in the newsdhivya suryadevara an indian-american woman, dhivya suryadevara has been named the chief...

Recep Tayyip ErdoganTurkish President Recep TayyipErdogan on June 24, 2018 declaredvictory in a tightly-contestedpresidential election, extending his15 year grip on power in the face of arevitalised opposition. Turkish votershad for the first time cast ballots forboth president and parliament in thesnap polls, with Erdogan’s overallmajority for his ruling Justice andDevelopment Party (AKP).

Rajeev MisraThe board of SoftBank Ltd of Japan hasapproved the nominations of RajeevMisra as executive vice-president atthe meeting in Tokyo on June 21,2018. Misra’s ties to SoftBank dateback to 2014. He leads SoftBank’s$100 billion Vision Fund, atechnology-focused private equityeffort with backers including SaudiArabia and Apple. Misra has been aSoftBank board member since June2017.

Balasubramanyam SriramState Bank of India (SBI) managingdirector Balasubramanyam Sriram hasbeen appointed the Managing Director(MD) and Chief Executive Officer (CEO)of IDBI Bank for a period of threemonths. The appointments committeeof the cabinet has approved Sriram’sappointment as CEO of IDBI Bank onJune 20, 2018.

AR RahmanRenowned music composer andAcademy Award winner AR Rahmanhas been appointed as the BrandAmbassador of the Sikkim governmenton June 20, 2018. As the brandambassador, Rahman will promote andto project the state’s achievementsnationally and globally. Rahman’sappointment as brand ambassador isexpected to give a huge thrust to boostthe tourism of the state because of hisglobal reach and paramount.

Sandeep BakhshiICICI Bank has appointed SandeepBakshi as new Chief Operating Officeron June 18, 2018. Bakhshi started hiscareer with the ICICI group in 1986and has looked after the group'scorporate, retail lending and insurancebusinesses. He has headed ICICIPrudential Life Insurance Co Ltd since2010.

Saleha KhumawalaIndian American Professor SalehaKhumawala has been chosen as a"Piper Professor" on June 15, 2018 by aTexas-based non-profit organisationfor superior teaching at the collegelevel. The honour is given only inTexas to those who provide superiorteaching at the college level by theMinnie Stevens Piper Foundation,which was founded in 1950 whichsupports charitable, scientific andeducational undertakings.

38 COMPETITION FOCUSIN August 2018

In the News...

London BreedLondon Breed made history onJune 15, 2018 when she becamethe first black woman to be electedMayor of San Francisco, USA.Graduated from the University ofCalifornia in November 2012, shewas first elected to the Board ofSupervisors the legislative branchfor the county and city of SanFrancisco

Dhivya SuryadevaraAn Indian-American woman,Dhivya Suryadevara has beennamed the Chief Finance Officer ofthe US' largest automaker, GeneralMotors on June 14, 2018.Chennai-born Suryadevara is analumnus of University of Madrasand an MBA fromHarvardUniversity. Earliershe worked at UBSand Price waterhouse Coopersbefore joining GMin 2005 and one ofthe first woman toreach high positionin the autoindustry in the world.

Dr. Inder Jit SinghDr. Inder Jit Singh assumed chargeas Secretary, Ministry of Coal onJune 14, 2018. Dr. Singh is a Ph. Din Economics from PunjabUniversity. In the past he has alsoheld positions in Ministry ofCommerce, MNRE at the Centreand other significant portfolios inthe State cadre.

Angajan RamanathanAngajan Ramanathan, of thePresident Maithripala Sirisena -ledSri Lanka Freedom Party, wasappointed as a Deputy Minister ofAgriculture on June 12, 2018. He isthe only elected representative ofUnited People's Freedom Alliance(UPFA) from Jaffna, the capital ofNorthern district.

Sunil PorwalSenior bureaucrat Sunil Porwal hasbeen appointed Additional ChiefSecretary (Home) of Maharashtrastate on June 11, 2018. Mr. Porwal,a 1983-batch IAS officer, had beenserving as additional chief secretary(industries) in Maharashtra.

APPOINTMENT

COMPETITION FOCUSIN August 201844

In a historic move US PresidentDonald Trump met with North Korean

leader Kim Jong-un on June 12, 2018,in Singapore, in the first summitmeeting between the leaders of thetwo countries. Nearly five hours ofunprecedented and meaningful talksbetween US President Donald Trumpand North Korea's Kim Jong Unconcluded with declarations of a newfriendship and new chapter of

Nuclear-Free World with the pledge ofnuclear disarmament.

For US President Trump, the positiveoutcome in his extraordinary deal withthe rogue kingdom's despotic leader.But there were detailed perspective onwhat new commitments had beensecured from Kim, even as Trumpannounced he would end the regularmilitary exercises the US conductswith South Korea.

Whether nuclear disarmament isindeed the final outcome of thesummit won't be known for years but

the heart-warming act of extending hishand to one of America's longtimeadversaries will forever illustrate

Trump's visionary and norm-shatteringtenure as president.

The US President declared that"People are going to be veryimpressed. People are going to bevery happy. The document he andKim signed declared that the NorthKorean leader "reaffirmed his firm and

binding commitment to completedenuclearisation of the KoreanPeninsula." In exchange, Trumpagreed to "provide securityguarantees" to North Korea.

Immediately following the summit,Trump announced that the US woulddiscontinue "provocative" jointmilitary exercises with South Koreaand would "eventually" withdrawtroops stationed there.

Before signing the document, Kimstated that the two leaders had ahistoric meeting “and decided to leavethe past behind. The world will see amajor change.”US President declared

that talks with Kim Jong-un were'honest', 'direct', 'productive' and bothleaders were "prepared to start a newhistory and write a new chapterbetween our nations".

Focus of the Talk

The Trump-Kim meeting was mainlycentred on convincing North Korea togive up its nuclear arsenal. In a NewYear’s address Kim stated thecountry’s weapons development wascomplete in the wake of the mostpowerful nuclear detonation, inSeptember 2017, and missile tests thatcould theoretically hit the USmainland.

There are other major issues theinternational community would like toaddress, including North Korea’s

stockpiles of biological and chemicalweapons and the country’s dismalhuman rights record. But those areunlikely to be brought up directly byTrump.

