increasing tea yields versus maintaining quality: managing ... · • although kenya is ranked...
TRANSCRIPT
1
Increasing Tea Yields Versus Maintaining Quality: Managing yields through tea products
diversification
BySamson M. Kamunya, PhD
Tea Research Institute
Presented during the 2nd National Tea Stakeholders’
Conference Held at the Hotel Intercontinental, Nairobi
on 30th October 2015
Tea Research Institute Programmes
Tea Research Institute
1. Crop Improvement and Management (CIM)
2. Tea Processing and Value Addition (TPVA)
3. Sustainable Ecosystem Management and
Conservation (SEMC)
4. Economics, Field Advisory and Corporate
Communication (EFACC)
5. Support Services Management (SSM)
Crop Improvement Management
Broad objective
To develop and avail tea varieties/
clones that combine high yields and
acceptable orthodox/CTC
black/green/purple/white/oolong tea
quality of the processed tea as desired
by consumers
Tea Research Institute
Maximum period = 23 years
Base Population
Progeny Tests
Clonal Field Trials
(DUS Tests)
Release to farmers
Nursery
Nursery
Nursery
1 Year: Pollination and
seed development
7 Years: OP & HP seedlings
1 Year: VP plants
1 Year: seedlings rearing
8 Years
1 Year: VP plants
5 Years: Participatory
3 Years: UpscalingMultiplication Plots
Clonal Adaptability Trials
(DUS Tests)
Phases of Tea Improvement at TRFK
OVERVIEW
• Tea is produced in 52 countries in the world which comprise of mainly
tropical and sub-tropical countries;
• In Kenya it is grown exclusively in the highlands at attitudes ranging from
1500 to 2700m;
• Kenya is the third largest producer of tea in the world after China and India
and it is also the world’s largest exporter of black tea;
• Tea cultivation and manufacturing are presently being practiced in 18 of
Kenya’s 47 counties and impacts a large proportion of Kenya’s over 40
million people;
• In Kenya, tea is the largest employer in the private sector, with more than 4
million people working in the tea sector. Over 60% of Kenyan tea is grown
by smallholders;
• It is the largest single export commodity and major foreign exchange earner
for Kenya;
• In 2014 for example, Kenya exported 445.1 million kilograms of made tea,
which resulted to over $ 1.15 billion foreign earnings
Global Performance of the Tea Industry in 2014
• Although Kenya is ranked third in annual tea production after China and India
with tea produced in Kenya accounting for about 10% of the world production
and about 24% of the export share, Kenya has the highest productivity (yield
per unit hectare).
• This is attributable to deployment of appropriate Research and Development
outputs in the production value chain and favorable weather.
Tea productivity (KgMT/ha/yr) in
major producing countries in 2014
(Source: International Tea
Committee: Annual Bulletin of
Statistics – 2015)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Kenya India Sri Lanka Tanzania Vietnam Indonesia China
3 - Year Mean Kg mt/ha
Productivity of Estates Vs Smallholders Sub-Sectors
• Production area has also been rising rapidly, mainly in the smallholder sub-sector as more area is put
under the recently released high yielding and better quality clones.
• However, the last 10-year average yield of about 2,000 kilograms of made tea per hectare per year
(kg/mt/ha/yr) among the small holders is still low compared to over 2,600 kg/mt/ha in the estate sub-
sector. This yield differential in the two sub-sectors, is attributed to the different levels of adoption
and deployment of recommended technologies by growers.
• This yield differential in the two sub-sectors, is attributed to the different levels of adoption and
deployment of recommended technologies by growers.
