index from camille gutt
TRANSCRIPT
Copyright
– 185 –
INDEX
Acheson, Dean, 48, 113, 137g
African Metals Corporation (AMC), 17,
17t1.1, 51, 52
Aghnides, Th anassis, 63, 65, 137g
Albert I, King of the Belgians, 10, 19, 22,
137g
Aldrich, Winthrop, 45, 137g
Alexander, Robert Jacob, Baron Skidelsky, 6,
66, 118–19, 160n43
Alphand, Hervé, 68–9, 90–2, 137
Algiers, 90
Alphand, Hervé, 68, 69, 90–2, 137g
American-Belgian relations, 44–7, 56
Anderson, Sir John, 52–3, 54, 86–7, 137g
Anglo-Belgian relations, 37–44, 55
Anglo-French Coordination Committee, 37
Anglo-French monetary agreements
1939, 68
1943, 91–2
Anglo-French Purchasing Committee, 91
Ansiaux, Hubert, 34, 36, 37, 69, 84, 100,
105, 116, 117, 122, 137g
compensations plan, 126, 128
Ashton-Gwatkin, Frank, 68, 137g
assets, freezing of, 47, 56
Atlantic Charter [1941], 41, 44
atomic bomb, 51, 52
Attlee, Clement, 125, 137g
Balthazar, Herman, 36t2.1
Bancor [currency], 67
Bank for International Settlements, 19–20,
25, 64, 126–7, 130
Bank for Reconstruction and Development,
100–1, 103, 104, 107–8
Bank of England, 37–9, 46, 59, 67, 70, 73,
86–7, 89, 102, 138, 143, 144–6
Bank of France, 88–9, 105, 120
banks
restrictions on activities, 22, 24
role in fi nancial diplomacy, 3
Banque d’Outremer [Belgian overseas bank],
13, 14, 137, 139
Banque Lambert, 129
Baudewijns, Adolphe, 36–7, 42, 105, 137g
Baudhuin, Fernand, 137g
Beatty, Sir Alfred Chester, 17, 19, 38, 51,
137g
beggar-thy-neighbour policy, 60
Belgium-Luxembourg Economic Union
[1921], 79
Belgian Central Bank
see National Bank of Belgium
Belgian Economic Mission [London], 36,
37, 147g
Belgian Economic Mission [US], 112
Belgian War Material Purchasing Commis-
sion, 11
Belgium
American-Belgian relations, 44–7, 56
Anglo-Belgian relations, 37–44, 55, 134
army mobilization 1938, 27
assets in the US, 47–8, 56
Th e following abbreviations have been used: ‘f ’ indicates a fi gure; ‘t’ indicates
a table; ‘g’ indicates an entry in the glossary of names; and ‘n’ indicates a note.