Weapons of North KoreaEstimates of Pyongyang’s arsenal vary.Monitoring groups estimated the yieldfrom the North’s sixth and last atomictest in September to be as high as 250

kilotons-16 times more powerful thanthe US bomb that destroyedHiroshima in 1945 and the kind ofyield generated by a hydrogen bomb.

Seoul’s 2016 defence white paper, themost recent available, estimated theNorth had 50 kilos of

plutonium-reportedly enough for

about 10 bombs-and a “considerable”but unquantified ability to produceuranium weapons.

Why the Summit was Held inSingapore?

In the protocol-heavy world ofdiplomacy, everything is imbued withmeaning. There was talk of holdingthe talks at Panmunjom, the “trucevillage” on the border between Northand South Korea, but Americanofficials worried it would beinterpreted as the US being tooaccommodating of Kim.

Singapore has diplomatic relationswith both the US and North Korea,and has been seen as a nominallyneutral party.

Role of ChinaChina isn’t officially represented inthe historic talks, but that hasn’tstopped Beijing from making itspresence felt. Kim arrived in the citystate aboard a Boeing 747 operated by

Air China, China’s state-run flagshipcarrier. The flight was both a potentdisplay of China’s industrial might anda message that the country had NorthKorea’s back.

China has repeatedly sought to assertits crucial role in the talks. As NorthKorea’s largest trading partner,China’s enforcement of UnitedNations sanctions helped bring Kim tothe negotiating table, while alsoshielding his regime from Trump’sthreats of military action.

Worlds ReactionLeaders of the world including Britainand France have welcomed theSummit as positive move towardspeace in Korean Peninsula.

International

TRUMP-KIM SUMMITDonald Trump and Kim Jong-un have become the first sitting US President and

North Korean leader to meet, an unprecedented development after a year of exchanging

threats. Both leaders shook hands at a luxury hotel on Singapore's Sentosa Island

which witnessed the landmark summit.


The 18th SCO Summit held inQingdao, Shandong province,attended by a host of world leadersincluding Prime Minister NarendraModi, Chinese President Xi Jinpingand Russian President Vladimir Putin.Shanghai Cooperation Organisation(SCO) summit in China stood for

"multi-polarity" and it conveys themessage that big countries canpeacefully coexist despite differencesin their systems.

PM Modi attended the 18th SCOSummit in Quingdao, China on 9thJune 2018. This is the first SCOsummit that India has attended as afull time member. The two dayssummit is expected to see India raiseconcerns on terror networks andfavour effective connectivity links toboost trade.

About SCOThe Shanghai CooperationOrganisation (SCO) is a permanentintergovernmental internationalorganisation, the creation ofwhich wasannounced on15 June 2001 inShanghai (China) bythe RepublicofKazakhstan, the People's Republic ofChina, the Kyrgyz Republic, the

Russian Federation, the RepublicofTajikistan, and the RepublicofUzbekistan. It was preceded bytheShanghai Five mechanism.

The Shanghai CooperationOrganisation Charter was signedduringthe St .Petersburg SCO Headsof State meeting inJune 2002, andentered intoforce on19 September2003.

This is the fundamental statutorydocument which outlines theorganisation's goals and principles,aswell asits structure and coreactivities.

The historical meeting ofthe Heads ofState Council ofthe ShanghaiCooperation Organisation was heldonJune 2017 inAstana. On the meetingthe status ofa full member oftheOrganization was granted totheRepublic ofIndia and the IslamicRepublic ofPakistan.

Main Goals of SCOl Promoting mutual trust and

neighbourliness.l Promoting cooperation in politics,

trade, economy, research,technology and culture.

l Enhancing ties in areas likeeducation, energy, transport,tourism, environmental protectionand healthcare.

l Maintaining and ensuring peace,security and stability in the region.

l Moving towards establishment ofdemocratic, fair and rationalinternational political andeconomic order.

SCO & ASEAN PartnershipThe SCO and ASEAN have beenpartner organisations since 2005.Cooperation between the SCO andASEAN is based on the Memorandumof Understanding between thesecretariats of the two organisations.Meetings between the SCO and

ASEAN Secretaries-General serve as aregular format for maintainingdialogue and discussing currentinternational affairs and variousaspects of the ongoing cooperationbetween the SCO and ASEAN.

Following upon the agreementsreached earlier, ASEAN

Secretary-General Lim Jock Hoi and

SCO Secretary-General Rashid Alimovdecided tocontinue the discussionofpractical cooperation betweentheSCO and ASEAN secretariats onthebasis ofthe Memorandum ofUnderstanding signed in 2005.

The visit ofASEAN's top administrativeand executive official tothe SCOSecretariat was the first ever inthehistory ofrelations betweenthe twoorganisations.

Joint Address of the Headsof SCO for the YouthThe heads ofthe member states oftheShanghai Cooperation Organisationcondemned in a resolute andprincipled way the involvement ofyouth in the activities of terrorism andin separatist and extremist groups,which must be resisted in accordancewith the rule of law, fundamentalrights and freedoms as well asuniversally recognised principles andnorms of international law.

The Heads of SCO also stressed theneed to adopt coordinated andimmediate measures to stem thespread of radical and destructiveideologies among the younggeneration, including prevention andstopping of terrorist, separatist andextremist propaganda, incitement toterrorism, separatism and extremismas well as recruitment, includingthrough the Internet.

46

India & World

18th SCO SUMMITAlliance of Asia

In June this year, the heads of state of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)

gathered in Qingdao, China to mark the group’s 18th anniversary. It is the fourth time

that the annual summit has been held in China. After two decades, the international

organisation now boasts eight full members, four observers, and six dialogue partners.

The SCO presents itself as a multilateral organisation of equal and diverse sovereign

members.


National

SAMAGRA SHIKSHA SCHEMEThe Samagra Shiksha Scheme is introduced with the vision to improving systems levelperformance and schooling outcomes which will be the emphasis of the combinedScheme along-with incentivising States towards improving quality of education. Thescheme envisages the ‘school’ as a continuum from pre-school, primary, upper primary,secondary to Senior Secondary levels.

The Union Budget, 2018-19, hasproposed to treat school educationholistically without segmentationfrom pre-nursery to Class 12.Samagra Shiksha-an overarchingprogramme for the school educationsector extending from pre-school toclass 12 has been, therefore, preparedwith the broader goal of improvingschool effectiveness measured interms of equal opportunities forschooling and equitable learningoutcomes.

It subsumes the three schemes of

Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA),

Rashtriya Madhyamik ShikshaAbhiyan (RMSA) and TeacherEducation (TE).

