index

8
SUBJECT INDEX A Abram’s W/c ratio law 299 Abrasion of aggregate 115, 117 of concrete 363 of vacuum dewatering 560 Absolute volume 472 Absorption of aggregate 78 Accelerated curing 306 Accelerated strength 499 Accelerating Admixtures 150, 154 Accelerating plasticizors 150 Accelerators 125, 149 Acetogenous shrinkage 347 Acid attack 395 Acid resisting concrete 412, 413 Admixtures accelerating 150 classification 125 compatibility 131 dosage 131 mineral 174 retarding 150 waterproofing 192 workability 219 Aerated concrete 506 Age factor 303 Aggregates 67 abrasion test 76, 115 absorption 78 alkali reactivity test 86 angular 72 angularity 72 artificial 67 attrition test 76 bond 72 bone dry 79 bulk density 78 classification 67 crushing strength 113 crushing value 113 elongated 109 flaky 107 fineless modulus 94 gap graded 107 glassy 74 grading 91 impact value 114 irregular 70 lightweight 506 mechanical properties 113 modulus of elasticity 328 natural 67 refractory 44 saturated and surface dry 79 shape 70 soundness 85 specific gravity 77 specific surface 96 strength 113 surface index 98 texture 73 thermal property 90 unsound 85 void content 78 Aglite 509 Air entraining agent 159 Air entraining cement 37 Air entrained concrete 160 air context measurement 171 effect of mixing time 159 influence on wokrability 168 Air Permeability 50 Algae 83 Alite 16 Alkali 14 aggregate reaction 85 silica reactivity 85 silicate gel 85 Alkalinity 398 All-in-aggregate 105 Aluminium powder, 515 Aluminous cement 43 American method of mix design 466 Andesite 86 Angularity Index 72 Angularity number 70 Argillaceous material 5 Artificial aggregate 70 Autoclave 55 Acetogenous shrinkage 347 B Bacterial Concrete 598 Ball mill 9 Barytes 523 Basalt fibre 602 Basalt fibre concrete 602, 603 Basalt fibre, 602 Batching 236 Belite 16 Biological process 388 Blaine Airpermeability 50 Blast Furnace slag 32 Bleeding 234 Blended cement Bloated clay 509 Bogue’s compound 15 Boiling water method 498 Bond strength 315 Bonding admixture 196 Boundry aggregate Breeze 508 British method of mix design 474 Bulk density of aggregate 78 Bulk volume 467 Bulking of sand 80 Burnt clay 187 617

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Page 1: Index

S U B J E C T I N D E X

AAbram’s W/c ratio law 299Abrasion

of aggregate 115, 117of concrete 363of vacuum dewatering 560

Absolute volume 472Absorption of aggregate 78Accelerated curing 306Accelerated strength 499Accelerating Admixtures 150, 154Accelerating plasticizors 150Accelerators 125, 149Acetogenous shrinkage 347Acid attack 395Acid resisting concrete 412, 413Admixtures

accelerating 150classification 125compatibility 131dosage 131mineral 174retarding 150waterproofing 192workability 219

Aerated concrete 506Age factor 303Aggregates 67

abrasion test 76, 115absorption 78alkali reactivity test 86angular 72angularity 72artificial 67attrition test 76bond 72bone dry 79bulk density 78classification 67crushing strength 113crushing value 113elongated 109flaky 107fineless modulus 94gap graded 107glassy 74grading 91impact value 114irregular 70lightweight 506mechanical properties 113modulus of elasticity 328natural 67refractory 44saturated and surface dry 79shape 70soundness 85specific gravity 77specific surface 96strength 113

surface index 98texture 73thermal property 90unsound 85void content 78

Aglite 509Air entraining agent 159Air entraining cement 37Air entrained concrete 160

air context measurement 171effect of mixing time 159influence on wokrability 168

Air Permeability 50Algae 83Alite 16Alkali 14

aggregate reaction 85silica reactivity 85silicate gel 85

Alkalinity 398All-in-aggregate 105Aluminium powder, 515Aluminous cement 43American method of mix design 466Andesite 86Angularity Index 72Angularity number 70Argillaceous material 5Artificial aggregate 70Autoclave 55Acetogenous shrinkage 347

