855

Index

Special Characters> (angle bracket, close), “greater than” query

operator, 796>= (angle bracket, close–equal sign), “greater than

or equal” query operator, 796< (angle bracket, open)

“less than” query operator, 796polar coordinate delimiter, 111

<= (angle bracket, open–equal sign), “less than or equal” query operator, 796

< > (angle brackets)“not equal” query operator, 796dimension text indicators, 398

>> (angle brackets, double close), transparent command prompt indicator, 102

' (apostrophe), transparent command character,91, 102

* (asterisk)mathematical operator, 194polyline outline deletion character, 841wild-card character, 160

@ (at sign)relative/polar coordinate specifier, 111wild-card character, 160

\ (backslash)format code, 390word wrap character, 391

^ (caret)mathematical operator, 194stacked text indicator, 361, 362, 390

^C^C, cancel command prefix, 91{ } (curly braces), format change characters, 391° (degree sign), creating, 424∅ (diameter symbol), creating, 424$$ (dollar signs), bound named object name

dividers, 469, 470. . . (ellipsis), 328= (equal sign) conditional query operator, 796 ⁄ (forward slash). See ⁄ (slash, forward)

- (hyphen)dialog box suppression character, 102wild-card character, 160

least material condition symbol, 439, maximum material condition symbol, 439

– (minus sign)mathematical operator, 194

– (minus sign)zoom cursor, 207

( ) (parentheses), mathematical operators, 194% (percent sign), creating, 424. (period), wild-card character, 160+ (plus sign)

acquired points indicator, 182mathematical operator, 194UCS icon symbol, 116zoom cursor, 207

± (tolerance symbol), tolerance symbol, 424# (pound sign)

stacked text indicator, 361, 362, 390wild-card character, 160

’ (prime symbol), feet specifier, 112

projected tolerance symbol, 440? (question mark), wild-card character, 160` (quotation mark, reverse), wild-card character,

160 regardless-of-feature-size symbol, 439

/ (slash, forward)mathematical operator, 194stacked text indicator, 361, 362, 390

[ ] (square brackets)alternate units delimiter, 425wild-card characters, 160

[ ~ ] (square brackets enclosing leading tilde), wild-card characters, 160

~ (tilde)incorrect word flag, 387wild-card character, 160

856 | Index

_ (underscore), foreign language translation character, 91

| (vertical bar), dependent named-object name divider, 463, 470

Numbers2D Cartesian coordinates (X, Y coordinates)

absolute, 110locating points with, 108, 200relative, 110, 111specifying, 108, 110

2D coordinatesspecifying, 110–113

2D images, mapping onto 3D object surfaces,706–713

2D objectspositioning in 3D space, 621See also objects (AutoCAD)

2D Solid option (Surfaces, Draw menu), 1442D solids. See solid-filled areas; solid fills2D surfaces, 3192D coordinates

See also 2D Cartesian coordinates (X, Y coordinates); polar coordinates

3 Point option (New UCS, Tools menu), 114, 5913D (three dimensions). See 3D space3D Array option (3D Operation, Modify menu),

640, 6413D Cartesian coordinates (X, Y, Z coordinates)

extracting from selected points, 583locating points with, 200specifying, 583

3D command, 623, 633–6353D coordinates

cylindrical, 584specifying, 109, 112, 582–586spherical, 586See also 3D Cartesian coordinates (X, Y, Z

coordinates)3D faces

creating, 624editing, 648surfaces defined by, 664

3D graphics, display options, 79, 5983D Graphics System Configuration dialog box,

5983D images, 662–726

lighting, 683–686smoothness, 674types, 662See also hidden-line images; rendered

images; shaded images3D Mesh option (Surfaces, Draw menu), 6243D meshes. See meshes (faceted surfaces)3D Mirror option (3D Operation, Modify

menu), 642

3D modeling, 619–639, 663–665abutting objects and, 664–665drafting techniques, 672intersecting faces and, 672intersecting objects and, 664–665methods, 620, 621, 663overlapping faces and, 673rendering, 669surfaces defined for, 663–664uses, 620

3D modeling. See 3D objects3D models. See 3D images; 3D objects3D objects

abutting (touching) objects, 664arraying, 640–641clipping, in 3D orbit view, 609–610complexity, 672creating, 619–639display options, 598editing, 639–644, 645–659export file format, 834extending, 642–644filleting, 644intersecting objects, 664, 665mapping 2D images onto, 706–713mirroring, 642orbiting, 611rendering, 669, 677rotating, 639simulating, 166top and bottom surfaces, 663trimming, 642–644types, 620

converting between, 621visualizing, 589wireframes, 620, 621, 662, 854See also 3D images; 3D views (in 3D model

space); hiding hidden lines; meshes (faceted surfaces); rendering; shading; solids; surfaces; 3D images

3D Operation (Modify menu), 282options, 640–642

3D orbit view, 601adjusting camera distance, 604adjusting clipping planes, 609continuous orbit (motion), 611cursor-icon shapes, 602panning in, 603parallel projections, 605perspective projections, 606rotating, 602visual aids, 608zooming in, 604

3D Rotate option (3D Operation, Modify menu), 640

Index | 857

3D shapes, 620, 623, 6323D solids. See solids3D space

defining UCSs in, 591positioning 2D objects in, 621viewing drawings in, 612–617

interactive viewing in, 601–611working in, 34, 581–617See also 3D objects; 3D views (in 3D model

space)3D Studio, exporting/importing files to and

from, 7263D Studio files

creating, 834importing, 839

3D surfaces, 3193D tools, new tools in AutoCAD 2000, 353D views (in 3D model space)

changing to a plan view, 615clipping objects from, 616defining, 616export file format, 834graphics display options, 79, 598multiple viewports, 594–596new features, 34parallel projections, 616perspective views, 616removing hidden lines, 617restoring orthographic views, 597–598rotating, 613setting, 662

with the compass and axis tripod, 615standard projections, 587standard views, 586viewing and editing options, 596

3DARRAY command, 640–6413DCLIP command, 6103DCORBIT command, 6113DFACE command, 145, 6243DMESH command, 6243DORBIT command, 34, 601, 603–612

CAMERA command and, 600, 603exiting, 603GRID command and, 609presetting the view, 612resetting the view, 612starting, 602using command options, 601

3DPAN command, 6033DS files. See 3D Studio files3DSIN command, 726, 8393DSOUT command, 7263DZOOM command, 604

Aabsolute coordinates, 110, 843

2D (X, Y), 110cylindrical, 585

acad.fmp file, 380acad.ps (AutoCAD PostScript interpreter), 842acad.psf file, 837acad14.cfg file

extracting linetype and lineweight information from, 576

importing settings from, 546, 576accuracy. See precisionACI (AutoCAD Color Index) numbers, 331ACIS files

creating, 833importing, 839

ACISOUT command, 833acquired points (object snap tracking),

acquisition methods, 182, 184actions

redoing, 105undoing, 104

ActiveX Automation, 39ActiveX, new features, 38adaptive sampling, 843

in anti-aliasing, 676ADCNAVIGATE system variable, 857Add Plot Style Table wizard, 558–559Add-a-Plotter wizard, 547, 823ADE. See dbConnect ManagerAdjust option, Image option (Object, Modify

menu), 748Advanced Modeling Extension application. See

AMEAdvanced Setup wizard, starting drawings, 48Aerial View, 216–219

displaying the entire drawing, 219panning with, 216, 218resizing the image, 219updating of, 219zooming with, 216, 217–218See also Aerial View window

Aerial View (View menu), 216, 218Aerial View window, 216

illustrated, 216opening/closing, 216view box, 216, 217, 218

affine calibration, 843AFLAGS system variable, 455aliases, 843aliasing, 675, 843

filtering (in rendering), 708Aligned (Dimension menu), 396, 399

858 | Index

aligned dimensions, 843creating, 396, 398illustrated, 394, 398stretching, 408See also dimensions; linear dimensions

aligningdimension text, 410, 421the grid, 164objects, 281

in floating viewports, 540at intervals, 186

the snap, 164–165text. See justificationviews, in floating viewports, 540

alignment paths (AutoTrack), 178, 183display options, 184

All option (ZOOM command), 215ALT+DOWN ARROW keys, opening settings list,

262ALT+TAB keys, accessing the Render window,

681ALT+UP ARROW keys, closing settings list, 262alternate units (for dimensions), 425

multiplier, 425placing, 425

Alternate Units tabModify Dimension Style dialog box, 433New Dimension Style dialog box, 417, 425

ambient color, 843ambient color (of materials), 700

setting, 702ambient light, 684, 843

reflection of, 693AME (Advanced Modeling Extension

application), 726AME objects, 726AME solids, 672AMECONVERT command, 726American National Standards Institute. See ANSIAmerican Standard Code for Information

Interchange (ASCII), 844‘and‘ query operator, 799ANGBASE system variable, 69, 111ANGDIR system variable, 69, 111, 140, 651angle bracket, open (<), polar coordinate

delimiter, 111angle brackets (< >)

“not equal” query operator, 796dimension text indicators, 398

angle brackets, double close (>>), transparent command prompt indicator, 102

angle direction, specifying, 69angle method, drawing xlines, 191angle of incidence, 692angle of reflection, 692

anglescalculating, 195chamfering objects by specifying, 301dimensioning, 402of faces to lights, 689falloff angle, 685, 695hotspot angle, 685, 695for polar coordinates, 111reference angles, 279–280relative angles, 279rotation angle, for text, 365, 378, 391smoothing angle, 673snap angle, 164–165, 852snap rotation angles, 277spotlight angles, 685, 695text obliquing angle, 377See also angular dimensions; angular units;

polar anglesAngular (Dimension menu), 396, 402angular dimensions, 402, 843

creating, 396, 402definition points (illustrated), 406formatting, 424illustrated, 394See also baseline dimensions; dimensions

angular units, 843specifying, 68

for angular dimensions, 424types, 109

annotations, 394, 412, 843text options, 413See also dimension text; dimensions

anonymous blocks, 446, 843ANSI (American National Standards Institute),

844anti-aliasing, 675–676, 844

adaptive sampling, 676control levels, 676in image mapping, 708

aperture box (AutoSnap), 170apostrophe (’ ), transparent command character,

91, 102Apparent Intersection object snap, 168, 172apparent intersections, snapping to, 172applications

destination, 750Render-related, 726source, 750using AutoCAD information in other

applications, 752–754using information from other applications

in AutoCAD, 754Apply option (UCS New, Tools menu), 118, 594approximation points, 844

See also fit points (for spline curves)

Index | 859

Arc (Draw menu), 135ARC command, 135, 141Arc option (Ellipse, Draw menu), 141arcball (of interactive viewing in 3D), 601architectural units

specifying, 112, 423zero feet/inch display suppression, 427

archiving drawings, 469arcs

converting donuts into, 142dimension line arcs, 847dimensioning, 401, 402drawing, 135–137

in polylines, 124elliptical, 140filleting, 306joining to polylines, 295as rendered into PostScript, 836smoothness, and AutoCAD performance,

84snapping to tangent points on, 176starting lines at the end of, 137See also objects (AutoCAD)

AREA command, 147, 196, 198, 199Area option (Inquiry, Tools menu), 196, 198areas

calculating, 196–200combined, subtracting areas from, 198–200enclosed, hatching, 149hatching, 148–156See also plot area

ARG files (profile text files), 82Array (Modify menu), 276ARRAY command, 276, 639arraying

2D objects, 275–2773D objects, 640–641

arrays, 844creating, 275–277in 3D, 640–641polar, 275, 641, 851rectangular, 275, 276, 640

arrow keys, moving the cursor, 262arrowheads, 395, 436, 844

creating, 436illustrated, 844placing in relation to extension lines, 421specifying, 419, 437types, 419

arrows. See arrowheadsASCII (American Standard Code for Information

Interchange), 844See also text files

ASE links, converting to AutoCAD 2000 format,808–810

Asian fonts. See Big Fontsaspect ratio, 844

associative dimensions, 844See also definition points (of dimensions)

associative hatches, 82, 148creating, 149–150disassociating, 309removing associativity, 149, 309selecting, 309updating of, 308, 309

associative hatching, 844asterisk (*)

mathematical operator, 194polyline outline deletion character, 841wild-card character, 160

At Least option (Line Spacivtng tab, Multiline Text Editor), 366

at sign (@)relative/polar coordinate specifier, 111wild-card character, 160

attachingattributes to blocks, 455materials, 704–705plot style tables to layouts and viewports,

559raster images, 729–731

with AutoCAD DesignCenter, 505from the Internet, 743

xrefs, 463–464with AutoCAD DesignCenter, 505from the Internet, 816vs. overlaying xrefs, 466

See also linkingATTDEF command, 454, 455ATTDISP command, 455ATTEDIT command, 293, 456attenuation of light, 685, 694, 844

calculation methods, 694rate options, 690See also falloff angle (of spotlights)

ATTEXT command, 459ATTREDEF command, 455Attribute Definition dialog box, 454attribute definitions, 844

creating, 454editing, 455, 485mirroring, 274redefining, 453as rendered into PostScript, 836thickness, 631

Attribute Extraction dialog box, 459attribute extraction files. See attribute

information filesattribute extraction template files. See extraction

template filesattribute information files

creating, 459formats, 458records, 457See also extraction template files

860 | Index

Attribute option (Object, Modify menu), 456attribute tag fields, in extraction template files,

457attribute tags, 844attribute values, 844attributes (block-associated text), 443, 453–459

attaching to blocks, 455block redefinitions and, 453characteristics, 454constant, 453, 454creating, 454–455editing, 456extracting attribute information, 454,

456–459and hatch lines, 155mirroring, 274multiple, 454, 455as rendered into PostScript, 836variable, 186, 453visibility, 454, 455

AUNITS system variable, 69AUPREC system variable, 69Auto Axis, material orientation calculations, 670Auto Viewport (Options menu in Aerial View

window), 219AutoCAD

documentationHelp, 41learning tools (tutorials), 40, 41online documents, 38, 41ordering, 40printed manuals, 39

drawing environment in AutoCAD 2000,512

earlier release drawings, PostScript font display, 380

earlier releases, updating of pre-Release 13 Render blocks, 725

exiting, 66getting started, 45–66learning, 38–42, 95new features, 34–38performance. See performance optimizationproduct resources, 43running from a write-protected directory,

74starting, 46–47using AutoCAD information in other

applications, 752–754using information from other applications

in, 754See also AutoCAD environment; AutoCAD

2000

AutoCAD 2000drawing environment, 512–520new features, 34–38plotting design and process, 550

AutoCAD 2000 Drawing format. See AutoCAD 2000 format

AutoCAD 2000 formatand AutoCAD performance, 85automatic saving in, 77lineweights from pre-AutoCAD 2000 formats

in, 340AutoCAD 2000 Learning Assistance lessons

CD, 40AutoCAD 2000 Web site, 43AutoCAD Color Index (ACI) numbers, 331AutoCAD DesignCenter, 34, 491–510

attaching raster images, 505attaching xrefs, 505content types accessible to, 493copying blocks between drawings, 506displaying, 494Find dialog box, 501–503inserting blocks, 504–505opening drawings, 501overlaying xrefs, 505palette, 493, 496–500preference options, 80resizing, 494toolbar options, 495tree view, 493, 494–495undocking/docking, 494uses, 493See also drawing content management

AutoCAD display. See screen displayAutoCAD documentation suggestions, errors, or

questions, 43AutoCAD environment

modifying, 73–85setting options, 73

redrawing the screen, 852See also AutoCAD window; drawing

environment; help; screen displayAutoCAD format, 270

converting WMF files to, 271–272See also AutoCAD 2000 format

AutoCAD Help topics (Help menu), 42AutoCAD interface. See AutoCAD windowAutoCAD 2000 Learning Assistance tutorials

CD, 40Help menu, 38, 41

AutoCAD library search paths, 844AutoCAD objects. See objects (AutoCAD)AutoCAD Plotter Manager, 549

Index | 861

AutoCAD PostScript interpreter, 842AutoCAD PostScript support file. See PostScript

support fileAutoCAD Render. See Render (renderer)AutoCAD Runtime Extension (ARX)

(programming language), 157AutoCAD Support Assistance, 41AutoCAD window, 55–58

See also command line; command window; dialog boxes; drawing area; menus; screen display; text window; toolbars

Autodesk Favorites folder, 492, 508adding shortcuts to content sources, 508listing content sources, 509organizing content sources, 509

Autodesk product resources, 43Autodesk Website, 43automatic save, file location, 75Automatically Zoom Drawing option, 782AutoPan, 782Autoscaling, 504AutoShade information, opening drawings

containing, 725AutoSnap, 170

changing settings, 170preference options, 80

AutoStack, 360AutoStack Properties dialog box, 361AutoSurf surfaces, converting into meshes, 674AutoTrack, 34, 178–184

changing settings, 183preference options, 80See also polar tracking; object snap tracking

axesof ellipses, 139right-hand rule, 582in the world coordinate system, 108

axis tripod (in 3D model space), 615, 845setting 3D views, 615

Bback faces (of 3D objects), 845back faces (of 3D solids)

leaving in, 672removing, 670–672rendering, 672

Back option (UNDO command), 105background color, for rendering, 678background images, merging renderings with,

681–683background objects, hiding, 666Background option (Render, View menu), 682backgrounds, bitonal raster images, 746backslash (\)

format code, 390word wrap character, 391

backup drawings, creating, 78base grips, 247base point, 845

for copying objects, 266insertion base point, 448, 450snap angle base point, 165

Baseline (Dimension menu), 396, 404baseline dimensions, 403, 845

creating, 396, 403–404dimension line spacing, 418illustrated, 394, 403See also dimensions

batch plotting, 579BATCHPLT utility, 579beam angles of spotlights (hotspots), 685, 695Begin option (UNDO command), 105beveling objects. See chamferingBezier curves, 845BHATCH command, 146, 148, 150, 156, 542Big Fonts, 374

mapping to other fonts, 382specifying, 374, 375

bills of materials (BOMs). See parts listsBind option (XREF command), 469binding

dependent named objects to drawings, 470object properties to drawings, 489xrefs to drawings, 469–470, 845

BINDTYPE system variable, 490bisector method, drawing xlines, 192bitmaps (BMP images), 845

displaying, 682, 717mapping onto 3D object surfaces, 706–713pasting into AutoCAD, 270saving, 724See also aliasing; anti-aliasing; BMP files

bitonal raster images, 744, 748background transparency, 746boundaries, 746coloring, 746

bitplanes, and rendering, 676Blip mode, 232BLIPMODE system variable, 201blips, 201, 232, 845

turning on/off, 232Block (Insert menu), 451BLOCK command, 146, 436, 448, 453Block Definition dialog box, 447block definitions, 444, 447, 845

creating, 447–449creating icons for, 448saving, 449

block descriptionscreating, 448customizing, 510displaying, 499, 500editing, 452

862 | Index

Block Edit (Modify menu), 486block instances. See block referencesblock names, resolving conflicts, 508block objects

assigning properties to, 446layers, 445properties, 445

block references (instances), 444, 445, 845See also blocks

BLOCKICON command, 448, 499blocks, 443, 444–453, 845

anonymous, 446, 843arrowheads as, 436attaching attributes to, 455binding xrefs as, 469–470clipdepth, 483clipping boundaries, 481–483colors, 253copying between drawings, 506defining, 447–449descriptions. See block descriptionsediting, 35, 484–488

discarding changes, 490saving changes, 489–490

exploding, 293, 452, 847grips within, 246, 247

enabling, 247hyperlinks in, 821inserting, 444, 450–451

default scale and rotation method, 504at intervals, 186–189specified coordinates, scale, and

rotation method, 504with AutoCAD DesignCenter, 504–505

insertion base point, 448, 450layers of objects in, 445named, 158nested, 445Object Properties toolbar and, 250object property values, 250and OLE objects, 750organizing related blocks, 510orienting, 451properties of objects in, 445redefining, 452rendering process, 706saving, 449scaling, 286, 444selecting, 186unnamed (anonymous), 446, 843updating, of pre-Release 13 Render blocks,

725uses, 444vs. xrefs, 460See also block definitions; named objects;

title blocksBMAKE command, 448, 453

BMP files, 845creating, 835saving rendered images to, 717, 724See also bitmaps (BMP images)

