet expansion32

‘cellular automata’ 315nland-use model 310

Centre for Earth Observation (EC) 306CFP see Federal Fishing Council

(CFP: Argentina)Chennai (Madras) 149

Environmental Planning andManagement, Madras Vision

2000 145Exnora experiment, garbage

collection and other activities151

planning regulations 251rooftop rainwater harvesting 173

Chile, changes in regulatoryframework 258

China, Three Gorges Dam 315nuse of MOLAND to analyse

impacts of multipleenvironmental changes 313

citiesCentral and East European 312closed city policy 227developing countries

in MOLAND studies 312–13rapid changes in land use 312

and environmental effects ofdevelopment 12

Indiaaccumulated effects of past

neglect 164–5

Index 347

disturbing features of the urbanexperience 160–4

growth pattern of 161–2, 161no incentive for city

government to takeunpopular measures 167

newly emerging, focus on betterdevelopment 134

of the Southbetter understanding of how

ESAs can improveconditions in 181–90

innovations for sustainabledevelopment 282–6

Third World see Third World citiesfor the urban poor, Zimbabwe263–81see also megacities

civil society 117, 127civil society organisations (CSOs) 89,

224nneed resources to participate fully

in decision-making 97seen as alternative channels for

poor to address problems 210co-operatives/pseudo-co-operatives,

Mar del Plata 24, 36–7Colnodo, Colombian communications

network 302Colombia, information

communication technology in 302communities, views of 321community leaders 119community management 261community participation

in infrastructure development andservice provision 53–6neighbourhood and slumimprovement schemes 54–6

community-based organisations(CBOs) 102, 109–9, 112–14

competitiveness, international, basedon informalisation of processingactivities 14

concertación 117–18conditionalities 137

of foreign aid, insensitive 131imposed on Argentina 13

and structured debt obligations(SDOs) 57–8

continental shelfArgentina

exploitation of fishing byforeign companies 21jurisdiction over established 19

convergence principle 217, 222, 224ncorruption

an issue in good governanceprogrammes 184–5combating of 194mainly a part of ‘the way things

work’ 185Credit Analysis and Research (CARE)

46credit market financing, effects on

local governments 62credit rating, of local bodies, India

46–8Credit Rating Agency of India (ICRA) 46Credit Rating Information Services of

India (CRISIL) see CRISILCRISIL 60

indicators selected subject tomanipulation by urban localbodies (ULBs) 47

review of analyses done 47technical support from USAID to

develop credit ratingmethodology 46–7

CSOs see civil society organisations(CSOs)

Cubabetter and more affordable housingin the cities 7–8see also Habitat-Cuba approach

Cuban Revolution 282cultural blindness, of foreign aid

personnel 131cultural exchanges, personal 195

Dar es Salaam City Commission(DCC) 65–6declining interest in integrating

working groups 76–7did little to solve the hawkers

problem 82–3


effects of frequents changes inleadership and priorities 80–1

omnipotence of 80and petty trading activities 69–74,

85–6nrestrained evictions from open

spaces 77and SDP staff 87n

Dar es Salaam, Tanzania 65Urban Authorities Support Unit

(UASU) 67, 84, 85nsee also Sustainable Dar es Salaam

Projectdebt, increased, does not lead to

sustainable development 147decentralisation 94

Andhra Pradesh 206democratic 98from a popular perspective 97–8to local government level 132–3

decentralised co-operation 185–6,195–6

Declaration of New Delhi (1994) 302signatories call for global

democratisation 300democracy 94

and citizenship through localgovernment, consolidation of91–3

and development 106–7India, but not at city level 165and sustainable development in

megacities 102–21democratic city management,

movement towards, LatinAmerican cities 96–7need for strong social organisation

97democratisation, and development,

need for education to participate 120Department for International

Development (DFID: UK) 258developing countries

growth in urban population 305and the Internet 8–9, 298–9many planning regulations and

standards inherited or imported249

unsatisfied housing needs 227development

concerned with people’s needs andcapacities 115

and democracy 106–7and ethics 105–6and the Indian urban

environmental movement 151–2a new and ethical look at 104–5, 114paradigm shift 132parasitic 122–4and political culture 119–20sectoral 148–9

development agenciesemergency programmes for

Indonesia 189past problems in support for urban

projects 178–81development assistance 200

urban interventions on margins of178–9

development co-operation, complexityof reasons for 199–200

development model, present,unsustainable 103

Development of Women and Childrenin the Urban Areas, India 142

Dialogues and Documents for HumanProgress 301

diesel cars 156npolluting Indian cities 139

Disability-Adjusted Life Years(DALYS) 174nlost in India 162

drinking water 162

earth, the, carrying capacity 124, 132earth observation technologies 9, 306–7Earth Summit (1992) 103, 107EC see European Community (EC)ecological sustainability 288economic domination, of South by

