in this section 2015 - fitpro · exercise and peak explosive cycling power were also determined....
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A study of amateur cyclists by King’s College London and the University of Birmingham has revealed that many older cyclists have a higher level of physiological function than those who do not cycle, placing them at a younger age
compared to the general population and contradicting the popular belief that ageing creates frailty.
The study, published in the Journal of Physiology, looked at how ageing affects the body by recruiting 84 male and 41 female amateur cyclists aged 55 to 79. The subjects had to be able to cycle 100km in 6.5 hours (men) or 60km in 5.5 hours (women) to ensure the study was conducted on those without a sedentary lifestyle, and smokers, heavy drinkers, and those with high blood pressure and other health conditions were excluded from taking part.
A physiological profile was created for each participant, which included measures of cardiovascular, respiratory, neuromuscular, metabolic, endocrine and cognitive functions, bone strength, and health and well-being. Reflexes, muscle strength, oxygen uptake during exercise and peak explosive cycling power were also determined.
The results of the study showed that the maximum rate of oxygen consumption displayed the closest association with a participant’s age but that the effects of ageing were not obvious. One test recorded was the time taken to rise from a chair, walk three metres, turn, walk back and sit down again. If a person takes more than 15 seconds to perform this, it indicates they are at a higher risk of falling; every participant in the study achieved a time that fits within the parameters for healthy young adults.
Dr Ross Pollock, lead author of the paper, said, “In many models of ageing, lifespan is the primary measure, but in human beings this is arguably less important than the consequences of deterioration in health. Healthy life expectancy – our healthspan – is not keeping pace with the average lifespan, and the years we spend with poor health and disabilities in old age are growing.”
Emeritus Professor Norman Lazarus added, “Inevitably, our bodies will experience some decline with age, but staying physically active can buy you extra years of function compared to sedentary people.” fp
Spring 2015
Exercise facilitates optimal ageing
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Women vs menAn essential training guide
Brain powerExercise and
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Game for it Gamification and the industry
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According to widely recognised statistics, just 13% of UK consumers actually use the gym.1
Seeking to implement change is Malcolm McPhail, MD of Life Leisure, who has sparked interest for those
individuals who don’t use the gym regularly. Life Leisure set the bar one notch higher by incorporating
£55,000 anti-gravity treadmill units, exercise chairs for the obese sector of the participation group and the exclusion of mirrors at its experimental gym, Life Leisure Avondale. Inside, fitness areas have been cordoned off, acting as a safety net for those individuals who prefer to exercise away from the crowds.2 Membership at Avondale has jumped from 505 members to 1,808 since the extra investment and new members can join for free through a means-tested council scheme as the outfit tries to “take away barriers between people coming healthy”. The focus on cardiovascular exercise means locals can achieve being fit without the unrealistic expectations of shedding pounds.
MD of Life Leisure Malcolm McPhail said, “We are listening to the silent majority who don’t want mirrors everywhere and classes that make them feel uncomfortable – and we want it to be a national response.”
Gone are the images of ‘skinny’ women and perfectly defined abs. This new scheme includes design imagery of local residents enjoying the new equipment on offer in their exclusive fitness space.
With a proven track record in the fitness industry, including seven years as group fitness director at Next Generation, father-of-two McPhail says he has always enjoyed getting the best out of people. He concluded, “The importance is on you being happy with your weight and not getting to a weight that someone else says you should be. We focus on behaviours rather than calories.” fp
Alternative gym from Life Leisure
For references mentioned in this article visit fitpro.com/references
23Spring 2015Lead from the front
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In this sectionFor references mentioned in this article visit fitpro.com/references
A novel study1 by researchers at the University of Southern California (USC) has provided evidence that failing to change habits is not necessarily due to lack of willpower.
Led by USC professor Wendy Wood and David Neal, a former assistant psychology professor at USC, the study involved five experiments. One experiment explored students’ meal patterns for one semester, including the period during their examinations. Students who ate unhealthy breakfasts during the semester, such as pastries or doughnuts, ate even more of the ‘junk’ food during exams. However, the same pattern was also true of oatmeal eaters: those in the habit of eating a healthy breakfast were also more likely to stick to routine and ate especially well in the morning when under pressure.
Similarly, those students who exercised in the gym were found to use the gym much more frequently while experiencing exam pressure. Professor Wood commented that habits don’t require much willpower, thought or deliberation.
Wood concluded, “When we change our behaviour, we strategise about our motivation and self-control. But what we should be thinking about instead is how to set up new habits.”
She added, “Habits persist even when we are tired and don’t have the energy to exert self-control. To create or change a habit, we must seek to alter our environment because behaviour is very much a ‘product of the environment’.”
Gabriele Oettingen, a professor at New York University and University of Hamburg, researched into why you need positive thinking to break a habit. Over the years, the professor discovered that people need to pair optimistic daydreams about the future with identifying and imagining the obstacles that prevent them from reaching that goal. The term was coined by the professor as ‘mental contrasting’2. fp
P24 The best of both worlds // Yoga fusion
Breaking the habit
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