BMP images. See bitmaps (BMP images)BMPOUT command, 835bold typeface, formatting text in, 354, 358BOMs (bills of materials). See parts listsBoolean (Modify menu), 147bound named objects, names, 469bound xrefs, in partially open drawings, 313boundaries

creating regions from, 146of floating viewports, redefining, 543implied, extending objects to, 288polyline, 146specifying boundary corners for zooming,

209See also clipping boundaries; drawing limits;

hatch boundaries; raster image boundaries

Boundary (Draw menu), 146BOUNDARY command, 146, 147, 150Boundary Hatch dialog box, 149, 153, 156

Pattern option, 309boundary sets (of 3D solid faces), 648boundary sets (of hatches), 153

defining, and defining hatch boundaries with, 153–154

limiting, 153BOX command, 633Box option (Solids, Draw menu), 633boxes

pickbox, 234solid boxes, 633view box (Aerial View), 216, 217, 218

braces (curly) ({ })format change characters, 391format codes, 391

brackets. See angle brackets (< >); square brackets ([ ])

Break (Modify menu), 292BREAK command, 292breaking

links, 758objects, 292

brightnessadjusting in raster images, 748of colors, 690

broken pencil icon, 116Browse the Web dialog box, 814–816

adding to your system, 814opening drawings from the Internet, 813saving drawings to the Internet, 816specifying the default Internet location,

814Browse/Search dialog box, 53

Index | 863

browser. See drawing browserbrowsing, through drawing files, 53B-spline curves, 845

Bezier curves, 845See also spline curves (NURBS curves)

bump maps, 707, 710, 845blend value, 708brightness setting, 703

Button Editor, 93button icons. See toolbar button iconsbutton macros, creating, 91button menus, 845Button Properties dialog box, 91buttons

button menus, 845flyout buttons, 92mouse buttons, 62tablet buttons, 64See also toolbar buttons

BYBLOCK property, 330, 445, 446, 845color values, 251, 253linetype values, 251, 255lineweight values, 251plot style values, 572

BYLAYER property, 330, 445, 446, 845color values, 251, 253linetype values, 251, 255lineweight values, 251plot style values, 572

CCAL command, 193–195CalComp devices, plotting with, 576calculating

angles, 195areas, 196–200circumferences, 196distance, 195evaluating expressions, 194perimeters, 196points, 193, 194values, 193

calibrating a digitizing tablet, 64camera (in 3D model space)

adjusting distance in 3D orbit view, 604positioning, 600

camera blocks (pre-Release 13), updating of, 725CAMERA command, 600

and 3DORBIT command, 600, 603canceling commands, 99caret (^)

mathematical operator, 194stacked text indicator, 361, 362, 390

Cartesian coordinate systems, 108Cartesian coordinates. See 2D Cartesian

coordinates (X, Y coordinates); 3D Cartesian coordinates (X, Y, Z coordinates)

catalogs (in databases), 768, 809CDF (comma-delimited file) format, 458CECOLOR system variable, 332cells (in databases), 766CELTSCALE system variable, 339, 539CELTYPE system variable, 131, 334CELWEIGHT system variable, 343Center Mark (Dimension menu), 397, 401 center marks, 395

creating, 397, 401formatting, 419

Center object snap, 168, 173Center option (ZOOM command), 214center points, snapping to, 173centering views on points, 213centerlines, 395

creating, 397, 401displaying, 419

CFG files, 558chain dimensions. See continued dimensionsChamfer (Modify menu), 301, 302, 303, 645CHAMFER command, 301, 645CHAMFERA system variable, 301CHAMFERB system variable, 301CHAMFERC system variable, 302CHAMFERD system variable, 302chamfered objects, trimming, 302chamfering, 299–303

distance method, 300length and angle method, 301solids, 645without trimming, 302

chamfers, 300CHAMMODE system variable, 301, 302CHANGE command, 353, 455, 631, 632, 663Change Dictionaries dialog box, 386, 387Change Source dialog box, 758character formatting

applying, 349, 357–362removing, 354

character matching, in Object Properties toolbar lists, 250

Character tab (Multiline Text Editor), 357, 357–362

charactersadjusting spaces between, 390formatting. See character formattingISO 8859 Latin/1 character set as rendered

into PostScript, 836See also special characters

Check option (Solids Editing, Modify menu),659

Check option (SQL Query tab), 802Check Spelling dialog box, 385checking solids, 659CHPROP command, 632, 663Circle (Draw menu), 134CIRCLE command, 134, 633

864 | Index

circles, 319calculating areas/circumferences, 197dimensioning, 401, 402drawing, 133–135

tangent to objects, 134, 176drawing polygons from, 130export file format, 834filleting, 306isometric, 141offsetting, 272as rendered into PostScript, 836scaling, 286smoothness, and AutoCAD performance,

84snapping to tangent points on, 176solid-filled, 141surfaces defined by added thickness, 663See also objects (AutoCAD)

circular arrow (3D orbit view cursor-icon shape),602

circular references (between xrefs), 479, 845circumferences, calculating, 196circumscribed polygons, drawing, 131clapper blocks (pre-Release 13), updating of, 725CLAYER system variable, 318Clean option (Solids Editing, Modify menu), 659cleaning solids, 658Clipboard (Windows)

controlling the background for metafiles, 269, 270

copying objects to, 269copying objects with lineweights, 339copying rendered images to, 722copying views into other documents, 752cutting objects to, 269pasting objects from, 270–271pasting text from, 369performance optimization, 731

clipdepth (xrefs/blocks), specifying, 483clipping

3D objects, 616in 3D orbit view, 609–610

floating viewports, 543raster images, 735–737xrefs/blocks, 481–483

clipping boundaries (raster images), 735changing, 736deleting, 737

clipping boundaries (xrefs/blocks), 481–483and clipdepth, 483displaying, 482specifying, 482types, 482

clipping planes, 846in 3D orbit view, 609turning on/off, 610for xrefs/blocks, 483

Close (File menu), 66

Close button, in a drawing, 66CLOSE command, 66closing

the Aerial View window, 216drawings, 66See also hiding

CMLSTYLE system variable, 129CMYK color system, 846codes. See control codes (text)coefficient of reflectivity, 702Color (Format menu), 332COLOR command, 255, 332Color control (Object Properties toolbar),

253–255color control, overriding object color with plot

style, 566, 568color depth (for bitmaps), 676

editing for rendering, 683Color Edges option (Solids Editing, Modify

menu), 655Color Faces option (Solids Editing, Modify

menu), 655color mapping table (AutoCAD Release 14), 565color mapping, for imported PostScript images,

842color maps, 846color names, 331color numbers, 331color systems, 690color-dependent plot style tables

converting pen settings from previous AutoCAD versions into, 577

creating, 557–559color-dependent plot styles, 554coloring

bitonal raster images, 746dimension lines, 418dimension text, 420edges (of 3D solids), 655faces (of 3D solids), 654materials, 702–703multilines, 129raster image boundaries, 745text, 358, 389, 390See also colors

colors, 323, 331–332ambient color, 700, 702, 843assigning to layers, 323assigning to pens, 331, 550, 554assigning to plot styles, 566block values, 250, 445color names, 331color numbers, 331color systems, 690converting to grayscale, 566copying, 263default color, 331depth, 676, 683

Index | 865

colors (continued)diffuse color, 700, 702, 846editing, 249, 253–255, 260–263of highlights, 700HLS color system, 690, 699light colors, 699lightness, 690making current, 332pigment colors, 699reflection color, 700, 702RGB color system, 690, 699saturation, 690screen display, 76screening, 568specifying, 254, 331See also coloring; layer colors; object colors

columns (in database tables)aligning text in, 774displaying hidden columns, 773freezing, 774hiding, 773moving, 773resizing, 773unfreezing, 774

combined areasadding areas to, 198subtracting areas from, 198–200

comma-delimited format (CDF) files, 458command history, 97, 101

displaying, 100command line, 846

copying text to, 100, 101vs. dialog boxes, options differences, 103editing text on, 398illustrated, 56pasting text to, 100, 101, 272plotting from, 78, 552resetting system variables, 104spaces on, 101specifying fonts on, 374starting commands on, 96suppressing dialog box display, 102verbs used on, 96See also command line prompts; command

windowcommand line prompts, 96

transparent command prompt indicator (>>), 102

Command Line shortcut menu, 62command options, choosing, 97Command prompt, starting commands at, 96command prompts. See command line promptsCommand Reference, 39, 41, 105Command shortcut menu, 60

customizing, 61turning off in the drawing area, 60

command window, 57, 97–99docking/undocking, 98editing keys, 98illustrated, 56navigation keys, 98resizing, 97See also command line; scripts

commands, 96–103accessing, recently used commands, 98assigning to toolbar buttons, 91, 92canceling, 99commands that regenerate drawings, 65executing, 97Internet file I/O capability, 813learning, 95options, choosing, 97repeating, 99running in scripts, 103starting, 57, 96in Tablet mode, 64toolbar button icons associated with,

displaying, 91transparent commands, 102, 853See also command line; connectivity

command set; editing commands; scripts; tools; and names of specific commands

committing Data View window editing, 777Compare Dimension Styles dialog box, 433compass (in 3D model space), 615

in 3D orbit view, 608setting 3D views, 615

COMPASS system variable, 668compass, visibility in shaded images, 668complete plotter configuration files. See PCP filescomplex objects, trimming, 291complex solids, creating, 147composite regions, creating, 147composite solids

creating, 638–639separating, 657

composite tolerances, 441–442compound documents, 750

updating linked drawings in, 753CONE command, 633Cone option (Solids, Draw menu), 633cones (solid), creating, 633connectivity command set, terminology changes

in AutoCAD 2000, 767connectivity feature. See database connectivity

featureconstant attributes, 454

block redefinitions and, 453Construction Line (Draw menu), 190construction lines

drawing, 189–193extending, 289

866 | Index

construction planes, 110, 846setting up, 592–593

containers (destination applications), 750content management. See drawing content

managementContinue (Dimension menu), 396, 405continued dimensions, 403, 846

creating, 396, 403, 404illustrated, 394, 404See also dimensions

continuous orbit, starting, 611contrast, adjusting in raster images, 748control codes (text)

for formatting multiline text, 389–391as rendered into PostScript, 836

control keys. See Windows control keys (text editing keys)

control points, 846converting

dimension units, 425donuts into arcs, 142fit (smoothed) polylines into spline curves,

137object colors to gray scale, 566pen settings from pre-Release 14 AutoCAD

versions, 576–578URLs from Release 14 to hyperlinks, 822WMF files to AutoCAD format, 271–272

Coons surface patch meshes, creating, 629coordinate display (status bar), 109

cycling through, 109illustrated, 109types, 109

coordinate filters. See point filters (coordinate filters)

coordinate systems, 107–122Cartesian, 108specifying points with, 108, 110–113types, 108See also coordinates; user coordinate systems

(UCSs); world coordinate system (WCS)

coordinatesdetermining, 109displaying cursor location, 109, 200for image mapping, 707locating points with, 108, 200specifying, 108, 110–113

broken pencil icon warning, 116one value at a time, 185priority options, 80

See also 2D coordinates; 3D coordinates; absolute coordinates; coordinate display; coordinate systems; origin; point filters; points (geometric); relative coordinates

COORDS system variable, 109Copy (Edit menu), 269, 722, 752, 754Copy (Modify menu), 267COPY command, 267, 268, 639Copy Edges option (Solids Editing, Modify

menu), 656Copy Faces option (Solids Editing, Modify

menu), 654Copy Link (Edit menu), 270, 752COPYCLIP command, 269, 752COPYHIST command, 101copying

blocks, between drawings, 506edges (of 3D solids), 655faces (of 3D solids), 654layer lists, 318layers, between drawings, 506layouts, 522multiple copies, 248, 268objects, 266–272

to the Clipboard, 269with grips, 248, 268

OLE objects, 763plot styles, 263, 563properties, 55, 263–266

settings, 266rendered images, 722text, 101, 354

to the command line, 100, 101views

to the Clipboard, 270into other documents, 752

xrefs for demand loading, 471See also arraying; mirroring; offsetting;

pastingCOPYLINK command, 270, 752CPolygons (crossing polygons), 235, 846CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Checking), 78Create 3D Studio Output File dialog box, 834Create Slide File dialog box, 831cropping

in image mapping, 709rendered images, 720the screen, in rendering, 678

cross (+), UCS icon symbol, 116crosshairs, 57, 234, 846

illustrated, 56, 846sizing, 77in tiled viewports, 223

crosshatching. See hatchingcrossing polygons. See CPolygonscrossing selections, 234, 846crossing windows. See crossing selectionscross-sectional cutting plane, hatching, 647CTB (Color-dependent plot style table) files,

554, 557–559

Index | 867

CTRL+1 keys, displaying/closing the Properties window, 262

CTRL+A keysselecting all text, 354toggling group selection, 244

CTRL+B keys, applying/removing bold format,354

CTRL+C keyscanceling commands, 99copying selections to the Clipboard, 101,

262, 269, 354CTRL+click, cycling through object and group

selection, 244CTRL+D keys, cycling through coordinate display

types, 109CTRL+drag procedure, copying and pasting, 755CTRL+F keys, turning running object snaps

on/off, 170CTRL+I keys, applying/removing italic format,

354CTRL+SHIFT+[alpha char] keys, moving between

properties (Properties window), 262CTRL+SHIFT+L keys, converting text to

lowercase, 354CTRL+SHIFT+U keys, converting text to

uppercase, 355CTRL+SPACEBAR keys, removing character

formatting, 354CTRL+U keys, applying/removing underline

format, 355CTRL+V keys

pasting Clipboard contents, 101, 262, 354pasting selections from the Clipboard, 271

CTRL+X keys, cutting selections to the Clipboard, 262, 269, 354

CTRL+Z keys, undoing actions, 262curly braces ({ })

format change characters, 391format codes, 391

Current Plot Style dialog box, 260cursor, 846

3D orbit view cursor-icon shapes, 602current location display, 109drag-and-drop cursor, 755hyperlink cursor, 820in interactive panning, 208in interactive zooming, 207minus sign, 207move cursor, 763plus sign, 207rubber-band line, 852See also crosshairs

cursor menus. See shortcut menuscurved objects. See curvescurved surfaces, 620curve-fit polylines. See fit polylines (smoothed

polylines)

curvescreating meshes between, 626drawing, 133–142open, creating regions from, 146polyline, segment number and AutoCAD

performance, 84See also arcs; circles; donuts; ellipses; fit

polylines (smoothed polylines); objects (AutoCAD); spline curves (NURBS curves); spline-fit polylines (smoothed polylines)

CUS file, editing, 387custom dictionaries (spelling checker), creating

and editing, 387custom menus, specifying, 74custom objects, 157

preference options, 78Custom tab (Drawing Properties dialog box), 86,

204Customization Guide, 39, 41Customize Toolbars dialog box, 88customizing

block descriptions, 510drawing descriptions, 509object selection, 237preview images, 510the screen display, 76shortcut menus, 61

Cut (Edit menu), 269, 752CUTCLIP command, 269, 752cutting

objects to the Clipboard, 269OLE objects, 763text, 354

cutting edges, objects as, 289, 291cutting planes, hatching, 647Cyclic Redundancy Checking (CRC), 78CYLINDER command, 634Cylinder option (Solids, Draw menu), 634cylinders (solid), creating, 634cylindrical coordinates, specifying, 584cylindrical projection (in image mapping), 712

Ddata. See external datadata sources, 768

connecting to, 771setting up the sample, 769

Data View window, 767, 771, 772–774committing editing, 777editing operations, 772–774exporting data from, 777grid elements, 772restoring original values to, 777searching for values in, 775specifying a sort order in, 773

868 | Index

Data View window (continued)specifying font size and style for, 774tracking editing, 776viewing link data, 780–783

database connectivity featurecomponents, 766external databases supported, 769

database information, listing, 201database objects, 770

terminology changes in AutoCAD 2000,767

database records. See records (database records)database tables. See tables (database tables)databases

hierarchical elements, 768structure, 766See also drawing database; external databases

datum (reference point), 399, 440identifying the ordinates, 400setting the datum point, 399

datum axis, 441datum dimensions. See ordinate dimensionsdatum reference frames, 440datum reference letters

adding to feature control frames, 439illustrated, 437

dbConnect Manager, 766, 770exporting data, 777tree view nodes, 770

DBLIST command, 202DCTCUST system variable, 386DCTMAIN system variable, 386DDEDIT command, 352, 357, 392, 455DDPTYPE command, 143, 187, 188DDVIEW command. See VIEW commandDDVPOINT command, 612, 613decal effect, in image mapping, 708decimal dimensions, zero suppression, 427decimal separator (dimension units), specifying,

424decimal units, specifying, 112, 423Default shortcut menu, 60

customizing, 61turning off in the drawing area, 60

defaults, 846font mapping table, 380initial environment, 849layer filters, 329layer properties, 316, 317menu files, 56toolbars, 58

definition points (of dimensions), 406, 846illustrated, 406

DEFPOINTS layer, 330, 407defpoints. See definition points (of dimensions)degree sign (°), creating, 424Del option (UCS command), 120

Delete Faces option (Solids Editing, Modify menu), 653

deletingdimension styles, 434faces (of 3D solids), 653groups, 244hyperlinks, 819layers, 330lights, 696linetypes, 336named views, 222project name paths, 478project names, 477records, 775text styles, 379tiled viewport configurations, 228UCSs, 120See also detaching; erasing; purging

demand loading xrefs, 470–474and AutoCAD performance, 85Enable with Copy option, 471and reloading xrefs, 468

dependent layer properties, setting, 474dependent named objects (in xrefs), 474

binding to drawings, 470listing, 480names, 463, 474referencing as impossible, 474setting properties, 474See also named objects(AutoCAD)

dependent symbols, 846See also dependent named objects (in xrefs)

deselecting OLE objects, 764design information, sharing, 37DesignCenter. See AutoCAD DesignCenterdesigning drawings

layouts, new features, 37phases, 394

destination applications, 750detaching

materials, 705raster images, 733xrefs, 467

deviation tolerances, 426, 427diagonal fractions, formatting, 359–362Dialog Box shortcut menus, 62dialog boxes

vs. command line, options differences, 103suppressing/enabling the display of, 102transparently opened, change execution

delay, 102Diameter (Dimension menu), 396, 401diameter dimensions, 401

creating, 396, 401definition points (illustrated), 406illustrated, 394

Index | 869

diameter symbol (∅), creating, 424dictionaries for spelling checkers

custom, creating and editing, 387main, 385switching, 386

DIESEL (Direct Interpretively Evaluated String Expression Language), 846

diffuse color, 846of materials, 700

setting, 702diffuse reflection, 691, 693Digitize (command line verb), 96Digitizer mode, vs. Tablet mode, 64digitizing drawings, 64digitizing tablet, 64DIMALIGNED command, 396, 399DIMANGULAR command, 396, 402DIMBASELINE command, 396, 404DIMCENTER command, 401DIMCONTINUE command, 396, 405DIMDIAMETER command, 396, 401DIMEDIT command, 410dimension definition points. See definition points

(of dimensions)dimension geometry. See arrowheads; center

marks; centerlines; dimension lines; extension lines

dimension line arcs, 847dimension lines, 394

coloring, 418extending, 418forcing an internal line, 422formatting, 418order of, 418setting lineweight, 418suppressing, 418See also arrowheads; dimension text; leader

linesDimension menu, editing dimension text, 410dimension properties

copying, 263editing, 411saving to a new dimension style, 411See also dimension styles

dimension scale. See linear dimension scale; overall dimension scale

Dimension Style Manager, 432creating dimension styles, 417displaying, 417managing dimension styles, 432–435specifying arrowheads, 437

dimension style overrides, 435creating, 435managing, 435

dimension styles, 416, 847applying, 434comparing, 433creating, 411, 416–431defaults, 416deleting, 434making current, 432modifying, 432named, 158overriding. See dimension style overridesrenaming, 434See also named objects

dimension system variables, 847dimension text, 394, 847

aligning, 410, 421coloring, 420editing, 398, 410, 411formatting, 419–421, 422–425geometric tolerances, 437–442placing, 420

in relation to extension lines, 421–422prefixes and suffixes, 424, 425

special characters, 424returning to home position, 411rotating, 398, 411rounding off values, 424, 428text height, 420text styles, 420zero suppression, 427See also leader line annotations

Dimension toolbar, displaying, 396dimension units

alternate units, 425converting, 425primary units, 422–424specifying, 423

feet and inches in metric drawings,425

precision, 423zero suppression, 427

dimension variables. See dimension system variables

dimensioning, 394–442angles, 402arcs, 401, 402basic concepts, 394–395circles, 401, 402lines, 397–398in model space, 430, 431multiple objects, 405in paper space, 430–431See also dimensions