North 136–7economic growth, not equated with

improvement in quality of life 123Economic Structural Adjustment

Programme (ESAP), Zimbabwe270–1

Index 349

economic sustainability, defined 16employment, urban, India, becoming

more informal 141employment, Mar del Plata

decrease in industrial employment 23

effects of competition 22–3fishing industry one of main

sources 21–2labour flexibilisation strategy 23, 34women 24workers’ rights 24

ENDA-Tiers Monde, providingInternet communication fororganisations in West Africa 301–2

engineering, high-quality, for slumnetworking projects 54

environment, and sustainability 103environmental conditions,

deterioration in, Mar del Plata26–7, 35

environmental costs, externalisationof, Mar del Plata 27

environmental degradation, MetroManila 125

environmental infrastructure, focuson by APUSP 208–10, 215–16

environmental management, India147–8

environmental movements, urban,Indiabasic approaches 151–2still nascent 153

Environmental Planning andManagement (EPM: UNCHS andUNEP) 66, 138–9adoption agreement with Dar es

Salaam 66encourages partnership and power-

sharing 78–9implies cross-sectoral

co-ordination and consensus-building 83

institutionalising process 65–88leading role for local governments

in implementation 84potential value of stakeholder

participation 84

relationship with should be defined83–4

use of working groups 66–7environmental problems, in cities of

the South 139environmental regulations, avoidance

of, Mar del Plata 23environmental sustainability 177EPM see Environmental Planning and

Management (EPM: UNCHS andUNEP)

ESAP see Economic StructuralAdjustment Programme (ESAP),Zimbabwe

ESAs see external support agencies(ESAs)

ethical domination, imposition of theone-thought world 109–10

ethical systems, ‘alternate’ 110ethics, and development 105–6European Community (EC), Fourth

Framework Programme forResearch and TechnologicalDevelopment and Demonstration306

European companies, fishing inArgentine Sea 26

European Union (EU)annulment of agreement with

Argentina 34Fifth Framework Programme for

Research and TechnologicalDevelopment andDemonstration 311–12

trawler subsidies, freezer trawlersin Argentine Sea 26

expertise, parasitic 131external assistance agencies 5external support agencies (ESAs) 5, 201n

bilateralassistance for co-operationprojects 195–6producing policy documents181–2

early support for rural projects178funding gone into Agenda 21

programmes 187–8


further shift in priorities towardsurban environmental problems187

good governance programmes,equity and gender programmes184

ideal urban programme 191–3increasing support for urban

programmes and projects190–1

information-gatheringcommissioned 201–2n

need for greater collaboration 200need for support for urban

problems recognised at Habitatconference (1976) 178

new approaches in support forurban development 181–90contextual issues 188–90‘good governance’ 183–5participatory approaches 185–7sustainable urban development

187–8urban research 182–3, 193, 201n

no significant shift in fundingtowards urban problems 188

problems underlying support forurban projects, sources of179–81

projects concerned withsustainable cities small and few188

some collusion in corruption 184–5sustainability of approaches

adopted by 177try to reorient towards today’s

urban realities 199urban development professionals,

ignorance of 180

Federal Fishing Council (CFP:Argentina) 29prohibited hake fishing for an

indefinite period 30Fedevivienda, Colombia 302financial discipline, India 43financial sector reforms, India 43FIRE Project, India 146, 149

separate accounts proposed forPune Municipal Corporation 46

‘Fish War’, Mar del Plata 29–32fishing industry, Mar del Plata,

restructuring of 12–41at mercy of international markets

21–3deterioration in environmental

conditions 26–7and hake 25–6regulatory environmental

framework, poor level ofenforcement 28–9

state essential to development oflocal industry 36

flexibilisation of labour 89Argentina 20, 23, 34

Fordism, Argentina’s fishing industry12–13‘renewed form’, decentralisation by

subcontracting 23foreign aid 9–10, 130foreign competition, fishing industry,

Mar del Plata 23foreign investment, prerequisite is low

wages 123fragmentation, a problem for human

sustainable development 108–9FRAGSTATS, landscape structural

analysis software 209

gender issue 103‘Gender and technology of

information’ research 302general obligation bonds 57Geographical Information Systems

(GIFs) technology 307Global Report on Human Settlements

(UNCHS) 182Global Urban Research Initiative (GURI)focused attention on urban research

undertaken in South 182–3output from 182globalisation 12, 16, 90, 139, 297good governance 183–5, 194

la buena gobernabilidad 319–20two opposing definitions of cities

319

Index 351

good governance programmes 183–5governance 101n

sustainability of 164governments

accountable 194need to take enabling role in

housing 242grassroots leaders 119–20grassroots organisations

covering for the downsized state 109reducing effects of neo-liberal

model and structuraladjustment 105

grassroots protestsdirect action protests 150for environmental protection, India

150see also Public Interest Litigations

(PILs)groundwater

IndiaExperimental ArtificialRecharge Studies 173overexploitation of 172–3

overexploitation of, Mar del Plata 28growth, trickle-down theory 122–3Gujarat 156n

