increased car ownership rate due to inefficient level of service (los) of public bus transport ...

7/29/2019 INCREASED CAR OWNERSHIP RATE DUE TO INEFFICIENT LEVEL OF SERVICE (LOS) OF PUBLIC BUS TRANSPORT SYS

1/133

INCREASED CAR OWNERSHIP RATE DUE

TO INEFFICIENT LEVEL OF SERVICE

(LOS) OF PUBLIC BUS TRANSPORT

SYSTEM IN CITY LAHORE

Researchers:

Mohsin Raza 2005-CRP-36

Ahmad Saeed Sultan 2005-CRP-51

Project Advisor

Mr. Atif Bilal Aslam(Lecturer)

Sep 2009

Department of City and Regional Planning

University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore


2/133


3/133

APPROVAL SHEET

The thesis on

INCREASED CAR OWNERSHIP RATE DUE TO INEFFICIENT

LEVEL OF SERVICE (LOS) OF PUBLIC BUS TRANSPORT

SYSTEM IN CITY LAHORE

By:

Mohsin Raza (2005-CRP-36)

Ahmad Saeed Sultan (2005-CRP-51)

This is prepared and submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of

Bachelor in City and Regional Planning

Approved on: ______________________________

Signature of Thesis Supervisor: _____________________________

Signature of External Examiner: _____________________________

Signature of Chairman, CRP Dept. _____________________________

DEPARTMENT OF CITY AND REGIONAL PLANNING

UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, LAHORE


4/133

III

DECLARATION

We hereby declare that this dissertation is outcome of entirely our own effort and

has never been published in any form elsewhere. The matter quoted in the text has

been properly referred and acknowledged.

___________ _________________

Mohsin Raza Ahmad Saeed Sultan


5/133

IV

DEDICATION

THIS WORK IS DEDICATED TO OUR BELOVED PARENTS! IT IS

THEIR LOVE AND SUPPORT THAT ENABLE US NOT ONLY TO

COMPLETE THIS TASK BUT TAUGHT US TO WALK EVERY STEP OF

LIFE WITH CONFIDENCE AND COMMITMENT


6/133

V

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

This dissertation took place in part out of months of research that has been done since the

start of final term. By that time on, we met with number of people whose contribution in

assorted way to the research and making of the thesis deserved special mention. It is

pleasure to convey our gratitude to them all in our humble acknowledgment.

In the first place we would like to record our gratitude to Mr. Atif Bilal Aslam for his

kind supervision, advice and guidance from very early stage of research as well as giving

extraordinary experience throughout the work, he provided us persistent encouragement

and supported in various ways.

We gratefully acknowledge Mr. Robin Paris (Daewoo Admin Officer), Mr. Asher

(Daewoo Operational Officer) and Mr. Faheem (Executive Planner Daewoo), Mr. Umer

Sultan (Bank Manager) for their crucial contribution to adopt an original vision of the

scenario.

It is pleasure to pay tribute to Mr. Fahid Shahzad Sandhu and Mr. Saad Adersh for

providing us technical support and our class fellow Mr. Waqas Ahmad Khawaja and Mr.

Yasir Ali for helping us in the conduction of field surveys. And at last but not the least a

special thanks our dear fellows Mr. Aqeel Suliman, Mr. Afraz Akhter, Mr. Muhammad

Ijaz, Mr. Salman Mehfooz for advices and their willingness to share bright thought with

us. Many informal discussions with them helped us a lot to making our study more

generous and prcised.

Finally we would like to thank everybody who was important to the successful realization

of dissertation, as well as expressing our apology that we could not mention personally

one by one.


7/133

VI

ABSTRACT

If we could speed up the history of man-in-motion around towns, cities, homes and

countryside, we would see how the car has crept up on us through stealth, taking us

unawares, bringing us to a present state of urban congestion and pollution which, had it

been foreseen in the early years of the 1900s, might have caused us to think and plan

differently. The boom in car ownership occurred in the 1950s and 60s across all over the

world particularly in developed countries. Increasing car ownership meant increasing

traffic congestion, queues and many other problems. All over the world, the concept of

public transport has gained popularity as it not only reduces the traffic load on roads but

also helps in achieving sustainability. However; the failings of public transportation havebecome one of the major challenges and become a major cause of increase in motor cars

rate.

Lahore, capital of province Punjab Pakistan, is facing set of problems since last decade

especially in transportation sector. The reasons of astonishing and unprecedented growth

are evaluated during the whole dissertation through field survey and other acts. The main

reason of these problems is car boom came up in city at start of 21st

century due to

various reasons like inefficient level of public transport which is further evaluated in the

thesis, easy leasing facilities at very low mark up rates and many more. Sammi Daewoo

CBS is taken as case study to explore the LOS, as it is more efficient, comfortable, has

well managed form of data than others. After conducting the field surveys and result

came into front for Sammi Daewoo CBS are as; Accessibility falling under C category,

Travel time score of Sammi Daewoo CBS is E, Reliability of Service is also in E,

Directness is in D, Frequency of service is also E and finally the LOS of Sammi Daewoo

CBS is falling under D category. Although the easy leasing facilities and low mark up

rates also contributed a lot in boosting the car ownership rate. The overall conclusion is

drawn, however, that if public transport is generally perceived to be both efficient and

cheap, it can suppress the demand for cars. After the computation its concluded that this

rushed increase in motor car sector is mainly due to inefficient level of service of public

bus transport companies operating in the City Lahore.


8/133

Page 1 of4

TABLE OF CONTENTS

DECLARATION ........................................... .......................... .......................... .......................... ...... iii

DEDICATION .................................................................................................................................. ivACKNOWLEDGMENT ........................ ......................... ........................... ......................... ................ v

ABSTRAT ........................................................................................................................................ vi

LIST OF EXHIBITS .......................... ......................... .......................... ......................... .................... xi

LIST OF TABLES ........................ .......................... .......................... ......................... ....................... xii

LIST OF ACRONYMS ..................... ......................... .......................... ......................... .................. xiv

LIST OF MAPS ........................ .......................... ......................... .......................... .......................... xvi

LIST OF ANNEXURE ......................... ......................... ........................... ......................... ............ xvii

INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 1

1.1 Statement of Problem ........................ ......................... ........................... ......................... ..... ..........1

1.2 Scope of Study ......................... .......................... .......................... ......................... .............. ..........3

1.3 Objective of the Study............................ ......................... .......................... ......................... . .......... 4

1.4 Rationale of the Study ....................... ......................... ........................... ......................... ..... .. ........4

1.5 Limitation of the Study .......................... ......................... ......................... .......................... . .......... 5

1.6 Methodology of the Study ......................... .......................... ......................... ....................... ..........6

1.6.1 Selection of Research Topic .................................... ........................... .......................... ..........61.6.2 Literature Review ....................... ......................... ........................... ......................... ..... ..........6

1.6.3 Selection of Case Study ........................... .......................... ......................... .................. ..........7

1.6.4 Data Collection .......................... ......................... ........................... ......................... ..... .......... 8

1.6.5 Data Processing............................................................................................................ ........12

1.6.6 Data Analysis ......................... ......................... .......................... ......................... .......... .. ...... 12

1.6.7 Policy Formulation and Recommendations ............................................ ....................... ........ 12

1.6.8 Documentation12

1.7 Structure of the Dissertation ........................... .......................... ......................... .................. ........ 15

LITERATURE REVIEW ......................................................................................................18

2.1 Urban Transportation ........................ ......................... ........................... ......................... .............. 18