870 | Index

dimensions, 394–442angular. See angular dimensionsapplying dimension styles to, 434associative. See associative dimensionscopying properties, 263creating, 396–405

in model space vs. paper space, 430definition points, 406diameter. See diameter dimensionsediting (placement), 406–411elements, 394–395exact, tolerance format, 426extending, 408formatting, 419–421, 422–425linear. See linear dimensionsmaking oblique, 409Quick dimension, 397radial. See diameter dimensions; radius

dimensionsrotating, 398scaling, 428–431

to layouts, 424, 429See also linear dimension scale; overall

dimension scaleselecting, 406stretching, 407–408trimming, 408types, 394

illustrated, 394table, 396–397

See also arrowheads; center marks; centerlines; definition points (of dimensions); dimension lines; dimension styles; dimension text; dimensioning; extension lines; leader lines

DIMLFAC system variable, 428, 430DIMLINEAR command, 396, 398DIMORDINATE command, 396, 399DIMRADIUS command, 396, 401DIMSCALE system variable, 428DIMSTYLE command, 417, 432–434DIMTEDIT command, 410direct distance entry, 847

specifying points, 112Direct Interpretively Evaluated String Expression

Language (DIESEL), 846Direction Control dialog box, 69directories, support directory search paths, 844disk space, displaying free space, 202displacement, point of, for copying objects, 266Display (View menu), options, 116, 117display accuracy, in 3D modeling, 674Display Image (Tools menu), 719, 720

options, 718Display Order (Tools menu), 144Display tab (Options dialog box), 76, 230, 232

performance optimization options, 84

display. See screen displayDISPSILH system variable, 667DIST command, 195Distance and angle coordinate display, 109Distance option (Inquiry, Tools menu), 195distances

calculating, 195chamfering objects by specifying, 300of faces from lights, 690See also direct distance entry

distant light, 684positioning, 697, 698simulating sunlight with, 685, 698

dithering, 847enabling, 566with plot styles, 566

DIVIDE command, 186, 188Divide option (Point, Draw menu), 188dividing objects into segments, 188

starting points, 186docking/undocking toolbars, 58documentation (AutoCAD), 38–41

learning tools, 40, 41online documentation, 38ordering, 41printed manuals, 39

documentscompound, 750multiple, 34

doglegs. See hook linesdollar signs ($$), bound named-object name

dividers, 469, 470Donut (Draw menu), 142DONUT command, 142DONUTID system variable, 142DONUTOD system variable, 142donuts

converting into arcs, 142drawing, 141editing, 142exploding, 142, 293

double lines. See multilinesdrafting properties, controlling, 80Drafting Settings (Tools menu), 71, 72, 164,

165, 167, 169, 180, 183, 277Drafting Settings dialog box, 71

Object Snap tab, 169Polar Tracking tab, 180, 183Snap and Grid tab, 164, 165, 167, 277

Drafting tab (Options dialog box), 80, 183drafting techniques, in 3D modeling, 672drag-and-drop cursor, illustrated, 755dragging

drawings, into open drawings, 52layers, into open drawings, 506objects

into drawings, 755Dynamic Dragging mode, 289

Index | 871

Draw toolbar, 57illustrated, 56

drawing3D modeling, 619–639, 663–6653D modeling techniques, 672arcs, 135–137

in polylines, 124circles, 133–135

tangent to objects, 134, 176construction lines, 189–193curved objects, 133–142donuts, 141ellipses, 139–140elliptical arcs, 140equilateral triangles, 130isometric circles, 141line objects, 124lines, 124–133

in tiled viewports, 226, 227using direct distance entry, 113

multilines, 126, 129objects, 123–161

with polar tracking, 179parallel lines, 124polygons, 130polylines, 124–126

freehand, 132with precision, 163–204rays, 192rectangles, 130for rendering, 671spline curves, 137–139squares, 130xlines, 190–192See also drawings

drawing area, 57dragging another drawing into, 52illustrated, 56right-clicking in, 60shortcut menus in, 59turning off shortcut menus in, 60See also drawing limits

drawing boundaries. See drawing limitsdrawing browser, 53

opening existing drawings, 53–54drawing content management, 491–510

adding content, 504–508custom content, 506resolving name conflicts, 507

finding content, 501–503viewing content, 493–500

from the Internet, 497with the palette, 496–500with tree view, 494–495, 496

drawing database, 64listing information, 201

drawing descriptions, customizing, 509

drawing display, controlling, 205–232drawing environment

in AutoCAD 2000 vs. pre-AutoCAD 2000 releases, 512

redrawing the screen, 64saving settings as profiles, 82setting up, 67–94

making profiles current, 82See also AutoCAD environment

drawing extents, 210, 847displaying, 202illustrated, 847zooming, 215zooming to in 3D orbit view, 604

drawing filesbrowsing through, 53compressed DWF files vs., 822drawing file icon, 56opening, from the Internet, 813searching for, 54sharing with others without AutoCAD, 823storing SQL indexes in, and AutoCAD

performance, 85See also drawings

drawing informationlisting, 201storing, 36See also drawing database; drawing content

managementdrawing interchange format (DXF), 458drawing interchange format files. See DXF filesdrawing limits, 847

illustrated, 847scaling views relative to, 212zooming to, 215

in Aerial View, 219See also drawing extents

Drawing Limits (Format menu), 70drawing order (of objects)

changing, 143regenerating, 144restoring, in externally referenced images,

464drawing orientation, specifying, 526–527drawing projects. See projectsdrawing properties

defining, 86–87listing, 204

Drawing Properties (File menu), 86, 204Drawing Properties dialog box, 86–87, 509drawing scale, and the overall dimension scale,

429See also scale factors

drawing status, displaying, 202drawing time

system variables, 87tracking, 203

872 | Index

drawing tools. See toolsdrawing units

formatting, 68insert units, 68length units, 68specifying, 68, 112

feet and inches, 112precision, 68, 69type, 68, 69

system variables, 69types, 109See also angular units; English units; metric

unitsdrawing Web format files. See DWF filesdrawings

adding content to, 504–508Aerial View window updates, 219archiving, 469attaching xrefs to, 463–464backups, 78binding dependent named objects to, 470binding object properties to, 489binding xrefs to, 469–470, 845closing, 66content management. See drawing content

managementcopying blocks between, 506copying layers between, 506creating new, 47customizing descriptions, 509design phases, 394designing layouts, new features, 37detaching xrefs from, 467dimensioning. See dimensioningdisplaying, 205–232

with Aerial View, 216–219with named views, 220–222with tiled viewports, 223–230without visual elements, 230–232with Zoom and Pan, 206–215

dragging into open drawings, 52dragging objects into, 755embedded, editing, 754, 760embedding objects in, 758–760export file formats, 832–837extracting attribute information from, 454,

456–459grouping related drawings for easy

retrieval, 509import file formats, 838–842initial environment, 849inserting, 450–451isometric drawings, 166–167linked, editing, 753linking

files to, 756objects to, 751, 755

drawings (continued)materials lists, 713multiple

copying between, 55displaying, 55switching between, 55

opening, 52–54with AutoCAD DesignCenter, 501with the drawing browser, 53–54drawings with AutoShade

information, 725from the Internet, 813partially, 52, 311–313settings, 77via hyperlinks, 820, 822See also drawings, starting

organizing related drawings, 509orientation, 526–527partially open

bound xrefs in, 313Find and Replace in, 382loading geometry into, 311, 312, 313,

314plotting. See plottingpreviewing, in-place reference editing and,

490printing. See printingregenerating, 64, 144, 226, 230, 852

and shading, 668thawing layers and, 320

saving, 65export file formats, 832–837incrementally, 85to the Internet, 813, 816, 832with layer and spatial indexes, 471,

472settings, 77

scaling, 286starting, 46–50

from scratch, 46, 47with templates, 47, 49with wizards, 47, 48–49See also drawings, opening

tracking drawing time, 203viewing, 205–232

in 3D, 612–617, 623new features, 34

working drawings, 854xrefs and drawing size, 464xrefs as referenced by, 464zooming. See zoomingSee also block references (instances); drawing

files; templates (for drawings); title blocks; views; xrefs (external references)

DRAWORDER command, 143, 144, 464DSETTINGS command, 71, 72, 165, 167, 169,

181, 277

Index | 873

DSVIEWER command, 216duplicating. See copyingDVIEW command, 616, 667DWF (drawing Web format), 822DWF files, 822, 832

compressed, vs. AutoCAD drawing files,822

format, 822lineweight considerations, 823plotting, 823publishing, 579, 822, 832settings, 825

specifying compression, 824specifying resolution, 823

viewing, 826DWG files. See drawing filesDWGCODEPAGE header variable, restoring, 833DWGPROPS command, 86DWT files, 522, 524DXB files (drawing exchange binary format),

importing, 838DXBIN command, 838DXF files (Drawing Interchange Files), 458, 838

creating, 832format, 458, 847opening, 838

Dynamic coordinate display, 109Dynamic Dragging mode, lengthening objects,

289Dynamic option (ZOOM command), 210Dynamic Update (Options menu in the Aerial

View window), 219dynamic updating, of Aerial View, 219dynamic zooming, 210–211

EEdge Surface option (Surfaces, Draw menu), 630edge-defined surface meshes, creating, 629edges (of 3D solids), 673, 847

coloring, 655copying, 655See also cutting edges; surfaces

EDGESURF command, 629Edit Attribute Definition dialog box, 455Edit Attributes dialog box, 456Edit Link Template option (Templates,

dbConnect menu), 780Edit shortcut menu, 60

customizing, 61turning off in the drawing area, 60

Edit Text dialog box, 352editing

attribute definitions, 455, 485attributes, 456block descriptions, 452blocks, 35, 484-488

discarding changes, 490saving back changes, 489-490

editing (continued)color depth, 683colors, 249, 253–255, 260–263columns, 773dimension properties, 411dimensions, 406–411donuts, 142edges (of 3D solids), 655–656embedded objects, 754, 760faces (of 3D solids), 648–655feature control frames, 437in floating viewports, 530, 537–541groups, 244–245hatches, 149, 308–311hyperlinks, 260–263, 819in-place reference editing, 484label templates, 788labels, 791layers, 249, 251–253, 260–263leader line annotations, 415leader lines, 416linetype scale, 260–263linetypes, 249, 255–256, 260–263lineweights, 249, 256–258, 260–263link data, 783–784link templates, 780linked drawings, 753multilines, 296–298nonrectangular viewports, 544object properties, 249–263

new features, 34with the Object Properties toolbar,

249–260with the Properties window, 260–263

objects, 249–314with grips, 246–248

OLE objects, 753, 754, 760–764plot styles, 249, 250–263, 518, 562–571polygons, 131polylines, 126, 293–295records, 775references, 484slides, 830solids, 36, 645–659spline curves, 138, 298–299text. See editing textthickness, 260–263xrefs, 35, 484–488

discarding changes, 490saving back changes, 489–490

editing commandsand OLE objects, 760selecting objects before choosing, 234, 246,

249using during slide viewing, 831

editing texton the command line, 398dimension text, 398, 410, 411

874 | Index

line text, 351–353in the Multiline Text Editor, 398multiline text objects, 392multiline text, in text editors, 392stacked text, 361–362Windows control keys, 354

Element Properties dialog box, 281, 297ELEV command, 590, 631elevation, 630, 847

changing, 631illustrated, 847setting, 631in UCSs, 590

Ellipse (Draw menu), 140, 141ELLIPSE command, 135, 140ellipses

axes, 139calculating areas/circumferences, 197drawing, 139–140as isometric circles, 141polyline representations of, 146as rendered into PostScript, 836snapping to tangent points on, 176See also objects (AutoCAD)

elliptical arcsdrawing, 140as rendered into PostScript, 836

embedded objects, editing, 754, 760embedding, 750, 847

commands for, 752, 755vs. linking, 750objects, 751

in drawings, 758–760in other documents, 754

Encapsulated PostScript (EPS) files. See PostScript files

encircled sphere (3D orbit view cursor-icon shape), 602

enclosed areas, hatching, 149end caps of multilines, 343end caps. See line end styles, assigning, 546END key, moving the cursor, 262End option (UNDO command), 105Endpoint object snap, 168, 171endpoints, snapping to, 171engineering units, specifying, 112, 423English units

converting metric dimension units to and from, 425

specifying feet and inches, 112in metric drawings, 425

starting drawings based on, 47Enter (command line verb), 96ENTER key, starting new paragraphs, 354environment maps. See reflection mapsenvironments (in databases), 768environments. See AutoCAD environment;

drawing environment; environments (in databases)

ePlot plotter drivers, configuring, 579, 823EPS (Encapsulated PostScript) files. See PostScript

filesequal sign (=) conditional query operator, 796equilateral triangles, drawing, 130Erase (Modify menu), 282, 311ERASE command, 282, 311erasing

freehand lines, 132hatch patterns, 310objects, 282raster images, 733undoing erasing, 282See also deleting

error messages, xref, 479ESC key

canceling changes, 262removing objects from selection sets, 247

evaluating expressions, 194exact dimensions, tolerance format, 426Exactly option (Line Spacing tab, Multiline Text

Editor), 366Excel spreadsheets, as OLE objects, 750Exit (File menu), 66exiting

AutoCAD, 66Grip modes, 247

Explode (Modify menu), 293, 452EXPLODE command, 126, 142, 149, 452exploding

blocks, 452, 847donuts, 142groups, 244hatches, 149objects, 293, 847polygons, 131polylines, 126

Export (File menu), 834EXPORT command, 833Export Links dialog box, 785exporting

3D objects, views, lights, and materials, 834ARG files, 82bitmaps, 835drawings, to the Internet, 813, 816, 832file formats for, 832–837link and label templates, 791links (database), 785–786materials, 713–714PostScript images, 835–837raster images, 834regions, 833

exporting (continued)rendered images, 722screen vectors, 834

Index | 875

solids, 833SQL queries, 804surfaces, 833

expressions (mathematical), evaluating, 194EXTEDGE system variable, 642Extend (Modify menu), 287, 643EXTEND command, 287extended apparent intersections, snapping to,

172extending

3D objects, 642–644dimension lines, 418dimensions, 408objects, 287–289

See also chamferingrays, 289See also stretching

extension lines, 395formatting, 418oblique, 409placing dimension text or arrowheads in

relation to, 421–422temporary, snapping to points on, 177

Extension object snap, 168, 177Extents option (ZOOM command), 215extents. See drawing extentsexternal database commands. See connectivity

command setexternal databases, 765–810

configuring for AutoCAD access, 768–770configuring the sample, 770connecting to, control option, 79See also database objects

External Reference (Insert menu), 464, 465External Reference dialog box, 464external references. See xrefs (external references)external text files, importing, 368–369extract files. See attribute information files;

extraction template filesextracting

attribute information, 454, 456–459coordinates from selected points, 583

extraction template files, 456–459creating, 458sample, 459structure, 457–458

EXTRUDE command, 633, 636, 663Extrude option (Solids Editing, Modify menu),

649Extrude option (Solids, Draw menu), 636extruded solids

creating, 636tapering, 636

extruded text, as rendered into PostScript, 836extruding

faces (of 3D solids), 649

objects, 636extrusion, 848

See also thickness

FF2 key, naming raster images, 742F3 key, turning running object snaps on and off,

170F6 key, cycling through coordinate display

types, 109faces (of 3D objects), 848faces (of 3D solids), 632, 664, 673

angles to lights, 689appearance, 673boundary sets, 648coloring, 654copying, 654deleting, 653distances from lights, 690editing, 648–655extruding, 649intersecting faces, 672limiting, 672moving, 650offsetting, 652, 657overlapping faces, 673rotating, 651tapering, 652types, 673See also back faces (of 3D solids); edges (of 3D

solids)faceted surfaces. See meshes (faceted surfaces)FACETRES system variable, 633, 674, 837

and VIEWRES command, 674fade, adjusting in raster images, 748falloff angle (of spotlights), 685, 695Favorites. See Autodesk Favorites folderfavorites. See frequently used drawing content

sourcesfeature control frames, 437, 848

adding datum reference letters to, 439adding geometric tolerances to, 438appending to leader lines, 415editing, 437illustrated, 437

features (of objects)material condition symbols, 437, 439material conditions, 439See also feature control frames

feetspecifying, 112zero value display suppression, 427

fences, 848selecting objects with, 236

876 | Index

fields (in records), 766specifying for queries, 801updating key values, 783–784See also labels (of fields)

file formats3DS format, 834for attribute information files, 458BMP format, 835CDF format, 458DXB format, 838DXF format, 458, 832EPS format, 835for exporting, 832–837for importing, 838–842for raster files, 728–729SAT format, 833SDF format, 458stereolithograph format, 837STL format, 837WMF format, 839See also files

file locations, specifying, 74–76file names, specifying, 74–76FILEDIA system variable, 103files

acad.fmp file, 380acad.psf file, 837ACIS files, 833, 839attribute information files, 457, 458–459CDF files, 458CUS file, 387DXB files, 838extraction template files, 456–459FMP files, 380fontmap.ps file, 842linking files to drawings, 756log files, 480saving rendered images to, 717, 718script files, 852SDF files, 458slide files, 852STL files, 837support files, 844temporary files, 853XLG files, 480See also BMP files; drawing files; DWF files;

DXF files; libraries; menu files; text files; CTB files; STB files; PC3 files; acad14.cfg files; PCP files; PC2 files

Files tab (Options dialog box), 74–76, 380, 388, 474, 476–478, 815

FILL command, 230fill lights, 684, 685fill patterns, scaling, 565fill styles, assigning, 570Fillet (Modify menu), 304, 646FILLET command, 646

fillet radius, setting, 304filleting

3D objects, 644arcs, 306circles, 306lines, 305, 306objects, 304–308

without trimming, 305parallel lines, 308polylines, 306–308solids, 646

FILLETRAD system variable, 304fillets (fillet arcs) placement, 304–308

in 3D, 644FILLMODE system variable, 142, 145, 230fills, 848

assigning plot style fills, 570PostScript fills in 2D polylines, 841See also solid fills

FILTER command, 240filtering

aliasing (in rendering), 708layers, 327–329linetypes, 337selection sets, 238–241

filters. See layer filters; point filters (coordinate filters)

Find (Edit menu), 383, 384Find and Replace dialog box (Multiline Text

Editor), 366–367, 382FIND command, 383, 384Find dialog box (AutoCAD DesignCenter),

501–503loading the palette, 503search criteria, 502search tabs, 503

findingdatabase records, 775drawing content, 501–503See also finding and replacing text; searching

finding and replacing text, 382–384multiline text, 366search criteria, 382selecting found text, 384

first angle projection (3D design), 588Fit options (New Dimension Style dialog box),

421fit points (for spline curves), 298, 848

approximation points, 844interpolation points, 849moving, 298

fit polylines (smoothed polylines), 295converting into spline curves, 137creating, 137, 298editing, 295joining, 295vs. spline curves, 137, 295

Index | 877

Fit tabModify Dimension Style dialog box, 433New Dimension Style dialog box, 417, 421

Fit to Object mapping, 709Fit to Object materials, maintaining

orientations, 708fitting dimension text outside extension lines,

421–422Fixed Scale mapping, 709Fixed Scale materials, 708, 709, 711flat projections. See parallel projections (of 3D

views); perspective projections (of 3D views)

flat shading, 668floating layers and properties in blocks,

guidelines, 446floating toolbars, 58floating viewport properties, modifying, 533floating viewports, 530–544, 848

aligning views and objects, 540attaching plot style tables to, 530, 537benefits of, 530clipping, 543configuration options, 516configurations of, 533controlling layer visibility, 321creating, 531–533dimensioning in, 430editing in, 530, 537–541freezing and thawing layers, 321irregular. See nonrectangular viewportsmodifying properties, 533placing in layouts, 531–533redefining the boundaries of, 543resizing, 537rotating views, 541scale locking, 534scaling, 517, 537

modifying the scale, 538scaling views, 537screening objects in, 535switching between paper space and, 531vs. tiled viewports, 224turning on and off, 536visibility in, 534–536See also nonrectangular viewports