BBacterial Concrete 598Ball mill 9Barytes 523Basalt fibre 602Basalt fibre concrete 602, 603Basalt fibre, 602Batching 236Belite 16Biological process 388Blaine Airpermeability 50Blast Furnace slag 32Bleeding 234Blended cementBloated clay 509Bogue’s compound 15Boiling water method 498Bond strength 315Bonding admixture 196Boundry aggregateBreeze 508British method of mix design 474Bulk density of aggregate 78Bulk volume 467Bulking of sand 80Burnt clay 187

617

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Page 2: Index

618 !!!!! Concrete Technology

CCalcareous materials 5Calcium aluminate hydrases 21Calcium carbide method 82Calcium chloride 549Calcium hydroxide 20Calcium nitrite 406Calcium silicate hydrates 19Calcium sulphate 399Calcium sulphoaluminates 399Capillary cavities 24, 18Capillary segmentation 354Capping of cylinder 424Carbon dioxide 398Carbonation 398Carbonation depth 398, 400Carbonation measurement 399, 400Carbonation rate 398Carbonation shrinkage 347Carbonic acid 398Carborundum powder 206Carboxylated Acrylic Ester 144Cathodic Protection 408Cavitation 411Cellular concrete 514Cem-Fil 465Centre-point loading 429Ceramic bond 44Chalcedony 86Characteristic strength 489Chemically bound water 25Chert 86Chloride attack 400Chloride content in concrete 401Chloride in cement 400Cinder 508Cleanliness of aggregate 83Clinker 9Coefficient of permeability 355Coefficient of thermal expansion ,90

of Rocks 355of light weight aggregate 514of cement paste 24of concrete 356

Coefficient of variation 464Cold weather concreting 542Coloured cement 38Combining aggregates 487

Compackon 265

Compacting factor 226, 227Compacting factor and slump 163

Compatibility 131Complexities in SCC 588

Compound composition 15

Compressive strength 421

Concrete chemicals 198Concrete reinforced with basalt fibre reinforcement

602, 605

Concrete repair system 215

Concreting

in cold weather 542

in hot weather 552

Condensed silica fume 183

Conductivity 369

Consistency 219

Contraction Joint 376

Control of Alkali-aggregate reaction 89

Conversion 43

Corrosion effect 401

Corrosion inhibitors 196

Corrosion reinforcement 401

of calcium chloride

of carbonation 398

of chlorides 401

of cover 400

of sea water 396Course agg. content SCC 577

Cover 400

Crack control 378, 379

Crack propagation 23

Crack width 411

Cracking of mass concrete 372

Cracks in concrete 361

Crushed aggregate 105

Crushed sand 105

Crusher 105

Crusher dust 105

Crushing strength 74

Crushing value 74C-S-H 19

Cube test 421

Cumulative percentage 95

Curing compounds 200

Curing methods 277

Curing period 289

Cylinder strength and Cube strength 428

Cylinder test 421

DDamp-proofing 192Darex 159Deffocculation 127De-icing 387Deleterious substance 84Delhi Metro Project 590, 591Densely packed system 45Density of cellular concrete 510, 511, 512Density of light weight concrete 510, 511, 512Detraining agent 194Deval test 76Diatomaceous earth 507

Page 3: Index

Subject Index !!!!! 619Differential shrinkageDiffusion of chloride 400

Dispersion of cement 127

Distilled water 120

Dorry abrasion test 76

Dry Process 9

Drying shrinkage 343

Durability 349

Fly ash 176

Silica fume 183

Thermal expansion 373

ggBS 32, 33

Dust in aggregate 106

Dynamic Modulus of Elasticity 331

EEarly volume change 341Economics of SCC 597Eddystone light house 2Effect

of age 354, 355of carbonation 398of silicafume 184of water/cement ratio 356of durability 352, 353

Effects of creep 339

Efflorescence 122EFNARC 573, 575Elastic deformation 337

Elasticity 325

Electrical curing 289

Electrical determination of moisture

content 81

Electro-chemical action 401

Elongation Index 109

Entrained air 159

Entrained air influence on

strength 165

durability 161

Epoxy coated reinforcement 406Epoxy coating 406, 407ERC Chennai Trials 594, 596Erosion 411Esters 144Ettringite 400Evaporation of water 200Exfoliated vermiculete 509Expanded clay 505Expanded shale, slate 505Expanded slag 506Expansion on freezing 385