PILs 157Vadodara City, successful garbage

collection 151

Habitat International Coalition (HIC),international action-research using

the Internet 301Habitat-Cuba approach, sustainable

development in cities 282–6hake, Argentine 20, 32

crisis provoked awareness ofeffects of uncontrolledexpansion 38

depletion of stocks 25–6increase in catch 21prohibition of fishing for 30sustainability of ecosystems and

economic viability of fishing34

Harare Combination Master Plan269

Harare, Zimbabwecontinuing impact of apartheid

land-use planning 7economic influence on urban space

269–72city centre property boom 271–2economy similar to rest ofcountry 271

effects of economic structuraladjustment policies 277

failure of official policy andregulations 278

history of development 265–6Machipisa study 275–7

perceptions of and attitudes tourban space 274–5

policy implications of viewingurban space as a crucialresource 277–8consider walking as a mode oftransport 78potential for improvinginformal sector trading facilities278

political influences on urban space265–9, 277

political/economic factors makepoverty reduction difficult 273

Poverty Action Plan (1995) 272–3social influences on urban space

272–4urban space, by-product of

polarised city and dual planningprocesses 269

Healthy Cities Programme (funded byWHO) 146–7,186

HIC see Habitat InternationalCoalition (HIC)

housingaffordable, Cuba 7–8existing stock, value of should be

recognised 242–3a human right or a commodity 230low-cost 231principles for best practice in

288–9Casa propia an example of bestpractice 289


technological approachinappropriate 282–3

‘too little, too expensive’(Baross)232

see also low-income housing; self-help housing; social housing

Housing by People, John Turner 227housing, low-cost, India 170–2

innovative building designs 172low-cost materials developed

170–2, 171housing poverty

determined by land supply andallocation 229–30

UNCHS definition 228see also informal settlements

housing settlements, plots/buildinglots 317

Human Development Report (UNDP:1996) 104

human rights 103human settlement(s)

concept of 317monitoring dynamics of with

MOLAND 307urban human settlements 317

human society, of the twenty-firstcentury 101

Hyderabad City 7, 149EPM and Master Plan 2011 145incremental development scheme

‘Khuda ki Basti’ (KKB) 240–1imitates illegal developmentstrategies 240

ICTs see information communicationtechnologies (ICTs)

illegal settlementsdemolitions and evictions, an

unsustainable policy 230–1see also informal settlements

India74th Amendment to the

Constitution 205–6decentralisation in government44decentralisation of urbangovernance 142

a landmark in powertransferance 48not working efficiently 174powers and functions of civicbodies defined 166revolutionary changes for urbanbodies 165–7

Air Pollution (Prevention andControl) Act (1981) 143

Andhra Pradesh see AndhraPradesh Urban Services for thePoor (APUSP)

Bio-Medical Waste (Managing andHandling) Rules (1998) 143

British city government model 165building of urban/‘environmental’

infrastructure, effects of 152Centre for Technology

Development 146cities

difficult to assessimprovement/deterioration inservice quality withsubcontracting 53entering into managementcontracts for basic services 50,51, 52experience of financinginfrastructure 3

disturbing features of the urbanexperience 160–4growth patterns of cities 161–2,161

effects of resource crisis in theeconomy 61

efforts towards sustainable cities 144Environment Protection Act (1986)

143FIRE project 46, 146, 149framing of urban problem and

finance 147Ganga Action Plan (cleaning

R. Ganga), result of a PIL 149Government does not recognise all

pillars of sustainabledevelopment 148–9

government failure to addressurban environmental issues 137

Index 353

Income Tax Act, provision for bondincome 59

increased economic growthinvolved some very pollutinginvestments 139

initiatives to improve urbanenvironment/conditions forcities’ poor 5

initiatives for urban reform 165–8institutional innovations for urban

infrastructural development43–64arrangements for raisingresources from capital marketand financial institutions 56–61assigning planningresponsibilities to local bodies48–9community involvement ininfrastructure development andservice provision 53–6credit rating of local bodies formarket borrowing 46–8management contracts forservices to be provided byprivate agencies 49–53new system of maintainingmunicipal budgets 45–6

limited vision of officialprogrammes towards thesustainable city 143–9

Mega City Scheme 146, 156–7nmicro-planning used to elicit

participation of poorcommunities 220

Motor Vehicles Act (MVA: 1998)143–4, 149

National Capital Territory of Delhi,lacks sufficient water fordomestic use 172–3

Ninth Five Year Plan 156nplan to raise resources forregional infrastructuredevelopment 141

outstanding concerns requiringattention 153–4

people-centred approachesoverlooked 153

post-SAP, focus on urbaninfrastructure 141

poverty ratios 156nPublic Interest Litigations (PILs)