-
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016
Kg mt/ha
ESTATES SMALLHOLDERS
182,686,124
223,150,803
262,418,610
385,909,721
-
50,000,000
100,000,000
150,000,000
200,000,000
250,000,000
300,000,000
350,000,000
400,000,000
450,000,000
Actual Production PotentialProduction
Actual Production PotentialProduction
Estate Smallholder
Comparison actual vs potential production for Estate & Smallholder Subsectors, 2014
Actual Pdn 445,104,734
Potential prod 609,060,524 Note: Assuming adoption of GAP and attainment of 1 Kg GL/Yr = 3,000 Kg mt/ha,
Percent share of World Tea Production in 2014
8.6
23.3
6.5
1.6
3.42.6
40.6
4.4
% Share
Kenya India Sri Lanka Japan
Vietnam Indonesia China Turkey
(Source: International Tea Committee: Annual Bulletin of Statistics – 2015)
Production of Diversified Tea Products in Major Tea
Growing Countries in 2014 (In Thousand Metric Tons)
1108
426
23 10 8 0 0
84
19
311
90
72
180
230
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
India Kenya Sri Lanka Indonesia Vietnam China Turkey
Production in Thousand Metric Tons
CTC Orthodox
(Source: International Tea Committee: Annual Bulletin of Statistics – 2015)
World Exports of Tea, 2014
11.2
27.3
17.4
3.6
7.2
16.5
0.3
% Share
India Kenya Sri Lanka
Indonesia Vietnam China
Value of Exports of Tea, 2014
1,558,716.00
1,273,472.00
642,252.00
1,150,097.00
134,584.00
228,000.00
5,900.00
317,885.00 301,484.00
204,597.00
499,380.00
66,399.00 132,000.00
4,631.00
4.90
4.22
3.14
2.30
2.03
1.73
1.27
-
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
-
200,000.00
400,000.00
600,000.00
800,000.00
1,000,000.00
1,200,000.00
1,400,000.00
1,600,000.00
1,800,000.00
Sri Lanka China India Kenya Indonesia Vietnam Turkey
Value of Exports of Tea, 2014
1,000 US Dollars World Export (Metric Tons) USD/Kg
(Source: International Tea Committee: Annual Bulletin of Statistics – 2015)
Tea Research Institute
Leading Export Market for Sri Lanka, 2014
-
50,000.00
100,000.00
150,000.00
200,000.00
250,000.00
RussianFederation
Turkey Iran Iraq UAE
222,498.00 208,830.00
156,501.00
89,068.00 84,758.00
Metric Tons
Leading Export Market for Kenya Black tea, 2014
-
50,000.00
100,000.00
150,000.00
200,000.00
250,000.00
Pakistan Egypt Afghanistan UK CIS
242,668.00
228,409.00
115,620.00 112,449.00 104,076.00
Metric Tons
(Source: International Tea Committee: Annual Bulletin of Statistics – 2015)
Tea Research Institute
Leading Export Market for China Black tea, 2014
-
1,000.00
2,000.00
3,000.00
4,000.00
5,000.00
6,000.00
7,000.00
8,000.00
9,000.00
USA Hong Kong Germany Pakistan
8,022.00
3,357.00 3,041.00
2,070.00
Metric Tons
Leading Export Market for China Green tea, 2014
-
10,000.00
20,000.00
30,000.00
40,000.00
50,000.00
60,000.00
Morocco Togo Uzbekistan Algeria Senegal
58,536.00
16,884.00 16,329.00 14,997.00 13,189.00
Metric Tons
(Source: International Tea Committee: Annual Bulletin of Statistics – 2015)
Tea Research Institute
VARIOUS HIGH VALUE TEA PRODUCTS FROM OTHER TEA PRODUCING COUNTRIES
Tea Research Institute
(1)(2) (3)
(4)
(5)(6)
(7)(8)
SOME SPECIALTY TEAS
The tea processing methods include non-aerated for, (1) white, (2) non-aerated green orthodox tea (3)non aerated purple orthodox tea (4) yellow orthodox
(5) aerated black orthodox (6) brick-pu-erh (7) pu-erh orthodox tea. (8) Black CTC tea
Tea Research Institute
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
TRFK597/1
TRFK704/2
TRFK301/3
JFK S15/10
TRFK K-PURPLE
TRFK 6/8 TRFK 91/1 JFK TLT4/41
JFK TLT20/51
JFK ARD5 Feng shan Loungjin43
2 TangFinest Tea
% Catechin contents of various green orthodox teas
GA (%) EGC (%) C (%) CAFF (%) EC (%) EGCG (%) ECG (%) TCC (%)
Comparison of catechin levels between Kenyan and high
value Chinese and Indonesian green orthodox teas
Tea Research Institute
Yield Reduction of CTC Tea by 30% Production of Black Orthodox
Production (Kg) Estate Smallholder Total Value of CTC Alone (USD)Value of CTC & ORTH (USD)
100% CTC 182,686,124 262,418,610 445,104,734 1,023,740,888
70% CTC 127,880,287 183,693,027 311,573,314 716,618,622
30% Orthodox 54,805,837 78,725,583 133,531,420 667,657,101
Grand total 182,686,124 262,418,610 445,104,734 1,023,740,888 1,384,275,723
HOW?
