Independence Movements

Unit 15

I. African NationsA. All but two African

nations had been European colonies1. Scramble for Africa

B. Several things led to independence movements:1. Harsh colonial treatment2. Seeing nations created

after WWI3. Fighting during WWII

I. African NationsC. Ghana

1. 1st sub-Saharan nation to get independence

2. Changed name from Gold Coast (European influence) to Ghana (old African empire)

D. Kenya1. Armed struggle between

Kikuyu and white settlers2. Became independent in

1963

I. African NationsE. Zaire

1. Belgium wanted to keep it’s colony

a) Didn’t prepare the colony independence

2. Once given independence a huge civil war broke out

3. A military dictator took overa) Supported by US b/c he was

anti-communist

4. Unrest in Rwanda spread and new leadership came in

a) Renamed Democratic Republic of Congo

b) Civil war 1 year later

II. Republic of South AfricaA. Had been a Dutch and

then British colonyB. Had gotten self-rule in

19101. Freedoms were only for

whites (<20%)2. Gov’t was “whites only”

C. Created apartheid1. Legal and cultural

segregation2. Registered as Black, White,

Colored, or Asian

II. Republic of South AfricaD. Non-whites were

mistreated and assigned to homelands1. Certain areas they had to

live in and couldn’t leave

E. The African National Congress (ANC) began to protest.1. Leaders and members are

imprisoned 2. Nelson Mandela uses civil

disobedience and is jaileda) Spent 27 years in jail

II. Republic of South AfricaF. In the 1980s the world

begins to look down on apartheid & South Africa1. International boycotts2. South Africa is banned from

the Olympics

G. In 1985, F.W. deKlerk, the new president began reforms1. Abandoned apartheid2. Lifted ban on ANC3. Freed Mandela

II. Republic of South AfricaH. deKlerk and

Mandela work for 4 years to reform the country1. Mandela is elected

president in the first truly free elections

III. IndiaA. Was a British colony for a

long time1. Sepoy Rebellion led to

cries for independence2. Indians fought in WWI

a) GB promised more self-ruleb) Nationalist leaders emerged

3. Indians fought in WWII

III. IndiaB. Mohandas Gandhi

1. Studied law in GB and moved to South Africaa) Helped with racism there

2. Moved back to Indiaa) Used Hindu ideals, non-

violence, and civil disobedience1) Purposefully breaking an

unfair/unjust lawi. Indians should weave

their own cloth instead of buying British cloth

III. IndiaC. Salt March

1. GB had a salt monopolya) It was illegal for Indians to

get salt from the ocean

2. Gandhi led thousands of followers 240 miles to the oceana) Picked up saltb) Was arrested along

w/thousands of othersc) Used hunger strikes to bring

attention to India’s issues

III. IndiaD. Hindus v Muslims

1. Muslims worried about being in a nation with a huge Hindu majority

2. Muslim League is formed to ask for a new Muslim state

a) To be called Pakistan

3. In 1947, GB gave independence

a) 2 nations are created1) India (Hindu)2) Pakistan (Muslim) had 2 parts

i. East Pakistan became Bangladesh later

4. They now have nukes aimed at each other

IV. IsraelA. The horrors of the

Holocaust led many to support a Jewish homeland

B. The United Nations planned to partition Palestine1. One Arab nation2. One Jewish nation3. Jews said yes4. Arabs said no

IV. IsraelC. Israel began in 1948

1. US and USSR recognized it

2. All of the Arab neighbors attacked

3. Israel defeated them and added land

D. Gov’t built towns, provided services, invested in industry and agriculture

IV. IsraelE. Six Day War (1967)

1. Egypt, Jordan, Syria, and Lebanon attack2. Israel defeats them all and gains significant

amount of land

IV. IsraelE. Munich

Olympics (1972)1. Arab group

known as Black September kidnap and kill 11 members of the Israeli Olympic team

IV. IsraelE. Yom Kippur War (1973)

1. Syria and Egypt attacked

2. Defeated with US aid

IV. IsraelH. Palestinians still are w/o a

nation1. Three groups emerge for

Palestinian rights:a) Hamas

1) Very militant

b) Hezbollah1) Uses terrorism

c) Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO)1) The group most likely to

use peaceful relations w/Israel

2) The only group Israel actually talks to