149–50individual against local urbanbodies 150

receiving international agencyassistance in laying foundationsfor participatory management 50

revision of planning standards 258structural adjustment programme,

shift to rapid economic growth141

sustainable cities, officialprogrammesenvironmental management,Solid Waste Managementprojects 147–8infrastructure projects 145–7legal initiatives 143–4limited official view 148–9Sustainable City Programmes(SCP) 145

sustainable urban development136–59spontaneous efforts towardssustainability: fragmentedefforts 149–52urban crises in: context ofstructural adjustmentprogrammes 140–3

Swarna Jayanti Sheri Rojgar Yojana

(SJSRY), poverty alleviationprogramme 142

urban crisis/crises 140–3, 160–76initiatives for urban reform165–8

Urban Environment Forum 136,143, 145

Urban Land Ceiling andRegulation Act (1976) repealed141–2

urban population 140–1, 160urban reform agenda, not taken

place in most cities 167use of sustainable technology

168–73


Water Pollution (Prevention andControl) Act (1974) 143

India Infrastructure Report, cashrequirement 141

Indian Building Centre movement,promotion of low-cost housingtechnology 170–2

indicators, issue of 297individual transferable quotas,

Argentina 30, 40–1nIndo-US Financial Institutions

Reform and Expansion (FIRE)Project see FIRE Project, India

Indonesia 201attempts to compensate for effects

of liberalisation 189–90economic collapse caused rise in

poverty 189Kampung Improvement

Programme (KIP) 231–2reduction in poverty pre-1997 189World Bank, colluded in corruption

184–5Indore, India, Slum Networking

Project 53–6industrial pollution, Metro Manila

125industrial restructuring

Mar del Plata, 37negative effects, 14

informal land markets 233–7lessons for sustainable housing

and land-use policies 242–3informal markets 226–47

conventional policies 230–2facilitating self-help housing:

innovative approaches 237–41Hyderabad’s incrementaldevelopment scheme 240–1Philippine ‘CommunityMortgage Programme’ (CMP)237–9

urbanisation of poverty 226–30informal sector

Harare 278difficulty in raising capital 274increase in and characteristicsof 273–4

income from for low-incomehouseholds 264

Zimbabwe, conflicting attitudes to275

informal settlementseconomic value of and role of 227houses seen as growing assets

236–7make changes in peri-urban

environment, use of MOLAND312–13

squatters 236informal trading activities, Dar es

Salaam 69–74information communication

technologies (ICTs)bottom-up approach 303knowledge and analysis deficit

302–3North–South divide 299role of 297–300unequal distribution 298–9and urban development 301–2

information technology, capacity tohelp poor, marginalised or isolatedgroups? 8–10

infrastructural and industrialinvestment, cities and towns, India45–6

infrastructure projects, India 145–7infrastructure provision, under

APUSP 205, 208–10includes all poor settlements 220targeting poor people for

infrastructure improvement217–20

INIDEP see National Institute forResearch and FishingDevelopment (INIDEP: Argentina)

integral development strategy,redistribution, poverty relief, andenvironmental programmes 115

inter-regional migration, India 160–1international action-research 297–304international agencies

and issuing of bonds 59strong influence on Indian

programmes 147

Index 355

International Council for LocalEnvironmental Initiatives (ICLEI),Manual for Local Planning forAgenda 21 (1996) 107

International Development Council(IDRC: Canada), financialarrangements 187

International Institute forEnvironment and Development(IIED) 182

international organisationsmoney for Brazil and Mexico 317recommendations, language of

popularisation 319Internet 289–90, 298–9

Kenya 257

labour relations, ‘flexibilisation’ of,Argentina 20,23,34

LAC region see Latin America and theCaribbean

landfor low-income housing,

Zimbabwe 267shortage of, Buenos Aires 287standards and regulations for

individual plots 260–1land issue, rarely taken into account in

housing provision 230landscape structural analysis software

(FRAGSTATS) 309language, technical versus popular

316–23Latin America and the Caribbean

changes in city government 3–4democracy and social participation

in cities 89–101difficulties in resolving problems

of cities and the urban habitat 92poverty a great problem 95

Latin American cities an alternative form of management

for 95–9challenges for: obstacles and

opportunities 94problems of, demands and

challenges created by 91–3

Lesotho 249, 254Lima 102, 108, 112–16local development, guiding principles

for 91–2local governments 92, 133–5low-income housing

Brazil 317Harare 267–8Mexico 317

Madras see Chennai (Madras)Mali, processing of proposals 257management contracts for basic

service provision, India 50, 51, 52many fall into serious difficulties

50Manila 4–5MAPP see Municipal Action Plan for

Poverty ReductionMar del Plata, Argentina

adoption of Exclusive EconomicZone 20

commercial fishing, history of19–20

conflict between formal andinformal processing sectors31–2

effects of internationalisation offishing industry 2

evolution of fishing industry 32, 33expansion of local firms 20impact of restructuring process

