Index

Accidents, 32-33, 69occupational, 32

Acid precipitation, 127-130Actions, suggested, 141-142Advertising of products, 117Agency coordination, 105-106Aid, see International aidAiken, A.M., 27Air pollution, 7,127-130Alternatives, 29-30, 67-68

organizational, 106-109Ambient environmental quality, 116Ambio, 127Anderson, F.R., 87Animal studies, 23, 46-47, 65-66Asbestos, 22, 29Ashby, Lord Eric, 78, 79Assumption of risk, 84Australia, 36, 78, 81

Bacastow, R.B., 131Background level, 25-26, 28Baker, R., 107-109Balanced risk, 27, 29-30Beg, M. Arshad Ali, 135Behavioural models, 50-51Benefit, degree of, 85Benefit-cost analysis, 89-90Benefit-risk, 36-40, 91Best available technology, 78-81Best practicable means, 78-81

technology, 78Bioaccumulation, see BiomagnificationBiogeochemical cycles, 55-57Biomagnification, 47, 59Biosphere, 5Blodgett, J.E., 46, 47, 75Boundaries to the risk system, 21-25Burton, I., 141Butler, a.c., 48

Cameroun, 130Canada, 26, 35,36,40, 59,60, 73, 78,99,

102,1~,127,130,14O,143Cancer principles, 77Carbon dioxide, 131Carcinogens, 23Chad, 130China, 99, 102, 111Chronic diseases, 22, 23Clean Air Act, 78Climate, 5Clinical studies, 64Coal, 35, 37,126Cohen, B.L., 40Common national problems, 141Comparative risk, 26-36Coordination between agencies, 105-106Consequences, 85Cost-benefit analysis, 89-90Craig, P.P., 58Creyke, T.C., 28Critchley, a.H., 80Criteria, 71, 72-74,120Cyclamates, 139Cyclone, 136-137

Daly, Phyllis, xviiiDaniels, R.M., 87Davis, S.M., 108DDT, 38-40, 53-54, 57-59Deforestation, 7, 28Delaney Clause, 76-77Desertification, 7, 130-131, 137Developing countries, 7, 100-101, 114-115Development, 9,11Dieldrin, 57Disasters, 5, 9Doern, G.B., 117Dose-effect relationships, 41, 61-66Dose rate, 26

153

154

Drinking water standards, 118-119Drugs, 45, 81Dust storms, 7

East Africa, 22Eckholm, E.P., 134Ecodevelopment, ll-12Ecological monitoring, 5Economic considerations, 87-89Economic development, 9Economic links, 134-141EEC (European Economic Community),

44, 116, 120Effects, 22

long term, 23significant, 73

Efficacy, 81-82Egypt, 139Ehrlich, A., 58Ehrlich, P., 58Eilati, Shalom, xviiiEldin, Gerald, 143Elevated risk, 27, 28Emergency response, 123Emerging needs, 141Emission standards, 116Energy risks, 35-36, 126, 131Enforcement, 121-123England, 69Environmental links, 125-126Environmental models, 50Environmental monitoring, see MonitoringEnvironmental quality, 116Environmental risk management, 97Environmental risks, 3

major in developing countries, 7management, 11-13priority among, 4sources, 21to ecosystems, 24to human populations, 24types of, 8-10

Epidemiological studies, 65Ethiopia, 140European Commission, 111Evans, W.J., 132Event trees, 49-50Exchange of information, 139-141Extinction

of species, 7

Falk, Richard A., 142Farmer, F.R., xviiiFenner, Frank, xviii

Fertilizers, 7Fife, P .K., 85Fimreite, N., 140Finland,81Fire, 7Fish depletion, 7, 134

effect of mercury, 60Fjeld, B., 126Flood, 7Food chain, 55, 59France, 32, 81Frank, N.L., 136Friberg, L., 41Functional structure, 106-109

Genetic effects, 45Germany, 32, 78,130,135, 136Ghana, 99Gibson, S.B., 80Global Environmental Monitoring

Systems (GEMS), 44Global hazards, 131Global models, 55Global risks, 144Gour-Tanguay, 7, 100, 114Grundlach, E.R., 133Guidelines, 117

Hallberg, R.O., 57Hare, F.K., 27, 132, 133Harm, probability of, 85Harper, F.V., 82Harrison, J.M., 27Hazard

natural, 7-8risks as, 1

Health effects, 22, 41Health surveillance, 112

public, 8Heeney, 143Hernberg, S., 22, 73Holcombe Institute, xvHoldgate, Martin W., 53, 56, 57Holdren, P., 58Hungarian Academy of Sciences, xvii,

xviiiHussain, S.A., 136

ICSU, xv, 143Impast assessment, 2India, 28, 99, 130, 138, 139Indicators of stress, 6Information exchange, 139-141Inhaber, H.M., 35, 36