Expansive cement 40

Exposed aggregate look 293

Exposure condition 414

Extensibility of concrete 375

External vibrator 268

Extra Rapid hardening Cement 30

Extreme weather concreting 542

FFatigue 347Feret’s law 299Ferrocement 566Fibre reinforced concrete 526

bulking 81crushed 105grading zones 103size 69

Fibrous particles in hydration 22Fill-Box 575Filling ability 575Final aggregate 81Fineness of cement 48, 57Fineness test of cement 48Fines in SCCFinishing of concrete 291Fire resistance 382Flakiness Index 107Flaky aggregate 70Flash set 9Flexural strength 428Flocculation 127Floor hardner 206Flow table test 228, 229Flowing concrete 145Fluorescence microscopy 9Fly ash 176

class C 177class F 177classification 177composition 178concrete properties 180High volume (HVFA) 180fineness 180hydration 17

influenceon alkali-silica reaction 180on durability 180on permeability 180on strength 181on sulphate resistance 180specific gravity of cement 301

Foam concrete 515, 516Foamed slag 508Form work permeable 411, 412Form work removal 261Form work strepping time 261Form work vibrator 268Free lime 14Freezing 542Freezing cycle 161Freezing of fresh concrete 542Frequency of vibrator 61Fresh concrete 218

Page 4: Index

620 !!!!! Concrete Technology

Friction in pumping 254Frost action 363

heave 363protection 363

Fullers grading curve 92Fungicidal 196

GGain of strength 303Galvanizing 408Gamma-ray 520

Gap grading 107

Gas concrete 194

Gel 17, 22

alkali silica 85

intrinsic strength 302

pores 22

porosity 22

unlimited swelling 86

water 119

Gel/space ratio 301

ggbs 33, 189

composition 189content 190fineness 188

Influenceon chloride mg ress 190on corrosion 190on durability 190

Geopolymer Concrete 599, 600Grades of concrete 304Grading curve 100Grading importance 459

pumping 251workability 219void content 459slump 222

Grading limits 104Grading of aggregate 91Grading of cement 30Grading zones 102Granite 67Gravimetric method 171Griffith’s hypothesis 302Grinding clinker 9Ground granulated blast

furnace slag ggbs 189Grouting agents 195GTM Screen Stability 575Gunite 562Gypsum content 5,Gypsum reaction 21

HHaematite 521Hand compaction 266Hand mixing 242Hard burnt magnesite 47Haydite 509

Heat of hydration 18determination 20cement type 28cement contents 415pure compounds 18

Height/diameter ratio 426Hexagonal aluminate hydrates 22High performance concrete 323High alkali content 88High alumina cement 42High density concrete 520High early strength cement 46High pressure steam curing 287High range water reducers 129High strength cement 45High strength concrete 318

cracking 375micro cracking 364, 365

High temperature 382Influence

high alumina cement 42strength 44

Histogram 461Hong Kong Study 595Hot weather concreting 552Humidity 53Influence

on plastic shinkage cracks 341on creep 332on shrinkage 343on carbonation 398

Hydration of cement 14Hydraulic structure 36Hydrophobic cement 39

IIce as mixing water 555Ice crystals 543, 544Ideal grading curve 101Igneous rocks 67Ilmenite 521Immersion vibrator 274Impact value 76Impermeable concrete 354Impurities in aggregate 83Impurities in water 120Indian Scenario of SCC 590Infra red radiation curing 288Infra-red spectrometer 131Initial setting time 52Initial tangent modulus 327In-site tests 436Insoluble residue 58Instantaneous recovery 338Insulation of concrete 560, 561Interface, aggregate-cement

micro structure 388Intergrinding 190Interlocking 70Internal friction in pumping 254Internal stresses

due to shrinkage 346

Page 5: Index

Subject Index !!!!! 621Intrinsic strength 302Iron oxide 14Iron shots 520IRS T40 cement 40

JJoint sealant 215Joints in concrete 376J-ring 575

KKaiga Nuclear Power Plant 592Kelly ball test 231Kiln 6

LLaboratory mexer 456Laitance 234Land content SCC 577L-Box 575L-Box 575Lea and Nurse method 49Leached 20Le-chatelier test 55Length gauge 109Lightweight aggregate 505Lightweight concrete 504Lignosulphonates 130Lime 54Lime saturation factor 56Linseed oil 413Longitudinal wave 445Los Angeles test 77Loss of slump 140Loss on ignition 58, 59Low alkali cement 89Low heat cement 34