This sector-wide developmentprogramme/scheme would also helpharmonise the implementationmechanisms and transaction costs atall levels, particularly in using state,district and sub-district level systemsand resources, besides envisagingone comprehensive strategic plan fordevelopment of school education atthe district level.

Major ObjectivesThe shift in the focus is from projectobjectives to improving systems levelperformance and schooling outcomeswhich will be the emphasis of thecombined Scheme along-withincentivizing States towardsimproving quality of education.

The Goal SDG-4.1 states that “By 2030,ensure that all boys and girls completefree, equitable and quality primary andsecondary education leading to relevantand effective learning outcomes.

Further the SDG 4.5 states that “By2030, eliminate gender disparities ineducation and ensure equal access to alllevels of Education and vocationaltraining for the vulnerable, includingpersons with disabilities, indigenouspeoples and children in vulnerablesituations”. The scheme envisages the

‘school’ as a continuum from pre-school,primary, upper primary, secondary toSenior Secondary levels. The vision ofthe Scheme is to ensure inclusive andequitable quality education from

pre-school to senior secondary stage inaccordance with the SustainableDevelopment Goal (SDG) for Education.

The major objectives of the Scheme areprovision of quality education andenhancing learning outcomes ofstudents; Bridging Social and GenderGaps in School Education; Ensuringequity and inclusion at all levels ofschool education; Ensuring minimumstandards in schooling provisions;Promoting Vocationalisation ofeducation; Support States inimplementation of Right of Children toFree and Compulsory Education (RTE)Act, 2009; and Strengthening and

up-gradation of SCERTs/State Institutesof Education and DIET as a nodalagencies for teacher training.

Major OutcomesThe main outcomes of the Scheme areenvisaged as Universal Access, Equityand Quality, promotingVocationalisation of Education andstrengthening of Teacher EducationInstitutions (TEIs). The Scheme willbe implemented as a CentrallySponsored Scheme by the Departmentthrough a single State ImplementationSociety (SIS) at the State/UT level.

At the National level, there would bea Governing Council headed byMinister of Human ResourceDevelopment and a Project ApprovalBoard (PAB) headed by Secretary,Department of School Education andLiteracy. The Governing Council willbe empowered to modify financial andprogrammatic norms and approve thedetailed guidelines for implementationwithin the overall Framework of thescheme.

Such modifications will includeinnovations and interventions toimprove the quality of schooleducation. The Department will beassisted by a Technical Support Group(TSG) at Educational Consultants ofIndia Limited (EdCIL) to providetechnical support in functional areaspertaining to access, equity andquality education by merging theTSGs of the Schemes of SSA, RMSAand TE. States would be expected tobring a single Plan for the entireschool education sector.

The fund sharing pattern for thescheme between Centre and States isat present in the ratio of 90:10 for the

8 North-Eastern States viz. ArunachalPradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya,Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim andTripura and 3 Himalayan States viz.Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradeshand Uttarakhand and 60:40 for allother States and Union Territorieswith Legislature.

It is 100% centrally sponsored forUnion Territories without Legislature.This is in accordance with the

recommendations of the Sub-Group ofChief Ministers on Rationalization ofCentrally Sponsored Schemes receivedin October, 2015.

The major interventions, across alllevels of school education, proposedunder the scheme are: (i) UniversalAccess including InfrastructureDevelopment and Retention; (ii)Gender and Equity; (iii) InclusiveEducation; (iv) Quality; (v) Financialsupport for Teacher Salary; (vi) Digitalinitiatives; (vii) RTE Entitlementsincluding uniforms, textbooks


Summit

44th G7 SUMMITThe 44th G7 Summit was held in La Malbaie, Quebec, Canada. This was the sixth timesince 1981 that Canada has hosted the meetings. The summit received much attentiondue to a significant decline of relations of members with the United States. As a result,the summit was dubbed the "G6+1" by France and some other members, signifying the"isolation of United States of America.

This year’s Group of Seven (G7) Summit2018 was held in on June 8-9, 2018 withthe theme of finding real, concretesolutions to promote gender equality,women’s empowerment, clean energy,and economic growth that work foreveryone. Each year the location of thesummit rotates among the membercountry.

BackgroundThe Group of Seven (G7) is an informalgrouping of seven of the world’sadvanced economies consisting ofCanada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan,the United Kingdom, and the UnitedStates. The forum offers an opportunityfor G7 Leaders, Ministers and policymakers to come together each year tobuild consensus and set trends aroundsome of today’s most challenging globalissues. The European Union (EU) wasfirst invited to attend the G7 in 1977 andthe President of the EuropeanCommission has attended all of itssessions since 1981. Both the Presidentof the European Council and thePresident of the European Commissionrepresent the EU at G7 summits.

Historic Investment forWomen and Girls in CrisisGender equality is a fundamental humanright and a top priority for Canada andits G7 Presidency.

To make gender equality a reality,all women and girls around theworld must have equal access toquality education and learningopportunities. When women andgirls have an equal chance to learn,grow, and succeed, they help buildan economy that works foreveryone.

Canada, along with the EuropeanUnion, Germany, Japan, the UnitedKingdom, and the World Bank,announced an investment of closeto $3.8 billion CAD, marking afundamental shift toward improvingaccess and reducing barriers toquality education around the world.

The announcement represents thesingle largest investment ineducation for women and girls incrisis and conflict situations. It hasthe potential to make a differencein the lives of millions of theworld’s most vulnerable women andgirls. These investments will supportglobal action tol Equip women and girls with the

skills needed for the jobs of thefuture

l Improve training for teachers toprovide better curriculum forwomen and girls

l Improve the quality of availabledata on women’s and girls’education

l Promote greater coordinationbetween humanitarian anddevelopment partners

l Support innovative educationmethods, especially for vulnerableand hard to reach groups, includingrefugees and displaced people

l Support developing countries inefforts to provide equalopportunities for girls to completeat least 12 years of qualityeducation, from primary tosecondary school

Role of Gender EqualityAdvisory CouncilFor the first in the last 44 years, theG7 Summit 2018 had a GenderEquality Advisory Council. TheGender Equality Advisory Council forCanada’s G7 Presidency (“theCouncil”) is mandated to promote atransformative G7 agenda and supportLeaders and ministers in ensuring thatgender equality and gender-basedanalysis are integrated across allthemes, activities and outcomes ofCanada’s G7 Presidency.

