Index What is Color? Design Goals

The Visible Spectrum The Optical System Effects on Color

Neuropsychological Aspect EnvironmentalInfluences Emotional Reaction Survey Results

Color Systems Color Vocabulary Color Harmony

Josef Albers Faber Birren Karim Rashid Concept + Programming Sections + Elevations Diagrams

Exploration of Color VT Chicago Arts Center

Introduction

Color Fundamentals

Psychophysiological Effects

Vision + Light

Case Studies

Application

Influences

Introduction

What is Color?

Educational Centre by Alejandro Muñoz Miranda

Color is a visual experience that subconsciously affects individual’s functions and emotions. The human response to color is based upon one’s perception of behavioral aspects that are controlled by the brain.

The study of color is a complex subject composed of various theories. Many experiments have been conductedtoprovethatcolorisindeedaninfluentialfactor composed of both subjective and objective aspects. Color affects individuals differently based upon their gender, age, culture and other biological factors that are explored throughout this exploration.

Throughout history, ancient scholars used color to solve mysteries among their time. Sometimes portrayed as symbolic or magical, color has been used in healing practices dating as far back to the Egyptian period (Mahnke, p.30). However, interest in color decreased throughout the Middle Ages with the advancement of scientificknowledge.Itwasnotuntilthelate19thcenturythat color would begin to be practiced in healing again.

By considering color in design, it allows designers to create a mood within a space that tells a story and leaves an emotional impact on each individual.

Design Goals

1. Bringing awareness to the psychophysiological effects of color within a space 2. Applying color in a way that contradictions the standard functional context3. Integrating the surrounding elements of the geographical locationintothespacetoreflectthecolorscheme4. Creaing an unique experience that changes overall mood of the space5. Provoking a psychological sensation through the use of different hues

From this color study I hope to gain a better understanding of the psychological effects of color in an interior space and incorporate thefindingsintomydesignsby:

ColorTheoryexercise(2011)

Vision + Light

The Visible Spectrum

(colorcodedarch)

Light is Color

The physical difference between radio waves, infrared, visible light, Ultraviolet, and X-rays is wavelength

The Visible Light Spectrum is the electromagnetic rays we can see such as violet, blue, green, red and yellow. Aspectralcoloristhelightofaspecificwavelength and hue is the color perception. White light can be made by mixing colors but not black

Shortest range= purple and bluesLongest range= red

Sources for visible light rays included Natural and Artificial(Fluorescent,Incandescent,Gascharge,andLEDs

The Optical System

Colorcomesfromlight:

1.Source(Sun) “invisible” colors shine onto the apple

2. Object (Apple) the surface of the apple absorbs the light rays, except red which is reflectedintotheeye

3. Detector (Eye and Brain) the eye receives and then sends message to the brain

The eye and light are in direct relation with one other. Since color only exsist in the brain, it is the eyes job to receive the reflectedlightwavesandtransmitthewavelengthstothecerebral cortex.

(Mahnke,p.94-95)

The Effects on Color

Lightintensity,surfacereflectionand surrounding objects play a factor in how color is perceived.

The interior space effects the perception of color directly throughartificiallighting.“Thecolor rending index (CRI) was developed to describe how well colorsarerenderedbyartificiallight sources compared with naturallight”(p.98).Colorisperceived based upon the context of the space and should be considered when developing a color scheme.

(Mahnke,p.95,97-99)

Psychophysiological Effects

PsychologicalPhysical events that affect the conscious, subcon-scious, and unconscious

PhysiologicalLightwave frequencies that “describe the effects stimulihaveuponus”(Mahnke,p.7)

Neuropsychological Aspect

Extreme unity and complexity can cause visual displeasure. An individual needs relief that comes from a variety and contrast of light, temperature, intensity and dominance of color

Extremeunity:understimulationthatcausesrestlessness,irritationanddifficultyinconcentration

Extremecomplexity:overstimulationthateffectsbreathing,pulse rate, blood pressure and muscle tension contrast of light, temperature, intensity and dominance of color

Each part of the brain creates a “temporary arousal reaction” that effects the emotional state.

Cerebral Cortex“Receives and interprets” sense

CerebrumThinking takes place (right- creative, left-logic)

ThalamusAssociated with the senses (sight, hearing, taste, and touch)

HypothalamusEmotion and physical response

Pituitary GlandInfluencestheglands CerebellumAffects balance and movement

Reticular FormationEffects entire nervous system (visual -external and mental activity) (Mahnke, p. 20-22)

Chromotherapy“Colors, like features, follow the changes of the emotions.” - Pablo Picasso

Light is used in the form of color to balance energy.