21–9local government 34–5policy decision to decentralise

fishing to Patagonia 20–1reasoning behind lack of

government help 35reasoning behind reorganisation

into co-operatives 34restructuring transformed the local

fishing industry 19, 32Mar del Plata, Argentina, restructuring

of the fishing industry 12–42conflicts in aftermath of the

restructuring process 29–36the ‘Fish War’ 29–32

the fishing industry 18–21


impact of restructuring 21–9phase one, dualistic approach

towards fishing sector 20phase two, structural changes

under Menem administration20

maritime ecosystems, Argentina,maintenance of 32, 34

megacities 305–6megacity as a scenario for

sustainable development107–21

monitoring of:MURBANDY/MOLANDapproach 305–15background and technologicalframework 306–7MOLAND project: monitoringurban and regional dynamics307–14

non-European, MOLAND studiesof 312–13

‘public spaces’: decentralisedapproach to development anddemocracy in 117–19

of the South 111–12, 122study of CBOs in 112–13sustainable development and

democracy in 102–21urban agglomerates as 111weakening of social and political

basis for sustainabledevelopment 108

see also citiesMETAP programmes, co-ordinated by

the World Bank 201Metro Manila 124–5, 239Mexico

assentamiento popular 317–18and good governance, differing city

managements 320introduction of regulatory audits

255–6, 257planificación 317regulation persistently flouted by

promotores/fraccionadores 318Mexico Special Social Interest Zones

317

micro-planning, and participation ofpoor communities, India 220, 221

modernisation 89–90MOLAND project: monitoring urban

and regional dynamics 306–10background and technological

framework 306–7Central and Eastern European

cities (case study) 312methodology 308–14non-European megacities (case

study) 307, 308, 312–13, 314strategic framework and

sustainability implications310–12

Multisectoral Group, Mar del Plata29–30

Mumbai, eviction against squatters inBorivali National Park 150

Mumbai Municipal Corporationdiesel-run taxis to convert to petrol,

a conflict of interest 143–4precondition for obtaining World

Bank loan 46solid waste management 147

Municipal Action Plan for PovertyReduction, Andhra Pradesh 212–16critical poverty reduction issues in

the basic MAPP 217–22objectives and concepts 212–13rolling nature of allows weaknesses

to be addressed 223stages in preparation 213–16uses federated structure of existing

women’s groups 220–1municipal services, India, private

sector participation inmanagement of 49–53

MURBANDY (Monitoring UrbanDynamics), pilot study 307

N-AERUS see Network Association ofEuropean Researchers onUrbanisation in the South (N-AERUS)

N-AERUS Workshop (EuropeanScience Foundation) 1agreement of meaning of

‘sustainable city’ 9

Index 357

Nairobi, Dandora projects, existingstandards too high 249

National Institute for Research andFishing Development (INIDEP:Argentina) 20warning of unsustainability of hake

fisheries 25–6, 30National Slum Development

Programme (NSDP) 217natural sustainability 16neo-liberalism 110Network Association of European

Researchers on Urbanisation in theSouth (N-AERUS) 183

NGOsas catalysts 152making use of ICTs 300part of the fragmentation of issues

and actors 109problems and traps to grapple with

109–11work in Latin American cities 93working in urban areas, some

funding for 185see also ENDA-Tiers Monde

Northern towns/cities, twinning withSouthern towns/cities 186, 195

Our Common Future (BrundtlandReport) 103

parasitic development 122–4participation 106–7, 186participatory approaches, in urban

projects 185–7, 195–7participatory democracy, seen as a trap

110participatory planning appraisal

(PPA), Andhra Pradesh 210–12Pasig River rehabilitation, Metro

Manila 128–30Peru 254, 257, 258petty trading see informal trading

activitiesPhilippines, the

Community Mortgage Programme6–7, 127, 133–4, 135n, 237–9

housing policies, Marcos régime 237

unsustainable development 122–35challenges ahead 132–5Pasig River rehabilitation128–30patterns of parasitism in cities124–5role of foreign aid agencies130–2

physical sustainability 16–17PILs see Public Interest Litigations

(PILs), Indiaplanning and decision making, role for

civil society 99planning regulations 248, 250–1planning standards 252–3political culture, and development

