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1Chapter 3Inclusion and IdentityMost people prefer group membership to isolation, but, once they join with others, they find they must sometimes do what is best for the group rather than what benefits them personally. Groups blur the boundary between the self and other, for members retain their personal qualitiestheir motives, emotions, and outlooksbut add to them a sense of self that is based on their group identity. Groups transform the me into the we.Do humans, by nature, seek solitude or inclusion in groups?When do people embrace collectivism by putting the groups needs before their own?What processes transform an individuals sense of self into a collective, social identity?3Inclusion and Identity

The ancient taoist taijitu symbolizes the synthesis of the individual and the collective.13: Inclusion and IdentityDaniel Defoes Robinson Crusoe

I am cast upon a horrible, desolate island; void of all hope of recovery. I am singled out and separated, as it were, from all the world, to be miserable. I am divided from mankind, a solitary; one banished from human society. I have no soul to speak to or to relieve me.Isolation to InclusionNeed to BelongAll human beings, have a pervasive drive to form and maintain at least a minimum quantity of lasting, positive, and impactful interpersonal relationships.

Roy Baumeister & Mark Leary (1995, p. 497). Rubin Hurricane Carter:

I had nothing, absolutely nothing. I was trapped at the bottom, the lowest point at which a human being can exist without being dead: solitary confinement. I had nothing to hold on to, no family, nobody to do anything for me.4People affiliate in groupsPutnams bowling alone hypothesis: affiliation patterns are shifting

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Type of Loneliness: social and emotional6Different groups reduce different types of loneliness Rejection AcceptanceMaximum ExclusionActive ExclusionPassive ExclusionAmbivalencePassive InclusionActive InclusionMaximum InclusionGroup rejects or ostracizes personGroup avoids personGroup ignores personGroup neither accepts nor rejects individualGroup allows member to joinGroup welcomes memberGroup actively recruits memberInclusion and exclusion The Inclusion/Exclusion ContinuumInclusion and exclusionOstracism: Excluding one or more individuals from a group by reducing or eliminating contact with the person, usually by ignoring, shunning, or explicitly banishing them.

Researchers have studied reactions to ostracism in various ways, includingThe life alone paradigmThe ball-toss paradigm (and cyberball)The exclusion paradigmThe Temporal Need-Threat Model of Ostracism: Williams, 2009

Fight vs FlightTend and BefriendWithdrawal and freezingAggressive, combative orientationAttention to social cuesIncreased motivationProsocial orientationReactions to Exclusion

Results from Gaertner, Iuzzini, & OMara, 2008

The Evolution of Gregariousness

13Learys sociometer theory: self-esteem warns of possible exclusion Self-esteem is not the evaluation of your worthit is an indicator of how well you are accepted into social groupsMark Leary:

We need to think about ourselves occasionally, but none of us needs to think about ourselves as much as we do.

14The Biology of Ostracism and Inclusion

Anterior insuladACC (dorsal cingulate cortex)Ostracism triggers pain areas of the brainIndividualismCollectivismA tradition, ideology, or personal outlook that emphasizes the primacy of the individual and his or her rights, independence, and relationships with other A tradition, ideology, or personal orientation that emphasizes the primacy of the group or community rather than each individual person.

Individualism to CollectivismIsolation to InclusionIndividualism to CollectivismPersonal Identity to Social Identity

IndividualismCollectivismA tradition, ideology, or personal outlook that emphasizes the primacy of the individual and his or her rights, independence, and relationships with other A tradition, ideology, or personal orientation that emphasizes the primacy of the group or community rather than each individual person.

Individualism to CollectivismIndividualism to CollectivismCopyright 2004 by Donelson R. ForsythThe individual is primary, first. Hisor her rights must be recognized andput above the right of the group as a whole. If the groups goals arent compatible with the individuals goals, then the individual is free to go hisor her own way. IndividualismCollectivismThe group is primary, first. Its rights must be recognized andput above the right of the individual. The individual belongs to the group.

18Individualism to Collectivism

IndividualistsCollectivistsMicro: The Social Self

Micro: The Social SelfDifferences

individualists and collectivistssex differencesgenerational differencesBrewers optimal distinctiveness theoryAmerica is woven of many strands. I would recognize them and let it so remain. Our fate is to become one, and yet many. Ralph Ellison, Invisible Man IndividualismCollectivismMeso: The Group Culture22

The mean distributions in the Ultimatum Game from people living in 16 different indigenous societies and cultures around the world.Macro: Collectivism across CulturesCultures: East vs. West

Subcultures: Some ethnic groups, such as Asian Americans and Latinos, are more collectivistic than individualistic

Regions of the U.S.: Culture of Honor in the south

Source: Cohen, Nibsett, Bowdle, & SchwartzIndividualismCollectivismA tradition, ideology, or personal outlook that emphasizes the primacy of the individual and his or her rights, independence, and relationships with other A tradition, ideology, or personal orientation that emphasizes the primacy of the group or community rather than each individual person.

Individualism to CollectivismIsolation to InclusionIndividualism to CollectivismPersonal Identity to Social Identity

Personal Identity to Social IdentitySocial categorization: Individuals automatically classify people, including themselves, into groups.Social identification: accepting as self-descriptive (self-stereotyping) the qualities attributed to ones group (depersonalization) Social Identity TheoryCategorize27Self-esteem depends on an individuals personal qualities and the value of the groups to which they belong

Collective Self-esteemMotivation and Social Identity29Social Identity TheoryNot clear if outgroup rejection raises self-esteem 30ReviewWho are you? A complex, hard-to-answer, question.