MMacro-defect-free cement 45Magnesium oxide 14Magnesium phosphate cement 46Magnesium sulphate 390Magnetic method 453Magnetite 521,522Major compounds 15Malamine 130Manufacture of cement 5Marsh cone 132, 133Masonry cement 39Mass concrete 372Mass loss 386Maturity 306Maximum aggregate size 69

nfluence on strength 312shrinkage 340surface area 96workability 219

Mean strength 464Mechanical properties of aggregates 113Mechanism

of shrinkage 342

of creep 341of action of superplasticizer 128, 129

Melamine 130Membrane forming curing 200Metakaolin 188Microcracking 388Microsilica 183Mineral admixtures 174Mini-slump 132Minor compounds 15Mix Composition of SCC 576Mix design 458

ACI method 466British method 473, 474Indian standard method 489Pumpable concrete 254With fly ash 482

Mix design SCC 577Mixers 244Mixing of concrete 242

long time mixing 245with super plasticizers 137by hand 242sequence of loading 245

Mixing SCC 577Modulus of Elasticity 329

aggregate 76concrete 329dynamic modulus 331static modulus 332

Modulus of rupture 429Moisture

moisture movement 347free moisture 81measurement 81in aggregate 81

Influenceon carbonation 398

Moisture 387Influence

on durability 387on strength 435on Modulus of elasticity 435on pulse velocity 448, 449

Mortarbar test 87segregation 233shrinkage 340, 341

NNaphthalene 130Natural aggregate 67Natural sand 67Neutron 520New generation plasticizers for SCC 589Non-destructive tests 437Non-evaporable water 18Non-tilting mixer 244Normal distribution 461

OOcrate process 414

Page 6: Index

622 !!!!! Concrete Technology

Oil-well cement 41

Opal 86

Opaline chert 86

Ordinary portland cement 29

Organic impurities 83Orimet 575Oven dry density 512, 513Over-vibration 276Oxide composition 14

PPan-type mixerParticle

interference 107shape of aggregate 70

Passing ability 575Passivating layer 398Paste 23Pebble dash 294Penetration test 237Perlite 509Permeability 169

concrete 356Permeable formwork 411, 412Permissible stress 305pH

effect of carbonation 398pore water 401sea water 122phenolphthalein 400

Pigments 294Pipes for pumping 252Placing of concrete 259Placing SCC 577Plastic settlement 362Plastic shrinkage 341Platen 425Plum concrete 264Pneumatically projected concrete 561Point count method 455Poisson’s ratio 332Poker vibrator 268Polymer bonding agent 204Polymer concrete 534, 535Polymer mortar 204Pore fillers 193Portland cement 5Powder type SCC 574Pozzolamic Materials 175Pozzolanic activity 176Pozzolema cement 35Prepacked concrete 556Preplaced aggregate concrete 556Pre-soaking of aggregate 514Pressure method 173Prism test 61Products of hydration 20Pull-out test 442Pulse velocity 444Pumice 506Pumpability 484

Pumped concrete 253Pumping concrete 489

blockage 259distance 253friction 254height 253pipes 253

Pumps 251Pyrament cement 46

QQuality control 460Quality of mixing water 119Quartz 67Quartzite 67Quenching of slag 508Quick setting cement 33

RRailway sleeper 40Ramming 267

Rapid hardening cement 30

Rate of hydration 18Rate of loading 435Raw meal 9Reactive aggregates 86Reactive powder concrete 320Ready mixed concrete 248, 249Rebound hammer 439

number 440Recovery of creep 338

Redi-set cement 41

Refractory

concrete 44

aggregate 44

Regulated set cement 41

Reinforced concrete

sea water 396

corrosion 402

Relative humidity 53Relative Slump flow SCC 579Repair 216

Residual deformation

Resonant frequency method 445

Retardation 147

Retarding admixtures 147

Retempering 246

Retrogression of strength 288

Reversing mixer 244

Revibration 276

Rhyolite 86

Rice husk ash 186

Ring tension test 434

Risk factor 490

Road Note No. 473

Page 7: Index

Subject Index !!!!! 623

Robot for quality control of cement 9

Rock permeability 355

Roller compacted concrete 570

Roman cement 1

Root mean squarte deviation 462

Roughness of aggregate 73

Rust volume 403

SSampling of aggregate 94

Sand

grading zone 102

standard sand 53

saturated and surface dry 79Saw dust concrete 507Scaling 161Scanning electron microscope 26Schmidt hammer 439Sea water for mixing 122