2.1.1 Current Challenges in Urban Transportation .......................... ......................... ....................... 19
http://e/Thesis%20Draft/Final%20chapters/very%20final/New%20Microsoft%20Office%20Word%20Document.docx%23_Toc239797048http://e/Thesis%20Draft/Final%20chapters/very%20final/New%20Microsoft%20Office%20Word%20Document.docx%23_Toc239797049http://e/Thesis%20Draft/Final%20chapters/very%20final/New%20Microsoft%20Office%20Word%20Document.docx%23_Toc239797050http://e/Thesis%20Draft/Final%20chapters/very%20final/New%20Microsoft%20Office%20Word%20Document.docx%23_Toc239797051http://e/Thesis%20Draft/Final%20chapters/very%20final/New%20Microsoft%20Office%20Word%20Document.docx%23_Toc239797052http://e/Thesis%20Draft/Final%20chapters/very%20final/New%20Microsoft%20Office%20Word%20Document.docx%23_Toc239797053http://e/Thesis%20Draft/Final%20chapters/very%20final/New%20Microsoft%20Office%20Word%20Document.docx%23_Toc239797054http://e/Thesis%20Draft/Final%20chapters/very%20final/New%20Microsoft%20Office%20Word%20Document.docx%23_Toc239797055http://e/Thesis%20Draft/Final%20chapters/very%20final/New%20Microsoft%20Office%20Word%20Document.docx%23_Toc239797055http://e/Thesis%20Draft/Final%20chapters/very%20final/New%20Microsoft%20Office%20Word%20Document.docx%23_Toc239797055http://e/Thesis%20Draft/Final%20chapters/very%20final/Litrature%20review%20Final.docx%23_Toc239797509http://e/Thesis%20Draft/Final%20chapters/very%20final/Litrature%20review%20Final.docx%23_Toc239797510http://e/Thesis%20Draft/Final%20chapters/very%20final/Litrature%20review%20Final.docx%23_Toc239797511http://e/Thesis%20Draft/Final%20chapters/very%20final/Litrature%20review%20Final.docx%23_Toc239797511http://e/Thesis%20Draft/Final%20chapters/very%20final/Litrature%20review%20Final.docx%23_Toc239797510http://e/Thesis%20Draft/Final%20chapters/very%20final/Litrature%20review%20Final.docx%23_Toc239797509http://e/Thesis%20Draft/Final%20chapters/very%20final/New%20Microsoft%20Office%20Word%20Document.docx%23_Toc239797055http://e/Thesis%20Draft/Final%20chapters/very%20final/New%20Microsoft%20Office%20Word%20Document.docx%23_Toc239797054http://e/Thesis%20Draft/Final%20chapters/very%20final/New%20Microsoft%20Office%20Word%20Document.docx%23_Toc239797053http://e/Thesis%20Draft/Final%20chapters/very%20final/New%20Microsoft%20Office%20Word%20Document.docx%23_Toc239797052http://e/Thesis%20Draft/Final%20chapters/very%20final/New%20Microsoft%20Office%20Word%20Document.docx%23_Toc239797051http://e/Thesis%20Draft/Final%20chapters/very%20final/New%20Microsoft%20Office%20Word%20Document.docx%23_Toc239797050http://e/Thesis%20Draft/Final%20chapters/very%20final/New%20Microsoft%20Office%20Word%20Document.docx%23_Toc239797049http://e/Thesis%20Draft/Final%20chapters/very%20final/New%20Microsoft%20Office%20Word%20Document.docx%23_Toc239797048


9/133

Page 2 of4

2.1.2 Increase in Car Ownership Rate is Basic Problem ........................... ......................... .............. 21

2.2 London Facing Car Problem ........................................... ......................... ........................... ......... 21

2.2.1 London Public Transport to Minimize Problem .............................. ......................... .............. 22

2.2.2 What Has Been Achieved to Date? ........................... .......................... ......................... .......... 24

2.3 Private Car vs. Public Transport in Global Context.......... ......................... ........................... ......... 25

2.4 Approaches to Car Free Cities (General Discussion) ........................ .......................... .................. 27

2.4.1 The Solutions ......................... ......................... .......................... ......................... ................... 28

2.4.2 Design Goals .......................... ......................... .......................... ......................... ................... 29

2.4.3 Design Standards ............................ ......................... .......................... ......................... .......... 29

2.4.4 Going Car Free...................................................................................................................... 30

2.5 Beijing Trials Car Reduction Plan ....................................... ......................... ........................... ..... 30

2.5.1 More cars .......................... .......................... .......................... ......................... ....................... 30

2.6 Efficient Transportation for Successful Urban Planning In Curitiba: ............................................. 31

2.6.1 Problem Overview .......................................... ......................... ........................... .................. 32

2.6.2 Solving the Fare Problem ........................ ......................... .......................... ......................... ..32

2.6.3 Bus and Station Design ........................... .......................... ......................... .......................... .33

2.6.4 The Present System of Transportation: ............ .......................... .......................... .................. 34

2.7 What is Transport Best Practice? ............................................................................................... 35

2.8 Innovative Approaches ............ ......................... ........................... ......................... ....................... 38

2.8.1. Public-Private Partnership in Providing Bus Services in Cities of Punjab, Pakistan ..... .......... 38

2.8.2. Participatory Approaches to Integrated Comprehensive Urban Transport Planning ............... 39

2.8.3 Examples; Transportation in Dhaka ....................................... ......................... ....................... 40

2.9 Level of Service (LOS): ........................ .......................... ......................... .......................... .......... 41

2.9.1 Level of Service at Various Points11

...................................................................................... 42

2.9.2 Mass Transit System Efficiency Measures ......................................... .......................... .......... 43

EXISTING STATUS OF PRIVATE MOTOR CARS AND PUBLIC TRANSPORT IN

CITY LAHORE .....................................................................................................................49

3.1 Existing Scenario of Lahore Transportation System ............ ......................... ....................... ........ 49

3.2 Private Transport .......................................... .......................... ........................... ................. .. ...... 50

3.2.1 Boost in Motor Car Transportation System ........................ ......................... .................. ........ 51
http://e/Thesis%20Draft/Final%20chapters/very%20final/Litrature%20review%20Final.docx%23_Toc239797512http://e/Thesis%20Draft/Final%20chapters/very%20final/Litrature%20review%20Final.docx%23_Toc239797513http://e/Thesis%20Draft/Final%20chapters/very%20final/Litrature%20review%20Final.docx%23_Toc239797514http://e/Thesis%20Draft/Final%20chapters/very%20final/Litrature%20review%20Final.docx%23_Toc239797515http://e/Thesis%20Draft/Final%20chapters/very%20final/Litrature%20review%20Final.docx%23_Toc239797516http://e/Thesis%20Draft/Final%20chapters/very%20final/Litrature%20review%20Final.docx%23_Toc239797517http://e/Thesis%20Draft/Final%20chapters/very%20final/Litrature%20review%20Final.docx%23_Toc239797518http://e/Thesis%20Draft/Final%20chapters/very%20final/Litrature%20review%20Final.docx%23_Toc239797519http://e/Thesis%20Draft/Final%20chapters/very%20final/Litrature%20review%20Final.docx%23_Toc239797520http://e/Thesis%20Draft/Final%20chapters/very%20final/Litrature%20review%20Final.docx%23_Toc239797521http://e/Thesis%20Draft/Final%20chapters/very%20final/Litrature%20review%20Final.docx%23_Toc239797522http://e/Thesis%20Draft/Final%20chapters/very%20final/Litrature%20review%20Final.docx%23_Toc239797523http://e/Thesis%20Draft/Final%20chapters/very%20final/Litrature%20review%20Final.docx%23_Toc239797524http://e/Thesis%20Draft/Final%20chapters/very%20final/Litrature%20review%20Final.docx%23_Toc239797525http://e/Thesis%20Draft/Final%20chapters/very%20final/Litrature%20review%20Final.docx%23_Toc239797526http://e/Thesis%20Draft/Final%20chapters/very%20final/Litrature%20review%20Final.docx%23_Toc239797527http://e/Thesis%20Draft/Final%20chapters/very%20final/Litrature%20review%20Final.docx%23_Toc239797528http://e/Thesis%20Draft/Final%20chapters/very%20final/Litrature%20review%20Final.docx%23_Toc239797529http://e/Thesis%20Draft/Final%20chapters/very%20final/Litrature%20review%20Final.docx%23_Toc239797529http://e/Thesis%20Draft/Final%20chapters/very%20final/Litrature%20review%20Final.docx%23_Toc239797529http://e/Thesis%20Draft/Final%20chapters/very%20final/Litrature%20review%20Final.docx%23_Toc239797530http://e/Thesis%20Draft/Final%20chapters/very%20final/Litrature%20review%20Final.docx%23_Toc239797531http://e/Thesis%20Draft/Final%20chapters/very%20final/Litrature%20review%20Final.docx%23_Toc239797532http://e/Thesis%20Draft/Final%20chapters/very%20final/Litrature%20review%20Final.docx%23_Toc239797533http://e/Thesis%20Draft/Final%20chapters/very%20final/Litrature%20review%20Final.docx%23_Toc239797534http://e/Thesis%20Draft/Final%20chapters/very%20final/Litrature%20review%20Final.docx%23_Toc239797535http://e/Thesis%20Draft/Final%20chapters/very%20final/Litrature%20review%20Final.docx%23_Toc239797535http://e/Thesis%20Draft/Final%20chapters/very%20final/Litrature%20review%20Final.docx%23_Toc239797535http://e/Thesis%20Draft/Final%20chapters/very%20final/Litrature%20review%20Final.docx%23_Toc239797536http://e/Thesis%20Draft/Final%20chapters/very%20final/Litrature%20review%20Final.docx%23_Toc239797536http://e/Thesis%20Draft/Final%20chapters/very%20final/Litrature%20review%20Final.docx%23_Toc239797535http://e/Thesis%20Draft/Final%20chapters/very%20final/Litrature%20review%20Final.docx%23_Toc239797534http://e/Thesis%20Draft/Final%20chapters/very%20final/Litrature%20review%20Final.docx%23_Toc239797533http://e/Thesis%20Draft/Final%20chapters/very%20final/Litrature%20review%20Final.docx%23_Toc239797532http://e/Thesis%20Draft/Final%20chapters/very%20final/Litrature%20review%20Final.docx%23_Toc239797531http://e/Thesis%20Draft/Final%20chapters/very%20final/Litrature%20review%20Final.docx%23_Toc239797530http://e/Thesis%20Draft/Final%20chapters/very%20final/Litrature%20review%20Final.docx%23_Toc239797529http://e/Thesis%20Draft/Final%20chapters/very%20final/Litrature%20review%20Final.docx%23_Toc239797528http://e/Thesis%20Draft/Final%20chapters/very%20final/Litrature%20review%20Final.docx%23_Toc239797527http://e/Thesis%20Draft/Final%20chapters/very%20final/Litrature%20review%20Final.docx%23_Toc239797526http://e/Thesis%20Draft/Final%20chapters/very%20final/Litrature%20review%20Final.docx%23_Toc239797525http://e/Thesis%20Draft/Final%20chapters/very%20final/Litrature%20review%20Final.docx%23_Toc239797524http://e/Thesis%20Draft/Final%20chapters/very%20final/Litrature%20review%20Final.docx%23_Toc239797523http://e/Thesis%20Draft/Final%20chapters/very%20final/Litrature%20review%20Final.docx%23_Toc239797522http://e/Thesis%20Draft/Final%20chapters/very%20final/Litrature%20review%20Final.docx%23_Toc239797521http://e/Thesis%20Draft/Final%20chapters/very%20final/Litrature%20review%20Final.docx%23_Toc239797520http://e/Thesis%20Draft/Final%20chapters/very%20final/Litrature%20review%20Final.docx%23_Toc239797519http://e/Thesis%20Draft/Final%20chapters/very%20final/Litrature%20review%20Final.docx%23_Toc239797518http://e/Thesis%20Draft/Final%20chapters/very%20final/Litrature%20review%20Final.docx%23_Toc239797517http://e/Thesis%20Draft/Final%20chapters/very%20final/Litrature%20review%20Final.docx%23_Toc239797516http://e/Thesis%20Draft/Final%20chapters/very%20final/Litrature%20review%20Final.docx%23_Toc239797515http://e/Thesis%20Draft/Final%20chapters/very%20final/Litrature%20review%20Final.docx%23_Toc239797514http://e/Thesis%20Draft/Final%20chapters/very%20final/Litrature%20review%20Final.docx%23_Toc239797513http://e/Thesis%20Draft/Final%20chapters/very%20final/Litrature%20review%20Final.docx%23_Toc239797512