Flood island detection method, 151flyout buttons, 92flyout icons, editing/creating, 93Flyout Properties dialog box, 92, 93flyouts, 56, 90, 92

creating, 92FMP files, 380Font Map file, 842font mapping, 380

in importing PostScript files, 842

font mapping tables, 380creating, 380specifying, 380–381

FONTALT system variable, 381FONTMAP system variable, 380, 381fontmap.ps file, 842fonts, 373, 848

alternative default, specifying, 381assigning to text styles, 373Big Fonts, 374declaring, 842PostScript fonts, 380proxy fonts, 375scaling OLE text objects by, 762SHX fonts, 374, 375, 380specifying, 358, 374, 375, 390substitute font file name, 380substituting, 374, 380–381substitution rules, 382Unicode fonts, 374See also Big Fonts; font mapping; TrueType

fontsform tolerances (geometric), 438Form View tab (Plot Style Table Editor), 562format codes, for multiline text, 389–391formatting

Data View window, 777dimension lines, 418dimension text, 419–421, 422–425extension lines, 418fractions, 359–362, 423labels, 790tolerances, 359–362See also formatting text

formatting textcharacters, 349, 357–362dimension text, 419–421line text, 349multiline text, 356–368

in text editors, 389–392stacked text, 359–362words, 349, 357–362

forward slash. See slash ( / )fractional units

formatting, 423specifying, 112, 423zero feet/inch display suppression, 427

fractions, formatting, 359–362Frame option, Image option (Object, Modify

menu), 745freehand lines

ensuring accuracy on slow computers, 133erasing, 132sketching, 131–133

freezing columns, 774

878 | Index

freezing layers, 319, 320–322, 848in floating viewports, 321vs. turning off layers, 319

frequently used drawing content sourceslisting favorites, 509organizing favorites, 509organizing related drawings and related

blocks, 509–510storing favorites, 508

From option (object snaps), 177with Tangent object snap, 176

frozen layers, applying nonrectangular viewports to, 544

GGDT symbols, inserting, 359General tab

Drawing Properties dialog box, 87Plot Style Table Editor, 562

geometric characteristic symbols, 438illustrated, 437

geometric points. See points (geometric)Geometric Tolerance dialog box, 438, 442geometric tolerances, 437–442

adding, 397, 438composite, 441–442form tolerances, 438positional tolerances, 438projected tolerances, 440

geometry, 311loading into partially open drawings, 311,

312, 313, 314glass box, visualizing 3D objects in, 589Global (Aerial View menu), 219global linetype scale, setting, 338–339Gouraud renderings, 679Gouraud shading, 669graphical objects. See objects (AutoCAD)graphics area. See drawing areagraphics cursor. See crosshairsgraphics window (graphics area), 848graphics window (graphics area) See also

AutoCAD window’greater than or equal’ (>=) query operator, 796’greater than’ (>) query operator, 796grid, 848grid (Data View window), elements, 772grid (drawing area), 69, 71, 164

aligning, 164in 3D orbit view, 608setting limits, 69setting spacing, 71and the snap, 72turning on and off, 71UCS orientation and, 113See also snap (snap grid)

GRID command, 165and 3DORBIT command, 609

grid limits, setting, 69grid lines, in 3D orbit view, 609Grid mode. See grid (drawing area)Grip modes, 247, 848grip points, and dimension definition points,

406GRIPBLOCK system variable, 247grips, 109, 246, 848

and AutoCAD performance, 85base grips, 247within blocks, 246, 247determining coordinates, 109editing dimensions, 406editing hatches, 311editing multiline text objects, 362, 368editing nonrectangular viewports, 544editing objects, 246–248and groups, 246illustrated, 246making multiple copies with, 248, 268marking objects with, 246mirroring objects, 274preference options, 82rotating objects, 281scaling objects, 286stretching objects with, 284for text objects, 351turning on, 246

GROUP command, 243, 245group selection, toggling, 244grouping related drawings for easy retrieval, 509groups, 242–245

creating, 242–243deleting (exploding), 244editing, 244–245and grips, 246highlighting members, 242listing groups of which objects are

members, 242object selection cycling, 244reordering members, 242, 245selectability, 242selecting, 244selecting objects in, 242–245

preference options, 82

Hhandles, 848Hatch (Draw menu), 149, 153, 156hatch areas. See hatch boundaries; islands (in

hatch areas)hatch boundaries, 151

boundary sets, 153–154defining, 150–154

with boundary sets, 153–154with island detection methods,

151–153by specifying points, 150

Index | 879

hatch boundaries (continued)editing, 308, 309, 311selecting, 309

HATCH command, 149, 150, 151Hatch Edit dialog box, 309, 310Hatch option (Object, Modify menu), 309, 310Hatch Pattern Palette dialog box, 156hatch patterns, 155–156

dissociation of, 309editing, 308, 309–311erasing, 310ISO hatch patterns, 155, 156predefined, 155removing associativity, 149, 309user-defined, 155

hatch properties, copying, 263hatch styles. See island detection stylesHATCHEDIT command, 149, 309, 310hatches, 148

associative. See associative hatchescopying properties, 263creating, 148–156editing, 149, 308–311exploding, 149See also hatch boundaries; hatch patterns;

hatching; islandshatching, 146, 148–156

associative, 844the cross-sectional cutting plane, 647enclosed areas, 149nonrectangular viewports, 542objects, 150See also hatch boundaries; hatch patterns;

hatchesheader variables (Release 12 DXF files),

restoring, 833Help, 41

accessing Help topics, 42See also documentation (AutoCAD)

HELP command, 42Help topics, accessing, 42Hewlett-Packard devices, plotting with, 576hidden lines (in 3D objects), removing. See hiding

hidden linesHidden option (Shade, View menu), 667Hidden option (VPMODE command), 667hidden surfaces, removing, 670–672hidden-line images, 662

creating, 666–667smoothness, 633

Hide (View menu), 666HIDE command, 319, 617, 666Hide option (DVIEW command), 667Hideplot option

MVIEW command, 535VPORTS command, 535

HIDEPLOT property, 529

hidingbackground objects, 666columns, 773hyperlink cursor display, 820objects, 319OLE objects, 763, 764raster image boundaries, 744raster images, 734the text window, 100toolbars, 58See also hiding hidden lines

hiding hidden lines, 529, 535, 617, 666abutting objects and, 664in drawings, 666intersecting objects and, 664, 665objects on hidden layers and, 665of selected objects, 667on solids, 667surfaces defined for, 663–664

HIGHLIGHT system variable, 232, 234highlighting

group members, 242raster images, 733selected objects, 232

highlights. See specular reflection (highlights)HLS color system, 690, 849HOME key, moving the cursor, 262home page.See Autodesk Web sitehook lines, 412, 415

See also leader lineshorizontal dimensions, 397

illustrated, 394, 397specifying, 398See also dimensions; linear dimensions

horizontal ellipse (3D orbit view cursor-icon shape), 602

horizontal method, drawing xlines, 191Hot Grips shortcut menu, 60hotspot angle (of spotlights), 685, 695hues, of colors, 690Hyperlink (Insert menu), 819, 821hyperlink cursor, turning on and off, 820Hyperlink shortcut menu, restoring, 820HYPERLINKBASE system variable, 817hyperlinks, 817–822

in blocks, 821converting URLs from Release 14 to, 822creating, 817, 820editing, 260–263, 819, 820jumping to a named view in a file, 818opening files associated with, 820, 822preference settings, 80relative vs. absolute, 820removing, 819

hyphen (-)dialog box suppression character, 102wild-card character, 160

880 | Index

IID command, 201

determining coordinates, 109ID Point option (Inquiry, Tools menu), 194, 200IGES (International Graphics Exchange

Specification), 849Ignore island detection style, 155Image Adjust dialog box, 748IMAGE command, 731, 733, 742Image dialog box, attaching and scaling raster

images, 731Image Manager

changing raster image paths, 742detaching images, 733displaying, 737naming raster images, 742previewing raster images, 740unloading and reloading images, 732viewing image information, 737–740

image mapping (in rendering), 706–713anti-aliasing in, 708coordinates, 707as cropping, 709process steps, 707projection effects, 708, 711projection types, 711–713scaling, 707styles, 709as tiling, 708, 711See also rendering maps

image orientation, and paper orientation, 552IMAGEADJUST command, 748IMAGEATTACH command, 731IMAGECLIP command, 735, 736, 737IMAGEFRAME command, 738IMAGEQUALITY command, 734images. See 3D images; hidden-line images; image

mapping (in rendering); PostScript images; raster images; rendered images; shaded images

imperial units. See English unitsimplied boundaries, extending objects to, 288implied intersections, trimming objects to,

289–292importing

3D Studio files, 839ACIS files, 839ARG files, 82DXB files, 838file formats for, 838–842link and label templates, 791materials, 706, 713–714plotter configuration settings, 524PostScript files, 840–842RTF files, 368

importing (continued)SQL queries, 804text files, 359, 368WMF files, 839–840

Imprint option (Solids Editing, Modify menu),656

imprinting objects on solids, 656improving AutoCAD performance. See

performance optimizationinches

specifying, 112zero value display suppression, 427

incremental saves, and AutoCAD performance,85

INDEXCTL system variable, 473indexes

layer, 472layer and spatial

saving drawings with, 471spatial, 313, 472SQL, 85

indexes, layer and spatialsaving drawings with, 472

indexing objects in xrefs, 471, 472infinite lines. See construction linesinitial environment, 849in-place reference editing, 35, 484–490In-place Xref (Modify menu), 486Inquiry (Tools menu), 194–203inquiry methods, 201–204inscribed polygons, drawing, 130INSERT command, 451, 453Insert dialog box, inserting blocks, 451Insert Object dialog box, 759Insert OLE Object (Insert menu), 755Insert option (XREF command), 469inserting

blocks (block references), 444, 450–451default scale and rotation method, 504at intervals, 186–189specified coordinates, scale, and

rotation method, 504with AutoCAD DesignCenter, 504–505

custom drawing content, 506drawings, 450–451paper space objects, 450points, at intervals, 186–189special characters, 359text files, by dragging from Windows

Explorer, 369xrefs, 469, 470See also attaching; embedding; importing;

loadinginsertion base point, specifying, 448, 450Insertion object snap, 168, 174

Index | 881

insertion pointinsertion base point, 448, 450snapping to, 174

INSERTOBJ command, 755, 756, 759Installation Guide, 39INSUNITS system variable, 69Intellimouse, 63

panning, 63joystick panning, 208in Realtime mode, 208

zooming in Realtime mode, 207interactive viewing in 3D, 601–611INTERFERE command, 639internal dimension lines, forcing, 422internal points (within hatch areas), specifying,

148, 149International Graphics Exchange Specification

(IGES), 849International Standards Organization (ISO), 849Internet, 811–822

accessing drawing content, 497attaching raster images from, 743attaching xrefs from, 816definition used in this guide, 812navigating, 814–816opening drawings from, 813saving drawings to, 813, 816, 832sharing design information, 37specifying the default location, 814See also hyperlinks; ePlot

Internet Explorer, system requirements, 812, 813, 826

interpolation points, 849See also fit points (for spline curves)

INTERSECT command, 147, 638Intersect operation (Link Select), 805Intersect option (Solids Editing, Modify menu),

639Intersection object snap, 168, 172intersections

editing, 296implied, trimming objects to, 289–292nearest, trimming objects to, 292snapping to, 172of solids, 638

intervals, specifying, 186–189inverse linear attenuation of light, 690inverse square attenuation of light, 690inverting layer filters, 329irregular viewports. See nonrectangular viewports’is not null’ query operator, 796’is null’ query operator, 796island detection methods, 151

defining hatch boundaries, 151–153vs. island detection styles, 154

island detection styles, 149–155vs. island detection methods, 154

islands, 849islands (in hatch areas), 148, 151

removing, 153See also island detection methods; island

detection stylesISO (International Standards Organization), 849ISO 8859 Latin/1 character set, as rendered into

PostScript, 836ISO hatch patterns, specifying, 155, 156ISO linetypes in plot styles, 565ISO pen width, specifying, 339ISOLINES system variable, 633isometric circles, drawing, 141isometric drawings, 166–167isometric planes, 166–167isometric snap style, 849Isometric Snap/Grid mode, setting, 166–167isometric views, 166–167, 588ISOPLANE command, 167italics, formatting text in, 354, 358

JJoin option (Viewports, View menu), 226Join Style and plotting, 570joining

polylines, 295tiled viewports, 226

Joins and lineweight, 344joystick panning, 208justification

format codes, 390line text, 349–351

options (illustrated), 350multiline text, 363–364, 391

options (illustrated), 363

KKanji text, handling of, 374keyboard shortcuts, Properties window, 262

LLabel Fields tab, 787Label Offset tab, 790Label Template dialog box, 787label templates

creating, 786editing, 788importing and exporting, 791

labels (of fields), 766, 786–791creating, 786–791creating links with, 788editing, 791formatting, 790updating, 790

landings. See hook lineslandscape orientation, 526–527

882 | Index

languages, checking spelling in other languages,386

LASTPOINT system variable, 201Layer (Format menu), 317–326layer colors

assigning, 323assigning to pens, 331default color, 316, 331See also colors

LAYER command, 318–326, 332, 334, 343Layer control (Object Properties toolbar),

251–253layer filters

defaults, 329inverting, 329saving, 328

layer indexes, 472saving drawings with, 471, 472

layer linetypesassigning, 324default linetype, 316

layer lineweightsassigning, 325default lineweight, 316

layer lists, copying, 318layer names, resolving conflicts, 508layer plot styles, 572

assigning, 326changing, 574default style, 316

layer propertiesassigning, 323–327, 330–331changing, 253copying, 263defaults, 316, 317dependent layer properties, 474filtering layers based on, 327–329inheritance, 318listing, 318See also BYLAYER property; layer colors; layer

linetypes; layer lineweights; layer plot styles

Layer Properties Manager, 36, 319accessing, 253assigning layer colors, 324assigning linetypes, 324assigning lineweights, 325assigning plot styles, 326changing plot styles, 574deleting layers, 330freezing/thawing layers, 320, 322illustrated, 317locking/unlocking layers, 323renaming layers, 329turning layers on and off, 320turning plotting on and off for visible

layers, 323

layers, 315–330, 849block values, 250, 445for chamfers, 300colors. See layer colorscopying, between drawings, 506creating, 316–318DEFPOINTS layer, 330, 407deleting, 330displaying DWF file layers, 826editing, 249, 251–253, 260–263for fillets, 304filtering, 327–329freezing, 319, 320–322

in floating viewports, 321illustrated, 445linetypes. See layer linetypeslineweights. See layer lineweightslisting, 318locked. See locked layerslocking and unlocking, 323making current, 252, 318named, 158new, 318for OLE objects, changing, 764organization of, 316, 317plot styles. See layer plot stylesplotting, 319properties. See layer propertiesfor raster images, changing, 745renaming, 329selecting, 320sorting, 319thawing, 320–322

in floating viewports, 321transferring objects to, 251turning on and off, 319turning plotting on and off for visible

layers, 322visibility, 316

controlling, 319–323xref-dependent layers, 251, 313, 318, 474See also layer colors; layer linetypes; layer

properties; named objectsLAYOUT command, 523layout tabs, 57, 512, 514, 515, 546

illustrated, 56Layout tabs, shortcut menu, 62layout templates, 512, 522

applying PCP/PC2 settings to, 523creating layouts with, 512–524saving, 524specifying, 523

Layout wizard, 515–517layouts, 513

applying page setups to, 512, 548attaching plot style tables to, 559copying, 522

Index | 883

layouts (continued)creating, 514, 517, 519designing, 512, 513

new features, 37layer visibility in a floating viewport, 316lineweight display, 345moving, 522named, 158new features, 37placing floating viewports in, 531–533placing viewport configurations in, 533renaming, 518scaling dimensions to, 424, 429setting options, 76, 525–530working spaces, 531

Leader (Dimension menu), 397, 414, 415leader line annotations

creating, 412–415editing, 415leader lines as associated with, 415rotating, 415See also leader lines

leader lines, 412appending feature control frames to, 415as associated with leader line annotations,

415creating and formatting, 397, 412–415creating spline leaders, 414editing, 416multiline text attachment options, 413multiple, 416properties, 412resizing, 416scaling, 416spline, 414types, 413See also arrowheads; hook lines; leader line

annotationsLeader Settings dialog box, 412Learning Assistance. See AutoCAD 2000 Learning

Assistancelearning AutoCAD, 38–42, 95least material condition symbol , 439left mouse button. See pick button (mouse)lemon-shaped solids, creating, 635length units, setting, 68Lengthen (Modify menu), 289LENGTHEN command, 289lengthening objects, 289lengths (of objects)

chamfering objects by specifying, 301changing, 289

’less than or equal’ (<=) query operator, 796’less than’ (<) query operator, 796letters, selecting, 357libraries

search paths, 844slide libraries, 852

libraries of materials, importing and exporting materials to and from, 713–714

lightambient light, 684, 693, 843attenuation, 685, 690, 844color systems, 690distant light, 684light colors, 699reflection types, 691–693See also lights (for rendering)

light blocks (pre-Release 13), updating of, 725light bulbs, simulating light from, 685light colors, 699LIGHT command, 695–699Light option (Render, View menu), 694lighting principles, 689–694lightness, of colors, 690lights (for rendering)

adding, 694–695ambient light, 684, 693angles of faces to, 689deleting, 696distances of faces from, 690distant light, 684export file format, 834fill lights, 684, 685intensity, 695modifying, 696–699point lights, 685positioning, 695, 696–699removing from the current scene, 695settings, 695and shadows, 683spotlights, 685surface reflection, 691–693surface reflection colors, 700types, 683–686See also light

Lights dialog box, 694Lights option (Render, View menu), 696’like’ operator, conditional query operator, 796limits

grid limits, 69specifying tolerances as, 426See also drawing limits

LIMITS command, 70, 211LIMMAX system variable, 70LIMMIN system variable, 70Line (Draw menu), 113, 124LINE command, 113, 124, 125line end styles, assigning, 570line join styles, assigning, 570line objects, drawing, 124line segments, 124

end caps, 343filleting, 305snapping to points on, 176

Line Spacing tab (Multiline Text Editor), 357, 365–366

884 | Index

line spacing, multiline text objects, 365–366line text, 348

aligning, 349–351options (illustrated), 349

assigning text styles to, 351creating, 348editing, 351–353formatting, 349

line text objects, 351, 352modifying properties, 352

line widths. See lineweightsLinear (Dimension menu), 396, 398linear dimension scale, 424, 428

setting, 424, 428, 430linear dimensions

creating, 396, 397–398definition points (illustrated), 406illustrated, 394, 397rotated. See rotated dimensionsstarting, 397types, 397See also aligned dimensions; baseline

dimensions; continued dimensions; dimensions; horizontal dimensions; ordinate dimensions; vertical dimensions

line-hiding. See hiding hidden lineslines

baselines, 845centerlines, 395, 401, 419chamfering, 301chamfers, 300construction, 189–193creating meshes between, 626dimensioning, 397–398drawing, 124–133

in tiled viewports, 226, 227filleting, 305, 306infinite, 189–193joining to polylines, 295line segments, 124mirror lines, 273–275miter joints, 343offsetting, 124parallel lines, 124rubber-band line, 852starting at the end of arcs, 137tessellation lines, 633, 674, 853types, 124See also construction lines; dimension lines;

extension lines; freehand lines; leader lines; line segments; linetypes; multilines; objects (AutoCAD); polylines; rays; xlines

lines (of text)starting new, 354wordwrapping, 391See also line text; multiline text

Lines and Arrows tabModify Dimension Style dialog box, 433New Dimension Style dialog box, 417

Linetype (Format menu), 333, 337, 338LINETYPE command, 124, 334, 335, 337, 539Linetype control (Object Properties toolbar),

255–256, 334linetype definitions, 333linetype descriptions, changing, 337Linetype Manager, 255, 256, 333

changing linetype descriptions, 337filtering linetypes, 337loading linetypes, 333making a linetype current, 334setting the global linetype scale, 338

linetype patterns, completing, 569linetype scale

copying, 263editing, 260–263global, setting, 338–339non-ISO linetypes, 565

linetypes, 124, 324, 333–339, 849assigning plot style linetypes, 569assigning to layers, 324AutoCAD vs. plotter, 334block values, 250, 445copying, 263default, 124definitions, 333deleting, 336descriptions, 337displaying, 335editing, 249, 255–256, 260–263extracting information from PCP, PC2, or

acad14.cfg files, 576filtering, 337for freehand sketching, 131illustrated, 333loading, 333making current, 124, 256, 334named, 158noncontinuous, selecting objects with, 234overriding object linetypes with plot styles,