1. All Kenyan tea improved cultivars are suitable for black orthodox and oolong teas;
2. Some selected cultivars low in catechins are suitable for green orthodox teas;
3. One cultivar is suitable for unoxidised orthodox purple tea;
4. Several Kenyan cultivars are suitable for silvery tips;
5. Investing in appropriate processing facilities;
6. Vigorous marketing of Kenya tea based on health and cleanliness from pesticide
residues;
7. Supporting R&D for product development, value addition, validation and
characterization for nutritional information.
Tea Research Institute
TRFK 306
Special attributes
•Anthocyanin-rich (purple pigmentation) – medicinal tea product
•Drought, frost, disease and pest resistant
•Yield potential similar to the high yielding standard check and commercial clone
TRFK 31/8
•Wide adaptability and suitable for all designated tea growing regions
•Suitable for extraction of high quality tea seed oil
•Released in July 2011
TRFK 371/8
High Yielding (3 Kg/bush/year)
High black tea quality under hand and machine harvesting
Moderate to poor fermenter: good for processing of green tea
Moderately tolerant to drought effects
High levels of theaflavins (TF) and thearubigins same as TRFK 6/8
Medium-high levels of total polyphenols: 22.5%
Highly tolerant to root knot nematode
Suitable for silvery tips (white tea)
Wide adaptability
Granted provisional release in 2015
TEA RESEARCH INSTITUTE
TRFK 597/1
Special attributes
• Low caffeine (< 2.0%)
• Drought, frost, disease and pest tolerant
• Yield potential similar to the high yielding standard check and commercial clone
TRFK 31/8
• High catechin content – suitable for catechin tablets & capsules
• Wide adaptability and suitable for all designated tea growing regions
• Suitable for high quality black orthodox or CTC tea
• Granted provisional release certificate in 2014
TEA RESEARCH INSTITUTE
TRFK 704/2
Special attributes
• Low caffeine
• Drought, frost, disease and pest tolerant
• Yield potential similar to the high yielding standard check and commercial clone
TRFK 31/8
• Low catechin content – low astringency
• Wide adaptability and suitable for all designated tea growing regions
• Suitable for high quality green orthodox or CTC tea
• Granted provisional release certificate in 2014
TEA RESEARCH INSTITUTE
Tea product = Cultivar (C) + Processing technology (PT) + Manager (M) +
Environment (E) + C x PT x M x E
Tea Research Institute
TEA SEED OIL
THANK YOU
Tea Research Institute
TAKE HOME MESSAGE
LET’S DIVERSIFY BY PROCESSING NOVEL TEA PRODUCTS LIKE
GREEN, PURPLE & BLACK ORTHODOX TEAS, OOLONG, WHITE
TEA, TEA SEED OIL, TEA EXTRACTS FOR PHARMACEUTICAL,
COSMETICS AND CONFECTIONERY INDUSTRY IN ORDER TO
REDUCE LARGE QUANTITIES OF CTC TEAS