10/133

Page 3 of4

3.2.2 Reason of Rapid Increase in Car Ownership .................................. .......................... ..... ........ 52

3.2.3 Present Circumstances in Motor Car Sector ........................................... ....................... ........ 58

3.2.4 Car Ownership Trend in Punjab ....................... ......................... ......................... .......... .. ...... 61

3.3 Types of Available Public Transport Modes in Lahore ................................ ....................... ........ 64

3.4 Public Bus transport Operating Companies in Lahore City ................................................. ........ 64

3.5 Demand and Supply Gap .......................... .......................... ......................... ....................... ........ 68

DATA ANALYSIS AND LEVEL OF SERVICE IDENTIFICATION ................................70

4.1 Primary Data Analysis ........................................... ......................... ........................... .................. 70

4.1.1 Mode to Access the Bus Stop ........................... ......................... .......................... .................. 70

4.1.2Transfers to Access the Bus Stop ........................... .......................... ......................... .............. 71

4.1.3 Waiting Time for Transfers ................................. ........................... ......................... .............. 72

4.1.4 Time to Reach the Bus Stop by Walk ........................... .......................... .......................... ..... 72

4.1.5 Waiting Time on the Bus Stop .......................... ......................... .......................... .................. 73

4.1.6 Mode to Access the Destination ........................... .......................... ......................... .............. 74

4.1.7 Time to Reach the Destination from Alighted Stop ............................. .......................... ......... 74

4.1.8 Total Travel Time from Origin to Destination................................ .......................... .............. 75

4.1.9 Time to Complete the Trip by private automobile ........................... ......................... .............. 76

4.1.10 Rationale to Use This Bus Service .......................... .......................... ......................... .......... 77

4.1.11 Travelling Frequency through This Service ... ........................... ......................... .................. 77

4.2 Secondary Data Analysis ................. .......................... .......................... .......................... .............. 79

4.2.1 Accessibility .........................................................................................................................79

4.2.2 Travel Time ..........................................................................................................................81

4.2.2 System Reliability ........................... ......................... ......................... .......................... .......... 82

4.2.3 Frequency of Service .......................... .......................... ......................... ........................... ..... 83

4.3 Level of Service (LOS) Identification...................... ......................... ......................... ................... 84

4.3.1 Transit Access ........................ ......................... .......................... ......................... ................... 84

4.3.2 Travel Time ..........................................................................................................................85

4.3.3 System Reliability ........................... ......................... ......................... .......................... .......... 85

4.3.4 Directness of Service .......................... .......................... ......................... ........................... ..... 86

4.3.5 Frequency of Service .......................... .......................... ......................... ........................... ..... 86


11/133

Page 4 of4

4.4 System Performance Evaluation ......................... .......................... ......................... .......................87

4.5 Cumulative LOS Based System Performance ........................... ......................... .......................... .87

CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS ......................................................................89

5.1 CONCLUSION .................................................................................................................89

5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS ....................................................................................................90

ANNEXURE ..............................................................................................................................


12/133

XI

LIST OF EXHIBITS

Sr. No. TITLE Page No.

