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Inclusive Teaching: The Journey Towards Effective Schools for All Learners, 2e Peterson / Hittie 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 3 Diverse Students In The Classroom How Students Are Different And The Same Slide 2 Inclusive Teaching: The Journey Towards Effective Schools for All Learners, 2e Peterson / Hittie 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 2 Teaching Diverse Students The key is learning how to teach individuals, not groups. Carol, 7 th grade teacher Slide 3 Inclusive Teaching: The Journey Towards Effective Schools for All Learners, 2e Peterson / Hittie 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 3 Teaching Individuals Not Groups An Inclusive Middle School Multilevel writing assignments Cross-ability friendships A place and support for students with special challenges Multicultural, multi-ability, dvierse socio-economic status Student s capabilities complement one another An interesting class!! NOT boring Slide 4 Inclusive Teaching: The Journey Towards Effective Schools for All Learners, 2e Peterson / Hittie 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 4 Sights to See Peanut Butter and Micah in High School Peanut Butter and Jelly Lesson crede.berkeley.edu/resear ch/crede/products/multim edia/pbj.html Micah: Senior Year in High School www.wholeschooling.net/ WS/Video/Micah.html Slide 5 Inclusive Teaching: The Journey Towards Effective Schools for All Learners, 2e Peterson / Hittie 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 5 Special Needs and Good Teaching Good Teaching Addresses Many Specific Needs Do we design teaching for categories of students or design teaching to handle diversity from the beginning? Students that are part of a group are often very different from one another When we teach towards groups we can easily stereotype When we design our teaching for diversity we automatically address both indivdiual and group needs. Slide 6 Inclusive Teaching: The Journey Towards Effective Schools for All Learners, 2e Peterson / Hittie 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 6 Label Jars, Not People Seeing Children as People First Labels can dehumanize students seeing them AS their label rather than simply children. Let s... See students as children first See strengths as central rather than deficits Understand individual strengths, needs, interests Use person first language when we discuss labels. A student who is... Slide 7 Inclusive Teaching: The Journey Towards Effective Schools for All Learners, 2e Peterson / Hittie 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 7 Students From Diverse Cultural, Racial, and Ethnic Groups Related but different concepts: race, ethnicity, culture Race - genetics and physical characteristics (no pure races exist) Ethnic group - common bond based on ancestry, common beliefs, language, etc. Culture - language and symbols, customs and patterns of interaction, shared values, norms, and beliefs Slide 8 Inclusive Teaching: The Journey Towards Effective Schools for All Learners, 2e Peterson / Hittie 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 8 Students From Diverse Cultural, Racial, and Ethnic Groups Inclusive Teaching Strategies Promote respect of students culture, race, and ethnic identity. Promote respect and understanding of each student as an individual Help students learn how to critique and challenge social injustice. Assure that students are accepted and valued, have a sense of belonging, and develop friendships. Slide 9 Inclusive Teaching: The Journey Towards Effective Schools for All Learners, 2e Peterson / Hittie 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 9 Students from Extreme Poverty Poor people are judged as lazy and unmotivated. Getting beyond stereotypes and promoting understanding Parents in a constant survival mode Constant feelings of humiliation Lack of understanding of options Teachers often think poor parents don t care but this isn t true. Education may not be seen as important if the challenge is daily survival Poor children feel teachers don t care about them. Slide 10 Inclusive Teaching: The Journey Towards Effective Schools for All Learners, 2e Peterson / Hittie 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 10 Students from Extreme Poverty Inclusive Teaching Strategies Show students they are special Ensure emotional and physical safety; protect students from ridicule Examine our own attitudes Promote understanding of poor children Try to understand connection of poverty and problems with behavior or academic performance Create incentives Don t give homework that is difficult for children to do in unstable home situations Have parents and others who have been poor tell their stories Slide 11 Inclusive Teaching: The Journey Towards Effective Schools for All Learners, 2e Peterson / Hittie 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 11 Students Who Are Gay Ridicule and intolerance of homosexual students is widely prevalent 10-30% of students are gay Do not tolerate ridicule but promote understanding and relationships; challenge homophobia Make no assumption about sexual preference Have gay related materials visible in the classroom Let students know you are supportive of all Work on your own biases Don t advise students who are gay to come out . Let them make that decision Connect students with gay role models Slide 12 Inclusive Teaching: The Journey Towards Effective Schools for All Learners, 2e Peterson / Hittie 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 12 Students with Differing Academic Abilities Gifted and talented Dominant language learners Learning disabilities Cognitive disabilities Traumatic brain injury Slide 13 Inclusive Teaching: The Journey Towards Effective Schools for All Learners, 2e Peterson / Hittie 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 13 Gifted and Talented Definition The term gifted and talented... means students... who give evidence of high performance capability in areas such as intellectual, creative, artistic, or leadership capacity, or in specific academic fields, and who require services or activities not normally provided by the school in order to fully develop such capabilities. (PL 103-398, Title XIV p. 388) Slide 14 Inclusive Teaching: The Journey Towards Effective Schools for All Learners, 2e Peterson / Hittie 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 14 Inclusive Strategies for Gifted and Talented Students Classroom leadership, problem solving and advanced learning Multi-level learning strategies for higher level learning Multi-level, differentiated lessons Curriculum compacting Tiered lessons Open-ended assignments Scaffolding