119–20political sustainability 17pollution, sea and beach, Mar del Plata

27poor see urban poorpopular participation

in community development andmanagement programmes,criteria for 100

and democratic urbanmanagement 97–8

populationIndia 140–1, 160Metro Manila 124–5urban, growing 305

Central and Eastern Europeancities 312developing countries 305Harare 267–8Latin American cities 318–19

povertyin the LAC region 95, 96urbanisation of 226–30

poverty alleviationa governance issue 184legal obligation, Indian

municipalities 205–6poverty alleviation programmes 152–3

not seen to lead to sustainableurban development 148

Swarna Jayanti Sheri Rojgar Yojana

(SJSRY) 142


see also Andhra Pradesh UrbanServices for the Poor (APUSP)

poverty relief and redistributionmeasures, and the nation-state104–5

poverty and vulnerability indicatorspoverty and infrastructure deficiency

matrix 218–19, 219used by APUSP in MAPP 218–20private sector, concern is to earn

profits 99private space 264private–public partnership, the

compact city and social housing287–96

privatisationand good governance 183–4Mar del Plata harbour 27problem of effective regulation and

corruption 184privatisation policies 89–90processing activities, informalisation

of, Argentina 14project pushers, in aid agencies 131‘public domain’, opportunities for

reconstruction of 120Public Interest Litigations (PILs),

India 149–50public space 264

resource for poor households 277

quality-of-life indicators, minimum133

rainwater harvesting, India 172–3regulatory audits, recommended by

World Bank 255–6, 257regulatory frameworks

assessment of components causingbottlenecks 257

early studies 250in fast-growing settlements 259inappropriate, effects of 249need for reviews 250underlying rationale 255

remote sensing 306, 308use of commercial satellites to

watch change occurring 313

residents’ associations andinformation communicationtechnologies 297–304

resources, sustainability of 164restructuring of the fishing industry,

Mar del Plata 19–36revenue bands 57roads

cost of in urban settlements 251minimum area allocated to 260

rural development, focus on in earlydays 178

rural-urban migration 123, 226–7, 305Argentina 17India 161, 173the Philippines 124

SAGPyA see Secretary of Agriculture,Cattle, Fishing and Food (SAGPyA:Argentina)

sanitation, low-cost, India 168–70SDOs see structured debt obligations

(SDOs)SDP see Sustainable Dar es Salaam

ProjectSEBI see Securities and Exchange

Board of India (SEBI)Secretary of Agriculture, Cattle,

Fishing and Food (SAGPyA:Argentina) 20, 25–6, 29, 40n

Securities and Exchange Board ofIndia (SEBI) 60approval of bonds 58

security of tenure 236not available for petty traders 69

self-employment component, SJSRY142

self-esteem 119self-help housing

innovative approaches 237–41a solution not a problem 227

self-help initiatives 198Sen, Amartya 105–6services, supply of to poor

neighbourhoods, community self-help 184

SEWA (Self Employed Women’sAssociation) Bank 56

Index 359

sewerage provision, in SlumNetworking Projects 54-5, 55–6

Singapore, social housing 231, 244nsites and services provision 231

Hyderabad 240–1projects from international

agencies 249in remote peripheral locations,

unacceptable 232Slum Networking Projects (SNP),

India 53–61slum up-grading 231slumlordism 236slums, continue to grow 305small businesses, survival of 108social costs, of inadequate housing

267social housing 231

the compact city and private-publicpartnership 287–96

social infrastructure, not non-productive investment 95

social movements, and corruption 185social policies, and caring government

133social segregation/fragmentation 319social and spatial segregation, Latin

American cities 96social sustainability 16solid waste 145,163

management 52–3, 145, 147–8, 198South-South twinning 196squatter settlements 228, 252, 267squatters, the Philippine ‘Community

Mortgage Programme’ 237squatting 248

squatting syndicates, strategies of235

stability, a social, political andeconomic process 114–17

State, theadopting private sector orientation

towards profitability, results of 99rethinking and reforming of 116society’s regulatory agent 98–9streamlining of 90

Stockholm Environment Institute(SEI) 182

Strong, Maurice 107–8structural adjustment 106, 131

India 43, 62programmes 226

adverse impacts of 137, 188India 140–3

see also Economic StructuralAdjustment Programme(ESAP), Zimbabwe

structural reforms, needed in LatinAmerican cities 95–6

structured debt obligations (SDOs)57–8, 61

sustainability 103, 106as an essential part of development

104a camouflaged trap 106–7environmental definition 164pragmatic and realistic definition

164spontaneous efforts towards, India:

fragmented efforts 149–52a stable structure for 114–17treacherous for urban policy