1.1 Conceptual Framework of Thesis 13

1.2 Time Frame Sheet of Thesis 14

1.3 Structure of Dissertation 16

2.1 London Facing Car problem 22

2.2 London Public Transport 23

2.3 Public Transport Approaches 27

2.4 HowWouldYouPrefertoLive 29

2.5 The Effects of Beijing's Traffic Trial on a Busy Road 31

2.6 Curitiba Bus Stops 34

2.7 Curitiba Public Bus Transport 35

3.1 Traffic Queues on Canal Road 51

3.2 No. of Cars in Lahore 62

3.3 Lahore Public Transport 66

3.4 Statistics of Public Bus Operators 68


13/133

Page1

of2

LIST OF TABLES


1.1 Questionnaires Sample Size 11

2.1 The International Association of Public Transport 16

Points of Best Practice 35

2.2 Transit Access 43

2.3 Travel Time 44

2.4 System Reliability 45

2.5 Directness of Service 45

2.6 Frequency of Service 46

2.7 Frequency of Service 462.8 System Performance Evaluation 47

2.9 System Performance Evaluation 47

2.10 Cumulative LOS Based System Performance 47

3.1 Motor Vehicles on the Roads (Registered) 61

3.2 No. of Cars in Lahore viz a viz Punjab 62

3.3 Year Wise Mark Up Rates of Habib Bank Limited 63

3.4 Year Wise Mark Up Rates of Standard Chartered Bank Limited 63

3.5 Public Transport Operating Companies 65

4.1 Mode to Access the Bus Stop 71

4.2 Transfers to Access the Bus Stop 71

4.3 Waiting Time for Transfers 72

4.4 Times to Reach the Bus Stop by Walk 73

4.5 Waiting Time on the Bus Stop 73

4.6 Mode to Access the Destination 74

4.7 Times to Reach the Destination from Alighted Stop 75

4.8 Total Travel Time from Origin to Destination 76

4.9 Times to Complete the Trip by Private Automobile 76

4.10 Rationale to Use this Bus Service 77

4.11 Travelling Frequency through this Service 78


14/133

Page2

of2

LIST OF TABLES


4.12 Accessibility of Sammi Daewoo CBS 79

4.13 Mean Travel Time of Private Automobiles 81

4.14 Mean Travel Time of Public Transport 82

4.15 System Reliability 83

4.16 Frequency of Service 83

4.17 Transit Access 84

4.18 System Reliability Evaluation 85

4.19 Directness of Service 864.20 System Performance Evaluation of Sammi Daewoo CBS 87


15/133

Page 1 of2

LIST OF ACRONYMS

Abbreviation Description

AC Air Conditioner

Auto- CAD Automatic Computer Aided Designing

BRT Bus Rapid Transit

CBD Central Business District

CBS City Bus Service

CCTV Capital Community Television

CNG Compressed Natural Gas

DRTA Department of Regional Transport

DTC Delhi Transport Corporation

DTU Delhi Transport Undertaking

ESCAP EconomicandSocialCommissionforAsiaandthePacific

ETC Electronic Toll Collection

GHG Green House Gas

HBL Habib Bank Limited

ITS Intelligent Transport Systems

LCCI Lahore Chamber of Commerce and Industry

LCV Light Commercial Vehicles

LDA Lahore Development Authority

LOS Level of Service

LRT Light Rail Transit

LTC Lahore Transport Company

MAX Metropolitan Area Express

MCB Muslim Commercial Bank

MS Micro Soft

NMT Non-Motorized Transport
http://www.unescap.org/http://www.unescap.org/http://www.unescap.org/http://www.unescap.org/http://www.unescap.org/http://www.unescap.org/http://www.unescap.org/http://www.unescap.org/http://www.unescap.org/http://www.unescap.org/http://www.unescap.org/http://www.unescap.org/http://www.unescap.org/http://www.unescap.org/http://www.unescap.org/http://www.unescap.org/http://www.unescap.org/http://www.unescap.org/http://www.unescap.org/


16/133

Page 2 of2

LIST OF ACRONYMS

Abbreviation Description

PAMA Pakistan Automobile Manufacturers

Association

SBP State Bank of Pakistan

SCB Standard Chartered Bank

SMART Specific Measureable Achievable Realistic

Time Bound

SPSS Statistical Package for Social Sciences

TBC Travel Behavior Change

TOD Transit Oriented Development

TTI Travel Time Index

UBL United Bank Limited

UET University of Engineering & Technology

UK United Kingdom

UN United Nation

USA United State of America

VMS Variable Message Sign

WWI World Watch Institute


17/133

XVI

LIST OF MAPS


3.1 Route Alignment of Public Bus Transport Companies in

Lahore City 66

4.1 Accessibility Assessment of Sammi Daewoo CBS 80


18/133

XVII

LIST OF ANNEXURES

Sr. No. TITLE

11 NNeewwssppaappeerr CCuuttttiinngg

Annexure 1.1

22 SSuurrvveeyy PPeerrffoorrmmaa ffoorr LLeevveell ooffSSeerrvviiccee ((LLOOSS)) eexxpplloorraattiioonn ssuurrvveeyy ooff

PPuubblliicc BBuuss TTrraannssppoorrtt SSeerrvviiccee

Annexure 1.2

33 PPuubblliicc BBuuss TTrraannssppoorrtt OOppeerraattoorrss iinn CCiittyy LLaahhoorree

Annexure 1.3

44 NNeewwssppaappeerr CCuuttttiinngg

Annexure 3.1

55 SSaammmmii DDaaeewwoooo BBuuss SSeerrvviiccee CCoommbbiinneedd RRoouuttee MMaapp

Annexure 3.2

66 RRoouuttee AAlliiggnnmmeenntt ooffPPuubblliicc TTrraannssppoorrtt BBuuss OOppeerraattoorrss iinn CCiittyy

LLaahhoorree Annexure 3.3

77 SSyysstteemm RReelliiaabbiilliittyy SShheeeettss ooffSSaammmmii DDaaeewwoooo CCBBSS

Annexure 4.1


19/133

Chapter1

INCREASEDCAROWNERSHRATEDUETOINEFFICIENTLEVELOFSERVICE(LOS)OFPUBLICBUSTRANSPORTSYSTEMINCITYLAHORE

INTRODUCTION


20/133

Chapter 1

Introduction

1

INTRODUCTION

The astonishing growth of cities worldwide has led to such heavy congestion and

pollution that it would appear to be beyond our capability to plan and manage the

complexity of urban problems. According to the World Watch Institute (WWI), by the

end of 2010, more than half of the worlds population will live in cities, making humanity

a predominantly urban species for the first time in its history1

Transport is a key aspect of life, affecting us not only when we travel, but throughout our

days. Peace and quiet is disturbed by car horns; air is polluted from vehicular emissions

and our neighborhoods given over to moving and parked cars, leaving less room for

ourselves and our children to walk, bicycle, and play.

Over the last decade, rapid population growth and spatial expansion has led to a sharp

increase in demand for urban transport facilities and services in many cities in the Punjab

province. However, several factors have hindered the adequate provision of services to

match the ever-increasing demand. In many cities, densification and spatial expansion

have occurred with little or no development planning, while in some cases the failure of

the instruments of governance has resulted in a significant wastage of resources or

substandard quality of infrastructure.

The major cities in Punjab have been confronting with serious transport problems. This

situation has occurred largely because these cities have grown at an unprecedented rate inrecent years. The obvious implications of the expansion in city size and population have

been the massive increase in the intensity of land use and the demand for transport

facilities and services.

Many cities in the region are facing serious problems, including serious congestion, air

pollution from transport sources, high rates of traffic on the roads & accidents and

inadequate access to transport facilities by poor and vulnerable groups. The deteriorating

urban environment and rapid boosting in private motor vehicles threatens the slive

ability and productivity of many cities like Lahore.

1.1 Statement of Problem

In the last few years, there has been a tremendous increase in the number of vehicles in

Lahore that has caused numerous traffic problems such as traffic jams, lack of parking


21/133

Chapter 1

Introduction

2

space, air pollution etc. Many a times, it has been observed that during the rush hours

there are more cars on the road than people which cause traffic jams.

Traffic congestion in urban areas and related environmental problems such as air/noise

pollution, through car movements in residential and other sensitive areas, road accidents,

etc. are mainly due to the development of these areas before the increased car ownership

rate as well as to the lack of integrated transportation facilities land use planning, to

cope with this explosion.

In these days car ownership has become a necessity of life especially in middle and upper

class families. The problem of car parking has become very difficult question in the City

of Lahore. The numbers of cars are increasing day by day. Whether it is parking on the

public road or at public places car in the compounds of housing societies, the question is

assuming a greater dimension day by day.

As the citys population continues to expand and flourish so the traffic and problems are

accompanying it. The city of Lahore, with a population of some 8 million people,

covering an area of 1,772 sq km has about 1.5 million registered vehicles. With an

increase in affluence the numbers continue to increase as more cars and motorcycles are

being purchased2. According to Punjab Development Statistics, The rapid increase in

number of cars from year 2004 to 2007 is approximately 2, 27,991 in Lahore city due to

easy leasing facilities and various other reasons. The sales of new cars in eight month

from July 2008 to February 2009 are 54, 660 and only in February the quantity of cars

that sale out are 5, 7743(Annexure 1.1). This surprising increased rate in motorized

vehicle of Lahore city is contributing a lot in transportation problems which call for

immediate attention.

The increase in car ownership rate of Lahore is due to inefficient Level of Service of

public transport operating in the city. Although use of the public transportation system is

commendable but buses, wagons, and rickshaws should be well maintained to move fast

with the flow of traffic rather than slowing it down. The public transportation sector is a

field offering many opportunities for anyone ready to invest and innovate. If one looks at

the public transport sector in the European countries, it works so well that citizens would

prefer using it than taking their own vehicles to the office only to grapple with traffic

jams and parking problems but our system is backward and inefficient.


22/133

Chapter 1

Introduction

3

All over the world, the concept of public transport has gained popularity as it not only

reduces the traffic load on roads but also helps in controlling the air and noise pollution.

It is right time that Pakistan also advocates and adopts the environment friendly traffic

system to save the environment and resolve traffic problems. This public transport system

at what extend performing function to minimize the road and city burden is still a

question. At present in Lahore many Transport Companies are in operation but their level

of service, efficiency, their contribution to reduce the traffic problem and the main

reasons that are barrier to achieve required results like high car ownership rate etc are to

be studied.