569of raster images, changing, 745renaming, 335scale factor, 338scaling, 338–339

non-ISO linetypes, 565in paper space, 339, 539

stopping false linetyping, 566See also linetype scale; named objects

Lineweight (Format menu), 343, 344Lineweight control (Object Properties toolbar),

256–258lineweight scale, setting, 529Lineweight Settings dialog box, 325

Index | 885

lineweights, 325, 339assigning plot style lineweights, 569assigning to layers, 325assigning to objects, 238block values, 250, 445copying, 263default, 340displaying, 343–345editing, 249, 250, 256–258, 260–263in exported drawings, 340extracting information from PCP, PC2, or

acad14.cfg files, 576making current, 258, 342objects not displaying, 342overriding object lineweights with plot

styles, 569plotting, 520from pre-AutoCAD 2000 formats, 340preference settings, 80and raster images, 342scaling, 520setting, 340specifying, 549

for dimension lines, 418turning off in plotted DWF files, 822turning on and off, 345values, 340

table, 340 See also named objects

Link Conversion (dbConnect menu), 808, 810link data

editing, 783–784viewing, 780–783

Link Manager, updating key field values,783–784

Link Select, 767, 805–807set operations, 805

link templatescreating, 778editing, 780importing and exporting, 791

linked drawingsediting, 753updating, 753

linked image paths (raster images), 729linking, 750

commands for (OLE), 752, 755database records to graphical objects,

778–779vs. embedding, 750files to drawings, 756objects to drawings, 751, 755server files, 756views to other application documents, 270,

752See also attaching

links (database), 766, 786converting from previous releases, 808creating, 778–779, 788exporting, 785–786with labels, 788limitations, 786to objects with associated labels, 788saving AutoCAD 2000 links to earlier

formats, 810Links (Insert menu), 755links (OLE), 849

breaking, 758changing, 757reconnecting, 757updating, 750, 756

Links dialog box (OLE links), 757, 758LISP files, loading control option, 79LIST command, 202

determining coordinates, 109List option (Inquiry, Tools menu), 202List View option (Image Manager), 738List View option (Xref Manager), 461–462listing

database information, 201drawing properties, 204drawing time, 203groups of which objects are members, 242layers and layer properties, 318properties, 201raster images, 737–739, 740symbol tables, 481tiled viewport configurations, 229xrefs (xref definitions), 461, 480

LMC, least material condition symbol, 439Load or Reload Linetypes dialog box, 334Load Palette dialog box, 496, 497, 508loading

demand loading xrefs, 470–474geometry, into partially open drawings,

311, 312, 313, 314linetypes, 333raster images, 732See also attaching

locating points, 108, 200Lock Aspect Ratio option (Scale OLE Object dialog

box), 761locked layers, 323

editing objects on, 250working sets and, 487

locking layers, 323log files, maintaining, 78long symbol names, control option, 79Look Up Values option (Query Editor), 797loops, creating regions from, 146lowercase, changing text to, 354, 358LTSCALE system variable, 339, 539

886 | Index

LUNITS system variable, 69LUPREC system variable, 69LWDEFAULT system variable, 340LWDISPLAY system variable, 257, 345LWEIGHT command, 258, 340, 343LWUNITS system variable, 340

Mmagnet (AutoSnap lock), 170magnifying views. See zoomingmain window. See AutoCAD windowMake option (Block, Draw menu), 436, 447, 452managing drawing content. See drawing content

managementmanuals, printed, 39mapping. See color mapping; font mapping;

image mapping (in rendering)maps

color maps, 846shadow maps, 687See also rendering maps

Mark option (UNDO command), 105markers (AutoSnap), 170, 171

See also blips; center marks; point markersMASSPROP command, 198Match Properties (Modify menu), 265matching properties. See copying, propertiesMATCHPROP command, 265material condition symbols, 439

illustrated, 437material conditions (of features), 439material orientations, Auto Axis calculations,

670materials (for rendering), 699

attaching, 704–705attributes, 701color variables (surface color variations),

700coloring, 702–703defining, 699, 701–703detaching, 705display in 3D views, 599duplicating, 704export file format, 834exporting, 713–714Fit to Object materials, 708Fixed Scale materials, 708, 709, 711importing, 706, 713–714maintaining orientations, 708modifying, 704projecting patterns on, 702properties, 699refractive index, 700rendering priorities, 706solid materials, 710transparency, 700

Materials dialog box, attaching materials, 704Materials Library dialog box, 713–714Materials Library option (Render, View menu),

713materials lists (in drawings), 713Materials option (Render, View menu), 701, 704mathematical expressions, evaluating, 194mathematical operators, 194MATLIB command, 714MAXACTVP system variable, 322maximum material condition symbol , 439MBUTTONPAN system variable, 63MEASURE command, 186, 187Measure option (Point, Draw menu), 187MEASUREINIT system variable, 48MEASUREMENT system variable, 48measurement units. See angular units; dimension

units; drawing units; English units; metric units

measuring objects in intervals, 186–188starting points, 186

Mechanical Desktop, 620memory (RAM)

displaying free space, 202freeing up. See performance optimization

menu bar, 56illustrated, 56

MENU command, 831menu files, 56

default, 56menus, 56

button menus, 845custom, 74See also menu files; shortcut menus

merging renderings with background images,681–683

meshes (faceted surfaces), 620, 622closing, 624components, 673converting AutoSurf surfaces into, 674Coons surface patch meshes, 629creating, 628–632

between objects, 626for smooth shading, 673–674

density, 622, 673, 674as displayed as wireframes, 623edge-defined surface meshes, 629open vs. closed, 622polyface meshes, 625–626polygon meshes, 624–625predefined surface meshes, 623rectangular meshes, 624–625ruled surface meshes, 626simulating with elevation/thickness,

630–632surface of revolution meshes, 628

Index | 887

meshes (faceted surfaces) (continued)tabulated surface meshes, 628uses, 622

metafiles. See WMF filesmetric units

converting English dimension units to/from, 425

specifying feet and inches, in imperial unit drawings, 425

starting drawings based on, 47Microsoft Internet Explorer, system

requirements, 812, 813Microsoft ODBC, 768Microsoft OLE DB, 768Microsoft Windows. See Windows 95middle button (three-button mouse), 63Midpoint object snap, 168, 171midpoints, snapping to, 171migrating. See convertingminus sign (-)

mathematical operator, 194zoom cursor, 207

Mirror (Modify menu), 274MIRROR command, 274, 275, 639mirror lines, 273–275MIRROR3D command, 642mirroring

3D objects, 642objects, 273–275, 849text, 274, 351

MIRRTEXT system variable, 274, 351missing reference files, 479mistakes

redoing actions, 105undoing actions, 104See also deleting; erasing; UNDO command

miter joints, 343MLEDIT command, 296MLINE command, 124, 125MLSTYLE command, 129, 298MMC, maximum material condition symbol,

439Model button (status bar), 58, 531model space, 850

dimensioning in, 430, 431grid limits, 70lineweight display, 343setting the linear dimension scale, 430slide appearance in, 830switching from paper space to, 530switching to paper space from, 517viewing drawings in, 612See also Model tab; tiled viewports

Model tab, 57, 512illustrated, 56shortcut menu, 62

models, 849See also 3D Modeling; 3D objects; drawings;

objects (AutoCAD)modes, 849Modify Dimension Style dialog box, 433Modify Light dialog box, 696Modify Standard Material dialog box, 704Modify toolbar, 57

illustrated, 56modifying. See editingmonitor resolution, and slide appearance, 830mouse, 63

Intellimouse, 63mouse buttons, 62, 63

See also pick button (mouse); return button (mouse)

Move (Modify menu), 278MOVE command, 278, 368, 639move cursor, 763Move Faces option (Solids Editing, Modify

menu), 650Move UCS option (UCS, Tools menu), 593moving

columns, 773dimension text in relation to extension

lines, 421–422faces (of 3D solids), 650layouts, 522multiline text objects, 368objects, 278

by stretching, 283OLE objects, 763raster images, 745UCSs, 592–593See also converting

MSLIDE command, 830MTEXT command, 348, 353–366, 389, 392mtext. See multiline textMTEXTED system variable, 388, 392Multiline (Draw menu), 126Multiline Edit Tools dialog box, 297multiline intersections, editing, 296Multiline option (Object, Modify menu), 296,

297Multiline Properties dialog box, 128, 297multiline scale, 129Multiline Style (Format menu), 127, 128, 297multiline styles

creating, 126–129default file, 127editing, 297naming, 129saving, 129using existing, 129

Multiline Styles dialog box, 127, 297

888 | Index

multiline text, 353–762creating, 354–356

in text editors, 389editing, in text editors, 392finding and replacing, 366–367format codes, 389–391formatting, 356–368

in text editors, 389–392and leader lines, attachment options, 413specifying text editors for, 387–388See also multiline text objects; text styles

Multiline Text Editor, 354Character tab, 357, 357–362editing keys, 354editing labels, 791editing text, 398entering text, 354, 355Find/Replace tab, 366–367formatting options, 356–357Line Spacing tab, 357, 365–366Properties tab, 362–365

multiline text objectsboundaries, 368, 391height, 354line spacing, 365–366moving, 368properties, 354, 357, 362–365rotation, 365, 378, 391text style changes and, 372width, 354, 365See also multiline text; Multiline Text Editor

Multiline Text option (Text, Draw menu), 355, 368, 389, 391

multiline text properties, setting, 354, 357, 362–365

multilines, 126–129adding elements to, 127background fills, 126, 129capping, 128coloring, 129drawing, 126, 129editing, 296–298end caps, 126illustrated, 126joints, 126, 128properties, 127scale, 129See also multiline styles

multiple copies, making, 248, 267, 268Multiple Copy mode, 248multiple database tables, searching, 802multiple documents, 34

switching to Single Document mode from,79

multiple drawingscopying between, 55displaying, 55switching between, 55

multiple object snaps. See running object snapsmultiple objects, editing object properties, 263multiple viewports, 117

defining different UCSs for, 117displaying the UCS icon in, 121in 3D, 594–596modifying settings, 121

MVIEW command, command options, 535

Nname conflicts, resolving, when adding drawing

content, 507Named Layer Filters dialog box, 328named objects, 157–161

bound, 469dependent. See dependent named objects (in

xrefs)naming, 159in partially open drawings, 311purging, 161renaming, 159

in groups, 160types, 158

named page setups. See page setupsNAMED plot style, 572named plot style tables

adding/deleting plot styles in, 560converting pen settings from previous

AutoCAD versions into, 578creating, 557–558

named plot styles, 555named queries. See stored queriesNamed UCS option (UCS, Tools menu), 118, 120named UCSs, 158

saving UCS settings in, 595named viewport configurations. See viewport

configurationsNamed Viewports option (Viewports, View

menu), 226, 228named views, 220–222, 850

activating named views in DWF files, 827deleting, 222naming, 220–222and rendering, 715restoring, 220, 222saving, 220, 220–222See also views

Named Views (View menu), 221, 222naming

multiline styles, 129named objects, 159named views, 220–222raster images, 742text styles, 371user coordinate systems, 118See also file names; renaming

Index | 889

navigatingdrawing content, 498the Internet, 814–816

nearest intersection, trimming objects to, 292Nearest object snap, 169, 177nested blocks, 445nested xref paths, changing, 475nested xrefs, 463

clipped, 482nesting, blocks, 445networks, demand loading xrefs on, 471, 473New (File menu), 47NEW command, 48, 49, 50, 51New Dimension Style dialog box

creating dimension styles, 417setting dimension styles, 419–421tabs, 417

New Distant Light dialog box, 698new features in AutoCAD 2000, 34–38New Label Template (Templates, dbConnect

menu), 787New Label Template dialog box, 787New Link Template (Templates, dbConnect

menu), 778New Link Template dialog box, 779New Standard Materials dialog box, 701–703New Text Style dialog box, 371New Toolbar dialog box, 90New UCS (Tools menu), options, 114, 118New View dialog box, 221New Viewports option (Viewports, View menu),

224, 532Node object snap, 168, 174, 186Node snap mode, selecting dimensions, 406nodes, 850non-ASCII characters, handling of, 374nonbreaking spaces, inserting, 359, 390noncontinuous linetypes, selecting objects

with, 234None object snap, 169, 177non-ISO linetypes, scaling, 565nonrectangular viewports, 542–544

applying to frozen layers, 544creating, 542–543editing, 544hatching, 542zooming and panning in, 544

Normal island detection style, 151, 155NORMAL plot style, 562, 572normals (of surfaces), 670, 673, 850“not equal” (< >) query operator, 796noun/verb selection, 850

preference options, 82Noun/Verb Selection option (Object Selection

Settings dialog box), 234, 246NURBS curves. See spline curves (NURBS curves)NURBS surfaces, export file format, 833

Oobject colors, 331–332

assigning to pens, 331, 550, 554color names, 331color numbers, 331converting to gray scale, 566default color, 331editing, 249, 253–255, 260–263making current, 255, 332modifying with plot style screening, 568overriding with plot style color, 566plotting with solid colors, 566and shadows, 687specifying, 331See also colors

Object Grouping dialog box, 242–243object layers

editing, 249, 251–253, 260–263making current, 316

object linetypesediting, 249, 255–256, 260–263making current, 256overriding with plot style linetypes, 569

object lineweightsblock values, 250copying, 263editing, 249, 256–258, 260–263making current, 258overriding with plot style lineweights, 569

object linking and embedding. See OLE; OLE objects

object mappers, maintaining material orientations, 708, 711

Object option (VPORTS command), 543object plot styles, 572object properties, 319

assigning to block objects, 446binding to drawings, 489block values, 250copying, 55, 263–266

settings, 266editing, 249–263

new features, 34with the Object Properties toolbar,

249–260with the Properties window, 250,

260–263single/multiple objects, 263

inheritance during in-place reference editing, 489

listing, 201overriding with plot styles, 553viewing, 262See also BYBLOCK property; elevation; object

colors; object layers; object linetypes; object lineweights

Object Properties Manager. See Properties window

890 | Index

Object Properties toolbar, 35, 57, 249–260character matching, 250editing object colors, 249, 250, 253–255editing object layers, 249, 250, 251–253editing object linetypes, 249, 250, 255–256editing object lineweights, 249, 250,

256–258editing object plot styles, 250–259illustrated, 56 See also object properties; Properties

windowobject selection cycling, 244Object Selection Filters dialog box, 238, 241Object Snap mode. See object snaps; Snap modeObject Snap shortcut menu, 60

displaying, 63Object Snap tab (Drafting Settings dialog box),

169object snap tracking, 178, 181–182

acquiring points, 182clearing acquired points, 182making points available for, 182setting options, 183turning on, 181

object snaps, 167–177aperture box, 170applicability, 171AutoSnap, 170buttons location, 171command line abbreviations, 168–169descriptions, 171–177disabling, 177From option, 176, 177magnet, 170markers, 170, 171new features, 34running object snaps, 852single point (override), 167toolbar buttons, 168–169tooltips, 170, 184turning on, 167See also running object snaps

ObjectARX (AutoCAD Runtime Extension) (programming language), 157

ObjectARX applications, preference options, 78objects (AutoCAD), 850

adding to selection sets, 249aligning, 281

in floating viewports, 540at intervals, 186

arraying, 275–277assigning plot styles to, 326in blocks. See block objectsbreaking, 292calculating areas/

circumferences/perimeters, 196chamfering, 299–303

objects (AutoCAD) (continued)changing the drawing order, 143complex objects, 291copying, 266–272

to the Clipboard, 269with grips, 248, 268

creating, 123–161and embedding, 759

creating meshes between, 626custom objects, 157

preference options, 78cutting to the Clipboard, 269dividing into segments, 188dragging. See dragging, objectsdrawing, 123–161drawing circles tangent to, 134, 176duplicating. See copyingediting, 249–314

with grips, 246–248embedding in other documents, 754erasing, 282exploding, 293extending, 287–289extruding, 636filleting, 304–308hatching, 150hiding, 319hyperlinks to, 817identifying with color numbers, 331imprinting on solids, 656inserting breaks in, 292lengthening, 289linking database records to, 778–786linking to objects with associated labels,

788listing database information about, 201making an object layer current, 252, 317measuring in intervals, 186–188mirroring, 273–275, 849moving, 278

by stretching, 283named. See named objectsoffsetting, 272paper space objects, 450pasting into AutoCAD, 270–271positioning 2D objects in 3D space, 621proxy objects, 157removing parts of, 292removing, from selection sets, 241, 247as rendered into PostScript, 836rendering, 678–680resizing, 283–292revolving, 637rotating, 277, 279–281, 639scaling. See scaling; scaling objectsscreening, in floating viewports, 535

Index | 891

objects (AutoCAD) (continued)See also 3D objects; blocks; database objects;

features (of objects); groups; named objects; object colors ; object linetypes; object properties; OLE objects; selection sets

selecting. See selecting objectsshortening, 289smoothness, 633snapping to points on, 167–177sorting method options, 80specifying intervals on, 186–189stretching, 283–284symbols, 853transferring to layers, 251trimming, 289–292viewing objects linked to database records,

781viewing records linked to, 781, 782visibility, 319in xrefs, indexing, 471, 472

objects (nonAutoCAD), as pasted into drawings,758

objects. See database objects; objects (AutoCAD); objects (nonAutoCAD)

Oblique (Dimension menu), 410obliquing angle (of text), setting, 377, 390Oce devices, plotting with, 576ODBC (Microsoft), 768Offset (Modify menu), 272OFFSET command, 124, 129, 272Offset Faces option (Solids Editing, Modify

menu), 652offset method, drawing xlines, 192offset snaps, 268

making multiple copies, 248offsetting

faces (of 3D solids), 652, 657lines, 124multiple copies, 268objects, 272rendered images, 720–721

OLE (object linking and embedding), 749–764, 850

terminology, 750OLE DB (Microsoft), 768OLE Links (Edit menu), 757, 758OLE objects, 750

3D orbit view and, 602changing the layers for, 764copying, 763cutting, 763deselecting, 764displaying, 763, 764editing, 753, 754, 760, 760–764embedded, editing, 754, 760embedding, 751, 758–760

OLE objects (continued)Excel spreadsheets as, 750hiding, 763, 764limitations in AutoCAD, 750linked, editing, 753linking, 751, 755moving, 763pasting, 763plotting, 78, 750raster objects and ADI drivers, 750resizing, 763restoring to original size, 762scaling OLE text objects, 762selecting, 764

OLE Objects (Insert menu), 759OLE Properties dialog box, preference options,

79OLE shortcut menu, 60OLE text objects

restoring to original size, 762scaling, 762

OLEHIDE system variable, 764OLELINKS command, 755, 756OLESCALE command, 761online documentation, 38online Help. See HelpOOPS command, 282opacity maps, 707, 710, 850Open (File menu), 47, 312, 838Open and Save tab (Options dialog box), 77

performance optimization options, 85OPEN command, 52, 838opening

Aerial View window, 216drawings, 52–54

with AutoCAD DesignCenter, 501with the drawing browser, 53–54drawings with AutoShade

information, 725from the Internet, 813partially, 52, 311–313settings, 77via hyperlinks, 820, 822See also starting drawings

DXB files, 838DXF files, 838Plot Style Table Editor, 562Query Editor, 795tables, 771

operatorsmathematical, 194See also query operators

optimizing AutoCAD performance. See performance optimization

Options (Render window File menu), 683Options (Tools menu), 73, 75, 82, 237, 246OPTIONS command, 73, 76, 83, 230, 232, 237,

247, 381, 388

892 | Index

Options dialog boxDisplay tab, 76, 84, 230Drafting tab, 80, 183Files tab, 74–76, 380, 388, 474, 476–478,

815Open and Save tab, 77, 85performance optimization options, 84–85Plotting tab, 78, 553Profiles tab, 82Selection tab, 81, 246setting options, 73System tab, 79, 85, 598User Preferences tab, 80, 237

options, choosing command options, 97“or” operator, Boolean query operator, 799Orbit mode, entering, 207, 208orbiting 3D objects, 611ordering AutoCAD documentation, 43Ordinate (Dimension menu), 396ordinate dimensions, 399

creating, 396, 399–400definition points (illustrated), 406illustrated, 394, 399See also dimensions

orientationof drawings, 526–527of paper in plotter, 552of text, 371

See also text orientationuser coordinate systems, 113, 116

origin, 850adjusting the plot origin, 527See also UCS origin

Origin option (Display, View menu), 117Origin option (New UCS, Tools menu), 118Ortho button (status bar), 132Ortho mode, 179, 850