The Colors of the Chakras ...

the healing of color

Divided into the seven main “energies” of the body

Each engery stems from a major nerve ganglia, all connecting at the spinal column

(threeheartscompany)

Environmental Influences

(Mahnke,p.11)

The “Color Experience Pyramid”

Numerousenvironmentalfactorsinfluencethe perception of color that creates a memorable experience.

1.BiologicalReactionstoaColorStimulus:“Psychological component” from the natural effects of nature

2.CollectiveUnconscious:Personal experience pertaining to color

3.ConsciousSymbolism:“Learned responses” that are symbolic to the surrounding environment

4.CulturalInfluencesandMannerism:Particular colors are that are related to a country or location

5.InfluenceofTrends,Fashion,Styles:Temporarycolorsthatreflectatimeperiod

6.PersonalRelationship:Individual likes and dislikes

Red

(Eiseman,p.7;Amara)

Survey AssociationFire, passion, power, love, energy, angry, sexy, lust, blood

“The most physical color in the spectrum.” Associated with the heart and blood, the color red has been proven to raise the heart rate and energy level.

In interiors, red is used to make a bold statement. It is often used in restaurants to increase appetite or in logos associated with food. In residential design, a red wall might create a warm cozy feeling that makes you want to sit around the

Orange

Survey AssociationExcitement, tropical, noticeable, vibrant, caution + safety, Hokies, fun, hunting

The color orange is known to encourage activy and stimulate conversation. Subjectively, the vibrant color is either greatly liked or disliked.

Around500B.C.,thefruitinspiredthenameof the color and the Orange was known as the fruit of the gods and kings. Often associated with the term “rebirth,” it gained popularity in Renaissance paintings and was aniconiccolorinthe90sfashiontrend.

(Eiseman,p.13)

Yellow

Survey Associationhappiness, light, sun, playfulness

Besides being directly related to the sun, the color yellow is the easiest color for the human eye to see. Different shades of yellow convey different messages. A light yellow might bring warmth and softness to your home, where as a bright yellow might raise the emotional temperature and increase liveliness and encourage innovation.

(Eiseman, p. 23)

Green

Survey Associationnature, money, growth, prosperity, environment, luck

The color of nature, green is the most seen color in the world. Therefore, green can provoke a multitude of moods from environmental awareness to fertility and growth.

In interiors, green is often placed in environments that are ment to soothe and encourage mental relaxation.

(Eiseman,p.37;Amara)

Blue

Survey AssociationOcean + water, calming, soothing, clear, tranquility, sky, serenity, cold, relaxing

(Eiseman,p.31;Amara)

The color of the water and sky, blue is the color of serenity and calmness. It is the top favorite color in the world. Blue is also associated with many religious practices meaning mercy and honor. Since blue is a symbol of rest, it is often found in health care design and in residential, especially in bedrooms.

Violet

Acolourfullife:2014Pantonecolouroftheyear“Radiantorchid”

Survey AssociationFlowers + horticulture, power, luxury, royality, deception, pride

A few people referred to the Willy Wonka reference “You’re turning violet, violet.”

(Eiseman,p.43)

The color purple is a combination of blue in red, and in effect its emotional impact is a balance of the two. Certain shades uplift, where others calm. It encourages creativity and is symbolic to royality.

NeutralsWhite, Black and Grey

Survey AssociationBlack:Sadness,depression,sleek,serious,dark, negative, somber, mourning, emo, sexy, void, emo

White:pure,marriage,light,clean,angels,peaceful, innocence, good, weddings

Asthewhiteflagindicatesatruce,thecolorwhite also is a symbol of peace. It is the “presence of light” and the best way to represent cleanliness. Snow and clouds are bothhavesoftproperties,whichreflecttheemotionaleffectsofclarityandpurification.

Black is a combination of color that creates depth within spaces. It provokes strong emotions of power and authority, but leave you with a feeling of emptiness.

(Eiseman,p.55,61)

Color connotations and associations differ among men to women, children to adults, as well as professions and cultures.

Survey ResultsThroughasurveythatconsistedof45peoplefromtheagesof18-60ofalloccupationsandcoursesofstudy,herearemyfindings:

What is the first thing you notice in an interior space?

Form (Shape + Size)LightColorDecorationFurniture

32%20%11%25%11%

Althoughcolorwasnotthefirstthingpeoplenoticed,itimpacts the overall form, and is found in light, decoration and furniture.

Favorite Color Lease Favorite Color

BlueRedPinkYellowPurpleGreen

36%7%

16%7%

18%18%

PinkYellowOrangePurpleBrownBlackGreen

13%13%20%13%22%9%9%

Are there any colors or color combinations that are significant to you or your culture?