1.2 Scope of Study

City District Lahore is facing set of problems since last decade especially in

transportation sector. The main reason of these problems is car boom came up in city at

start of 21st

century. In year 2004 only 3, 33, 509 motorcars but in year 2007 this figure

increase up to 5, 61,500(Punjab Development statistics) and from June 2008 to February

2009 the increase in statistics of cars is 54, 660 which is really drastic change as compare

to previous trends.4

In year 2005 the total 971 numbers of public transport diesel buses are in operation by 14

operating companies on more than 50 urban routes in Lahore city. Among these operating

companies the Sammi Daewoo City Bus Service is also performing her function to

minimize the traffic problems in Lahore. Although New Khan Metro Bus Service is the

largest in business by having 264 buses on the road and many other companies having

more quantity than Daewoo are operating on the roads5.

The Daewoo bus company has well organized system as compared to other operating

services. Easy availability of maintained and updated data, better provision of service and

comfortable as compared to other makes our intention to select Sammi Daewoo City Bus

Service (CBS) to check Level of Service (LOS) because generally it is apprehend as best

quality Public Transport bus Service in Lahore.

Sammi Daewoo CBS was the first environmental and technological revolution in Urban

Transport Sector in Pakistan when State of the Buses with advanced and more powerful

engines with TECHO Monitoring System were introduced in 1999. Moreover provision


23/133

Chapter 1

Introduction

4

of A/C, call bell and announcement system was also the part of this modernistic change

in Urban Transport Culture. Since 1998, Sammi Daewoo City Bus Division has been

serving the valorous people of Lahore. Currently 4 routes are being operated within the

city covering almost all the localities.

1.3 Objective of the Study

Following objective have been formulated for this study

To examine the relevant literature in order to identify the potential research gapspertaining to current study.

To analyze the increased ownership trend of motor cars in City Lahore. To explore the Level / Quality of Service (LOS) of public bus transport system in

City Lahore.

To draw conclusion and suggest recommendation towards policy making

1.4 Rationale of the Study

Methods of reducing car ownership and use, particularly in cities, have been debated and

tested in Europe and America for over three decades (Plowden;Plowden; Jones, 1989)

with the Buchanan Report ( Ministry of Transport, 1963) being instrumental in initiating

the debate in the United Kingdom (UK). Efforts have intensified in the last decade as

congestion and environmental problems have taken centre stage in the international

arena. A consensus has been reached in most developed countries that building roads is

not the solution to the problems of congestion and pollution caused by an ever increasing

volume of traffic. One of the main alternative policies often suggested is to attract people

away from their cars by improving public transport provision. Policies which have been

advocated to encourage a modal switch from private to public transport include

investment in bus services, park and ride schemes, Light Rapid Transit (LRT) systems,

guided bus ways and others7.

The Chief Minister said a comprehensive system has been evolved for provision of better

transport facilities to the people in big cities of the province and for this purpose; subsidy

is also being given to the operators. He asked the representatives of Chinese Company to

provide and operate the buses. He said such fare should be fixed for these buses as would
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VGG-456WDVN-2&_user=3451693&_coverDate=01%2F31%2F2002&_rdoc=1&_fmt=full&_orig=na&_cdi=6038&_docanchor=&_acct=C000060493&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=3451693&md5=e3a6b7d5fa7b07136c72a1116e0de443#bib31http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VGG-456WDVN-2&_user=3451693&_coverDate=01%2F31%2F2002&_rdoc=1&_fmt=full&_orig=na&_cdi=6038&_docanchor=&_acct=C000060493&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=3451693&md5=e3a6b7d5fa7b07136c72a1116e0de443#bib30http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VGG-456WDVN-2&_user=3451693&_coverDate=01%2F31%2F2002&_rdoc=1&_fmt=full&_orig=na&_cdi=6038&_docanchor=&_acct=C000060493&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=3451693&md5=e3a6b7d5fa7b07136c72a1116e0de443#bib16http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VGG-456WDVN-2&_user=3451693&_coverDate=01%2F31%2F2002&_rdoc=1&_fmt=full&_orig=na&_cdi=6038&_docanchor=&_acct=C000060493&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=3451693&md5=e3a6b7d5fa7b07136c72a1116e0de443#bib24http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VGG-456WDVN-2&_user=3451693&_coverDate=01%2F31%2F2002&_rdoc=1&_fmt=full&_orig=na&_cdi=6038&_docanchor=&_acct=C000060493&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=3451693&md5=e3a6b7d5fa7b07136c72a1116e0de443#bib24http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VGG-456WDVN-2&_user=3451693&_coverDate=01%2F31%2F2002&_rdoc=1&_fmt=full&_orig=na&_cdi=6038&_docanchor=&_acct=C000060493&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=3451693&md5=e3a6b7d5fa7b07136c72a1116e0de443#bib16http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VGG-456WDVN-2&_user=3451693&_coverDate=01%2F31%2F2002&_rdoc=1&_fmt=full&_orig=na&_cdi=6038&_docanchor=&_acct=C000060493&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=3451693&md5=e3a6b7d5fa7b07136c72a1116e0de443#bib30http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VGG-456WDVN-2&_user=3451693&_coverDate=01%2F31%2F2002&_rdoc=1&_fmt=full&_orig=na&_cdi=6038&_docanchor=&_acct=C000060493&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=3451693&md5=e3a6b7d5fa7b07136c72a1116e0de443#bib31


24/133

Chapter 1

Introduction

5

be affordable by the commuters. He said the company should also construct separate

lanes for the buses. He said he will feel pleasure by signing a memorandum of

understanding between Punjab and Chinese company for providing better transport

facilities and it is best opportunity of investment for Chinese company, which will result

in further expansion of cooperation between Punjab and China. But is the existing

operating companies working up to the level they should be, its still a question and need

to be detailed study.

This study aims at assessing the nature and extent of problems, analyzing and evaluating

the relevant data, formulating a policy and developing a representation to tackle these

problems. The finding of the study will be helpful in modifying urban transport policy in

appropriate ways so as to improve the performance of city functions. The intent of this

research is to assess whether the provided Public transport is good, efficient service level

and can discourage the purchase of, or desire to purchase, a car.

The discussion made above provides sufficient basis to under take this research with in

deep details. In researchers view this study should have conducted much earlier, so that

concerned planning transportation authorities and government could have taken some

measures to streamline continuously deterioration of increase rate of motor vehicle and

urban public transport.

1.5 Limitation of the Study

The following problems limit the working efficiency of the researchers:

Only one public transport company to be investigated due to time limitation, manpower dearth and improperly maintained data by the operators.

A small sample size (0.5%) for conducting the surveys due to unavailability ofresources.

Availability of male surveyors only restricted the study in collecting gendersensitized data to some extent.

Inaccessible confidential data maintained by books regarding car leasing statisticswas another hindrance.


25/133

Chapter 1

Introduction

6

1.6 Methodology of the Study

A general to specific approach has been adapted while designing the study methodology

after considering its prime importance. The specific steps which are considered in this

connectivity have been enlisted and described in following sub-section.

1.6.1 Selection of Research Topic

The base line task in any research is to identify the area of interest to conduct a research

which is no doubt, a time taking, knowledge based and tough matter. Therefore, by taking

into consideration this lengthy procedure, worthy efforts have been strived to choose a

few researchable issues.

Congestion on roads is always a global problem throughout the world due to the excess

of motorized vehicles. Lahore, the Metropolitan city and capital of Punjab, is also facing

a lot of traffic problems like traffic congestion, traffic delays, road accidents, noise and

air pollution etc. As the population of city Lahore is increasing which is accompanied by

increased motor vehicles on roads. The drastic increase in car ownership rate in recent

years in correspondence to that poor level of service of public transport operating in

Lahore is an alarming issue which focuses our concentration to deeply study this issue.

In this connection, the exact title of the research was taken as Increased Car Ownership

Rate Due to Inefficient Level of Service (LOS) of Public Bus Transport System in City

Lahore

1.6.2 Literature Review

To strengthen the research foundation in the light of international, national and local

experiences, laborious efforts have been made to know the past available studies and

experiences which have been conducted for the same area of study. Literature review

helps in identifying the research gaps in the study area. Moreover, different perspectives

of the study can be known by literature review, we can also know about the trends prevail

the past and present situation. For the sake of literature review, different books,

magazines, newspaper, reports, research papers and web pages were investigated.

Literature review involves the issues relating increase rate of car ownership rate and

ultimate result of this phenomenon in the city of London. It also involves how the


26/133

Chapter 1

Introduction

7

Ministry of Transport in India solves their traffic issues in their Capital city Delhi by

promoting Delhi Transport Corporation (DTC), best practice of International Association

of Public Transports for different problems, worldwide transportation problems and their

corresponding applicability in Sydney

1.6.3 Selection of Case Study

To select a live and genuine case study to continue the research, there is always a need to

establish some pre-requisites and principles around which, study area should be resolved.