for high ability students Build scaffolding into all instruction Use computers and particularly the internet as an information source Obtain materials at different levels Bring in experts to share with the class Identify mentors Slide 15 Inclusive Teaching: The Journey Towards Effective Schools for All Learners, 2e Peterson / Hittie 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 15 Mixed ability groups and higher learning. Social action research projects Literacy circles Multi-age grouping Flexible groupings Collaborative pairing Expanding opportunities Community experiences Enrichment for All Integrated honors programs Inclusive Strategies for Gifted and Talented Students 2 Slide 16 Inclusive Teaching: The Journey Towards Effective Schools for All Learners, 2e Peterson / Hittie 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 16 Inclusive Strategies for Dominant-Language Learners High incidence of two-way communication Social integration with native English speakers Thoughtful integration of second-language acquisition principles with content instruction Involvement and participation of home community Promotion of critical consciousness F a l t i s ( 1 9 9 7 ) Slide 17 Inclusive Teaching: The Journey Towards Effective Schools for All Learners, 2e Peterson / Hittie 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 17 Learning Disabilities: Definition... a disorder in one or more of the basic psychological processes involved in understanding or in using language, spoken or written that may manifest itself in an imperfect ability to listen, think, speak, read, write, spell, or to do mathematical calculations. The term includes such conditions as perceptual disabilities, brain injury, minimal brain dysfunction, dyslexia, and developmental aphasia. The term does not apply to children who have learning problems which are primarily the result of visual, hearing, or motor disabilities, of mental retardation, of emotional disturbance, or of environmental, cultural, or economic disadvantage. (Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act [IDEA], 2004, p. 118) Slide 18 Inclusive Teaching: The Journey Towards Effective Schools for All Learners, 2e Peterson / Hittie 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 18 Learning Disabilities Typical Descriptions of Challenges Hyper and hypo-activity Perceptual processing difficulties Organization of work Writing thoughts and ideas Remembering mathematical facts Problems: very general statements; focus on deficits, not strengths. Suggestion: describe student challenges in specific functional terms F a l t i s ( 1 9 9 7 ) Slide 19 Inclusive Teaching: The Journey Towards Effective Schools for All Learners, 2e Peterson / Hittie 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 19 Ways In Which Schools Help Create Learning Disabilities Teaching children in ways they cant learn. Prescribed curriculum sequence. Ability grouping, forcing low groups to see themselves as non-readers and writers. Denying access to real books until they can read. Expecting kids to learn language from sitting all day without talking. Asking questions that call for only one right answer. Reprimanding children for wrong answers so that they avoid risk-taking And then: Referring children to resource rooms. Subjecting them to testing that further convinces them they know little. Stigmatizing them with a pathological diagnosis. Slide 20 Inclusive Teaching: The Journey Towards Effective Schools for All Learners, 2e Peterson / Hittie 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 20 High expectations & recognition of achievement Authentic, multi-level instruction. Multiple intelligences Activity-based learning Provide scaffolding to help the student participate with support Read-alouds, writing dictated stories Buddy and group reading Books on tape, talking software Adaptations for language Computers Talking software Taped books Tape recorder Learning Disabilities Inclusive Teaching Strategies Slide 21 Inclusive Teaching: The Journey Towards Effective Schools for All Learners, 2e Peterson / Hittie 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 21 Organization & anticipation Books at home Help organize desk Visual prompts -- color codes Teach skills in blocks Preview work -- send home Behavior Understand Help learn responsibility Grades Report learning not just grade Alternatives -- extra credit, drop- a-grade, alternative performance Learning Disabilities Inclusive Teaching Strategies 2 Slide 22 Inclusive Teaching: The Journey Towards Effective Schools for All Learners, 2e Peterson / Hittie 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 22 Resource room may stigmatize children Students with many different problems are lumped together Instruction focuses on isolated skills Students miss instruction in the general education class Difficult to establish a sense of community Learning Disabilities Problems with Pull-out Services Slide 23 Inclusive Teaching: The Journey Towards Effective Schools for All Learners, 2e Peterson / Hittie 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 23 Slide 24 Inclusive Teaching: The Journey Towards Effective Schools for All Learners, 2e Peterson / Hittie 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 24 Cognitive Disability previously mental retardation AAMR definition Sub-average intelligence (2 standard deviations below mean) Limitations in adaptive behavior: communication, self- care, home living, social skills, community use, self-direction, health and safety, functional academics, leisure, and work Before age 18 Needed lifelong supports Slide 25 Inclusive Teaching: The Journey Towards Effective Schools for All Learners, 2e Peterson / Hittie 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 25 Mental retardation means significantly sub-average general intellectual functioning existing concurrently with deficits in adaptive behavior and manifested during the developmental period that adversely affects a child educational performance. IDEA, 1997, 300.7 [b] Cognitive Disability previously mental retardation Definition Slide 26 Inclusive Teaching: The Journey Towards Effective Schools for All Learners, 2e Peterson / Hittie 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 26 Cognitive Disability previously mental retardation Intensity of Support Intermittent Limited Extensive Pervasive Slide 27 Inclusive Teaching: The Journey Towards Effective Schools for All Learners, 2e Peterson / Hittie 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 27 LEVELS OF SEVERITY MILD(55-70) : functions fairly normally; academic, living, and vocational limitations. MODERATE (40 -55): work and live in community with support. SEVERE PROFOUND (