independence and development

South AsiaSouth Asia

India’s Imperialism, India’s Imperialism, Independence, and Independence, and

DevelopmentDevelopment

Review ImperialismReview Imperialism

What was society like for Indians What was society like for Indians before imperialism?before imperialism?

Why did the sepoys rebel against the Why did the sepoys rebel against the British?British?

How did British rule change India?How did British rule change India?

FreedomFreedom

Great Britain passed laws limiting Great Britain passed laws limiting various freedoms and rights in Indiavarious freedoms and rights in India

The Indian National Congress (INC) The Indian National Congress (INC) continued to fight for self-rule.continued to fight for self-rule.

ExampleExample: Indians were prohibited from : Indians were prohibited from gathering publicly.gathering publicly.

Indian National Congress, 1885

Amritsar Massacre (1919)Amritsar Massacre (1919): British : British troops opened fire and killed or troops opened fire and killed or wounded nearly 1500 Indianswounded nearly 1500 Indians

Symbolizes a turning point in India’s Symbolizes a turning point in India’s struggle for freedomstruggle for freedom

FreedomFreedom

Amritsar MasAmritsar Massacre memorsacre memorial in Amritsaial in Amritsar, India.r, India.

Mohandas GandhiMohandas Gandhi

Gandhi urged Indians to gain Gandhi urged Indians to gain independence through non-independence through non-cooperation and nonviolent meanscooperation and nonviolent means

While studying law in South Africa, While studying law in South Africa, Gandhi developed the idea of Gandhi developed the idea of nonviolent resistance to end injusticenonviolent resistance to end injustice

SatyagrahaSatyagraha: “truth force,” nonviolence will : “truth force,” nonviolence will show your enemy the truth forceshow your enemy the truth force

The idea was to convert the wrongdoerThe idea was to convert the wrongdoer

His beliefs were rooted in both His beliefs were rooted in both Hinduism and ChristianityHinduism and Christianity

Hindu: nonviolence, respect for all lifeHindu: nonviolence, respect for all life Christian: love, even for your enemiesChristian: love, even for your enemies


Gandhi emphasized traditional Indian Gandhi emphasized traditional Indian values and Hindu virtues (this is values and Hindu virtues (this is nationalism)nationalism)

Through Gandhi’s means, Indian natiThrough Gandhi’s means, Indian nationalists began demanding freedom aonalists began demanding freedom after WWIfter WWI

The British began responding to nonviolence The British began responding to nonviolence through the use of forcethrough the use of force

The world became aware of the injusticeThe world became aware of the injustice


IndependenceIndependence Before Before

independence, independence, internal conflicts internal conflicts arose in Indiaarose in India

Muslims Muslims demanded a demanded a separate Muslim separate Muslim statestate

Hindus distrusted Hindus distrusted the Muslimsthe Muslims

Great Britain tried to encourage Great Britain tried to encourage Hindu-Muslim conflict in order to Hindu-Muslim conflict in order to weaken the Indian National Congressweaken the Indian National Congress

In 1946, open conflict beganIn 1946, open conflict began Britain ended its ruleBritain ended its rule

– Indian Independence Act (1947)Indian Independence Act (1947)– The act divided the Indian subcontinent into two The act divided the Indian subcontinent into two

separate nationsseparate nations Hindu IndiaHindu India Muslim PakistanMuslim Pakistan

IndependenceIndependence

Partition only increased violencePartition only increased violence

Gandhi was assassinated in 1948Gandhi was assassinated in 1948 Now commonly known as “Mahatma” Now commonly known as “Mahatma”

Gandhi, which means “Great Soul”Gandhi, which means “Great Soul”


Parliamentary democracyParliamentary democracy: : Parliament holds the most powerParliament holds the most power Political party with the most seats in Political party with the most seats in

parliament has control over the governmentparliament has control over the government– The party leader, or Prime Minister, is seen as the The party leader, or Prime Minister, is seen as the

real leader of the countryreal leader of the country

A president is the head of state, but with A president is the head of state, but with little powerlittle power

Example: EnglandExample: England

Prime Minister= Tony Blair Head of State= Queen of Prime Minister= Tony Blair Head of State= Queen of EnglandEngland

(Labour Party)(Labour Party)

The New GovernmentThe New Government

India has more than a dozen political India has more than a dozen political partiesparties– Party can be based on:Party can be based on:

CasteCaste LanguageLanguage Religious groupReligious group

Coalition governmentCoalition government: several parties : several parties join together to gain control if there is join together to gain control if there is no clear majority winner in an electionno clear majority winner in an election

The New GovernmentThe New Government

Economy of IndiaEconomy of India

The government has promoted the The government has promoted the development of agriculture and development of agriculture and industryindustry

Economic goalsEconomic goals1.1. Free the country from economic dependenceFree the country from economic dependence

2.2. Self-sufficiencySelf-sufficiency

3.3. Limit foreign investment and foreign controlLimit foreign investment and foreign control

¾ of India’s people live in rural areas¾ of India’s people live in rural areas Most are subsistence farmersMost are subsistence farmers

Agricultural growth and development:Agricultural growth and development: New irrigation systemsNew irrigation systems Land distribution reformLand distribution reform

– Limit the size of farmsLimit the size of farms– Selling land to Selling land to tenant farmerstenant farmers: farmers who rent : farmers who rent

from large landownersfrom large landowners

Green RevolutionGreen Revolution: developed new types of : developed new types of crops to increase their yields (1960s and 70s)crops to increase their yields (1960s and 70s)


Cultural ConflictsCultural Conflicts

Dividing forces of the Indian people:Dividing forces of the Indian people:1.1. Caste system inequalitiesCaste system inequalities

2.2. Cultural diversityCultural diversity

3.3. Sikh separatismSikh separatism: military-based : military-based monotheistic religion that wants to make a monotheistic religion that wants to make a separate countryseparate country

4.4. Hindu-Muslim clashesHindu-Muslim clashes

The Punjab represents part of the proposed area for the Sikh state of Khalistan.

Uniting forces of the Indian people:Uniting forces of the Indian people:1.1. Hindu traditions (majority in India are Hindu traditions (majority in India are

Hindu)Hindu)

2.2. Modern communicationsModern communications

3.3. Strong leaders who emphasize Strong leaders who emphasize compromisecompromise

Cultural ConflictsCultural Conflicts

ReviewReview

Gandhi and the Indian independence Gandhi and the Indian independence movementmovement

The governmentThe government The economyThe economy Cultural ConflictsCultural Conflicts Vocabulary:Vocabulary:

Amristar Massacre, Satyagraha, Indian Amristar Massacre, Satyagraha, Indian Independence Act, Parliamentary Independence Act, Parliamentary democracy, coalition government, tenant democracy, coalition government, tenant farmers, Green Revolution, Sikh separatismfarmers, Green Revolution, Sikh separatism

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