These principles are basically those required feature which must be present in area of

study to test the research hypothesis.

Actually study area refers to the specified and predefined area where a research or a

project is going to be carried out or which is under experiment. It forms the initial step of

any such exercise, according to the expert from UrbanSim, a renowned planning

organization, the first step in physical planning is to clearly identify study area to ensure

that your analysis focuses on that area you care about and to ensure that you collect

appropriate data.7

The determination of study area is critical first step, since it determines the geographical

extent of the data collection effort.8

and consequently helps in setting up the scope of

the study.

From the statement of problem it is vivid that the issue being addressed has much wider

extent requiring a detailed investigation of the issue. But at same time, research has sever

restriction of time, man power and budget availability. So to cope with the situation,

general to specific approach has been adapted for the selection of case study.

Our case study area is the Lahore City. As our research is based on the hypothesis that

Increased car owner ship rate is due to the in efficient and poor Level of Service of

public transport buses, so in our case study area that is Lahore City we have to discuss

the two main issues first one the increase car owner ship rate and the factors which helps

and encourages the increasing owner ship rate. The other issue is in efficient and poor

Level of Service of public transport buses. We have taken only bus operation for our

research work because the majority of public with in a city uses bus service for their

transport purposes, as compared to other public transportation modes.


27/133

Chapter 1

Introduction

8

Currently, a total of 727 public transport diesel buses and 50 CNG Lahore transport

Company (LTC) buses are in operation by 10 operating companies on more than 50

urban routes in Lahore City. New Khan Metro Bus Service is largest in business by

having 260 buses on city roads. More than 70 % of the total public transport buses plying

in Lahore City are of Hino make.9

A Complete list is available atAnnexure 1.2

The New Khan Metro Bus service has large number of bus and more routes than the other

bus companies. Many other companies are operating on the different routes of Lahore

city. We have to explore the level of the service (LOS) of only one public transport

company due to time shortage, man power and availability of sources.

We cannot check out the Level of Service (LOS) of all the bus companies so we selected

Sammi Daewoo City Bus service to explore the LOS. For this we conduct an informal

exercise among our friends to take their views about the bus companys efficiency and

also discussion among group members and supervisor we discover that Daewoo is better

than all other public transport intra city companies operating in Lahore city and even in

Pakistan.

Sammi Daewoo City Bus service was selected for detailed investigation and exploring

the Level of Service (LOS) on various accounts in which some are listed below:

DAEWOO City Bus was the first environmental and technological revolution inUrban Transport Sector in Pakistan with State of the Art Buses having advanced

and more powerful engines, TECHO Monitoring System were introduced in 1999

Its only public transport company operating world class air conditioned busservice in Lahore metropolitan city

General apprehension of the improved service over other operators. Availability of maintained data.

1.6.4 Data Collection

The research would be planning for the specific data requirements, data collection and

methodology to be finalized for the study. It is very basic as well as important to identify

the target services for data collection. Data collection process will be comprehensively

designed so that important parameters of research are selected and focused in required


28/133

Chapter 1

Introduction

9

manner. It will be helpful in collecting useful data information to reach at valuable

conclusion at the completion of data collection. To assess the multiple phenomenons in

research hypothesis, planning and data collection stage is of high marks. Along with this

to quantify the complex and varied research process and inferences, to mark out the

unseen and visible internal and external factors, as in depth attention has to be paid

towards the designing of proper as well as accurate measurement techniques of data

collection. Anyhow, just like case study, data assembling phase also based on some

factors. These parameters in fact, aware the reader about different stakeholders,

beneficiaries involved in the research but also fix the direction towards those allied

strategies to address the all above mentioned participant of the research.

The main data collection parameters in this research are as follows:

Offices visit, Newspapers, articles and published materials, Libraries and Internet

Search, Questionnaire designing, Sample Size, Field Surveys

Offices visit

For the sake of data collection we visited various government departments i.e. Bureau of

Statistics Government of the Punjab Lahore, Department of Regional Transport Authority

(DRTA), Fareed Court house, Urban Unit Planning and Development (P&D) department

Lahore, State Bank of Pakistan (SBP), Lahore Chamber of Commerce and Industry

(LCCI), Government of Punjab Transport department, Sammi Daewoo CBS terminal

Office Railway Station Lahore, Lahore Transport Company (LTC). Various banks are

also visited for the purpose of data collection like Habib Bank Limited (HBL) Muslim

Commercial Bank (MCB), Standard Chartered Bank and Askari Commercial Bank.

Newspapers, articles and published materials

We also studied past thesis covering the areas of our interest, research papers written at

international as well as local level, news papers for having knowledge about the present

situation of problems relating to our research work, journals and magazines focusing the

issues and trends of public transport buses and car owner ship rate.


29/133

Chapter 1

Introduction

10

Libraries and Internet Search

We have also visited a lot of libraries for the purpose of data collection, as in libraries a

lot of data is present in the organized form. For the sake of data collection we have

visited Quaid-e-Azam Library, Library of State Bank of Pakistan, Library of Lahore

Chamber of Commerce and Industry, Main Library UET Lahore and the Library of City

and Regional Department UET Lahore.

Internet is very user friendly and easy way to get data related to any research topic. We

also utilized internet for our research work and a lot of data is incorporated in final

document that is gathered from this source with proper referencing. The data needed for

literature review mainly related to trends in increasing car owner ship rate, public

transport problems and issue was collected from internet.

Questionnaire designing

According to Alter, C.H. in 1976, the Level of Service (LOS) of transport bus service can

be assessed based on following variables:

Accessibility Travel Time System Reliability Directness of Service Frequency of Service

The questionnaire for the field survey of Daewoo bus service in order to identify its LOS

based on the above mentioned variables so that the analysis should be logical and made

on required parameters. The resultant questionnaire for Level of service (LOS)

exploration survey of public bus transport service is atAnnexure 1.3

Sample Size

The number of passengers for individual routes of Sammi Daewoo CBS for the whole

week was collected and then average of total passengers (route wise) was calculated. For

validation and accuracy the whole week users of Sammi Daewoo CBS was explored. The

number of trips in a day on all individual routes of Sammi Daewoo City bus service,

converted into number of passenger by multiplying number of passengers of all the


30/133

Chapter 1

Introduction

11

routes. This procedure is replicated for the entire Daewoo intra city route individually to

get legitimate results. By the sampling technique we come out with the result that 0.5%

passengers travelling in Sammi Daewoo City bus service, have to be surveyed. Sample

size was taken 0.5 % due to limited number of group member, time and other factors. As

in the table below the sample questionnaires are 137 but we actually broaden it to 150 for

field surveys. The sample size was calculated for each route of Daewoo given below:

Table 1.1 Questionnaires Sample Size

Routes

Number of Passengers (Jun 2009) No. of

Passengers

(Average)

Sample

@ 0.5%Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday

5 6192 5664 5781 1890 6732 6462 6462 5597 28

10 6656 6450 6960 2992 7344 7000 7000 6343 31

11 5454 5208 5246 1755 6120 5787 5787 5051 26

16 11648 10540 11160 2358 12765 12206 12206 10412 52

Sample Size 137

Source: Sammi Daewoo Officials

Field Surveys

Above table explain the number of questionnaires that were surveyed on each route. The

questionnaire surveyed was on random basis in the bus, at terminal and at bus stops etc

and both in up and down trip directions of the routes. All Performas were filled by

keeping in mind the Peak hours passengers travelling within the city on regular basis and

normal operation of buses in working days.

Every effort was made to collect gender sensitized data, but availability of male

surveyors only restricted the task to some extent.

Average number of passengers is calculated from Monday & Thursday to get passengers of Tuesday &

Wednesday.


31/133

Chapter 1

Introduction

12

1.6.5 Data Processing

Data collected from various sources was proceeded in order to streamline and arrange

properly so that it could be further used for the analysis process. In first of data

processing, data has been checked out for accuracy, errors, incompleteness and gaps in

data. It also includes coding the data and verifying it, entering the data (using MS Excel,

MS Database & SPSS) into the computer.

1.6.6 Data Analysis

At this stage, a process has been adapted to give a treatment to data in a way as to clarify

the meaning of data in order to seek out patterns and trends within data. Moreover, the

analysis breaks the data into to two parts; descriptive and inferential statistics. In the

analysis stage of this study, various tables and charts have been formed to depict

information about the different characteristics and trends.