The Council carries out its mandateby advising the G7 Presidency andrecommending concrete actions forthe G7 to advance gender equalityand women’s empowerment across allareas of the G7’s work. The Council’srecommendations will be reviewed bythe G7 Presidency and G7 consensuswill be sought to implement therecommendations and proposedactions. The Council’s work will beorganised by the five priority themes ofCanada’s G7 Presidencyl Investing in growth that works for

everyonel Preparing for jobs of the futurel Advancing gender equality and

women’s empowermentl Working together on climate

change, oceans and clean energyl Building a more peaceful and secure

world

US-Canada DisputeOver TariffDifferences over the latest US tariffsimposed on steel and aluminiumimports with Canada, EU and Mexicowas a turning point in the multilateralrelationship. Therefore the Canadianleader vowed to go ahead withretaliatory tariffs against the US. On 1June, this year, the US imposed a 25%tariff for steel and 10% for aluminiumon imports from the EU, Canada, andMexico. President Trump announced


The Constitution of India provides fora parliamentary form of government,both at the Centre and in the states.

Articles-74 and 75 deals with theparliamentary system at the Centre

and Article-163 and 164 deals in theStates.

Modern democratic governments areclassified into parliamentary andpresidential on the basis of nature ofrelations between the executive andthe legislative organs of thegovernment. The parliamentary systemof government is the one in which theexecutive is responsible to thelegislature for its policies and acts.

The presidential system ofgovernment, on the other hand, is onein which the executive is notresponsible to the legislature for itspolicies and acts, and isconstitutionally independent of thelegislature in respect of its term ofoffice.

The parliamentary government is alsoknown as cabinet government orresponsible government or Westminstermodel of government and is prevalentin Britain, Japan, Canada, India amongothers. The presidential government,on the other hand, is also known as

non-responsible or non-parliamentaryor fixed executive system of

government and is prevalent in USA,Brazil, Russia, Sri Lanka among others.

Ivor Jennings called the parliamentarysystem as ‘cabinet system’ because thecabinet is the nucleus of power in aparliamentary system. Theparliamentary government is alsoknown as ‘responsible government’ asthe cabinet (the real executive) isaccountable to the Parliament andstays in office so long as it enjoys thelatter’s confidence. It is described as‘Westminster model of government’after the location of the BritishParliament, where the parliamentarysystem originated.

In the past, the British constitutionaland political experts described thePrime Minister as ‘primus inter pares’(first among equals) in relation to thecabinet. In the current period, thePrime Minister’s power, influence andposition have increased significantly

vis-a-vis the cabinet.

He has come to play a ‘dominant’ role

in the British politico-administrativesystem. Hence, the later political

analysts, like Cross-man, Mackintoshand others have described the Britishsystem of government as ‘primeministerial government’. The samedescription applies in the Indiancontext too.

CompositionThe Parliament has two Houses-RajyaSabha and Lok Sabha. Rajya Sabha isupper House and represents the Statesof India while the Lok Sabha is lowerHouse. It is also called popular Housebecause it represents the people ofIndia. The President is an integral partof the Parliament though he is not amember of the either House.

Rajya SabhaRajya Sabha or the Upper House ofthe Parliament is a permanent body asit cannot be dissolved. Themembership of the Rajya Sabhacannot exceed 250. Out of these, thePresident nominates 12 members onthe basis of their excellence inliterature, science, art and socialservice and the rest are elected. Atpresent its total membership is 245.

Rajya Sabha is the body representingStates in Indian Union. The electedmembers of the States’ LegislativeAssemblies elect the members of theRajya Sabha on the basis ofproportional representation throughthe single transferable vote system.But all the States do not send equalnumber of members to the RajyaSabha. Their representation is decidedon the basis of population ofrespective States. Thus the biggerState gets bigger representation andthe smaller ones have lesserrepresentation.

While the big State like UP has beenassigned 31 seats, the smaller stateslike Sikkim and Tripura send only onemember each. Delhi Assembly electsthree members of Rajya Sabha andPondichery sends one member. OtherUnion Territories are not representedin the Rajya Sabha.

QualificationThe qualifications for becoming aRajya Sabha member are as follows :l He/she should be a citizen of India

and at least 30 years of age.l He/she should make an oath or

affirmation stating that he will beartrue faith and allegiance to theConstitution of India.

l Thus according to theRepresentation of People Act 1951,he/she should be registered as avoter in the State from which he isseeking election to the Rajya Sabha.But in 2003, two provisions havebeen made regarding the elections

to Rajya Sabha- (i) Any Indiancitizen can contest the Rajya Sabhaelections irrespective of the State in

62

Constitutional

Parliament is the supreme legislative body of India. The India Parliament comprisesof the President and the two Houses-Rajya Sabha (Council of States) and Lok Sabha(House of the people). Constitution of India provides us a Parliamentary Democracysystem as the Parliament of India occupies a pre-eminent position in the governanceof the country.

STRUCTURE, WORK TENDENCY &FORMS OF INDIAN PARLIAMENT

l Jorwe Ware Culture is named after siteof the same name in Maharashtra

l Rajukas were appointed by Mauryanemperor Ashoka to performJudicial Functions

l The ‘Saptanga Theory of State’(Theory of Seven Limbs of the State)was propounded byKautilya in Arthashastra

l In 1837, James Princep deciphered aninscription in Brahmi script referringto a king called ‘DevanamapiyaPiyadassi’. Who was the king with thisname? Ashoka

l At which place the establishment ofSvetambara as a separate sect withinJainism was resulted? Vallabhi

l The only Rock Edict in which Asokatalks about taxation isRummindei Pillar Inscription

l Dhravya guna shastra, which dealswith several species of medicinalplants is a part of which ancient text?Ayruveda

l Division of the Vedic Society into fourclasses is clearly mentioned inPurusa-Sukta of Rigveda

l The Harappan Civilisation achievedfar greater advancement than Sumer,Mesopotamia, Egypt etc. on accountsof its Town Planning

l Which ancient Indian Play hasreferred to the defeat of Yavanas onthe bank of River Sindhu in the handsof Vasumitra? Malvikagnimitram

l Which ancient text deals with the lovestory of a man called Charudatta and anagarvadhu called ‘Vasanthasena’?Mrichhakatika

l Which Chinese pilgrim gives accountof the First Gupta Ruler? Itsing

l According to the most widely acceptedview, the Aryans originally came from

Central Asia

l The Upnishads are separated from theBrahmanas by treatise called?