Isometric Snap/Grid mode and, 166–167and polar tracking, 179turning on and off, 132, 179UCS orientation and, 113

orthogonal, 850Orthographic option (UCS, Tools menu), 120orthographic projections. See parallel projections

(of 3D views)orthographic UCSs (predefined), selecting, 120,

591–592orthographic views (in 3D space), restoring,

597–598Orthographic Views (View menu), 597Osnap button (status bar), 170OSNAP command, 169Otrack button (status bar), 178Outer island detection style, 155overall dimension scale, 422, 429

and the drawing scale, 429and the plot scale, 429setting, 422, 428

overlaying xrefs, 465vs. attaching xrefs, 466with AutoCAD DesignCenter, 505

overlining text, format codes, 389override object snaps, 167overrides. See dimension style overrides

Ppage settings. See page setupsPage Setup (File menu), 521, 525–530, 560Page Setup dialog box, 517

attaching plot style tables to layouts and viewports, 559

displaying, 514saving page setups, 521

page setups, 548applying to layouts, 512, 548saving, 518, 521

PAGESETUP command, 519, 525–530palette (AutoCAD DesignCenter), 493, 496–500

changing the display, 498choosing views, 499displaying block descriptions, 499, 500displaying preview images, 499inserting custom content, 506loading, 496–498, 503navigating with, 498refreshing, 500uses, 496See also tree view (AutoCAD DesignCenter)

Pan (View menu), 208pan box. See view box (Aerial View window)PAN command, 206panning, 850

with Aerial View, 218AutoPan, 782freezing layers and, 320in 3D orbit view, 603with an Intellimouse, 63, 208interactive (Realtime mode), 63, 206, 208

exiting, 208joystick panning, 208in nonrectangular viewports, 544objects linked to records, 782with raster images, 84

Paper button (status bar), 531paper orientation, and image orientation, 552paper size, setting, 519, 526paper space, 850

dimensioning in, 430–431grid limits, 70lineweight display, 345scale factor, 538scaling linetypes, 339, 539scaling views relative to, 213, 214, 538setting the linear dimension scale, 430slide appearance in, 830

Index | 893

paper space (continued)switching between floating viewports and,

531switching from model space to, 517switching to model space from, 530UCS limitations, 590uses of, 513view commands not available in, 612views, 612See also floating viewports; layouts; layout

tabspaper space objects, inserting, 450PAPERALERT system variable, 519paragraph text. See multiline text; paragraphsparagraphs

format codes, 389–391selecting, 357

parallel dimensions. See baseline dimensionsparallel lines

drawing, 124filleting, 308

Parallel object snap, 168, 176parallel projections (of 3D views)

creating, 616in 3D orbit view, 605

parentheses ( ( ) ), mathematical operators, 194parenthetical grouping, in queries, 800Partial Load (File menu), 314Partial Load dialog box, 314Partial Open dialog box, 313

illustrated, 312Partial Open option (Select File dialog box), 52,

311–313partial plot configuration files. See PCP filespartially open drawings

bound xrefs in, 313Find and Replace in, 382loading geometry into, 311, 312, 313, 314

PARTIALOAD command, 314PARTIALOPEN command, 313parts lists, extracting attribute information for,

454, 456–459Paste (Edit menu), 271, 755, 759Paste Special (Edit menu), 271, 755Paste Special dialog box, 271, 756PASTECLIP command, 755, 759PASTESPEC command, 755pasting

objects, into AutoCAD, 270–271OLE objects, 763text, 101, 354, 369

to the command line, 100, 101, 272views, into other documents, 752

Pattern option (Boundary Hatch dialog box),309

patternsprojecting on materials, 702See also hatch patterns; plot style fill patterns

PC2 filesapplying settings to layout templates, 523extracting linetype and lineweight

information from, 576importing settings from, 546, 576

PC3 files, 549storage locations, 549

PCP filesapplying settings to layout templates, 523extracting linetype and lineweight

information from, 576importing settings from, 546, 576

PDMODE system variable, 143PDSIZE system variable, 143PEDIT command, 131, 137, 139, 294, 336, 624Pen Assignments dialog box, 576pen numbers, assigning

to plot styles, 567pen plotters

assigning colors to pens, 331configuring, 567See also pen widths; pens

pen settingsmigrating from previous AutoCAD

versions, 576–578obtaining, 576

pen widths, specifying the ISO pen width, 339pens

assigning colors to, 331, 550, 554assigning to plot styles, 567assigning to plotters, 568importing settings, 524migrating settings from previous AutoCAD

versions, 576–578virtual, 568See also pen widths

percent sign (%), creating, 424performance optimization

demand loading xrefs, 470, 471, 473display accuracy and, 674display settings, 77freezing layers, 320limiting drawing resolution, 674managing raster images, 731–737new features, 34–38spline curves vs. curve-fit/spline-fit

polylines, 295spline curves vs. fit (smoothed) polylines,

137turning off Aerial View window dynamic

updating, 219turning off visual elements display,

230–232unloading xrefs, 468user preference options, 84–85using SHX fonts, 380

perimeters, calculating, 196period (.), wild-card character, 160

894 | Index

Perpendicular object snap, 168, 175perspective projections (of 3D views) (perspective

views)creating, 616in 3D orbit view, 606

PFACE command, 294, 625PFB files, font mapping order, 382Phong shading, 673, 679Photo Raytrace (renderer)

anti-aliasing in, 676coefficient of reflectivity, 702refractive effects, 700See also photorealistic renderers

Photo Real (renderer), 677See also photorealistic renderers

photorealistic renderers, 677anti-aliasing control levels, 676attenuation calculation methods, 694and complex geometry, 672light reflection control, 691light reflection parameters, 693mapping, 706–713shadow generation, 686shadow map generation, 687smooth shading option, 673

pick button (mouse), 63, 851cycling through objects for selection, 237interactive zooming/panning, 207, 208

Pick Point option (Boundary Hatch dialog box),149, 151, 153

PICKADD system variable, 249pickbox

selecting objects with, 234sizing, 81

PICKDRAG system variable, 235PICKFIRST system variable, 249, 251PICKSTYLE system variable, 242, 244, 309pigment colors, 699PINSBASE header variable, restoring, 833PLAN command, 615plan view, 851

displaying, 615illustrated, 851

Plan View option (3D Views, View menu), 615planar projection (in image mapping), 711, 712,

851planes

clipping, 846construction, 110, 846isometric, 166–167

PLINE command, 124, 125, 135, 139, 141, 633PLINEGEN system variable, 336plines. See polylinesPlot (File menu), 551

plot areaadjusting the origin, 527setting, 520, 528

plot configurations. See plotter configurationsPlot dialog box

filling in one step, 550making changes for a single plot, 552setting options, 551

plot origin, adjusting, 527Plot Preview

lineweight display, 345zooming limits, 207

plot scaleand the overall dimension scale, 429setting, 520, 529

Plot Style control (Object Properties toolbar),258

plot style linetypes, assigning, 569plot style lineweights, assigning, 569Plot Style Manager (File menu), 560–570plot style modes, changing, 553Plot Style Table Editor, 518, 560–571

opening, 562plot style tables, 513, 537, 547

attaching to floating viewports, 530, 537attaching to layouts and viewports, 559changing descriptions, 562creating, 557setting up, 78See also color-dependent plot styles; named

plot stylesplot styles, 78, 316, 513, 537, 548, 550, 553,

559adding/deleting in named plot style tables,

560assigning colors to, 566assigning pen numbers, 567assigning plot style linetypes, 569assigning plot style lineweights, 569assigning to layers, 326changing descriptions, 566changing modes, 553changing object/layer plot styles, 573-574color-dependent, 554, 565copying, 263, 563creating output effects, 554default color, 566displaying the effects of, 519, 537, 549editing, 249, 260–263, 518, 562–575making current, 259modes, 553named, 555, 565object properties controlled by, 537plotting with, 520

Index | 895

plot styles (continued)properties, 546renaming, 575See also layer plot styles

PLOTSTYLE command, 259, 260plotted views, removing hidden lines, 529, 535plotter configurations, 549

ePlot plotters, 579, 823importing settings, 524modifying, 518setting, 78See also PC2 files; PCP files

Plotter Manager (File menu), 823plotters

assigning colors to pens, 331configuring, 515, 519, 579setting up, 549specifying, 518, 519, 550

plotting, 545–580batch plotting, 579from the command line, 78, 552converting to gray scale, 566DWF files, 823electronic, 579enabling dithering, 566in AutoCAD 2000, 550–552layers, 319lineweights, 520making changes for a single plot, 552OLE objects, 78, 750with plot styles, 520preference options, 78process recommendations (AutoCAD), 547with script files, 580setting up the plotting environment,

517–519system warnings, 78turning on and off for visible layers, 322

plotting environment, setting up, 517–519plotting properties, controlling, 78Plotting tab (Options dialog box), 78, 553, 554plus sign (+)

acquired points indicator, 182mathematical operator, 194UCS icon symbol, 116zoom cursor, 207

plus-or-minus tolerances. See tolerancesPoint (Draw menu), 143, 187, 188point acquisition, defining hatch boundaries,

150point filters (coordinate filters), 846

specifying points with, 185point lights, 685

attenuation rate options, 690positioning, 697spotlights, 685

point markerscreating, 143inserting at intervals, 186–189

point objectscreating, 142snapping to, 174, 177styling, 142

point of displacement, for copying objects, 266Point Style (Format menu), 143Point Style dialog box, 143pointing devices, 62–64

Intellimouse, 63mouse, 63preference options, 79sketching freehand, 131tablet, 64See also mouse

points (geometric), 851acquired point acquisition methods, 182,

184approximation points, 844base point, 266calculating, 193, 194centering views on, 213control points, 846extracting coordinates from selected

points, 583fit points, 298, 844, 848, 849inserting at intervals, 186–189internal points, 148, 149interpolation points, 849locating, 108, 200offsetting objects through, 273point of displacement, 266snap angle base point, 165snapping to object points, 167–177specifying, 62

by calculation, 193, 194with coordinate systems, 108,

110–113with direct distance entry, 112with object snaps, 72with point filters, 185from temporary reference points, 177with tracking, 181–182

specifying boundaries with, 150tracking to points on objects, 181–182See also base point; coordinates; definition

points (of dimensions); insertion points; point markers; point objects

polar anglesadding and deleting, 181measurement methods, 180overrides, 181tracking along, 178–179

896 | Index

polar arrays, 851creating, 275

in 3D, 641Polar button (status bar), 178polar coordinate systems, 108polar coordinates, 110

specifying, 108, 111, 112polar tracking, 178–180

drawing objects, 179and Ortho mode, 179setting options, 179–180turning on, 179

Polar Tracking tab (Drafting Settings dialog box), 180, 183

POLARADDANG system variable, 181POLARANG system variable, 180POLARMODE system variable, 180, 184polyface meshes

creating, 625–626displaying invisible edges, 626export file format, 834

Polygon (Draw menu), 130, 131POLYGON command, 130polygon meshes

creating, 624–625export file format, 834surfaces defined by, 664

polygon selection windows, 235, 851CPolygons, 235, 846WPolygons, 235, 854

polygon windows. See polygon selection windowspolygonal clipping boundaries, 482Polygonal option (VPORTS command), 543polygons, 130

calculating areas/perimeters, 197circumscribed, 131clipping boundaries, 482crossing polygons. See CPolygonsdrawing, 130editing, 131exploding, 131inscribed, 130rotating, 281window polygons. See WPolygons

Polyline (Draw menu), 125polyline clipping boundaries, 482polyline curves, segment number and AutoCAD

performance, 84polyline linetypes, displaying, 336Polyline option (Object, Modify menu), 294polyline segments

chamfering, 302tapered, 288tapering, 294

polylines, 851as boundaries, 146calculating areas/perimeters, 197

polylines (continued)chamfering, 302clipping boundaries, 482closed, 664curves, segment number and AutoCAD

performance, 84drawing, 124–126

freehand, 132editing, 126, 293–295as ellipses, 146exploding, 126, 293filleting, 306–308fitting curves/splines to (smoothing), 137,

298in 3D, 621joining, 295, 636, 637linetypes, 336PostScript fills, 837smoothed. See fit polylines; smoothed

polylines; spline-fit polylinesSee also objects; polyline segments;

smoothed polylines; wide polylines

pop-up menus. See shortcut menusportrait orientation, 526–527positional tolerances, 438PostScript files

AutoCAD PostScript interpreter, 842color mapping, 842creating, 835–837customizing, 837display quality, 841font mapping, 842importing, 840–842objects as rendered in, 836PostScript Support file, 837saving rendered images to, 719scaling, 836

PostScript fills, in 2D polylines, 841PostScript fonts, in earlier release drawings,

handling of, 380PostScript images

color mapping for imported images, 842exporting, 835–837saving rendered images as, 719

PostScript support file, 837pound sign (#)

stacked text indicator, 361, 362, 390wild-card character, 160

precedence of mathematical operators, 194precision

display accuracy, in 3D modeling, 674drawing with, 163–204in DXF files, 833specifying unit precision, 68, 69, 423

Preferences option (Render, View menu), 671, 678

Index | 897

prefixes (dimension text)special characters, 424specifying, 424, 425

Preset option (Orthographic UCS, Tools menu),120, 591

press and drag selection, preference options, 82preview images (of drawings)

customizing, 510displaying, 499saving with drawings, 78, 835

previewingdrawings, in-place reference editing and,

490raster images, 740

Previous option (ZOOM command), 210primary units (for dimensions), 422–424Primary Units tab

Modify Dimension Style dialog box, 433New Dimension Style dialog box, 417,

422–424prime symbol (’ ), feet specifier, 112prime symbol (feet specifier), 112Print (Render window File menu), 723Print dialog box, editing rendered images, 723printed manuals, 39printers

setting up, 549See also plotters

printingrendered images, 722–724See also plotting; printers

procedural materials (for rendering), 710, 851product resources, Autodesk, 43productivity. See performance optimizationprofiles (of drawing environment settings)

creating and saving, 82making current, 82

Profiles tab (Options dialog box), 82project name paths, 476

adding/deleting, 477changing, 478

project names, 476adding/deleting, 476changing, 477

projected tolerance symbol , 439, 440projected tolerance zones, 440

adding, 439projection lines. See extension linesprojections

image mapping types, 711–713standard 3D projections, 587See also parallel projections (of 3D views);

perspective projections (of 3D views)

PROJECTNAME system variable, 476, 741projects, setting and clearing, 478

See also project name paths; project namesPROJMODE system variable, 642

prolog sections, PostScript Support file, 837prompts (command line), 851prompts. See command line promptsproperties

drafting properties, 80drawing properties, 86–87, 204materials properties, 699multiline properties, 127plotting properties, 78See also colors; elevation; layer properties;

layers; linetypes; lineweights; object properties; text properties; thickness

Properties (Modify menu), 336, 410changing elevation/thickness, 632changing object/layer plot styles, 573-574editing dimension properties, 411editing object properties, 263modifying line text, 352modifying raster images, 745viewing object properties, 262

PROPERTIES command, 87, 198, 204, 260, 262, 263, 336, 352, 392, 411, 533, 534, 538, 573, 632, 663, 736, 745, 746, 748

Properties tab (Multiline Text Editor), 362–365properties toolbar. See object properties;

Properties windowProperties window, 35, 260–263, 353

displaying clipped raster images, 736displaying polyline linetypes, 336displaying/closing, 262editing dimension properties, 411editing dimension text, 410, 411illustrated, 261keyboard shortcuts, 262modifying floating viewport properties, 533modifying viewport scale, 538turning floating viewports on and off, 536See also object properties

Property Painter, copying properties, 55Property Settings dialog box, 266proxy fonts, 375Proxy Information dialog box, 157proxy objects, 157proxy servers, 812PSFILL command, 837, 841PSIN command, 840PSLTSCALE system variable, 339, 539PSOUT command, 835, 837, 841PSPROLOG system variable, 837PSQUALITY system variable, 841PURGE command, 161, 337Purge option (Drawing Utilities, File menu), 161purging

See also deletingpurging, named objects, 161

898 | Index

QQDIM command, 397QLEADER command, 397, 414QSELECT command, 239, 240QTEXTMODE system variable, 232Quadrant object snap, 168, 174quadrants, snapping to, 174quadrilateral solid-filled areas, creating, 145queries (of databases), 794

Boolean operators, 799case sensitivity, 797conditional operators, 796–797creating, 794learning the basics, 794with multiple parameters, 801parenthetical grouping, 800with a single parameter, 800specifying a sort order for, 801specifying fields for, 801SQL queries, 802–803

importing and exporting, 804stored queries, 803

Query Builder tab, 794, 795Query Editor, 767, 794–804

Look Up Values option, 797opening, 795tabbed progression, 794tabs, 794See also Link Select

query operatorsBoolean, 799conditional, 796–797

question mark (?), wild-card character, 160Quick Dimension (Dimension menu), 397quick queries, 796–798

conditional operators, 796–797constructing, 796, 797

Quick Query tab, 794, 796–798Quick Reference Card, 39Quick Select dialog box, 238, 239Quick Select Filters dialog box, 240Quick Select, creating/filtering selection sets,

238–241Quick Setup wizard, starting drawings, 48Quick Text mode, turning on and off, 231QUIT command, 66quotation mark, reverse (‘), wild-card character,

160

Rradii, dimensioning, 401Radius (Dimension menu), 396, 401radius dimensions, 401

creating, 396, 401definition points (illustrated), 406illustrated, 394See also diameter dimensions; dimensions

rails (of ruled surface meshes), 626RAM (Random Access Memory). See memory

(RAM)range queries, constructing, 798Range Query tab, 794Range Query tab (Query Editor), 794, 798raster file formats, 728–729Raster Image (Insert menu), 730raster image boundaries, 744

coloring, 745property settings, 744showing/hiding, 744See also raster images

raster images, 727–7483D orbit view and, 602adjusting brightness, contrast, and fade,

748attaching, 730–731

with AutoCAD DesignCenter, 505from the Internet, 743

and AutoCAD performance, 84bitonal. See bitonal raster imagesboundaries. See raster image boundarieschanging layers or linetypes, 745clipping, 735–737clipping boundaries, 735coloring, 84detaching, 733displaying, 733, 735

as clipped, 736in draft-quality mode, 734with few colors, 734

erasing, 733export file format, 834file formats, 728–729hiding, 734highlighting/not highlighting, 733and lineweights, 342linked image paths, 729

changing, 731–733, 741–742listing, 737–739, 740loading, tiled vs. nontiled, 732modifying, 744–748moving, 745naming, 742panning with, 84pasting bitmaps into AutoCAD, 270previewing, 740resizing, 746rotating, 746scaling, 729–731, 746selecting, 84, 744, 745unloading and reloading, 732viewing information, 737–740

file details, 740zooming with, 84See also bitmaps (BMP images); preview

images

Index | 899

RASTERPREVIEW system variable, 65, 835Ray (Draw menu), 192Ray Casting island detection method, 152ray casting. See point acquisitionRAY command, 193rays, 189

drawing, 192extending, 289

raytraced renderer. See Photo Raytrace (renderer)raytraced shadows, generating, 688real-time zooming and panning, 206–208

in Aerial View, 216records (database records), 766

adding, 775constructing sets of graphical objects and,

805–807deleting, 775editing, 775linking to graphical objects, 778–779linking with labels, 788selecting records linked to graphical

objects, 780viewing graphical objects linked to, 781viewing records linked to selection sets,

781, 782See also fields (in records)