Copyright
186 Camille Gutt and Postwar International Finance
declaration of war on Germany 1939, 27
delegation to Bretton Woods conference,
105–6, 106t5.1
fi nancial crisis 1934, 22–3
fi nancial crisis 1938, 27
fi nancial policy 1919-34, 11–13
foreign policy during Second World
War, 4–5
and France, 88–9
general elections 1925, 13, 14
government-in-exile, 31–7, 36t2.1, 134
Lend-Lease agreements with US, 7, 45,
46, 47, 48–50, 111, 112–15, 114t6.1,
135, 157n73
neutrality, 28
post First World War economy, 4
postwar monetary parity, 101–3
proposed customs union with Nether-
lands, 82–6
relief during German occupation, 45
share of German reparations, 20
sovereignty, 4–5, 7, 21, 77, 78–9, 94,
109, 135–6
stabilization of currency 1926, 13–16
Belgo-Dutch monetary agreement, 71
Bemelmans, Arthur, 12, 137g
Benelux agreements, 2–7, 68, 71, 77, 79–80,
85–6, 88–9, 93–4, 103, 108, 126,
135–6
establishment, 82–5, 93–4
inclusion of Britain, 86–8
inclusion of France, 88–93
Berle, Adolf, 48, 138g
Bernstein, Edward, 100, 124, 126, 138g
Beyen, Johan, 69, 84, 117, 138g
BIS
see Bank for International Settlements
Bissel, Richard, 124, 138g
Blaise, Gaston, 16, 138g
Blum-Picard, L., 90
Boël, René, 36–7, 47–8, 49, 66, 69, 84, 89,
91–2, 99, 100, 105–6, 112, 114, 116,
129, 138g
Bretton Woods conference [1944], 105
end of Lend-Lease agreements, 114
Savannah Conference [1946], 116
Bolton, Sir George, 102, 121, 138g
Bondas, Joseph, 36t2.1
Boris, Georges, 90, 91, 138g
Bradbury, Sir John, 12, 138g
Bretton Woods conference [1944], 2, 7, 62,
94, 95–110
agreements, 47, 54, 62, 86, 111, 115,
116–17, 118, 119, 122, 130, 131, 136
Briand, Aristide, 21, 138g, 147g
Britain
economy, 67
EPU participation, 128
inclusion in Benelux agreements, 86–8
monetary agreement with France 1943,
91–2
sterling devaluation 1949, 124–6, 130
British Metal Corporation, 16–17, 143
Broek, Johannes van den, 71, 80, 81, 82–3, 138g
Bruins, G. W., 117
Budd, Sir Cecil Lindsay, 16, 18, 38, 138g
business
and fi nancial policy, 133–4
relationship with politics, 13, 24, 32, 133
Cadogan, Sir Alexander, 42, 138g
Cadogan Memorandum, 42
Campenhout, André van, 36, 47, 138g
cartel negotiations, 18, 51, 59
Cash and Carry System, 37, 39
Cassel, Gustav, 25, 73, 139g
Cattier, Félicien, 18, 33, 139g
Cauwelaert, Franz van, 78, 139g
Centre d’Etudes et de Documentation
Guerres et Sociétés Contemporaines, 6
CEPAG, 63
CHADE, 44
Chase Manhattan Bank, 104
Chlepner, Boris-Serge, 105–6, 139g
Churchill, Winston, 21, 34, 38, 43–4, 139g
Cie des Métaux d’Overpelt-Lommel, 17t1.1
Clavin, Patricia, 6
Clayton, William, 124, 139g
cobalt, 51
Cold War, 111–12, 118–19, 123, 126, 129,
130, 131, 136
Combined Policy Committee
see CPC
Committee for European Economic Coop-
eration
see OEEC
Copyright
Index 187
Committee for the French Liberation, 88,
90, 91
Committee on Payments Agreements, 126
Compagnie Belge des Mines, Minerais et
Fonderie du Zinc de la Vielle Mon-
tagne, 17t1.1
Compania Hispano-Americana de Electricidad
see CHADE
Congo [Belgian colony], 31–2, 33, 37, 39,