for curing 123salinity 395, 396

Sedimentation method 111Segregation 233Segregation resistance 575Self compacting concrete, 572Self levelling concrete 129Self weight of concrete 504Semidry process 5Setting 50Setting time 50

of concrete 236temperature 52high alumina cement 42

Settlement 362of fresh concrete 362vacuum dewatered concrete 560

Sewage attack 413Shape of aggregate 70Shrinkage 340

autorclaved concrete 287autogenous 347carbonation 347effectscement content 366water/cement ratio 344water content 366

Sieve analysis 93Sieve test 49Silica fume 183Silica gel 89Silicon tetraflouride 413Silt 83Sintered fly ash 509Slag cement 31Slip-form paver 264Slump flow 575Slump loss 140Soundness

of aggregate 85

of cement 50, 50Spalling 543, 544Specific creep 329Specific gravity

of aggregate 78of cement 302of fly ash 178

Specific surface 96Spilling tensile strength 431, 432Sprayed concrete 562Squeeze type pump 252Standard ASIM 28Standard consistency 50Standard deviation 462Standard sand 50Static modulus of elasticity 329, 331Steam curing 282

at atmospheric pressure 282at high pressure 287cycle 285

Stearic acid 39Strain 326Strength of concrete 257

cement 50vacuum dewatered 561accelerated curing 306characteristic 489different ages 303

Stress strain relation 326Structural light-weight concrete 513Sugar as retarding agent 148Sulphate action 389Sulphate resisting cement 31Sulphonated formaldehydeSulphur

capping 424infiltrated concrete 525

Super sulphated cement 34Superplasticizer 129

action 128classification 130compatibility 131dosage 131high performance concrete 321

Surface hardeners 198Surface retarder 207Surkhi 187Swelling 347

TT-50 cm Slump flow 576Tangent modulus 327Tannic acid 412Tarapur Atomic Power Project 591Target mean strength 489Temperature

control in cold weather 363differential 372, 373heat of hydration 373gradients 373

Ten per cent fines value 114Tensile strain at cracking 372, 373

Page 8: Index

624 !!!!! Concrete Technology

Tensile strength 311ring test 434split tensile strength 433

Test Methods SCC 579Test

core 436cubes 421cylinder 421chemical test 58non destructive 437in site 437

Texture of aggregate 73Thermal

coefficient of expansion 91coefficient of cement paste 90gradient 373

Thermal conductivity 368Thermal expansion 373Thermal expansion 373Third point loading 429Tilting mixer 244Transit mixer 250Transition zone 387Tremic concrete 263Tricalcium aluminate 31Truck mixed concrete 248

UU-Bdox 575Ultimate creep 339Ultra high early strength cement 46Ultrasonic pulse velocity 446Under water concrete 262Unhydrated cement 25Unlimited swelling gel 86Unsound particle 86Un-soundness 364

of aggregate 364of cement 364

VVacuum dewatering 560Vebe test 232Vebe time 232Vermiculite 509Vesuvious 2V-Funnel 575Vibrating table 269Vibrator 268

external 269internal 269surface 269roller 269

Vieat apparatus 52Viscosity Modifying Agents (VMA) 574Void content of aggregate 78

Volcanic 2Volume batching 238Volume changes in concrete 352Volumetric method for air content 171

WWall effect 410Water content 469Water content in Geopolymer concrete 600Water proof membrane 211Water proofing admixture 192Water

chemically combined 25for curing 123gain 234, 235permeability 355reducer 129repellent film 214of workability 560

Water/cement ratio 299for durability 415for full hydration 26influencestrength 300law 301rule 301

Wet curing 279wetting and drying 387Whisper concrete 296White cement 38Wind influence on evaporation 200Wood chips 507Workability 219

definition 220shape 220surface texture 220air entrainment 162gap grading 107grading 220super plasticizers 135measurement 222agents 195

Workability of SCC 576

XX-ray

flourescence 23powder diffraction 23

YYield of concrete 471

ZZero slump concrete 195Zinc 455Zones sand grading 102, 103

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