Aranyakas

l Which ruler of Delhi Sultanatedeclared himself as Sikandar-I-Sani?Allaudin Khilji

l ‘Sur Sagar’, a treatise on music waswritten during the reign of whichMughal emperor? Akbar

l The Jat King of Bharatpur who isknown as the ‘Plato of the JatTribe’and the ‘Jat Ulyses’was?Suraj Mal

l The Independent Kingdom of Awadhwas founded by Saadat Khan

l The famous leader Banda Bahadur wascaptured and executed during thereign of which Mughal Emperor?Jahandar Shah

l Akabar granted the present siteAmritsar to the Sikh Guru Amar Das

l Todarmal is associated with therevenue system known as Zabti or Zabt

l The Maratha dominion of Shivaji wasknown as Swaraj

l Sundar Vilas is the work of a famousBhakti Saint Dadu Dayal

l The earliest Sufi order to arrive inIndia was Chisti

l Who played an important role inbringing all the States in theIndependent India into the country’sunity? Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel

l The Cabinet Mission, which arrived inIndia in 1946, was headed byLord Pethrick Lawrence

l Who said that “We do not seek ourIndependence out of British’s ruins”?Mahatma Gandhi

l By the Act of 1858, the powers of theBoard of Control and the Court ofDirectors were transferred toThe Secretary of State

l During the Anglo-French rivalry in theCarnatic, the French were finallydefeated by the English in the Battle of

Wandiwash

l The resolutions on Fundamental Rightsand National Economic Policy werepassed at which session of the IndianNational Congress? Karachi (1931)

l In which case, VD Savarkar wassentenced to transportation for life in1911? Nasik Conspiracy Case

l Rabindranath Tagore has renouncedhis knighthood because of theJalliawala Bagh Tragedy

l Which Indian leader during India’sFreedom Struggle has given themessage of ‘India for the Indians’?Dayananda Saraswati

l Who was the first to use the term‘Adivasi’ to refer to the tribal people?Thakkar Bappa

l Agreeing to the fiscal autonomy toIndia, in which year, the Britishgovernment established an IndianFiscal Commission in thepre-independence Era? 1919

l A manifesto known as “Philosophy ofthe Bomb”, was brought out by whichorganisation during NationalMovement of India?Hindustan Socialist Republic Association

l ‘Vanguard’ was the daily publicationof which political party/organisation?Radical Democratic Party

l In which year, Land Holder’s societywas established in India? 1838

l Under the provisions of which act,during British Period Civil Servicesstarted in India? Charter Act 1833

l In India, a three tier Panchayat isenvisaged for States which have apopulation above? 20 Lakh

l The Sixth Schedule of the IndianConstitution deals with theadministration and control ofScheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribesin the States ofAssam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram


GENERAL STUDIES

CrackersINDIAN HISTORY

INDIAN POLITY

1. Which of the following start-ups hasbeen recognized as the Startup of theYear 2017?a. WishBerry b. 9 Stacks

c. Milkbasket d. None of these

2. The country which has declared toimpose a ‘carbon tax’ from 2019 to cut itsgreenhouse gas emissions isa. Singapore b. India

c. China d. Canada

3. In February 2018 which country hashosted the 22nd edition of the WorldCongress on Information Technology(WCIT-2018)?a. China b. Sri Lanka

c. Nepal d. India

4. Avani Chaturvedi has become thefirst Indian woman to fly fighter aircraftsolo. She hails from which state?a. Madhya Pradesh b. Uttar Pradesh

c. Bihar d. Jharkhand

5. Aruna Budda Reddy has createdhistory by becoming the first Indiangymnast to win an individual medal atthe 2018 Gymnastics World Cup belongsto?a. Kerala b. Tamil Nadu

c. Andhra Pradesh d. None of these

6. What is the theme of the 21st Nationalconference on e-Governance 2018?a. Internet of Things and e-Governance

b. Technology for Accelerating Development

c. Artificial Intelligence and e-Governance

d. Technology for Humankind

7. Who among the following has beenconferred with the 2017 Laureus WorldSportsman of the Year and Comeback ofthe Year awards?a. Yuvraj Singh b. Serena Williams

c. Maria Sarapova d. Roger Federer

8. What is the India’s rank in the 2018Inclusive Internet Index (III), which isreleased by the Economist IntelligenceUnit (EIU)?a. 47 b. 89 c. 102 d. 146

9. The winner of the 2018 Vijay Hazaretrophy isa. Karnataka b. Delhi

c. Uttar Pradesh d. Saurashtra

10. The winner of the best actressaward at the 90th Academy Awards 2018is:a. Allison Janney

b. Sally Hawkins

c. Frances McDormand

d. Saoirse Ronan

11. Which Indian sports personality hasbecome the brand ambassador of gamingplatform Dream 11?a. Virat Kohli b. Shikhar Dhawan

c. Murali Vijay d. MS Dhoni

12. The Government of India hasconstituted which one of the followingcommittee to study issues in Fintech space?a. Arun Jaitley committee

b. Ajit Doval committee

c. Subhash Chandra Garg committee

d. Manohar Parrikar committee

13. The 9th edition of Women FilmFestival 2018 was held in which of thefollowing cities?a. Mumbai b. Panaji

c. Pune d. Delhi

14. In which of the following citiesIndia’s first helicopter-taxi service hasbeen launched?a. Delhi b. Gangtok

c. Bangaluru d. Kolkata

15. Which country has become theworld’s first country to issue digital legaltender ‘Sovereign’?a. Kiribati b. Fiji

c. Marshall Islands d. Nauru

16. The Government of India haslaunched which of the following platformon the occasion of 2018 InternationalWomen’s Day?a. Women Power Platform

b. Women Entrepreneurship Platform

c. Women Combat Platform

d. All of the above

17. Who has become the first-everIndian architect to win the PritzkerArchitecture Prize in 2018?a. Chitra Vishwanath

b. Raj Rewal

c. Balkrishna Doshi

d. None of the above

18. The winner of the I-League FootballTournament 2017-18 is:a. Churchill Brothers

b. Gokulam Kerala

c. Minerva Punjab

d. None of the above

19. The Union ministry which haslaunched Udyam Sakhi Portal for womenentrepreneurs of India is:a. Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium

Enterprisesb. Ministry of Information and Broadcastingc. Ministry of Women and Child

Developmentd. Ministry of Labour and Employment

20. The first-ever International SolarAlliance (ISA) summit was held in March2018 in which of the following Indiancities?a. Kolkata b. Jaipur

c. Delhi d. Mumbai

21. Which of the following has becomethe India’s first Union territory to runcompletely on solar power?a. Chandigarh

b. Diu

c. Lakshadweep

d. Andaman and Nicobar Islands

22. With which of the following sportsAnjum Mudgil is associated?a. Cricket b. Chess

c. Shooting d. Tennis

23. The 27th edition of the Sultan AzlanShah cup 2018 has been won by which ofthe following countries?a. India

b. Pakistan

c. Australia

d. New Zealand


100 MCQsCURRENT AFFAIRS

1. Consider the following events :

1. The first democratically electedCommunist Party governmentformed in a state in India.

2. India’s then largest bank, ‘ImperialBank of India’ was renamed ‘StateBank of India’.

3. Air India was nationalised andbecame the national carrier.

4. Goa became a part of independentIndia.

Which of the following is the correct

chronological sequence of the above events?a. 4-1-2-3 b. 3-2-1-4

c. 4-2-1-3 d. 3-1-2-4

3 (b) Air India is the flag carrier airline ofIndia. It is owned by Air India Limited. Theairline was founded by J R D Tata as TataAirlines in 1932. In 1953, the Government ofIndia passed the Air Corporations Act andpurchased a majority stake in the carrierfrom Tata Sons thereby nationalising it.

l The Bank of Madras merged into theother two ‘presidency banks’ in BritishIndia, the Bank of Calcutta and the Bankof Bombay, to form the Imperial Bank ofIndia, which in turn became the StateBank of India in 1955. The Government ofIndia took control of the Imperial Bank ofIndia in 1955, with Reserve Bank ofIndia (India’s Central Bank) taking 60%stake, renaming it the State Bank of India.

l A Communist-led government under EM S Namboodiripad resulted fromthe first elections for the new KeralaLegislative Assembly in 1957, making himthe first Communist leader in India tohead a popularly elected government.

l The Goa Liberation Movement was amovement which sought toend Portuguese colonial rule in Goa,India. Portuguese control ofits Indian colonies ended only whenIndia invaded Goa in 1961 andincorporated the territories into the IndianUnion.

2. Right to Privacy is protected as an

intrinsic part of Right to Life and

Personal Liberty. Which of the followingin the Constitution of India correctly andappropriately imply the above statement?

a. Article 14 and the provisions under the

42nd Amendment to the Constitution.

b. Article 17 and the Directive Principles

of State Policy in Part IV.

c. Article 21 and the freedoms

guaranteed in Part III.

d. Article 24 and the provisions under the

44th Amendment to the Constitution.

3 (c) Article 21 of the Constitution of India,1950 provides that, “No person shall bedeprived of his life or personal liberty exceptaccording to procedure established by law.”‘Life’ in Article 21 of the Constitution is notmerely the physical act of breathing but it iswith dignity. To provide dignity SupremeCourt of India has recognised many rightsas part of Article 21 for e.g. Right to healthyenvironment, Right to Shelter,right to sleep,Right against Handcuffing and now Right toPrivacy.

Supreme Court in its judgement inPuttaswamy case held that without Right toPrivacy it is very difficult to maintain dignityand liberty of the citizens.

3. Consider the following :

1. Areca nut 2. Barley

3. Coffee 4. Finger millet

5. Groundnut 6. Sesamum

7. Turmeric

The Cabinet Committee on Economic

Affairs has announced the Minimum

Support Price for which of the above?a. 1, 2, 3 and 7 b. 2, 4, 5 and 6

c. 1, 3, 4, 5 and 6 d. All of these

3 (b) Minimum Support Price (MSP) is aform of market intervention by theGovernment of India to insure agriculturalproducers against any sharp fall in farmprices. The minimum support prices areannounced by the Cabinet Committee ofEconomic Affairs at the beginning of thesowing season for certain crops on the basisof the recommendations of the Commissionfor Agricultural Costs and Prices (CACPs).

l In total MSP is announced for 26commodities i.e. 7 cereal, 8 oil seeds, 5pulses and 6 other crops. Areca nut andcoffee are out of MSP ambit.

4. In which one of the following states

is Pakhui Wildlife Sanctuary located?

a. Arunachal Pradesh

b. Manipur

c. Meghalaya

d. Nagaland

3 (a) Pakhui Wildlife Sanctuary lies in thefoothills of the Eastern Himalaya in the EastKameng district of Arunachal Pradesh. Itwas declared a sanctuary in 1977 anddeclared a tiger reserve in 2002.The habitattypes of this wildlife santuary are lowlandsemi-evergreen, evergreen forest andEastern Himalayan broadleaf forests.

87COMPETITION FOCUSINAugust 2018

June 3, 2018

CIVIL SERVICES

This exam was conducted by Union Public Service Commission (UPSC).Total 100 questions were asked with time limit of 120 minutes. The maximum marks are 200.

We have presented the question paper with suitable answers and explanations.

General Studies Paper-I

Union Public Service Commission

Per. Exam 2018

1. If LSJXVC is the code for MUMBAI,

the code for DELHI is

a. CCIDD b. CDKGH

c. CCJFG d. CCIFE

3 (a) As,

Similarly,

2. If RAMON is written as 12345 and

DINESH as 675849, then HAMAM will

be written as

a. 92233 b. 92323 c. 93322 d. 93232

3 (b) Given R A M O N = 1 2 3 4 5

D I N E S H = 6 7 5 8 4 9

We can see from given codes. N = 5, andfrom this we can derive that H = 9, M = 3A = 2

∴ HAMAM can be written as 9 2 3 2 3.

3. If X is between −3 and −1, and Y is

between −1 and1, then X Y2 2− is in

between which of the following?

a. −9 and1 b. −9 and −1

c. 0 and 8 d. 0 and 9

3 (d) Given X is between − 3 and −1

Y is between −1and 1

We need to find X Y2 2− is in between.

If we substitute X = −3 and Y = 0, we will getmaximum value of X Y2 2− i.e.,( ) ( )− − =3 0 92 2

Similarly for X = −1and y=1or −1, we will get

minimum value for X Y2 2− i.e., ( ) ( )− − =1 1 02 2

∴ X Y2 2− lies in between 0 and 9.