41–2, 90
business representatives, 43, 56
Lend-Lease agreements, 50
uranium, 50–4
copper trade, 17, 18
Coudenhove-Kalergi, Richard, 78, 139g
Couve de Murville, Maurice, 90, 139g
CPC, 52–3
credit, 64, 66, 84, 113
Crena de Longh, Daniël, 84, 139g
Creveling, Guy Franklin, 17, 139g
Cripps, Sir Richard Staff ord, 125, 139g
Crosshanks, Captain, 69, 82
Curie, Marie, 52–3, 139g
currency, 34–5, 42, 59, 67, 84
scarcity of, 119–20
see also devaluation of currency;
exchange rates
customs unions, 82–6
Daladier, Edouard, 27, 139g
Darlan, François, 88, 139
Dawes, Charles, G., 12, 19, 45, 140g
Dawes Committee, 19
Degrelle, Léon, 25
Delfosse, Antoine, 36t2.1
devaluation of currency, 13–16, 24, 25, 26,
27, 60, 73, 111, 124–6
Dewey, Th omas, 104, 140g
Dielthem, André, 88, 90, 140g
dollar scarcity, 119–20, 130
Dormael, A. van, 96
Dulles, John Foster, 46, 48, 89, 104, 140g
ECA, 123, 124, 125, 127
economic cooperation
failure of, between world wars, 58–62
postwar reconstruction, 62–5
Economic Cooperation Administration
see ECA
Economic Liaison Group, 87
Economy and Society [Milward], 5
Eden, Anthony, 42, 82, 86, 87, 140g
Eichengreen, Barry, 6, 118
Einstein, Albert, 52, 140g
Einzig, Paul, 3
Electrorail, 17t1.1, 18
Empain, Edouard, 11, 13–14, 16, 140g
EPU, 118, 126–9
ERP, 123–4, 126, 127, 130
European Payment Union
see EPU
European Recovery Programme
see ERP
exchange rates, 66, 69, 71, 89–90
par values, 120–3
Exchange Stabilization Fund, 60
Eximbank, 114
Eyskens, Gaston, 112, 116, 140g
FEA, 112, 113
Federal Reserve Bank of New York, 59
Feis, Herbert, 65, 140g
Ferguson, Niail, 5
First President Act [1941], 47
First World War, 2, 3, 55, 134
eff ect on Belgian economy, 4, 44, 62
German reparations, 4, 12, 13, 14,
19–21, 29, 58
Ford Motor Company [Belgium], 17t1.1,
18, 117, 129
Foreign Economic Administration
see FEA
Forminière
see Société Internationale Forestière et
Minière
Fortune Magazine, 1
France
capitulation to Germans, 33
currency, 15, 60, 69, 120–3
inclusion in Benelux agreements, 88–93
monetary agreement with Britain 1943,
91–2
postwar economic reorganization plans,
68–9
Francq, Louis, 15, 24, 140g
Copyright
188 Camille Gutt and Postwar International Finance
Francqui, Emile, 12, 13, 14–15, 30, 80, 140g
German reparations, 19
involvement in non-ferrous metals sector,
16, 17, 18
parliamentary inquiry, 24
Frazer, William, 68, 89
free trade
see trade
Free University of Brussels, 129
French National Committee, 88
Frère, Maurice, 116, 127, 140g
Frick, Claire, 10
see Gutt, Claire
Frick, Henri-Charles, 10, 140g
Friedmann, Irving, 129
Funck, Walther, 66, 140g
Gaulle, Charles de, 37, 68, 88, 90, 91, 92,
141g
General Th eory, Th e [Keynes], 72–3, 74
Geneva International Economic Conference
see International Economic Conference
[Geneva 1927]
Gérard, Max-Léo, 24, 27, 141g
German reparations post First World War, 4,
12, 13, 14, 19–21, 29, 58
Giraud, Henri-Honoré, 89, 141g
Gold Bloc, 80
gold reserves [Belgian], 28–9, 31–2, 36, 37
negotiations for British use of, 39–44,
55–6
transfer to Berlin, 88