22% Maroon + Orange (School)18%Red+White+Blue(U.S. Flag)

Note:Resultswithindividualcolorsassociations are found on the Meaning of Colors

Considerations + Challenges

ArtColor interaction and contrast

AnthropologyCultural and historical color symbolism

DesignColor Planning narratives

MarketingColor and arousal, branding and product differentiation

PhysicsColor and light properties and measurements

PsychologyColor Sensation, perception, and response

SubjectivityColor likes and dislikes ObjectivityPrescriptive color solutions

ConventionallyTraditional schemes and harmonies

MaterialityNatural coloration of materials

DimensionalityVisualization and applications

(Portillo, p. 2-3)

Color Fundamentals

1.TheColorWheelSirIssacNewtoncreatedthe1stcolordiagramin1666.

Since then various color wheels have been created, causing debates.

2. Color Harmony Visual pleasure to the eye

ex. Color Scheme based on Analogous Colors (right) or complementary colors

3. Color Context The relational impact that shapes and colors have on each other.

(Color Matters)

Color Systems

Subtractive Color Additive Color

Thescientificstudyofcolorisasystemthatisdividedintoadditiveandsubtractivecolor.Eachpartofthesystem is equally important, but the subtractive color system is the method used by artists that impacts the senses in the brain (Color Matters).

Subtractive color is wavelengths that are absorbed andreflected.Whencolorsareaddedtogetherthey produce black. This system is used for printing, photography and painting.

Additive color comes from a source to create light. When colors are added together they produce white.

(rgbworld)

(B. Leshyn, Color Theory Powerpoint)

Hue purest wavelength and intensity

Valuelightness or darkness

Tinthue + white

Shadehue + black

Tonehue + gray

Chromabrilliance or dullness

Color Vocabulary

Color HarmonyMonochromatic Analogous

ComplementaryOpposite hues that contrast each other

2-3 Adjacent hues1Hue

Triad3-4differenthues3 Equidistant huesPolychromatic

(B. Leshyn, Color Theory Powerpoint)Ex. Red + Green, Purple + Yellow Ex. Green + Purple + Yellow

Red + Yellow + Blue

Ex. Blue + Green, Orange + Red(icanbecreative)

Influences

Josef Albers“Color is understood through experience”

Known for his color context studies that explores the Interaction of color

Studied at the Bauhaus as a painter, but joined the faculty as a stained glass instructor and later became a professor of the arts.

As a professor he “linked architecture and painting” and belived that color is changing depending on the surrounding relation.

Faber Birren“The study of color is essentially a mental and psychological science, for the term color itself refers to sentation.”

Father of applied color psychology (devoted his life to the study of color)

Originator of OSHA colors

Established the profession of color consultants (1936)

Discovered the relationship of the fundamental attributespertainingtohues:shade,tint,andtone.

Karim Rashid“I use extensive variations of colors to create form, depth, mood, feeling, texture, and to touch our everyday public memory. Color is not just surface and is not intangible- it is very real, very strong, a powerful tool and has a real physical presence.”

Rashid is an industrial designer and interior architect known for his futuristic designs that pushes the exploration of color.

3,000+designsinover35countriesincludingfashion,furniture,lightingfixturesandproductgoods

(karimrashid.com)

Case Studies

1 FallingwaterFrank Lloyd Wright

Integrated over a waterfall, this residence is famous for incorporating nature and architecture into a manmade structure with horizontal lines and cantilevers that create a sense of freedom through balance

“Fallingwater was meant to evolve and change over time,reflectingthosewhooccupiedtheretreat”(p.12)

Planning + ProgrammingDesignedaroundthefireplace-gatheringplaceOpen living room that surrounds natural elementsNarrow hallways to create the sense of compressionLow ceilings to direct eye outside (archdaily)

Strategic DesignLocal natural sandstone2 paint colors with a neutral “backdrop”

MotifsHorizonal line- earth lineCantilevier- freedon and expansivess, Cascade- waterfall Semicircle- soft curve of transition and balance

(Portillo,p.11-18)

“Mastery of color can easily consume a lifetime of study. observation, experimenttion,reflection,study,research,andpracticeworktogether to develop expertise in color” - Frank L. Wright

The client, Edgar Kaufmann Sr. and his family greatly contributed to the interior design

Cherokee RedUsedonthefloor,brick,framework(win-dow mullions), and furnitureInspired by the soil+ Red was wrights favorite color

OcherUsed through lighting and furnitureInspired by the Rhododendrons found on site

Black WalnutFound on the woodwork to add contrast from furniture

Note:Wallcolorremainsthesamebuttextiles have changed over the years

Phoenix Children’s Hospital HKS Architects

Arenovateddesigntoimprovethespacialflexibiltiyoftheplaninspiredbyanoasisthatreflectsthesurrounding landspace.