1.6.7 Policy Formulation and Recommendations

Once the data analysis is complete, conclusion was drawn on the basis of the detailed

analysis. These conclusions will be helpful to reach at some results of the study and to

achieve study objectives. On the basis of conclusions made in previous step policy

recommendations will be devised. Main aim of policy recommendations have been made

truly on the basis of conclusions, drawn from this whole study, and have been made

keeping in mind the future trends and behaviors of different routes under consideration,

so that to eliminate or minimize the scenarios that exist at present.

1.6.8 Documentation

After successfully completing the data collection, analysis conclusion and policy

recommendation the whole research work will be summarized in the form of report. This

report will depict the complete picture of situation and will help to achieve the main aim

of research. This is final stage of any research process in which a document (describing

the whole scenario) is formed with dedication. In this step it is tried to put into a nut shell

by presenting research problem, objectives, methodology, data collection and analysis

efforts and final recommendation in distinguishing chapters.


32/133

Chapter 1

Introduction

13


33/133

Chapter 1

Introduction

14


34/133

Chapter 1

Introduction

15

1.7 Structure of the Dissertation

As a whole, the thesis is comprised of six chapters. Each of which covers the following

aspects of this research study.

1st

Chapter of this dissertation spell out information about some very basic and pre-

requisites of the study. This includes the topic like statement of problems, objectives of

the research, its justification, along with the description of its scope, limitation &

setbacks being encountered and setup of various chapters.

It also gives illustration about detailed and logical research methodology. It includes a

comprehensive description of all the action being carried out to accomplish the set

objectives, the respective method adopted with their ultimate output. In that, it is tried to

explain the various step to collect the primary as well as secondary data, to select case

study, the process of questionnaire designing and its justification, the surveys involve in

data collection. Along with this, the use and the application of a wide range of software

have also been discussed.

2nd

Chapter It also includes one of the most important aspects of the research: literature

review. The literature review narrates the respective problems to be inquired in context of

previous studies which has been held at international, national & local level. In this

chapter, a stage for the under going research problems has been recognized after

illustrating the whole scenario and deficiencies in last inquiries.

3rd

Chapter is about documentation and reporting of the facts and figures about the case

study i.e. Lahore. This chapter mainly divides the whole discussion into two parts i.e.

private motor cars and Public transport. In first section it provides more focused

discussion on the existing transport system, reasons and trends of car increase rate,

banking contribution and their terms and conditions for leasing cars, mark up rates & its

trend over the years etc. In second parts it illustrates about the public transport, its

advantages, overview of public transport in the context of Lahore, types and operating

companies, demand and supply gaps, declination factors and many more about transport.

4th

Chapter actually this part of the research thesis incorporates the judgment, outcomes,

analysis of surveys and detailed description of questionnaire findings. Mainly this portion

is dealing with the exploration of case study and detailed analysis of the primary data as


35/133

Chapter 1

Introduction

16

well as secondary data collected from concerning resources. This chapter is primarily

divided into three sections, 1) Primary data analysis: in this portion the discussion is on

questionnaire analysis and finding of case study area through surveys 2) Secondary data

analysis: the data collected from various departments is assessed in this section of the

chapter i.e. 3) Level of Service (LOS) identification: the detail discussion is made on

exploration of level of service (LOS) of Daewoo on prescribed parameters to pinpoint the

absolute results. Furthermore, it draws the inferential analysis from the aspects discussed

in previous chapters.

5th

Chapter presents the synthesis of main issues of the case study along with their root

cause and exploration of outcomes of the research. It pinpoints the findings of the study,

draws conclusions from them and presents recommendation for the solution of the issues.

Exhibit 1.3 Structure of Dissertation


36/133

Chapter 1

Introduction

17

References

1http://www.worldwatch.org/taxonomy/term/101(05 May 2009)

2http://www.worldwatch.org/taxonomy/term/101(05 May 2009)

3

Nawai Waqt; Lahore, 13 March 20094Nawai Waqt; Lahore, 13 March 2009

5Aslam A.B.; Feasibility of CNG Buses in Lahore (M Sc. Thesis), Department of City

and Regional Planning, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore.

6 http://www.sciencedirect.com(20 May 2009)

7http//:ww.urbansim.org (23 April 2009)

8http//:www.arc.gov (07 June 2009)

9Punjab Transport Department
http://www.worldwatch.org/taxonomy/term/101http://www.worldwatch.org/taxonomy/term/101http://www.worldwatch.org/taxonomy/term/101http://www.worldwatch.org/taxonomy/term/101http://www.worldwatch.org/taxonomy/term/101http://www.worldwatch.org/taxonomy/term/101http://www.sciencedirect.com/http://www.sciencedirect.com/http://www.urbansim.org/http://www.urbansim.org/http://www.arc.gov/http://www.arc.gov/http://www.arc.gov/http://www.urbansim.org/http://www.sciencedirect.com/http://www.worldwatch.org/taxonomy/term/101http://www.worldwatch.org/taxonomy/term/101


37/133

Chapter2

INCREASEDCAROWNERSHRATEDUETOINEFFICIENTLEVELOFSERVICE(LOS)OFPUBLICBUSTRANSPORTSYSTEMINCITYLAHORE

LITERATUREREVIEW


38/133

Chapter 2

Literature Review

18

LITERATURE REVIEW

There are absolute limits to the amount of urban transport that can be accepted in towns, if urban

areas are to function efficiently and to provide acceptable living and working environment then

land, transport and traffic development have to be planned and managed together as part of same

process. With the ever increasing need for new and improved existing transportation facilities

and services, there is a necessity for planning. Further more, the growing number of new issues

and policies and investment alternative gives transportation planning a more important role in

meeting the needs of changing condition. (Brookings Institution, The need for regional anti -

congestion policies By Anthony Downs1.

2.1 Urban Transportation

Over the last two decades, rapid population growth and spatial expansion has led toa sharp

increase in demand for urban transport facilities and services in many cities in the Economic and

Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) region. However, several factors have

hindered the adequate provision of services to match the ever-increasing demand. In many cities,

densification and spatial expansion have occurred with little or no development planning, while

in some cases the failure of the instruments of governance has resulted in a significant wastage of

resources or substandard quality of infrastructure. Furthermore, the huge capital costs and time

required to develop high capacity transit systems have prevented the timely implementation ofsuch systems in rapidly growing urban areas. As a result, many cities have relied on road-based

systems which have serious capacity constraints, negative environmental consequences and other

limitations.

Consequently, many cities in the region are facing serious problems, including serious

congestion, air pollution from transport sources, high rates of traffic accidents and inadequate

access to transport facilities by poor and vulnerable groups, such as people with disabilities. The

deteriorating urban environment threatens the livability and productivity of many cities. In

some of the major capitals, such as Bangkok, Dhaka, Manila and New Delhi, the situation is so

severe that the efficiency of their urban economy is negatively affected, as is the health and

welfare of the people living in them.


39/133

Chapter 2

Literature Review

19

2.1.1 Current Challenges in Urban Transportation

1. Growing Motorization

While the level of motorization in Asian cities is still much lower than levels in European cities,

a trend of rapid motorization is evident in almost all of them. Apart from a few cities in Central

Asia, there has been a considerable increase in the motor vehicle populations of all major cities.

However, there are significant variations in the level and rate of motorization between cities, due

partly to differences in income levels and government policy.

For example, the number of road vehicles in Bangkok grew more than sevenfold between 1970

and 1990. The vehicle population of Beijing grew about threefold between 1991 and 2000, from

540,000 to 1,570,000. Similar trends in growth occurred in Jakarta and Kuala Lumpur. Since the

late 1990s, Indian cities have also experienced rapid growth rates of their vehicular population,

following the introduction of economic reforms that lowered costs and increased the affordability

of passenger cars. For example, Mumbai has registered an annual growth of motorized vehicles

of about 10 per cent in recent years, while between 1995 and 2000; Delhis total motor vehicle

population grew from 2.4 to 3.3 million, of which the car population increased from 576,000 to

837,000.

The exponential growth of motorized two- and three-wheelers is another visible trend in Asian

cities. In many countries, such as Thailand, Malaysia, and Indonesia, two- and three-wheelers

make up over half of all motor vehicles. Bangkok currently has an estimated 2 million

motorcycles. Ho Chi Minh City in Viet Nam and Penang in Malaysia have about 300

motorcycles per 1000 persons. The number of these vehicles is expected to grow very rapidly in

China, Viet Nam, India and other low-income countries; for example, it is projected that there

will be 70 million motorcycles in China by 2015.