gold standard, 58, 59, 60, 67, 68, 69, 73–4,
75, 80, 133, 135
‘Government of Bankers’, 22–6, 133
Great Depression, 2, 13, 16, 60, 133
Gregory, Th eodore, 73
Groves, Leslie R., 52, 141g
Gruben, Hervé de, 78, 105, 116, 140g
Guindey, Guillaume, 120, 141g
Gutt, Camille
and Benelux agreements, 79–80, 81–2,
84–5, 93
Bretton Woods conference [1944],
103–8, 109–10
and British use of Belgian gold reserves,
39–44, 55–6
business activities, 17t1.1
change of name, 12
comparison with Keynes, 71–4
death, 129
early life and career, 9–11
in exile, 4, 31–2, 33–7, 36t2.1
as fi nance minister 1934–5, 21–6
as fi nance minister 1939–40, 26–9, 133
and fi nancial policy 1919-34, 11–13
and German reparations, 19–21, 29–30
and gold standard, 73, 75
later life, 129
as managing director of IMF, 111–12,
117–18, 129–31, 136
Marshall Plan, 123–4
meeting with Keynes February 1941,
81, 94
negotiations for ending Lend-Lease
agreements, 112–15
negotiations with British, 37–8, 86–8
parliamentary inquiry, 24
personal archives, 6
and postwar international economic
cooperation, 62–5, 95, 97–101
postwar monetary parity, 101–3
and private business interests 1926–34,
16–19
and proposals for ICU, 67–71
relationship with de Gaulle, 88
role in Congolese uranium negotiations,
53–5
rumours about, 23
Savannah Conference [1946], 116–18
and stabilization of Belgian currency
1926, 13–16
views on postwar economic reconstruc-
tion, 119
Gutt, Claire, 10, 33, 34, 141g
Gutt, Etienne, 6, 141g, 155n20
Gutt, François, 11, 26, 141g
Gutt, Hélène, 9, 141g, 151n2
Gutt, Jean-Max, 11, 141g
Guttenstein, Max, 9, 141g
Hague conference [1929], 19–20, 25
Halifax, Lord Edward, 41, 42, 141g
Hambro, Carl J., 78, 141g
Harriman, Averell, 124, 141g
Hayek, Friedrich, 74, 75, 142g
Copyright
Index 189
Heinemann, Dannie, 44, 142g
Helmreich, Jonathan E., 50, 157n78
Hemptine, Mgr. de [apostolic vicar], 43
Hitler, Adolf, 27–8, 45, 60
Hoff man, Paul G., 124, 142g
Hoover, Herbert, 44, 45, 104, 142g
Hoover Moratorium, 20
Hopkins, Richard, 38, 41
Horsefi eld, J. K., 96
Hoste, Julius, 36t2.1
How to Pay for the War, 28, 74
Hull, Cordell, 45, 46, 142g
Hymans, Paul, 10, 20, 142g
ICU, 66–71, 84, 97
IMF, 7, 111–12
appointment of Gutt as managing direc-
tor, 117–18
and EPU, 126–9, 130
establishment of, 115–17
and Marshall Plan, 123–4
role in economic reconstruction of West-
ern Europe, 118–23, 130
sterling devaluation 1949, 124–6
Import Duties Act 1931, 79
Inter-Allied Committee on Post-War
Requirements, 68
International Chamber of Commerce, 12,
129
International Clearing Union
see ICU
International Economic and Monetary
Conference [1933], 20, 60, 62
International Economic Conference
[Geneva 1927], 12, 18
international monetary cooperation
failure of between world wars, 58–62
postwar reconstruction, 62–5
International Monetary Fund
see IMF
Istel, André, 91, 142g
James, Harold, 6, 96, 118
Janssen, Albert-Edouard, 14, 27, 142g
Janssen, Georges, 28, 142g
Japan, 46
Jaspar, Henri, 33, 35, 142g
Jaspar, Marcel-Henri, 14, 20, 33, 35, 142g
Joassart, Gustave, 36t2.1