4. X and Y are natural numbers other

than 1, and Y is greater than X . Which

of the following represents the largest

number?

a. XY b. X Y/

c. Y X/ d. ( ) /X Y XY+

3 (a) Given X and Y are natural number i.e.,(1, 2, 3, …… n)

Given X, Y ≠1and Y X> .

Using trial and error method,

Let, us assume X =2, Y = 4

For these values, if we substitute in givenoptions

(a) XY = × =2 4 8

(b) X Y/ / .= =2 4 0 5

(c) Y X/ /= =4 2 2

(d) ( )/ / /X Y XY+ = =6 8 3 4

∴ Option (a) i.e., XY will be greatest number.

Hence option (a) is correct answer.

Directions (Q. Nos. 5-6) Read thefollowing information and answer the twoquestions that follow.

The plan of an office block for sixofficers A, B, C, D, E and F is as follows:

Both B and C occupy offices to the rightof the corridor (as one enters the officeblock) and A occupies on the left of thecorridor. E and F occupy offices onopposite sides of the corridor but theiroffices do not face each other. The

offices of C and D face each other. Edoes not have a corner office. F’s officeis further down the corridor than A’s,but on the same side.

5. If E sits in his office and faces the

corridor, whose office is to his left?

a. A b. B c. C d. D

6. Who is/are F’s immediate

neighbour/ neighbours?

a. Only A b. A and D

c. Only C d. B and C

Solutions According to the given information

Taking given conditions into consideration, ifwe arrange offices accordingly, we get

5. (c) 6. (a)

Directions (Q. No. 7-13) Read thefollowing four passages and answer thequestions that follow. Your answers tothese questions should be based on thepassages only.

Passage-1‘Desertification’ is a term used to explain aprocess of decline in the biologicalproductivity of an ecosystem, leading tototal loss of productivity. While thisphenomenon is often linked to the arid,semi-arid and sub-humid ecosystems,even in the humid tropics, the impactcould be most dramatic. Impoverishmentof human-impacted terrestrial ecosystems


June 3, 2018

CIVIL SERVICES

This exam was conducted by Union Public Service Commission (UPSC).Total 100 questions were asked with time limit of 120 minutes. The maximum marks are 200.

We have presented the question paper with suitable answers and explanations.

General Studies Paper-II

Union Public Service Commission

Per. Exam 2018

DLeft

RightEntrance

A F

C E B

RightLeft

M U M B A I

L S J X V C

–1 –2 –3 –4 –5 –6

D E L H I

C C I D D

–1 –2 –3 –4 –5

COMPETITION FOCUSINAugust 2018

Directions (Q. Nos. 1-3) Find the oddnumber/letters/number pair from thegiven alternatives.

1. a. AZBY b. CXDW

c. EVFU d. TGSH

2. a. 12 – 144 b. 13 – 156

c. 15 – 180 d. 16 – 176

3. a. Paris b. Athens

c. London d. New York

Directions (Q.Nos. 4-6) Select therelated word/letters/ numbers from thegiven alternatives.

4. Elated : Despondent :: Enlightened:?a. Aware b. Tolerant

c. Ignorant d. Miserable

5. BPTF : ESWI :: ? : GDRYa. DAOV b. VAOD

c. ADVO d. DVAO

6. 125 : 216 :: 1331 : ?a. 1225 b. 1728

c. 169 d. 7128

Directions (Q.Nos. 7-8) In the followingquestions, a series is given with one termmissing. Choose the correct alternativefrom the given ones that will complete theseries.

7. AER, DIT, GMV, ?a. JQX b. QJX c. XJQ d. JXQ

8. 3, 11, 38, 102, 227, ?a. 487 b. 474

c. 443 d. 245

9. Which letter representsPsychiatrists who are ClinicalPsychologists but not Psychiatric SocialWorkers.

a. E

b. G

c. F

d. H

10. Identify the diagram that best

represents the relationship among the

classes given.

Friend, Guide, Philosopher

11. Select the word which cannot beformed using the letters of the givenword.UNCONTAMINATED

a. MINE

b. NATON

c. CONNOTE

d. TANDEM

12. Select the missing number fromthe given responses.

a. 2 b. 4 c. 6 d. 8

13. Two statements is given followedby conclusions/inferences. You have toconsider the statement to be true, evenif it seems to be at variance fromcommonly known facts. You are todecide which of the givenconclusions/inferences can definitelybe drawn from the given statement.Indicate your answer.Statements

Some students are intelligent.

Ankita is a student.

Conclusions

I. Some students are dull.

II. Ankita is an intelligent.a. Only I follows b. I and II follow

c. Only II follows d. None follows

14. If H = 8 and HAT = 29, find howBOX is equal toa. 46 b. 43 c. 42 d. 41

15. A is located to the West of B. C islocated at North in between A and B. Dis exactly to the South of B and also inline with B. In which direction to C isD located?a. South b. South-East

c. West d. South-West

117

SSC CGLIn this exam, conducted by Staff Selection Commission (SSC), total 100 multiple choice questions

of will be asked. The time allotted to answer the questions is 60 minutes.

TIER 1 (Pre.) Exam 2018

July 25 to August 20, 2018

Part General Intelligence & Reasoning1

G

FE

CD

H

B

Psychiatric

Social Worker

Clinical

Psychologist

Psychiatrist

a. b. c. d.

14 10 22

2 3 4

7 3 11

4 10 ?

State Bank of India (SBI)

In this exam, conducted by Central Recruitment & Promotion Department (CRPD) of State Bank of

India (SBI), total 100 multiple choice questions will be asked. The time allotted to answer the

questions is 60 minutes.

July 1/7 & 8, 2018

Preliminary Exam 2018Probationary Officer


Directions (Q.Nos. 1-5) Which of thephrases (a), (b), (c) and (d) given beloweach sentence should replace the phraseprinted in bold type in the sentence tomake it grammatically correct? If thesentence is correct as it is given and nocorrection is required, the answer is (e).