Planning + ProgrammingAdjacent programming decreased travel distancesRooftop healing gardens provide an escapeSustainable practices maximize daylight to reduce heat gain

Strategic DesignExterior impacts the interior with a colorful glowNatural light provided from visual access to the outside surroundings (patient rooms and public spaces)Wayfindingisincorportedthroughcolorpalettes,wall murals and sculpturesLocal materials were used to reduce off-gassing

2

functions

patient care unitslease space public/ administrativebuilding servicesoutpatient clinicsdiagnostic/ treatmentcirculationveritical circulation/ shaftsauxiliary color

3 Switch Restaurant and LoungeKarim Rashid

A futuristic statement that “switches” the role of hospitality design by provoking thought and excitement within emotions

Planning + ProgrammingLong symmetrical rectangleSeating divided into dining, bar and lounge areasFlexible table to accommodate different number of partiesContinuous and seamless walls that wrap around the space

Strategic DesignInternational iconic designTransitional from day to night that changes the mood No natural lighting SimplecolorschemetoreflectcolorchangingwallsEverything is curvedWall is “inspired by the Arabic letter ‘S’ turned on its side.”

(Middle East interiors)

Your Rainbow Panorama Olafur Eliasson 4

“A space without boundaries”

Designed to create a dialogue between the existing architecture and the city of Aarhus in Denmark that challenges the individual to imagine limits beyond the interior boundaries

Planning + ProgrammingCircular walkway 450ft.Lx10ft.W

Strategic DesignOver looks the city of Denmark (admirers see different colors depending on where they are located in the city)Glass in all colors of the spectrumLightsembeddedinthefloorarelitupatnight

(Aros)

Application

How Color Impacts us as Designers

Color creates a visual experience in an interior space

1.Givesdirectionanddefinescirculation ex. The Triennale Design Museum in Milano designed by Fabio Novembre (right)

2. Creates a mood and tells a story 3. Affects taste and smell Synaesthesia is how senses work together. Each sense has a pathway to the brain and run parallel to each other, however sometimes they cross over and evoke memories.

4. Creates a connection between the surrounding environment and interior space

A color palette is affected by the geographical location, characteristics of potentional users, the programming, light sources, and overall form of the space

Exploration of SpaceDefiningspacebythereversalofcontainmentleadto the exploration of color and light, which has been a common interest expressed throughout my designs.

arts centerVirginia Tech Chicago

A transitional multi-cultural art center that stages the movement for creativity

Design Goals

2. Design a dynamic space that appeals to Chicago’s cosmopolitan diversity that affects the student and faculty’s individual mood throughout the space

3. Development a movement within the space through the progression of color which definesahierarchicalrelationship and allows for wayfindingandbranding

1. Incorporate the exterior landscape intothespacethatreflectsGrantParkand the surrounding environmentthrough the use of materials and natural lighting

4. Provoke a surreal experience that contradicts the dreams and reality, which create an element of surprise and juxtaposition between mass and volume of the space

5. Promote sustainability that encourages environmental stewardship to advance the knowledge of future generations that employ the space

Within design, there are many disciplines that have the ability to influenceaculture.Theprogressionofcreativityhasinspiredasurrealmovementthathasinfluencedspatialrelationships,color,furnitureandfixtures.

The Virginia Tech Chicago Arts Center is a transitional multi-cultural space that stages the movement of creativity. A collaboration of architecture, interior design, studio art and music push the traditional learning environment to create a program that inspires innovation. Students are challenged throughout the program to leave an individual legacy that encourages the advancement of knowledge to future generations that inhabit the space.

KimballOfficeoffersacollectionoftraditionalandmodernpiecesthattogether create a movement within space. From experimenting with conceptstothefinalstagesofartworkorperformances,studentsandfacultyareequippedwithfurnitureandfixturesthatarenotonlyfunctional, but also aesthetically pleasing.

a movement or development toward a destination or a more advanced state, esp. gradually or in stages

Pro · gres · sion

Progression of Public to Private

FloorPlan1Scale1/32”=1’0”

Floor Plan 2Scale1/32”=1’0” Circulation Diagram

EntranceInfo AreaPerformanceGalleryCafe + LoungeRound TableMaterial LibraryWomen’s RestroomMen’s RestroomClassroomFacultyOfficePractice RoomsDressing RoomsRecording StudioConference RoomStoragePrint LabStudioPresentation Room

123456789

10111213141516171819

Floor Plan

Possible Kimball Traxxsystemarrangements:

Gallery DetailInspired by the movement of the Chicago Metro System

LED lighting system embeddedin transparent glass panels used for displaying art work.