Joliot-Curie, Frédéric, 52, 142g
Jongh, Crena de, 84
Jonnart, Charles, 12, 142g
J. P. Morgan [bank], 104
Kenen, Piet, 84, 143
Kerstens, Petrus [Piet], 84, 142g
Keynes, John Maynard, 7, 21, 28, 38, 57, 64,
80, 142g, 165–6n9
Bretton Woods conference [1944], 107,
109
comparison with Gutt, 71–4
economic theories, 72–3, 75
and IMF, 115, 117
interest in Benelux agreements, 86
meeting with Gutt February 1941, 81, 94
plan for International Clearing Union,
66–71, 84, 97–8, 136
post-war monetary parity, 102
speech on stabilization fund, 103, 104,
109
views on war fi nance, 74
Keynesian revolution, 6
Kindleberger, C. P., 61, 118, 159n17
Kleff ens, Eelco Nicolaas van, 83, 143g
Knudsen, William S., 45, 143g
Kronaker, Paul, 114, 143g
Langenhove, Fernand van, 18, 40, 46–7, 82,
83, 105
Largentaye, Jean Rioust de
see Rioust de Largentaye, Jean
Le Nord [journal], 9
Le Petit Parisien [French newspaper], 20
League of Nations, 12, 28, 58, 61, 62, 63, 85,
138, 142, 146
Leith-Ross, Frederick, 21, 38, 68, 143g
Lend-Lease agreements, 7, 45, 46, 47,
48–50, 111, 112–15, 114t6.1, 135,
157n73
Leopold II, King of the Belgians, 143g
Leopold III, King of the Belgians, 22, 26–7,
29, 143g, 155n3
capitulates to Germans, 32–3, 34, 35
Leuven School of Economics, 16, 24, 73
Lindberg, Charles S., 45, 143g
Lithiby, John Stewart, 89, 143g
Copyright
190 Camille Gutt and Postwar International Finance
Lloyd George, David, 21, 143g
loans, 14, 15, 23, 59
Locarno, Treaty of, 28
London Economic and Monetary Confer-
ence [1933], 18, 96, 104
Loucheur, Louis, 21, 143g
Luxembourg
customs union agreement, 85
inclusion in Benelux agreements, 84
Lye, Trygve, 143g
Lyttleton, Oliver, 1st Viscount Chandos, 16,
18, 38, 143g
Man, Henri de, 24, 27, 143g
Manhattan Project, 51, 52
Mannheimer, Fritz, 23, 143g
MAP, 126
Marshall Plan, 115, 118, 119, 122, 123–4,
126, 130
Marxism, 5
Massigli, René, 88, 90, 91, 143g
Mayer, René, 90, 143g
McFadyean, Sir Andrew, 21, 38, 144g,
155n20
Meade, James, 72, 144g
Melville, Leslie G., 105
‘Memorialists’ [fi nancial experts], 61
Mendelssohn Bank, 23
Mendès France, Pierre, 88, 90, 91, 92, 93,
105, 107, 121, 144g
Metallgesellschaft [German company], 16
Milward, Alan S., 5, 118
Mises, Ludwig, 74, 75, 144g
Mitrany, David, 64, 160n35
Mladek, Jan, 117, 129, 144g
monetary blocs, 60, 80
monetary conferences
1920, 58, 61
1922, 58–9, 61–2
1927, 59, 62
1932, 59
1933, 60, 62, 67, 96, 104
see also Bretton Woods conference
[1944]
monetary parity, 101–3
Monnet, Jean, 11, 37, 88, 90–2, 93, 112,
144g
Morgan, Jean Pierpont, 14, 144g
Morgenthau, Henry, 105, 144g
Mossadegh, Mohammad, 129
Most Favoured Nation Clause, 59
Munich crisis 1938, 27
Murville, Maurice Couve de, 90
Mussolini, Benito, 21
mutual aid agreements, 48–50
Mutual Assistance Programme
see MAP
National Bank of Belgium, 6, 15, 23, 24, 79
losses of gold, 24, 27
National City Bank of New York, 104
National Committee of Liberation, 68
National Peace Council, 78
National Security Council document 68, 126
Nelson, Donald M., 45, 144g
Netherlands
customs union with Belgium, 82–6