International activities, 142International aid, 136-138International collaboration in risk

management, 125-144International Commission on Radiological

Protection, 117International Joint Commission, 130, 143International Referral System, 142International trade, 134-136International treaty, 143International Union for the Conservation

of Nature and Natural Resources(IUCN), 6

Internationally valued sites, 138-139Institutional arrangements, 98-109Institutions for risk management, 142-143Irukayama, K., 60Israel, 99Ivory Coast, 99Izmerov, N.F., 73

Jamaica, 78James, F., 82Japan, 59, 60, 81Jensen, S., 60Jernelov, A., 60Johnson, H., 7,100,114Johnson, H.A., 58Johnson, J.M., 7,100,114

Kasperson, Roger, xviiiKassas, M., 130Kates, Robert W., xvi, 10, 11Keeling, C.D., 131Kellogg, W.W., 131Kenya, 105Khosla, Dr. Ashok, xvii, xviiiKneese, Allen V., 135, 136Knowledge of risk, 86Korea, 81Kuratsune, M., 59

Labelling and advertising of products, 117Landsberg, H.H., 131Lang, Istvan, xviiLawless, E.W., 70Lawrence, P.R., 108Lead,21,22,28,42-43,57, 73,134,135-

136Legal interpretations, 86-87Legislation, 113.116Legislative considerations, 70-82Leiftinck, P., 28Liability, 84-85

155

Lin, S.c., 132Linstedt, G., 60Lofroth, G., 60, 140Long-term effects, 23Lowrance, W. W., 64, 116

McGinty, L., 69Machta, L., 132Magnitude of consequences, 85Malagassy,107Mali, 107Management ofrisks, 10-13,95-123Marine oil spills, 133Marstrand, P., 33, 34Martin, B., 5Matrix organizations, 108, 110Mehretu, Assefa, xviiiMercury, 60,137,140Minimata disease, 140Ministry of Energy, Mines and Resources

(Can.), 27Misham, E.J., 89Modelling, 18-21, 48-61Models, 15-21

behavioural,50-51environmental, 50global, 55non-quantitative, 53-55

Monitoring, 4-5, 19-21,43,44-45, 110-112Mootooka, P.S., 24,104Munn, R.E., xviii, 6, 41, 42, 44, 72, 132

National Academy of Sciences (Wash.), 37National Chief Environmental Risk

Manager, 97National policy and risk evaluations, 67-

93National problems in common, 141National risk management institutions, 142National risk profile, 96-98Natural background levels, 25-26, 28Natural disasters, 5, 9Natural hazards, 7-8Natural resources, 8Negligence, 83NEP A, 87Netherlands, 81,130New Guinea, 99, 107New products as risk, 10Newick, P., 33, 34Newman, J.L., 137Nicaragua, 140Niger, 107, 130Nigeria, 130, 140

156

Nitrogen cycle, 56Noise, 7Norway, 81Nuclear power, 35, 37, 49-50Nuisance, 83

Obligations de voisinage, 83O'Brien, R.D., 59Occupational accident rates, 32, 37Ocean~, 5OECD (Organisation for Economic

Cooperation and Development), 24,44,127, 128, 129, 130, 143

Oil, 7, 35,133Organizational alternatives, 106-109

matrix, 108, 110O'Riordan, Timothy, xviiiOttar, Brynjulf, 128Overgrazing, 7Ozone, 19,55,132

Pakistan, 28,107,134,135,136Pakistan Council of Scientific and

Industrial Research Laboratories,134, 135

Pandey, S., 130Pathways, 17-19Perception-behaviour model, 51-53Perception of risk 15, 20Perry, H., 131Persistent substances, 55-61Pesticides, 7, 24, 38-40, 46-47, 68, 99, 102-

104Philippines, 99, 140Phillips, M.L., 72Pittock, A.B., 19Pochin, Edward E., xviii, 31, 32Pollutants, 5

priority, 6Pollution control, 116Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 57,

59-60President's Advisory Committee, 76Priority risks, 6-8, 12Probabilistic models, 53-55Probability

of harm, 85risks as, 1

Product packaging, 117Prospective studies, 65Prossner, W.L., 83, 85Public health, 8Public policy, 67-70