(Marcuse) 106sustainable cities

change in macro-developmentclimate needed 155

concept of 136,138conflicting situation to be

addressed 154–5India

inclusive and synergeticapproach 154–5limited vision of officialprogrammes 143–9philosophy and context 164–5

international co-operation inpursuit of 177–203

regional experiences in achievingsustainability 3–5

in the South 137–40inclusive approach based onfour pillars 140, 155need for inclusive andsynergetic approach 154–5

Sustainable Cities Programme(UNCHS and UNEP) 136


aims to incorporate environmentalmanagement into urbandevelopment 139

in India 145some positive results 133–4sustainable cities as a partnerships

among diverse groups 140Sustainable Dar es Salaam Project 3, 66

EPM working groups 67–9head of DSP/Urban Authorities

Support Unit 67implementing EPM via the

working group process 69–77management of informaltrading activities 69–74management of open space74–7

institutional framework tooperationalise the EPM 68–9

sustainable development 39nachievable by revised regulations,

standards and procedures? 260based on an ethical mandate 115in cities of the South, innovations

for 282–6local governments need abilityto review critically suggestedproposals 294

and community-basedorganisations (CBOs) 112–14

the concept 137defined in Our Common Future 103and democracy in megacities

102–21, 209described 14–15different aspects of international

challenges to achievesustainable cities 2–3

Harare, needs complete rethink ofurban planning and urbanspace management 269

regulatory frameworks for 248–62administrative procedures 253–5future prospects 256–9planning regulations 250–1planning standards 252–3preliminary recommendations259–60

recent trends 255–6skewed arguments for differing

strategies 1–2urban space in the context of 264–5weak and strong sustainability

(Huckle) 138sustainable development indicators 198sustainable human development

a better future for Lima’s informalsettlements 4

increasing acceptance of 136problems to be faced 110–11UNDP’s concept criticised 138

‘Sustainable Improvement in theQuality of Life’ 124

sustainable poverty reduction,contribution of APUSPcomponents 205–12environmental infrastructure

208–10, 215–16MAPP a good basis for 222–3

institutionalises and legitimisesparticipation of women indecision-making 223

municipal reforms 205–8strengthening civil society 210–12

sustainable technology 168–73sustainable urban development 187–8,

197–8India 136–59

limited vision of officialprogrammes towards thesustainable city 143–9

strategies aimed at 243sustainable cities in the South

137–40Swarna Jayanti Sheri Rojgar Yojana

(SJSRY), poverty alleviationprogramme 142may be brought to Andhra Pradesh

217self-employment and wage

employment components 142

Tanzaniabuilding permit applications 250contradictory administrative

procedures 254

Index 361

immature transition to multi-partydemocracy 80

misconceptions about the SDP andthe EPM approach 81–2

ongoing process ofdemocratisation 80

see also Dar es Salaam CityCommission (DCC)

technical planning, Mexico and Brazil316

technical versus popular language316–23

technological innovation, andglobalisation 297–8

Telecentro, Colombia 302totalitarianism, Latin America 96Town Level Framework Plan, Andhra

Pradesh 211trade unions, Argentina 24–5traffic congestion, assuming critical

dimensions in India 163training programmes, developed by

Northern municipalities 195–6transnational institutions,

programmes for developing ICTuse 299–300

Turkeydevelopment of unauthorised

settlements, Ankara 260regulatory framework too relaxed 259

Udaipur City, Rajasthan, LakeProtection Committee 150

UMP see World Bank UrbanManagement Programme (UMP)series

UN Charter 179UN Conference on Environment and

Development (UNCED: 1992) 305UNESCO, Intergovernmental

Informatics Programme (IIP) 300unilateral decisions 71, 72–3, 95Unión Obrera del Pescada (UOP) 25, 32United Nations Centre for Human

Settlements (UNCHS)best practice principles applicable

to analysis of Casa Propia

295–6n

‘Best Practices’ database, lack ofland provision policies 230

establishment of 178figures on unauthorised housing

227‘housing poverty’ 228, 229

unsustainable development 137civil society powerless against

resistance to reform 127overlapping power groups 126the Philippines 122–35

UOP see Unión Obrera del Pescada

(UOP)urban administration, fluid language

of 320urban agglomerates 111

still attracting migrants 305urban authorities, ability to impose

official norms restricted 248urban crisis/crises

the context of structuraladjustment programmes 140–3

decentralisation of 18India 160–76meaning of ‘sustainable’ city in

context of 164–5urban densification 288

can create communal conflict 293,295

urban developmentin cities, and misleading

conceptions of sustainabledevelopment 1

and ICTs 301–2informal 181new approaches in ESA support for

181–90past problems in development

agency support for 178–81see also urban sustainability

urban dynamics, need to understand306

urban economies, re-primarisation of 17urban environment

India, legislation for improvement,poor implementation 149

infrastructure development key toimprovement 145–6


Urban Environment Forum (UEF)136, 143, 145

urban environments, need for activepolicy 242

urban growthhigh, the Philippines 124in midst of economic recession,

problems of 90–1unmanaged and poor quality 65

urban habitat, deterioration of 101urban housing and habitat 6–9

costs of formality 7see also Philippines, the,

Community MortgageProgramme

urban human settlementsbecame basis for new ways of

allocating urban areas 317sanitised way of referring to

urbanisation process 317urban infrastructural development,

institutional innovations for 43–64urban intervention, model for 192Urban Initiative Fund (UIF), Andhra