government-in-exile, 80
Nicholson, Harold, 66
Niemeyer, Otto, 102, 144g
Nisot, Joseph, 105, 144g
non-ferrous metals sector, 16–18, 17t1.1, 51
Norman, Lord Montagu, 1, 21, 38, 59, 144g
Nothomb, Pierre, 10, 144g
Odell, J. S., 96, 165n4
OEEC, 126, 127
Oliphant, Sir Lancelot, 86, 145g
Organization Committee of the Reparations
see Reparations Commission
Organization for European Economic
Cooperation
see OEEC
Oslo Convention [1932], 79
Ottawa agreements [1932], 39–40, 42, 67, 79
Ouchy convention [1932], 39, 60, 79–80
Overby, Andrew, 124, 127, 129, 145g
par values
see exchange rates
parity
see monetary parity
Perry, Percival Lee Dewhurst, 1st Baron
Perry, 18, 38, 145g
Pierlot, Hubert, 27, 29, 33, 34, 35, 36t2.1,
43, 145g
Copyright
Index 191
Pisart, Fernand, 16, 18, 29, 51, 145g
Pity of War, Th e [Ferguson], 5
Pleven, René, 69, 90–2, 145g
Poincaré, Raymond, 12, 15, 21, 145g
Poland, invasion of 1939, 27
Pollack, Jacques, 126
Ponthoz, Robert van der Straten
see Straten Ponthoz, Robert van der
private interests, 47–55, 56, 134–5
profi ts, tax on, 28
protectionism, 60, 79–80, 93
Purvis, Arthur, 37, 145g
radium, 52, 158n88
rail transport, 11
Ramadier, Paul, 120, 145g
Raminski, Louis, 105, 117, 145g
Rathenau, Walter, 21, 145g
Reconstruction of Western Europe, Th e [Mil-
ward], 118
Rens, Joseph [also Jeff ], 73, 145g
Reparations Commission, 12
reverse lend-lease
see Lend-Lease agreements
Reynaud, Paul, 68, 145g
Richard, Raoul, 34, 36t2.1, 145g
Rioust de Largentaye, Jean, 73, 121, 145g
Rolin, Henri, 36t2.1
Rolin-Jaquemyns, Guillaume, 116, 146g
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 22, 29, 46, 60,
104, 113, 146g
Ruhr, 12, 14, 72
Saad, Ahmed Zaki, 117
Sachs, Alexander, 52, 146g
Sainte Adresse Declaration, 39, 55
Salter, Sir Arthur, 11, 21, 38, 146g
Savannah conference, 7, 71, 110–12,
115–18, 125, 127, 138g, 146g
Schachtian bilateral clearing system, 66
Schryver, August de, 36t2.1, 83, 146g
Schuman, Robert, 120–1, 146g
Schweizer, Marie-Pauline, 9, 146g
Second World War
American-Belgian relations, 44–7, 56
Anglo-Belgian relations, 37–44, 55
Belgian government-in-exile, 31–7,
36t2.1
Selliers de Moranville, Ernest de, 37, 105,
117, 128, 129, 146g
Sengier, Edgar, 17, 47, 50–1, 54, 146g
shipping agreements, 37
Shuman, Robert, 146g
Siepmann, Arthur, 38, 41–2, 146g
Silvercruys, Robert, 146g
Skidelsky, Lord
see Alexander, Robert Jacob, Baron
Skidelsky
Smuts, Jan, 87, 146g
Socialist Party [Belgium], 24
Société Financière de Transports et
d’Entreprises Industrielles, 44
Société Générale de Belgique, 12, 13, 15, 16,
18, 33, 47, 50, 51, 65
Société Générale des Minerais [company],
16, 17t1.1
Société Générale Industrielle et Chimique
du Haut Katanga, 17t1.1
Société Générale Métallurgique d’Hoboken,
17t1.1
Société Internationale Forestière et Minière,
17
Société Nationale de Crédit à L’Industrie,
100
Solvay [company], 36, 46, 47–8, 49
Southard, Frank Jr, 125, 146g
Souza, Eduardo da, 105
Spaak, Paul-Henri, 23, 27, 34, 35, 36t2.1, 41,
44–5, 46, 63, 78–9, 92, 98, 101, 123,
146g