Rabinovitch, Jorge, xviiiRadiation, 23, 26-27

Reasonableness, 71,82-83Regulation, 121-123Research, 110

and monitoring, 110-112Research Institute for Biology (Hungary),

xviiResources, 8

management, 107-108Response, emergency, 123Retrospective studies, 65ReVelle, c., 60ReVelle, P., 60Risk

as hazard, 1as probability, 1assumption of, 84balanced, 27, 29-30comparative context, 26-36comparisons, 20-36, 71definitions of, 1-3elevated, 28knowledge of, 86of alternatives, 25priorities, 4, 12sources, 21to ecosystems, 24

Risk-benefit, 27, 36,70-71,91Risk estimation, 10,41-66Risk evaluation, 11

and national policy, 67-93Risk identification, 10,41-66Risk management, 10-13,97

international collaboration in, 125-144tasks, 109-123

Risk management institutions, national,142

Risk system, boundaries of, 21-25Rjazanov, V.A., 73Ross, Charles R., 143Roy, B.B., 130

Saccharin, 40Sadove, A.R., 28Sanderson, H.P., 72Saudi Arabia, 140Scientific criteria, 72-74Scientific knowledge, 139-141SCOPE, xv, xvi, xvii, 10,48,56,57, 134,

135, 141Scotland, 59Screening, 43, 45-48, 112Sella, F., 5Sinclair, G., 33, 34Sites, of unique value, 138-139

Skorfuing, S., 60Slovic, 91Socio-economic links, 134-141Soderlung, R., 56Soil degradation, 7Somers, E., xviiiSources of risk, 21South Africa, 36, 99Sri Vatsa, Laxmipurom P., 139Standards, 116

emission, 116for drinking water, 118-119salting, 116

Stannard, F.B., 31Starr, c., 37, 91Stress, gradients, 20

indicators of, 6Substitutes, see AlternativesSulphur cycle, 57Sulphur dioxide, 128-129Super-agencies, 105Surgeon General's Advisory Committee

on Smoking and Health (USA), 73Surveillance, 43-45, 112Svensson, B.H., 56Sweden, 60, 70,81,95,139,140Switzerland, 81,130

Taiwan, 81, 99, 102Taj Mahal, risk assessment for, 138-139Tchad Basic Commission, 130Techniques, selection of, 41Technological models, 50Technology, best available, 78-81Testing and screening, 43, 45-48, 112Thailand, 99, 105Threshold levels, 62-63Tomatis, L., 59TOSCA, 83, 86, 92,140Toxic waste disposal, 7Train, Russell, xviiiTrans-border problems, 127Transportation risks, 33-34Trade, international, 134-136Treshow, M., 59Tropical cyclone, 136-137

Uganda, 107UK Department of the Environment, 105UK Health and Safety Commission, 35,

36,69UK Nuclear Installations Inspectorate, 80UN Disaster Relief Office, 142Uncertainty, 19-20UNESCO, 137, 139

157

Unique sites, 138-139United Kingdom, 33, 34, 35,45, 69, 70,

72, 73, 75, 78, 79, 80, 84, 98, 106,111,116,120,122,134,135

United Nations Environment Programme(UNEP), xv, xvii, xviii, 6, 44, 133,141, 142

United Soviet Socialist Republic (USSR),73

Urgency, 68US AEC (Atomic Energy Commission),

50,52US Department of Agriculture, 75US Environmental Protection Agency

(EPA), 29, 38, 39, 40, 46, 60, 64, 65,68,76,77,105, 123, 140

US Food and Drug Administration, 46,76,77,81

US National Academy of Sciences(USNAS), 131, 132, 133

US National Commission on ProductSafety, 82

USA, xv, 24, 29, 36,40,44, 46,47, 60, 69,70,72,73,75-80,83-87,99,106,117,123, 125, 127, 130, 132, 133, 136,139, 140, 143

USA Occupational Safety and HealthAdministration, 80

Value oflife, 33Valued sites, 138-139Variability, 19Voluntary risks, 4

Warning systems, 9, 44Warren, D.V., 34Wasserman, Dora, 59Wasserman, M., 59Waste disposal, 7Water pollution, 7Water supply, 7, 44,141

quality, 74, 118-119, 141Weinberg, A., 23White, G.F., 53, 56, 57WHO (World Health Organization), 41,

42,45,73,74,91,117,118,141,142Whyte, A.V.T., 51, 54Wollan, M.J., 84Wood's Hole Oceanographic Institute,

xvi

Woodwell, G.M;., 58, 131

Yusho disease (Japan), 59

Zero exposure, 74-77Zero risk, 74-77