It is expected that cities in the region will continue to experience high rates of vehicle population

growth, particularly for private vehicles, for many years to come. This is partly due to

government policy, which has significantly influenced the growth of motor vehicles in many

countries. For example, despite their comparatively lower average income levels, car ownership

rates in Bangkok and Jakarta are much higher than in Singapore; Hong Kong, China; and Seoul.


40/133

Chapter 2

Literature Review

20

2. Financial Burden on the Public Exchequer

The growth in motor vehicles has led to increased demand for new and improved road

infrastructure and services, which require massive investments of financial and other resources.

For various reasons, many governments have found that it is difficult to fund transport

infrastructure projects by charging the users directly. Consequently, transport infrastructure

development has remained mainly the responsibility of the public sector, putting an enormous

financial burden on national and urban local governments. For example, during the Seventh Plan

period of Thailand between 1992 and 1996, the total investment for road infrastructure projects

in Bangkok alone amounted to a staggering 142 billion baht, or about US$ 5.7 billion. The

private sector contribution made up 20.5 per cent of the total.

3. Public Transport

Public transportation has a very important role in urban transportation. Many cities such as Hong

Kong, China; Singapore; and Tokyo, where the modal share of public transport is 70 per cent or

more of total person trips, are deemed to be public-transportation oriented. In Bangkok, Jakarta,

and Manila, the modal share of public transport varies between 40 and 60 per cent of total person

trips. In most cities of the region, the majority of the common people, the poor and other

disadvantaged groups are very heavily dependent on public transportation. Compared with

private cars, public transportation is more sustainable on economic, financial, social and

environmental grounds. However, the failings of public transportation have become one of the

major challenges faced by many cities. Dissatisfaction with the level and quality of public

transportation services leads those people who can afford it to turn to private modes of transport.

Another common problem in many cities is that women, people with disabilities and other

disadvantaged groups have poor access to public transport services and that it is found difficult

to meet their basic mobility needs.

4. Congestion

Congestion is a common mark of motorization in most growing cities of the region. The central

parts of many capitals, such as Bangkok, Delhi, Dhaka, Jakarta, Metro Manila, and Seoul, are

particularly congested, with weekday peak-hour traffic speeds reported to average 10 km per

hour or less. One estimate put the average travel time for work trips in Asia at 42 minutes. In


41/133

Chapter 2

Literature Review

21

large cities this number can be much higher, as in the case of Bangkok, where the average is

estimated to be about 60 minutes. Delays due to congestion account for a significant proportion

of the total trip time.

2.1.2 Increase in Car Ownership Rate is Basic Problem

Methods of reducing car ownership and use, particularly in cities, have been debated and tested

in Europe and America for over three decades (see for example Plowden; Plowden; Jones, 1989;

Mogridge and Pharoah) with the Buchanan Report ( Ministry of Transport, 1963) being

instrumental in initiating the debate in the UK. Efforts have intensified in the last decade as

congestion and environmental problems have taken centre stage in the international arena. A

consensus has been reached in most developed countries that building roads is not the solution to

the problems of congestion and pollution caused by an ever increasing volume of traffic. One of

the main alternative policies often suggested is to attract people away from their cars by

improving public transport provision. Policies which have been advocated to encourage a modal

switch from private to public transport include investment in bus services, park and ride

schemes, LRT systems, guided bus ways and others2.

Enrique Penalosa, the mayor whosolved Bogotas traffic problem, said

It is very clear today that solving traffic problems by building more and bigger roads is

like tryingto put out a fire by gasoline

2.2 London Facing Car Problem

There were only 8,000 cars in the whole of Britain at the start of the 20th century. By the

end of the century the car population had soared to 21 million.

Motoring was a luxury hobby in 1900. The number of cars on the roads began to rise during the

1920s as manufacturers started to make small, lightweight and cheaper vehicles for a wider

market. Driving licenses issued to London addresses rose from 100,000 in 1920 to 261,000 in

1930. As the number of cars on London's streets steadily increased, so did the number of road

accidents. By the 1920s, an average of three people a day died in London as a result of traffic

accidents.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VGG-456WDVN-2&_user=3451693&_coverDate=01%2F31%2F2002&_rdoc=1&_fmt=full&_orig=na&_cdi=6038&_docanchor=&_acct=C000060493&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=3451693&md5=e3a6b7d5fa7b07136c72a1116e0de443#bib31http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VGG-456WDVN-2&_user=3451693&_coverDate=01%2F31%2F2002&_rdoc=1&_fmt=full&_orig=na&_cdi=6038&_docanchor=&_acct=C000060493&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=3451693&md5=e3a6b7d5fa7b07136c72a1116e0de443#bib30http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VGG-456WDVN-2&_user=3451693&_coverDate=01%2F31%2F2002&_rdoc=1&_fmt=full&_orig=na&_cdi=6038&_docanchor=&_acct=C000060493&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=3451693&md5=e3a6b7d5fa7b07136c72a1116e0de443#bib16http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VGG-456WDVN-2&_user=3451693&_coverDate=01%2F31%2F2002&_rdoc=1&_fmt=full&_orig=na&_cdi=6038&_docanchor=&_acct=C000060493&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=3451693&md5=e3a6b7d5fa7b07136c72a1116e0de443#bib25http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VGG-456WDVN-2&_user=3451693&_coverDate=01%2F31%2F2002&_rdoc=1&_fmt=full&_orig=na&_cdi=6038&_docanchor=&_acct=C000060493&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=3451693&md5=e3a6b7d5fa7b07136c72a1116e0de443#bib28http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VGG-456WDVN-2&_user=3451693&_coverDate=01%2F31%2F2002&_rdoc=1&_fmt=full&_orig=na&_cdi=6038&_docanchor=&_acct=C000060493&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=3451693&md5=e3a6b7d5fa7b07136c72a1116e0de443#bib24http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VGG-456WDVN-2&_user=3451693&_coverDate=01%2F31%2F2002&_rdoc=1&_fmt=full&_orig=na&_cdi=6038&_docanchor=&_acct=C000060493&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=3451693&md5=e3a6b7d5fa7b07136c72a1116e0de443#bib24http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VGG-456WDVN-2&_user=3451693&_coverDate=01%2F31%2F2002&_rdoc=1&_fmt=full&_orig=na&_cdi=6038&_docanchor=&_acct=C000060493&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=3451693&md5=e3a6b7d5fa7b07136c72a1116e0de443#bib28http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VGG-456WDVN-2&_user=3451693&_coverDate=01%2F31%2F2002&_rdoc=1&_fmt=full&_orig=na&_cdi=6038&_docanchor=&_acct=C000060493&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=3451693&md5=e3a6b7d5fa7b07136c72a1116e0de443#bib25http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VGG-456WDVN-2&_user=3451693&_coverDate=01%2F31%2F2002&_rdoc=1&_fmt=full&_orig=na&_cdi=6038&_docanchor=&_acct=C000060493&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=3451693&md5=e3a6b7d5fa7b07136c72a1116e0de443#bib16http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VGG-456WDVN-2&_user=3451693&_coverDate=01%2F31%2F2002&_rdoc=1&_fmt=full&_orig=na&_cdi=6038&_docanchor=&_acct=C000060493&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=3451693&md5=e3a6b7d5fa7b07136c72a1116e0de443#bib30http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VGG-456WDVN-2&_user=3451693&_coverDate=01%2F31%2F2002&_rdoc=1&_fmt=full&_orig=na&_cdi=6038&_docanchor=&_acct=C000060493&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=3451693&md5=e3a6b7d5fa7b07136c72a1116e0de443#bib31


42/133

Chapter 2

Literature Review

22

Exhibit 2.1 London Facing Car problem

The 1920s saw the first traffic-control measures appearing in central London in the form of

manually operated traffic lights and white line road markings.

The boom in car ownership occurred in the 1950s and 60s. Car ownership in London quadrupled

between 1950 and 1970 as standards of living rose and car prices fell. By the mid-1960s, there

were 1.5 million cars registered in London and the numbers continued to rise until the end of the

century when 2.2 million were registered at London addresses. By this time, the figures included

second cars; 3% of London households in 1997 had the use of three or more cars, though 39%

had no car. Overall, this was no different from trends in the rest of the country.

Increasing car ownership meant increasing traffic congestion. By the 1960s, London's traffic

problem was considered to affect only the evening and morning rush hours in central London. It

was not until the 1980s that congestion came to be a problem across London at more or less all

hours of the day3.

2.2.1 London Public Transport to Minimize Problem

The public transport and especially buses network plays a vital role in the capital's transport

system, providing access to centers of employm

increased car ownership rate due to inefficient level of service (los) of public bus transport ...

Documents