and Benelux agreements, 81–2, 83–4,
87, 91
and British-American fi nancial plans,
103–4
end of Lend-Lease agreements, 114
stabilization fund, 69, 97–9, 101, 103, 107,
108t5.2, 109
Stavisky, Alexandre, 23, 147g
Stepanov, Michael, 105
sterling devaluation 1949, 124–6, 130
Stettinius, Edward Jr, 45, 147g
Straeten Ponthoz, Robert van der, 46, 147g
Stresemann, Gustav, 21, 147g
Strong, Benjamin, 59, 147g
Szilárd, Leon, 52, 147g
Copyright
192 Camille Gutt and Postwar International Finance
Taft , Robert, 104, 112, 147g
tariff reduction, 61
taxation, 14, 28
Th eunis, Georges, 4, 6, 15, 16, 65, 78, 100,
147g
as ambassador to US, 29, 44–7, 49–50
Bretton Woods conference [1944],
103–8, 109–10
as fi nance minister, 12
fi rst meeting with Gutt, 11
parliamentary inquiry, 24
postwar monetary parity, 102
as prime minister, 22
relationship with Francqui, 13
Tizard, Sir Henry Th omas, 52, 147g
Towers, Graham, 117, 147g
trade
liberalization of, 59, 64, 66, 126, 131
values, 59
Trade with the Enemy Act [1940], 47
transnationalism, 3–4
Treasury bonds, 14
Treatise of Money, A [Keynes], 66–7
Tripartite Monetary Agreement, 26
Truman, Harry S., 113, 147g
Union Carbide [company], 51
Union Minière du Haut-Katanga [copper
supplier], 16, 18, 50, 51
United Nations, 64
United Nations Conference of Trade and
Employment, 114
United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation
Administration Conference, 91
United States
American-Belgian relations, 44–7, 56
and Benelux agreements, 86
dollar scarcity, 119–20, 130
economic relations with Britain, 57
freezing of Belgian assets, 47–8
Lend-Lease agreements with Belgium,
7, 45, 46, 47, 48–50, 111, 112–15,
114t6.1, 135, 157n73
Marshall Plan, 123–4
negotiations over Congolese uranium,
50–4
postwar fi nancial plans, 95–101, 103–4
uranium, 50–4, 135
value added tax, 14
van der Straten Ponthoz, Robert
see Straten Ponthoz, Robert van der
Van Zeeland Experience in Belgium, 26
Vandervelde, Emile, 24, 147g
Vanlangenhove, Fernand, 147g
Vasseur, Pierre, 18
Versailles, Treaty of, 12, 151n10
Vinson, Frederick, 114, 117, 148g
Vleeschauwer, Albert de, 33, 34, 35, 36t2.1,
37, 140g
Voghel, Franz de, 116, 147g
Waley, David Sigismund, 38, 41, 71, 86, 89,
92, 102, 116, 147g
‘Wall of Money’, 23
Wall Street Crash [1929], 21, 59
war supplies, 43, 48–9
see also Cash and Carry System
Warburg, James P., 45, 148g
Western European Union, 85
Weyer, Georges, 129
White, Harry Dexter, 7, 48, 66, 69, 95,
99–100, 116, 148g, 165–6n9
and IMF, 115, 117
plans for postwar monetary cooperation,
97–101, 136
Wiesbaden agreement, 88–9
Winand, John, 53
Wood, Sir John Kingsley, 38, 41–2, 74, 148g
World Economic Conference [1927], 59
World War I
see First World War
Young, Owen D., 19, 45, 148g
Zeeland, Marcel van, 26
Zeeland, Paul van, 16, 61, 75, 78, 148g
and Benelux agreements, 84–5
credibility in US, 65
in exile in US, 44–5
postwar monetary parity, 101, 102
as prime minister, 25–6
relationship with Gutt, 24–5, 26, 29, 30,
63, 75, 154n75
report on postwar economic reconstruc-
tion, 61, 63–5