RECTANG command, 130, 633rectangles, drawing, 130rectangular arrays

creating, 275, 276in 3D, 640

rotating, 277rectangular meshes, creating, 624–625rectangular window clipping boundaries, 482Redo (Edit menu), 105REDO command, 104redoing actions, 105Redraw (View menu), 65REDRAW command, 65, 144redrawing the screen, 64, 852

raster images and, 734turned off layers and, 319

REFCLOSE command, 490REFEDIT command, 487Refedit Toolbar, 488REFEDITNAME system variable, 487reference angles, rotating objects by, 279–280Reference Edit dialog box, 486reference points

specifying points from, 177See also point markers; point objects; points

(geometric)reference, scaling objects by, 285references

in-place editing, 35, 484–490See also blocks; xrefs (external references)

reflection (of light)coloring, 702diffuse reflection, 691, 693effects (illustrated), 691surface color variations, 700types, 691–693See also specular reflection (highlights)

reflection color (of materials), 700, 852reflection maps, 707, 710, 852refractive index (of materials), 700

setting, 703REFSET command, 488regardless-of-feature-size symbol , 439Regen (View menu), 65REGEN command, 65, 144, 226, 230regenerating drawings, 64, 144, 226, 230, 852

and shading, 668thawing layers and, 320

Region (Draw menu), 146REGION command, 146regions, 146

calculating areas/perimeters, 197composite, 147creating, 146–148, 636export file format, 833import file format, 839vs. surfaces, 664

regular polygons. See polygonsrelative angles, rotating objects by, 279relative coordinates, 852

2D (X, Y), 110, 111cylindrical, 585relative hyperlinks, 817

reloading, xrefs, 467Rename (Format menu), 159, 575RENAME command, 119, 159, 329, 335Rename dialog box, 159Rename Text Style dialog box, 379renaming

dimension styles, 434layers, 329layouts, 518linetypes, 335named objects, 159

in groups, 160plot styles, 575text styles, 379toolbars, 89user coordinate systems, 119

Render (renderer), 677configuring, 675–676loading, unloading, and stopping, 677related applications, 726

Render (View menu), 678, 717options, 696, 704, 713

Render blocks, updating of pre-Release 13 blocks, 725

900 | Index

RENDER command, 319, 669, 680, 717Render dialog box, 678Render window

accessing, 681–683features for rendering, 724illustrated, 681printing images from, 722–724redisplaying rendered images to, 722rendering features, 724saving images from, 718

to PostScript files, 719setting the background color, 678

rendered images, 662copying, 722cropping, 720displaying information about, 680editing for printing, 723exporting, 722Gouraud renderings, 679merging with background images, 681–683offsetting, 720–721printing, 722–724redisplaying

to the Render window, 722in viewports, 719

saving, 717–719to PostScript files, 719

smoothness, 674and AutoCAD performance, 84

renderers. See Photo Raytrace (renderer); photorealistic renderers; Render (renderer)

rendering, 662, 669–726anti-aliasing and, 675–676back faces, 672background color, 678against background images, 681–683basic option. See Render (renderer)bitplanes and, 676blocks, 706color depth, 676configuring Render, 675–676cropping the screen in, 678drawing surfaces for, 671editing color depth for, 683materials, priorities, 706and named views, 715objects, 678–680output options, 675process steps, 669Render window features, 724resources, 670to the screen, 680screen resolution for, 675setting conditions, 678speed of, 688

rendering (continued)viewport features, 725to viewports, 678See also image mapping (in rendering); lights

(for rendering); materials (for rendering); rendered images; shadows

rendering mapsblend value, 708combining, 708types, 707, 709

Rendering Preferences dialog box, setting Render window background color, 678

renderings. See rendered imagesrepeating commands, 99replacing, multiline text, 367REPLAY command, 682, 718, 719resizing

columns, 773the command window, 97floating viewports, 537leader lines, 416objects, 283–292

See also extending; scaling objects; stretching; trimming

OLE objects, 763raster images, 746toolbar buttons, 89

resolutionand aliasing, 675in 3D modeling, 674in DWF files, 823for rendering, 77, 675snap resolution, 853See also precision

resolving name conflicts when adding drawing content, 507

resourcesAutodesk product resources, 43See also support files

Restore option (UCS command), 119restoring

Data View window values (original), 777header variables (Release 12 DXF files), 833named views, 220, 222orthographic views (in 3D space), 597–598previous views, 209selection sets, 241tiled viewport configurations, 227a UCS to the WCS, 115user coordinate systems, 118

return button (mouse), 63, 852reverse quote (‘), wild-card character, 160REVOLVE command, 634, 637Revolve option (Solids, Draw menu), 637revolved solids, creating, 637Revolved Surface option (Surfaces, Draw menu),

628

Index | 901

revolving objects, 637REVSURF command, 628RFS, regardless of feature size symbol, 439RGB color system, 690, 852right mouse button. See return button (mouse)right-clicking, 34

customization settings, 61in the drawing area, 60See also shortcut menus

right-hand rule, applying, 582RMAT command, 703, 705, 726Rotate (Modify menu), 279, 280ROTATE command, 279, 280, 639Rotate Faces option (Solids Editing, Modify

menu), 651ROTATE3D command, 639rotated dimensions, 397

creating, 398illustrated, 397

rotated rectangular arrays, creating, 277rotating

3D objects, 6393D orbit view, 6023D views, 613dimension text, 398, 411dimensions, 398faces (of 3D solids), 651leader line annotations, 415objects, 277, 279–281, 639

with grips, 281See also mirroring

polygons, 281raster images, 746rectangular arrays, 277selection sets, 268the snap angle, 164user coordinate systems, 113, 115views, in floating viewports, 541the XY plane, 113

rotation angle, for text, 378, 391roughness (of materials)

setting, 703and specular reflection, 693

rounding off dimension values, 424, 428rounds (fillets), 304–308RPREF command, 671, 680RTF files

importing, 359, 368inserting, by dragging from Windows

Explorer, 369rubber-band line, 113, 852ruled surface meshes, creating, 626Ruled Surface option (Surfaces, Draw menu), 627RULESURF command, 626running object snaps, 852

cycling through, 170setting, 169

Ssaturation, of colors, 690Save (File menu), 65Save As (File menu), 833save back, 484, 489, 852SAVE command, 65Save Drawing As dialog box, 65Save option (Display Image, Tools menu), 718SAVEAS command, 65, 833SAVEIMG command, 717SAVETIME system variable, 65saving

blocks (block definitions), 449Data View window editing, 777drawings, 65

export file formats, 832–837incrementally, 85to the Internet, 813, 816, 832with layer and spatial indexes, 471,

472settings, 77

layer filters, 328layout templates, 524multiline styles, 129named views, 220, 220–222page setups, 518, 521profiles, 82rendered images, 717–719

to PostScript files, 719TIFF images, 717, 724, 732tiled viewport configurations, 227user coordinate systems, 118

saving back, 489, 852Scale (Modify menu), 285, 286SCALE command, 285, 286, 841scale factors

dimensions, 428–431in paper space, 538raster images, 730scaling objects by, 285setting, 212–213, 214See also drawing scale; linear dimension

scale; linetype scale; overall dimension scale; plot scale

scale locking, in floating viewports, 534Scale OLE Object dialog box, 762

Lock Aspect Ratio option, 761Scale option (ZOOM command), 213scaling

block references, 444dimensions, 428–431

to layouts, 424, 429See also linear dimension scale; overall

dimension scaledrawings, 286fill patterns, 565

902 | Index

scaling (continued)floating viewports, 517, 537

modifying the scale, 538image mapping, 707leader lines, 416linetypes, 338–339

in paper space, 339, 539linetypes,

non-ISO linetypes, 565lineweights, 520objects. See scaling objectsOLE objects, 763OLE text objects, 762PostScript files, 836raster images, 729–731, 746views, 212–213, 214

in floating viewports, 537relative to paper space, 213, 214, 538relative to the current view, 212relative to the drawing limits, 212

WMF files, 840scaling objects, 285–287

with grips, 286by reference, 285by scale factor, 285

SCENE command, 695–699, 716Scene option (Render, View menu), 716scenes, 715–716

creating, 716defining, 715deleting, 716modifying, 716removing lights from, 695

schemas (in databases), 768, 809scientific units, specifying, 112, 423screen display

cropping for rendering, 678customizing, 76redrawing, 64

See also regenerating drawingsrendering to, 680resolution. See resolution

screen redrawing, 852screen vectors, export file format, 834screening

colors, 568objects in floating viewports, 535

SCRIPT command, 831script files, 852

plotting with, 580scripts, 103

running commands in, 103SDF (Space-delimited File) format, 458search paths (for support files)

AutoCAD library search paths, 844raster image paths, 729

changing, 731, 741

search paths (for support files (continued)specifying, 74–76See also project name paths; xref paths

searchingfor drawing content, 501–503for drawing files, 54multiple database tables, 802for values in the Data View window, 775

SECTION command, 646Section option (Solids, Draw menu), 646sectioning solids, 646Select (command line verb), 96Select a Database Object dialog box, 778Select Color dialog box, 254, 324, 332, 358SELECT command, 234, 745Select File dialog box, 52

Partial Open option, 52, 311–313Select Image File dialog box, 730Select Objects prompt, responding to, 234Select operation (Link Select), 805Select Plot Style dialog box, 259Select Plot Style Name dialog box, 574Select Reference File dialog box, 464Select Slide File dialog box, 831selecting

associative hatches, 309blocks, 186dimensions, 406graphical objects linked to records, 778groups, 244layers, 320link select, 805objects. See selecting objectsOLE objects, 764raster images, 744, 745records linked to graphical objects, 780text, 352, 357

found text, 384selecting objects, 234–241

before choosing an editing command, 234, 246, 249

close together, 237customizing object selection, 237cycling through objects, 237, 244with fences, 236in groups, 242–245

preference options, 82noun/verb selection, 850with a pickbox, 234with a pointing device, 246preference options, 81with selection windows, 234–236with the tablet, 64with Quick Select, 238within/within or crossing enclosed areas,

235See also selection sets; selections

selection cycling, 244

Index | 903

selection fences, 236selecting objects with, 236See also fences

selection highlighting, turning on and off, 232selection methods, preference options, 81selection sets, 234, 852

adding objects to, 249constructing sets of graphical objects and

database records, 805copying, with grips, 268creating, 234

with Quick Select, 238erasing, 282filtering, 238–241named. See groupsremoving objects from, 241, 247restoring, 241rotating, 268viewing records linked to, 781, 782

Selection tab (Options dialog box), 81, 246selection windows, 234, 852

crossing selections, 234, 846selecting objects with, 234–236window selections, 234See also polygon selection windows

selectionscrossing, 846crossing selections, 234cutting/copying/pasting to and from the

Clipboard, 269–271, 354toggling group selection, 244window selections, 234

Separate option (Solids Editing, Modify menu),657

separating composite solids, 657server files, linking, 756servers

proxy servers, 812source applications, 750

set time variables, displaying, 203settings. See defaults; system variablessetup wizards, starting drawings with, 47, 48–49SETVAR command, 104, 116Shade (View menu), 668Shade options (SHADEMODE command), 668shaded images, 662

creating, 668–669smoothness, 633, 674

SHADEMODE command, 319, 608, 668shading, 146, 662

changing, in 3D orbit view, 606–608Phong shading, 673, 679regenerating drawings and, 668types, 668See also shaded images; smooth shading

shading modes (in 3D orbit view), 606–608shadow maps, generating, 687

shadows, 686–688creating, 683, 687–688, 699lights and, 683object color effects on, 687raytraced shadows, 688and rendering speed, 688shadow mapped, 687volumetric shadows, 687

shapes3D shapes, 620, 623, 632and hatch lines, 155

Shell option (Solids Editing, Modify menu), 658shelling solids, 657SHIFT key

adding objects to selection sets, 249making multiple copies, 248removing objects from selection sets, 241,

247shifting the XY plane, 114shortcut menus, 59–62

customizing, 61displaying, 36, 59in the drawing area, 59editing OLE objects, 760, 763outside the drawing area, 62turning off in the drawing area, 60

SHORTCUTMENU system variable, 61shortcuts (to drawing content sources) storing in

the Autodesk Favorites folder, 508shortening objects, 289shot blocks (pre-Release 14), updating of, 725shrinking views. See zoomingSHX files, font mapping order, 382SHX fonts, 380

handling under Windows, 374proxy fonts, 375and Unicode fonts, 374

Single Document mode, switching to, 79Single Line Text option (Text, Draw menu), 348,

350, 351single point object snaps, 167Single Point option (Point, Draw menu), 143sizing.See resizing; scalingSKETCH command, 132, 631sketching freehand, 131–133

ensuring accuracy on slow computers, 133SKETCHING system variable, 132SKPOLY system variable, 132SLA (Stereolithograph Apparatus), compatible file

format, 837slash (/)

mathematical operator, 194stacked text indicator, 361, 362, 390

SLD files. See slide filesSLICE command, 647Slice option (Solids, Draw menu), 647

904 | Index

slicing solids, 647in 3D orbit view, 610

slide files, 830, 852uses, 830viewing, 830See also slides

slide libraries, 852viewing slides in, 832

Slidelib utility, 832slides, 852

creating, 830displaying, 830editing, 830removing from view, 831viewing, 831

in slide libraries, 832See also slide libraries

smooth shading, 679, 852creating meshes for, 673–674

smoothed polylines. See fit polylines (smooth polylines); spline-fit polylines (smooth polylines)

smoothing angle, 679specifying, 673

smoothness (of 3D images), 633, 674snap (snap grid), 852

aligning, 164–165and the grid, 72setting

spacing, 72turning on and off, 72

UCS orientation and, 113See also grid (drawing area); object snaps

Snap and Grid tab (Drafting Settings dialog box), 164, 165, 167, 277

snap angle, 852rotating, 164

snap angle base point, changing, 165SNAP command, 165, 167snap grid. See snapSnap mode, 72, 853

and freehand sketching, 132toggling, 132See also Object Snap mode; snap

snap resolution, 853snap rotation angles (in rotated arrays), 277SNAPANG system variable, 165, 277SNAPBASE system variable, 165snapping to points on objects, 167–177

See also snapsnaps

isometric snap style, 849offset, 248, 268See also object snaps

Solid Fill mode, turning on and off, 230

solid fillsassigning plot style fills, 570and AutoCAD performance, 85and hatch lines, 155hiding before importing WMF files, 840solid-filled areas, 145surfaces defined by added thickness, 663

solid modeling, 620solid projection (in image mapping), 713SOLIDEDIT command, 650–659solid-filled areas, creating, 145solid-filled circles, creating, 141solids, 620, 632

boxes, 633calculating areas/perimeters, 197chamfering, 645checking (verifying), 659cleaning, 658combining, 638complex, 147composite, 638–639cones, 633creating, 620, 632–639cylinders, 634as displayed as wireframes, 632editing, 36, 645–659export file formats, 833, 837extruded, 636filleting, 646hiding lines on, 667import file format, 839imprinting objects on, 656intersections, 638lemon-shaped, 635mass properties, 632modifying, 632as rendering materials, 710revolved, 637sectioning, 646separating, 657shapes, 620, 623, 632shelling, 657slicing, 647spheres, 634subtracting, 638surfaces defined by, 664torus, 635wedges, 635See also edges (of 3D solids); faces (of 3D

solids); solid-filled areas; solid fillsSolids (Draw menu), options, 633–637, 646, 647SORTENTS system variable, 144sorting

database records, 773layers, 319xrefs, 462

Index | 905

source applications, 750Space-delimited File (SDF) format, 458spaces

adding between toolbar buttons, 88on the command line, 101inserting nonbreaking spaces, 359, 390

spatial indexes, 313, 472saving drawings with, 471, 472

special charactersdimension prefixes and suffixes, 424inserting, 359unavailable for naming named objects, 159Unicode characters, 374wild-card characters, 160See also Special Characters section in this index

Specify (command line verb), 96specular reflection (highlights), 691–693, 853

coloring, 702colors, 700sizing (roughness), 693

SPELL command, 385, 386, 387Spelling (Tools menu), 385spelling, checking, 385–387

in other languages, 386SPHERE command, 634Sphere option (Solids, Draw menu), 635sphere, encircled (3D orbit view cursor-icon

shape), 602spheres (solid), creating, 634spherical coordinates, specifying, 586spherical projection (in image mapping), 712SPLFRAME system variable, 294, 626Spline (Draw menu), 138SPLINE command, 137, 139spline curves, 850

Bezier curves, 845B-spline curves, 845fit points, 844, 848, 849

spline curves (NURBS curves), 137calculating areas/ circumferences/

perimeters, 197converting fit (smoothed) polylines into,

137vs. curve-fit/spline-fit polylines, 295drawing, 137–139editing, 138, 298–299vs. fit (smoothed) polylines, 137fit points, 298in 3D, 621leader lines, 414order of, 298snapping to tangent points on, 176tolerances, 138, 298See also objects; spline-fit polylines

(smoothed polylines)spline leader lines, creating, 414Spline option (Object, Modify menu), 299

splined polylines. See spline-fit polylines (smoothed polylines)

SPLINEDIT command, 139, 298spline-fit polylines (smoothed polylines), 295

converting into spline curves, 137creating, 137, 298editing, 295joining, 295vs. spline curves, 295See also spline curves (NURBS curves)

splines. See spline curves (NURBS curves)SPLINESEGS system variable, 294SPLINETYPE system variable, 294splitter bar (command window), 97spotlights, 685

attenuation rate options, 690positioning, 697

SQL (Structured Query Language)constructing queries, 803importing and exporting queries, 804learning the syntax, 794queries, 802–803storing in drawing files, and AutoCAD

performance, 85SQL 92 statements, issuing (in queries), 802SQL Query tab, 795, 802–803

interface elements, 802square brackets ([ ])

alternate units delimiter, 425wild-card characters, 160

square brackets enclosing leading tilde ([~]), wild-card characters, 160

squares, drawing, 130Stack Properties dialog box, 362stacked text, 359

creating, 359–361, 390editing, 361–362

standard 3D projections, 587standard 3D views, 586STANDARD dimension style, 416standard libraries. See librariesSTANDARD multiline style, 297STANDARD text style, settings, table, 370Standard toolbar, 56

illustrated, 56starting

AutoCAD, 46–47drawings, 46–50

from scratch, 46, 47with templates, 47, 49with wizards, 47, 48–49

Startup dialog box, 46–50displaying/hiding, 47, 79

Static coordinate display, 109Statistics tab (Drawing Properties dialog box),

76, 204STATS command, 680

906 | Index

status bar, 58illustrated, 56

Status Bar shortcut menu, 62STATUS command, 203, 831Status option (Inquiry, Tools menu), 203STB files (named plot style tables), 557–558Stereolithograph Apparatus (SLA), compatible file

format, 837stereolithograph format, 837STL files, creating, 837STLOUT command, 837stored queries, 803Stretch (Modify menu), 283, 408STRETCH command, 408stretching

dimensions, 407–408objects, 283–284OLE objects, 763See also extending

Structured Query Language (SQL), learning the syntax, 794

Style (Dimension menu), 417, 432–434, 437STYLE command, 363, 372–379styles

island detection styles, 151–155isometric snap style, 849See also dimension styles; multiline styles;

plot styles; text stylessubstituting fonts, 374, 380–381Subtract A - B operation (Link Select), 805Subtract B - A operation (Link Select), 805SUBTRACT command, 147, 633, 634, 638Subtract option

Boolean, Modify menu, 147Solids Editing, Modify menu, 638

subtractingareas, 198–200regions, 147solids, 638

suffixes (dimension text)special characters, 424specifying, 424, 425

summary information. See drawing informationSummary tab (Drawing Properties dialog box),

86, 204sunlight, simulating, 685, 698support directories, specifying, 844support files

AutoCAD library search paths, 844PostScript Support file, 837working support file search path, 74

surface modeling, 620surface of revolution meshes, creating, 628surfaces, 620

AutoSurf, 674contour line number, and AutoCAD

performance, 84curved, 620

surfaces (continued)drawing for rendering, 671export file formats, 833, 834faceted. See meshes (faceted surfaces)in 3D modeling, 663–664light reflection, 691–693material color variables, 700normals, 670removing hidden, 670–672roughness, 693with top and bottom, 663