Studio Perspective

Finish Plan

Note:P1allwallstobepaintedunlessotherwise noted

Manufacturer

Sherwin Williams

Bentley

Armstrong

Flor

Flor

Flor

Flor

Product

Westhighland White

Iconic- Rio de Janeiro

Kempa Natural

Warm Colors

Like Minded- Burgandy

Made you look-Tangerine

Line, Please-Cayenne

Cambium-Geranium

Symbol/ Texture

Finish Schedule

Type

Paint

Carpet

Wood

AggregateConcrete

Carpet

Carpet

Carpet

Carpet

P1

Furniture Plan

DN

C1 T1

T2

T2

T2T2 T2

C3

C4

C2

C2

C2

C5

C5

T3

T3

T3T4

T3 T3T3

C6

C7T5 T5

T5

T5

T5

T5

T5

T5

T5

T5

T5

T5C7

C7

C7

T6 T6 T6 T6

T7

T1

C7

C1

C8

C8

C8

C9 C9 C9 C9

C10 C10 C10 C10

C7

C7

C7

C6

T8

C11C5

T3

C5

T3

T8

T8 T8 T8

T9T9T9T9T9T9

C11

C11

C11C11

C11

C3

Manufacturer

Kimball

Kimball

Kimball

Kimball

Kimball

Kimball

Kimball

Kimball

Kimball

Kimball

Kimball

Fabric/ Finish

Kim SalmelaPalette RainbowGrade K

MaharamAria- Swerve

MaharamSkyline by Kvad-rat-656

White Finish

MaharamOverlay- Cerise

MaharamAir by Kvadrat

Tangerine

MaharamDisperse- Carnelian

White Leather

White Finish

MaharamAlias- Semolina

Description

Independence Hillsborough

Adagiato

Adagiato

Bingo Armless Stool

Acapella armless

Villa Rectangle Bench

Poly

Arpeggio

Axos

Bingo

Itsa

Furniture Image

Finish Schedule

Symbol

C1

C2

C3

C4

C5

C6

C7

C8

C9

C10

C11

Manufacturer

Kimball

Kimball

Kimball

Kimball

Kimball

Kimball

Kimball

Kimball

Kimball

Description

Occasional Table

Arpeggio

Arpeggio

Innsbruck

Scenario

Fluent

Conference Solution

Priority0002

Definition

Furniture Image Symbol

T1

T2

T3

T4

T5

T6

T7

T8

T9

Fabric/ Finish

Brighton MapleWood Finish

Cordoba CherryWood Finish

Cordoba CherryWood Finish

Coco SapeleWood Finish

White Finish,Metal Frame

Brighton MapleWood Finish

Brighton MapleWood Finish

Brighton MapleWood Finish,White Frame

Coco SapeleWood Finish

Reflected Ceiling Plan

Natural Light Progression

Description

6”Recesseddownlight

2x2 Standard open office

Surface mounted track light

Suspended linear fixture

Product

RotarisTBS741

Corview Panel- smooth surface light

Arctone

28.1SatelliteSinglePendant - Pink

28.3RandomPendantChandelier

28.77PendantChandelier-Clear

Ecomood Pendant No. 40341-White

Manufacturer

Philips

Philips

Philips

Bocci

Bocci

Bocci

Philips

SymbolFixture Image

Lighting Schedule

Conclusion“Coloristhefirstthingyounoticeandthelastthingyouleavewith.”(Portillo,p.1)

WhenIfirstbeganthisstudy,Iwashavingdifficultyunderstanding the difference between the subjective and objective effects of color. From this study, I have learned that the measurement of light is an objective matter, but once it is perceived into the brain there is a transformation to subjective qualities that provoke numerous theories. Since every individual’s brain is different, each person is blessed with a unique experiences.

Ithinkandseeincolor;itrepresentsacollectionofmyartistic sense, interior and architectural environment, scientificfactorsofthehumanresponseandtheactualcolors themselves. As a designer, color has allowed me to express myself through my concepts from the strategicdesignallthewaythroughthefinalpresentation stages. By considering color in design, I can create a mood within a space and tell a story that leaves an emotional impact on each individual.

Although the study of color is endless, I have gained a better understand of how color effects the psychological and physiological aspects within thehuman response that will allow me to inhance my designs.

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Brittani Andersonbrittani@vt.edu

Virginia TechSchool of Architecture + Urban Studies

Interior Design