Pradesh 211urban land, depreciated by squatting,

fictitious value of 238–9urban land markets 235–6urban land-use changes, in MOLAND

307, 308–9urban local bodies (ULBs)

assigning planning responsibilitiesto 48–9

decline in financial support fromcentral and state governments 49

functioning of can be seriouslyrestricted by accessing capitalmarket 61–2

must seek innovative financingmethods for projects 57–8

not equipped to undertakeplanning responsibilities 48

overseeing of debts 58possibility of ceiling on borrowing

capacity 58–9private sector participation in

management of municipalservices 49–53

problems of rating by CRISIL 47transfer of responsibility for

infrastructure developmentbeing quickly passed on 52–3

urban management, vocabulary of,Mexico and Brazil 316–23

urban planning, in the South 65, 190–1urban poor

affected by administrativeprocedures, Peru 254

cities for in Zimbabwe 263–81development and empowerment of

154differences between twenty years

ago and now 110local government to learn from 133problems of life on the peri-urban

fringe 264and Slum Networking Projects

(SNP) 61targeted in MAPP, Andhra Pradesh

217–18urban poverty 226

environmental implications 228India 141–2related to physical segregation 228

urban programmes and projects 191–3changing international context for

198–9increasing ESA support for 190–1need to change construction and

management 199urban reform, initiatives for, India

165–8urban renewal, rapid 287urban space 264–78urban sprawl 316urban squatters, Lima, developed own

habitat 113urban sustainability

dimensions of 15–18, 19economic sustainability,defined 16natural sustainability, rationalmanagement of naturalresources 16physical sustainability, defined17

Index 363

political sustainability 17social sustainability, defined 16

impact of micro-economicstrategies 17–18, 19

measurement of 307,315nMOLAND indicators for 309relationship among dimensions 17,

18towards an analytical framework

14–18urbanisation 136

global process of 305–6India 140–1, 160poverty 226–30tendency towards, LAC region 90

URBS programme 186, 187, 196USA, use of Internet 301USAID, programmes sponsored in

India 146

vested interest, greatest constraint tochange 257

wage employment (SJSRY) 142wastewater, Mar del Plata 27West Java, land transfers 250women

Andhra Pradeshparticipation in decision-making 223women-only community-basedorganisations in slums 206,220–1

employment in fishing industry,Mar del Plata 24, 40n

role in community life, Lima 113workers, Mar del Plata 24–5, 31–2,

35–7working groups, present role and

position in local governmentambiguous 83–4

working groups (EPM), SustainableDar es Salaam Project 66–7, 67–77formation and performance 70–4lessons and challenges from this

approach 78–83elitism and distrust of workinggroups 62–3

frequent change of leadershipand priorities 80–1immature transition to multi-party democracy 80insensitive culture ofgovernance 78–80overemphasis on physicaloutputs , and insufficientknowledge 81–2semi-autonomous status ofSDP 82

management of open space 74–7overview of past and recent trends

77–8World Bank

approach to regulatory reformcriticised 256

case for identifying distortingregulations 256–7

imposed conditionalities onArgentina 13

and METAP programme 201programme to support local

activities, Indonesia 189Regional Environment

Information ManagementProject (REIMP) 299–300

remedial package being urged onIndia 43–4

review of urban policy 253–4Housing Sector Policy Paper254, 255–6

support for Indian urbaninfrastructure projects 146

Urban Division, brown agenda187

vocabulary designating functionalconcepts 319

World Bank MetropolitanEnvironmental ImprovementProgramme (MEIP) 192

World Bank Urban ManagementProgramme (UMP) series 181, 183

World Commission on Environmentand Development (WCED) 102–3


Zimbabwe 257cities for the urban poor 263–81conflicting attitudes to informal

sector 275Economic Structural Adjustment

Programme (ESAP: 1991–95)270–1

economy 269–71Harare 263

economic influences on urbanspace 269–72political influences on urbanspace 265–9social influences on urbanspace in 272–4

perceptions of the urbanenvironment 273–4

Poverty Alleviation Action Plan(PAAP) 272

Zimbabwe Programme forEconomic and SocialTransformation 271

zoning regulations 251zoning system, Harare 268

Index 365