Surfaces (Draw menu), options, 144SURFTAB1 system variable, 627, 628, 629SURFTAB2 system variable, 627, 628, 629Symbol dialog box, 438, 441symbol tables, 158, 853

listing, 481symbols

of termination. See arrowheadsSee also special characters

symmetrical tolerances, 426, 427system options, configuring, 79System tab (Options dialog box), 79, 85, 598

performance optimization options, 85system variables, 103, 853

learning, 103listing, 104resetting, 103, 104See also dimension system variables; names

of specific system variablessystem warnings

about plotting, 78message display control options, 79

TTAB key

cycling focus (Properties window), 262cycling through running object snaps, 170

table dataediting, 775–777

committing, 776restoring, 776tracking, 776

viewing from AutoCAD, 771–774See also link data

Table View tab (Plot Style Table Editor), 562tables (database tables)

linking records to graphical objects,778–779

opening, 771samples, 769viewing graphical objects linked to, 781See also records (database records); table data

tablet (digitizing tablet), 64calibrating, 64selecting objects with, 64

tablet buttons, 64

Index | 907

Tablet modevs. Digitizer mode, 64sketching in, 133

TABSURF command, 628tabulated surface meshes, creating, 628Tabulated Surface option (Surfaces, Draw

menu), 628Tangent object snap, 168, 176tangent points, snapping to, 135, 176Taper Faces option (Solids Editing, Modify

menu), 653tapered polyline segments, extending, 288tapering

extruded solids, 636faces (of 3D solids), 652polyline segments, 294

TDCREATE system variable, 87, 204TDINDWG system variable, 87, 204TDUPDATE system variable, 87, 204template drawings. See templates (for drawings)template files for extracting attribute

information. See extraction template files

template materials (for rendering), 710templates (for drawings)

creating, 50, 316layout templates, 512recovering the default, 51starting drawings with, 47, 49

See also label templates; link templatestemplates (prototype drawings), 853

initial environment, 849temporary files, 853

specifying location, 74, 731temporary reference points, specifying points

from, 177temporary swap file, relocating, 731termination symbols. See arrowheadstessellation lines, 633, 853

illustrated, 853text, 347–392

aligning. See justificationcoloring, 358, 389, 390copying, 101, 354

to the command line, 100cutting, 354editing. See editing textfinding and replacing, 382–384formatting. See formatting textmirroring, 274, 351obliquing angle, 377, 390orienting, 370overlining, 390pasting, 101, 354, 369

to the command line, 100, 272as rendered into PostScript, 836

text (continued)selecting, 352, 357

found text, 384stacked, 359–362text property change effects on, 376thickness, 631

surfaces defined by, 664turning off the display of, 231turning on and off, 664types, 347, 382underlining, 353, 355, 358uses, 347wide, 355See also annotations; attributes; characters;

dimension text; line text; multiline text; special characters; text editors; text files; text objects; text properties; text styles; words

text alignment, in columns (in database tables),774

text alignment. See justificationtext boundary frames, and AutoCAD

performance, 85TEXT command, 348, 351text control codes. See control codes (text)text display, turning on and off, 231, 664text editors

creating multiline text, 389default, 387editing multiline text, 392formatting multiline text, 389–392specifying for multiline text, 387–388See also Multiline Text Editor

text filesexternal, 368–369handling of non-ASCII characters, 374importing, 359, 368inserting, by dragging from Windows

Explorer, 369as pasted into drawings, 758See also DXF files

Text Finder (Find and Replace dialog box),382–384

text fonts. See fontstext height

dimension text, 420format codes, 390multiline text objects, 354, 358, 376, 391OLE text objects, 761plotted, dimension scaling and, 429tolerances, 427

text justification. See justificationText Movement options (New Dimension Style

dialog box), 422text objects, 351

grips, 351and hatch lines, 155

908 | Index

text objects (continued)scaling OLE text objects, 761–762thickness, 631See also annotations; attributes; line text

objects; multiline text objectsText option (Object, Modify menu), 352, 356,

365, 392, 455text orientation, setting, 378text properties

copying, 263inherited, 371line text objects, 352multiline text objects, 354, 357, 362–365See also fonts; justification; text height; text

orientation; text styles; text widthText Style (Format menu), 371–379Text Style dialog box

assigning fonts to text styles, 375making a text style current, 378modifying text styles, 372

text styles, 347, 370–380, 853assigning fonts to, 373assigning to line text, 351attributes, table, 370and character formatting, 363creating, 371default display, 370default settings, table, 370deleting, 379making a text style current, 378modifying, 371, 372named, 158names, 371naming, 371overriding, 356renaming, 379specifying, 391

for dimension text, 420for multiline text, 363

See also text; text propertiesText tab

Modify Dimension Style dialog box, 433New Dimension Style dialog box, 417, 419

text widthmultiline text objects, 354, 365OLE text objects, 761wide text, 355

text window, 100–102displaying/hiding, 100illustrated, 100navigation keys, 100

viewing raster image information, 740TEXTFILL system variable, 373texture maps, 707, 709, 853

blend value, 708

TGA imagesdisplaying, 682, 717saving, 717, 724

thawing layers, 320–322, 853in floating viewports, 321

thickness, 630, 853changing, 631copying, 263editing, 260–263setting, 631surfaces defined by added thickness, 663

THICKNESS system variable, 632third angle projection (3D design), 5883 Point option (New UCS, Tools menu), 114, 591three-button mouse, middle button, 63’3D’, index topics beginning with. See Numbers

section in this indexTIFF images, 732

displaying, 682, 717saving, 717, 724, 732

tilde (~)incorrect word flag, 387wild-card character, 160

tiled images, vs. nontiled images, 732Tiled Material Bitmap placements, 709, 711tiled viewports, 223–230, 853

displaying, 224drawing lines in, 226, 227vs. floating viewports, 224joining, 226making current, 227subdividing, 225, 226uses, 223, 226See also viewport configurations (of tiled

viewports); viewportsTILEMODE system variable, 853, 854tiling, in image mapping, 708, 711TIME command, 203, 831Time option (Inquiry, Tools menu), 203time. See drawing timetitle blocks, specifying, 516Tolerance (Dimension menu), 397, 438, 441TOLERANCE command, 397, 439, 442tolerance symbol (±), creating, 424tolerances, 426–427

formatting, 359–362for spline curves, 138, 298types (display options), 426zero suppression, 427See also geometric tolerances

Tolerances tabModify Dimension Style dialog box, 433New Dimension Style dialog box, 417, 426

toolbar button iconsdisplaying, 91, 93editing/creating, 93

Index | 909

toolbar buttonsadding spaces between, 88adding to toolbars, 89assigning commands to, 91, 92copying between toolbars, 89creating, 91deleting from toolbars, 89flyout buttons, 92moving between toolbars, 89for object snaps, 168–169repositioning, 88resizing, 89See also flyouts; toolbar button icons;

tooltipsTOOLBAR command, 58, 89, 90, 92Toolbar shortcut menu, 62toolbars, 58–59, 853

creating, 89default, 58deleting, 90displaying/closing, 58docked, 58, 59docking/undocking, 58floating, 58

changing the shape of, 59modifying, 90renaming, 89See also Object Properties toolbar

Toolbars (View menu), 88–93Toolbars dialog box, 88tools

new tools in AutoCAD 2000, 34–38See also toolbar buttons

tooltipsdisplaying, 89for object snaps, 170, 184

TOOLTIPS system variable, 89torus (solid)

creating, 635self-intersecting, 635

TORUS command, 635Torus option (Solids, Draw menu), 635traces

hatching and, 155surfaces defined by added thickness, 663

trackingData View window editing, 776drawing time, 203to points on objects, 181–182

tracking (feature), 853See also AutoTrack; object snap tracking;

polar trackingTRACKPATH system variable, 184transparency

of bitonal raster image backgrounds, changing, 746

of materials, 700setting, 703

TRANSPARENCY command, 747Transparency option, Image option (Object,

Modify menu), 747transparent command character (’), 91, 102transparent command prompt indicator (>>),

102transparent commands, 102, 853tree view (AutoCAD DesignCenter), 493,

494–495, 496changing content displayed in, 495displaying/hiding, 494loading the palette, 496refreshing, 500

tree view (dbConnect Manager), 770Tree View option

Image Manager, 739Xref Manager, 463

TREEDEPTH header variable, restoring, 833triangular solid-filled areas, creating, 145Trim (Modify menu), 290, 409, 643TRIM command, 290, 409trimmed NURBS surfaces, export file format, 833trimming

3D objects, 642–644dimensions, 408objects, 289–292

chamfered, 302See also chamfering objects

TRIMMODE system variable, 302, 305tripod. See axis tripodTrueType fonts

appearance in AutoCAD, 373substitution for PostScript fonts, 380text height values, 376and vertical orientation, 378

TTF files, 380font mapping order, 382

tutorialsLearning Assistance (CD), 40Learning Assistance (Help menu), 41

“2D”, index topics beginning with. See Numbers section in this index

two-point method, drawing xlines, 190TXT files. See text filestypefaces. See fontstypographical conventions used in this manual,

42

UU command, 104UCS (Tools menu), options, 118, 120, 121UCS command, 114, 115, 118, 591

command line options, 115, 119, 593, 594UCS Details dialog box, 119UCS dialog box, 118, 120, 121UCS icon, 57, 854

displaying, 116–117, 590in multiple viewports, 121

910 | Index

UCS icon (continued)illustrated, 56, 116, 590, 854in 3D orbit view, 609

UCS Icon option (Display, View menu), 116, 117UCS icon symbol, 116UCS origin

displaying the UCS icon at, 117indicating, 590moving, 593relocating, 114resetting an orthographic UCS origin, 593rotating, 115

UCSAXISANG system variable, 115UCSBASE system variable, 591, 592, 598UCSFOLLOW system variable, 592UCSICON command, 116, 117, 590UCSICON system variable, 116UCSMAN command, 119, 121, 592, 593, 596UCSNAME system variable, 118UCSORG system variable, 117UCSORTHO system variable, 598UCSs. See user coordinate systemsUCSVIEW system variable, 222UCSVP system variable, 117, 594, 596UCSXDIR system variable, 114UCSYDIR system variable, 114underlining text, 353, 355, 358underscore (_), foreign language translation

character, 91Undo (Edit menu), 104UNDO command, 105

command line options, 105undoing

actions, 104erasing, 282

unfreezing columns, 774Unicode character map

accessing, 359illustrated, 359

Unicode characters, inserting, 359Unicode fonts, 374UNION command, 147, 638Union operation (Link Select), 805Union option (Solids Editing, Modify menu),

638Units (Format menu), 68UNITS command, 69, 279units. See dimension units; drawing units; English

units; metric unitsunloading

raster images, 732xrefs, 468

unnamed (anonymous) blocks, 446, 843UNNAMED PROFILE, 82unreferenced nested xrefs, 462

updatingof Aerial View, 219of associative hatches, 308, 309labels, 790linked drawings, 753links, 750, 756of pre-Release 13 Render blocks, 725redrawing the screen, 64, 852regenerating drawings, 144, 852xrefs, 460

uppercase, changing text to, 355, 358URLs (Uniform Resource Locators)

converting URLs from Release 14 to hyperlinks, 822

entering, 813user coordinate systems (UCSs), 108, 854

applying to viewports, 594assigning to viewports, 117, 594defining, 589–594

in 3D space, 591deleting, 120elevation in, 590moving, 592–593and multiple viewports, 589named, 158, 595naming, 118orientation, 113, 116, 592orthographic (predefined), 120, 591–592paper space limitations, 590relocating, 113–115renaming, 119restoring, 118

to the WCS, 115rotating, 113, 115saving, 118viewing the origin and axis settings, 119Z-depth, 591, 593See also named objects; UCS icon

user input errors, control option, 79User Preferences tab (Options dialog box), 80,

237user preferences, setting, 80Using Help (online documentation), 38

Vvariable attributes, 453

block redefinitions and, 453specifying values, 455

variablesSee also dimension system variables; system

variablesvariables, set time, 203variances. See tolerancesVBA, new features, 38

Index | 911

vectors, 854vertical bar ( | ), dependent named-object name

divider, 463, 470vertical dimensions, 397

illustrated, 394, 397specifying, 398stretching, 408See also dimensions; horizontal dimensions;

linear dimensionsvertical ellipse (3D orbit view cursor-icon

shape), 603vertical fractions, formatting, 359–362vertical method, drawing xlines, 191vertices, 673, 854

multiline, 296view box (Aerial View window), 216, 217, 218VIEW command, 222, 598View option (Display Image, Tools menu), 719,

720viewing

drawing content, 493–500from the Internet, 497with the palette (AutoCAD

DesignCenter), 496–500with tree view (AutoCAD

DesignCenter), 494–495, 496

drawings, 205–232in 3D, 601–611, 612–617in model space, 612

DWF files, 826graphical objects linked to database

records, 781link data, 780–783object properties, 262raster image information, 737–740records linked to selection sets, 781, 782slide files, 830slides, 831

in slide libraries, 832table data, 771–774See also views

viewing direction (in 3D model space), setting,612–614

viewing drawings, in 3D, 623Viewpoint Presets dialog box, 613Viewpoint Presets option (3D Views, View

menu), 613viewpoints (in 3D model space), 854

construction lines and, 189setting a viewing direction, 612–614

viewport configurations (of floating viewports),533

viewport configurations (of tiled viewports),225, 533, 534

configuration options, 225, 534deleting, 228listing, 229named, 158placing in layouts, 533restoring, 227saving, 227tiled viewports, 854

viewport scale (floating viewports), modifying,538

viewports, 854Aerial View updates from, 219applying UCSs to, 594assigning UCSs to, 117, 596attaching plot style tables to, 559, 560borders as cutting edges, 291changing while sketching, 132cropping rendered images in, 720floating, 530in 3D, multiple, 594–596irregular. See nonrectangular viewportsmultiple, 117

defining different UCSs for, 117displaying the UCS icon in, 121in 3D, 594–596modifying settings, 121new feature, 34

offsetting rendered images in, 720–721positioning lights in, 697printing rendered images from, 724redisplaying rendered images in, 719rendering features, 724rendering to, 678saving rendered images from, 718tiled, 223See also floating viewports; named objects;

tiled viewports; viewport configurations

Viewports (View menu), options, 224, 226, 228VIEWRES command, 674

and FACETRES system variable, 674views, 206, 854

aligning, in floating viewports, 540centering on points, 213changing

options, 206with the palette, 499

copying and linking, 270copying, to the Clipboard, 270displaying multiple, 223isometric views, 166–167, 588

912 | Index

views (continued)linked, editing, 753linking to other documents, 752named, 158naming, 220–222in paper space, 612removing hidden lines, 529, 535restoring previous, 209rotating, in floating viewports, 541saving, 220–222scaling, 212–213, 214

in floating viewports, 537relative to paper space, 213, 214, 538relative to the current view, 212relative to the drawing limits, 212

See also 3D views (in 3D model space); Aerial View; named views; panning; plan view; viewing; viewpoints (in 3D model space); viewports; zooming

virtual pennumbers, 568specifying, 568

virtual screen display, 854visibility

of attributes, 454, 455of copied properties, 266in floating viewports, 534–536of layers, 316

controlling, 319–323of objects, 319of hyperlink cursor, 820turning visual elements on and off,

230–232VISRETAIN system variable, 464, 474, 475visual elements, turning on and off, 230–232visualizing 3D objects, in the glass box, 589volumetric shadows, 854

generating, 687VPCLIP command, 543VPLAYER command, 321, 322VPOINT command, 612, 614, 616VPORTS command, 225, 226, 532, 533, 536

command line options, 228, 542, 543VSLIDE command, 831, 832

Wwarnings. See system warningsWBLOCK command, 449WCS icon, illustrated, 116, 854WCS. See world coordinate systemWeb. See InternetWEDGE command, 635Wedge option (Solids, Draw menu), 635wedges (solid), creating, 635WHIP! plug-in

interface, 823viewing DWF files, 826, 832

wide lines, hiding before importing WMF files,840

wide polylinesexploding, 126extending, 288surfaces defined by added thickness, 663

wide text, creating, 355wild-card characters, 160wild-card searches, filtering layers, 329Window menu, displaying multiple drawings,

55Window option (ZOOM command), 209window polygons. See WPolygons (window

polygons)window selections, 234Window shortcut menus, 62windows

CPolygon, 235, 846graphics screen, 848WPolygon, 235, 854zoom windows, 209See also Aerial View window; AutoCAD

window; command window; drawing area; Render window; selection windows; text window; viewports

Windows Clipboard. See Clipboard (Windows)Windows control keys (text editing keys), 354Windows Desktop units, specifying, 423Windows Explorer

dragging text files from, 369loading the palette (AutoCAD

DesignCenter), 496–498opening drawings from, 52

Windows File Manager, inserting text files from,369

Windows Metafile (Insert menu), 839Windows metafiles. See WMF filesWindows Render Options dialog box, 683wireframe modeling, 620wireframes, 620, 662

creating, 621meshes as displayed as, 623silhouettes, and AutoCAD performance, 85solids as displayed as, 632

witness lines. See extension lineswizards

Add Plot Style Table wizard, 558–559Add-a-Plotter wizard, 547, 823Advanced Setup wizard, 48Layout wizard, 515–517Quick Setup wizard, 48

WMF filesconverting to AutoCAD format, 271–272creating, 834format, 270, 834hiding solid fills/wide lines before

importing, 840

Index | 913

WMF files (continued)importing, 839–840pasting into AutoCAD, 270scaling, 840

WMFOPTS command, 840WMFOUT command, 834word wrap, 391words

adding to custom dictionaries, 385, 387correcting, 385formatting, 349, 357–362removing from custom dictionaries, 387selecting, 357word wrap, 391

working drawings, 854working sets (of reference objects), 485

adding and removing objects from,487–488

displaying objects not in, 486Working Support File Search Path, 74world coordinate system (WCS), 108, 854

restoring the UCS to, 115See also world coordinates

World optionNew UCS, Tools menu, 115UCS command, 115

World Wide Web. See InternetWPolygons (window polygons), 235, 854write-protected directory, running AutoCAD

from, 74

XX, Y coordinates. See 2D Cartesian coordinatesX, Y, Z coordinates. See 3D Cartesian coordinatesXATTACH command, 464, 465XBIND command, 469, 470XBind dialog box, 470XCLIP command, 481XCLIPFRAME system variable, 482X-datum ordinate dimensions, 399XEDIT system variable, 487XFADECTL system variable, 486XLG files, 480XLINE command, 190xlines

drawing, 190–192extending, 289

XLOADCTL system variable, 468, 472XLOADPATH system variable, 473XREF command, 467, 468, 470, 475

command line options, 469xref copies (for demand loading)

creating, 471, 472setting a path for, 473

xref definitionselements, 461listing, 461, 480

xref log files, 480Xref Manager, 461–463

binding xrefs, 469changing xref paths, 475detaching xrefs, 467opening, 461, 467reloading xrefs, 468unloading xrefs, 468

xref pathschanging, 475defining, 476–478nested, 475

xref-dependent layers, 251, 313, 318, 474xrefs (external references), 443, 460–490, 848

attaching, 463–464with AutoCAD DesignCenter, 505from the Internet, 816vs. overlaying, 466

binding, 469–470, 845vs. blocks, 460circular references, 479, 845clipdepth, 483clipping, 481–483clipping boundaries, 481–483copying for demand loading, 471definition elements, 461demand loading, 85, 468, 470–474detaching, 467and drawing size, 464editing, 35, 484–488

discarding changes, 490saving back changes, 489–490

editing names, 462error messages, 479exploding, 293hierarchical representation, 463inserting, 469, 470inserting drawings as, 52listing, 461, 480loading, 470–474log files, 480managing, 461–463missing reference files, 479nested, 463, 482

unreferenced, 462Object Properties toolbar and, 250and OLE objects, 750overlaying, 465

vs. attaching, 466with AutoCAD DesignCenter, 505

preference options, 78reference trees, 480as referenced by drawings, 464reloading, 467restoring the drawing order of objects in,

464

914 | Index

xrefs (external references) (continued)sorting, 462status indications, 462unloading, 468updating, 460uses, 460See also xref paths

XY planerotating, 113shifting, 114See also construction planes

XYZ point filters, 583

YY-datum ordinate dimensions, 399

Zzeros (in dimension text)

suppressing leading and trailing zeros, 427suppressing zero feet and inch displays, 427

Zoom (View menu), options, 206–215zoom box. See view box (Aerial View window)ZOOM command, command line options,

206–215Zoom In/Out (Aerial View menu), 217, 219zoom windows

defining, 209illustrated, 209

ZOOMFACTOR system variable, 63zooming, 854

with Aerial View, 216, 217–218, 219AutoZoom, 783construction lines and, 189cursors, 207to the drawing extents, 215to the drawing limits, 215, 219dynamic, 210–211freezing layers and, 320in 3D orbit view, 604with the Intellimouse, 63interactive (Realtime mode), 206–208

exiting, 207in nonrectangular viewports, 544objects linked to records, 783Plot Preview limits, 207with raster images, 84restoring previous views, 209scaling methods, 212–213by specifying boundaries, 209to text, 382to the drawing extents in 3D orbit view, 604windowing method, 209

in 3D orbit view, 604zooming in, 206zooming out, 206