1. I am fully convinced of the integrity

of my colleagues.a. full convincing of

b. fully convincing about

c. fully convincing of

d. full in convincing of

e. No correction required

2. The spectators were spellbound at

the thrilling sight and at the end, they

could not held their applause in

appreciation.a. withheld their applause

b. withhold their applause

c. held their applauding

d. hold their applaud


3. Tokyo is one of the mostly

populated cities in the world.a. thickly populated city in

b. thickly populated city of

c. most populated cities in

d. most populated city of


4. There are indications that the

prospects for growth in industrial

output has improved.a. have improved b. have improvements

c. has improvements

d. has been improving


5. Missed opportunities and failure to

delivery results can destroy even

well-run organisations.a. failed deliveries b. failure of delivery

c. failed of deliver d. failure to deliver


Directions (Q.Nos. 6-10) Read eachsentence to find out whether there is anygrammatical error or idiomatic error in it. Ifthere is no error, the answer is (e).

6. On account of the week (a) / long

strike the factory (b) /was forced to

close and (c) /next month’s shipment

will delay. (d) No error (e).

7. Since the US economy experiences

(a) / a recession many Asian countries

(b) /are likely to have (c) / reduced

growth rates this year. (d) No error (e).

8. Oil is now, so expensive that (a) /

India will have to cut subsidies (b) /

instead face running out (c) /of funds

to import oil. (d) No error (e).

9. It is unlikely that you will (a) / find

a more qualifies and experience (b)

/candidate than Mr. Prasad (c) / for the

post of President. (d) No error (e).

10. On account of the rising (a) / costs

many people are (b) / finding it

difficult (c) / to feed their families. (d)

No error (e).

Directions (Q.Nos. 11-15) Rearrangethe following six sentences A, B, C, D, Eand F in the proper sequence to form ameaningful paragraph; then answer thequestions given below them.

A. Everyone was in despair as they weresure they would be ruined financially.

B. Over time peanuts became a moreprofitable crop than cotton.

C. Years ago in America cotton was themost profitable crop in the South.

D. Thus, every misfortune is a challengefor us to look for new solutions andways to succeed.

E. However, because of this pest farmersbegan to plant peanuts instead ofcotton.

F. An insect called the weevil then starteddestroying the entire crop.

11. Which of the following will be the

THIRD sentence after rearrangement?a. A b. B c. C

d. D e. E


FIFTH sentence after rearrangement?a. A b. B c. C

d. D e. E


SECOND sentence after

rearrangement?a. B b. C c. D

d. E e. F


SIXTH (LAST) sentence after

rearrangement?a. B b. C c. D

d. E e. F


FIRST sentence after rearrangement?a. A b. B c. C

d. D e. E

124

Part English Language1

RPSC RASIn this exam, conducted by Rajasthan Public Service Commission (RPSC), total 150 multiple

choice questions of will be asked. The time allotted to answer the questions is 180 minutes.

(Pre.) Exam 2018

August 5, 2018

Rajasthan Public Service Commission


1. The meeting town of North-Southand East-West corridor super-highwayisa. Delhi b. Nagpur

c. Jhansi d. Hyderabad

2. Which type of agriculture is suitablefor high land area of equatorial region?a. Plantation agriculture

b. Humid agriculture

c. Dry agriculture

d. Commercial agriculture

3. Which State of India is located inthe North of tropic of Cancer?a. Tripura b. Manipur

c. Mizoram d. Jharkhand

4. How many services are givenguarantee under the Rajasthanguaranteed Delivery of Public ServicesAct, 2011?a. 106 b. 107

c. 153 d. 109

5. Which one of following GoddessTemples is situated is Sambhar Lake?a. Shila Devi b. Bawan Devi

c. Shakumbhri Devi d. Kunjal Mata

6. Which Indian State has the highestpercentage of children suffering frommalnutrition?a. Madhya Pradesh b. Rajasthan

c. Jharkhand d. Bihar

7. ‘‘Two Years Eight Months andTwenty-Eight Nights’’ is a bookwritten bya. Ruskin Bond

b. Sulman Rushdie

c. Jhumpa Lahari

d. Jai Ram Ramesh

8. The Lorraine Region of France isfamous fora. Iron and Steel industry

b. Cotton and textile industry

c. Paper industry

d. Chemical industry

9. The ‘Man and BiosphereProgramme (MAB)’ by UNESCO wasstarted in :a. 1970 b. 1971 c. 1986 d. 1991

10. The Mudra Yojana of thegovernment of India is designed toa. Initiate reforms in the currency

management

b. Provide loans to poor farmers

c. Supplement the Jan Dhan Yojana

d. Provide easy financial assistance toset-up small businesses

11. Civil Service Day is celebrated ona. August 15 b. April 21

c. June 22 d. September 21

12. In the Constitution which part isconcerned with the Panchayats?a. Part-VIII b. Part-IX

c. Part-IX-A d. Part-IX-B

13. Tejaji Fair is organised ata. Merata b. Goth Manglod

c. Parbatsar d. Nagaur

14. The Veer Bharat Society wasestablished at Kota bya. Pyare Ram b. Sadhu Sita Ram

c. Nayanu Ram d. Kesari Singh

15. Kshetrapal has been an importantaspect in the culture of Rajasthan asa. village deity b. village officer

c. a devotee d. a saint

16. The sect which believed in abidingnature of destinya. Ajivakas b. Charvak

c. Buddhism d. Jainism

17. The Ram Krishna Mission wasfounded by Swami Vivekanand in theyeara. 1892 b. 1898

c. 1897 d. 1886

18. Which one of the followingofficials was not a part of the Mauryanadministration?a. Yukta b. Pradeshika

c. Rajuka d. Agraharika

19. Consider the following events andselect their correct chronological orderfrom the codes given below :

1. Formation of Naujawan BharatSabha

2. Formation of Swarajist Party

3. The Dandi March

4. The Jallianwala Bagh TragedyCode

a. 2, 1, 4, 3 b. 2, 4, 3, 1

c. 4, 2, 1, 3 d. 4, 3, 2, 1

20. The most important officer afterthe ruler in the kingdoms of medievalRajasthan was known asa. Mahamatya b. Mukhya Mantri

c. Sandhivigrhik d. Pradhan

21. Agricultural practices done bytribes in South-East hilly areas ofRajasthan is known asa. Balara

b. Chimata

c. Dajia

d. Dry Farming

132

Computer &Information Technology

IN BRIEF

Information Technology essentially refers to the digital

processing, storage and communication of information of all kinds.

l IT can be defined as computing andtelecommunication technologies thatprovide automatic means of handlinginformation. Information Technologyhas made information access at ourdisposal and discretion. It hasrevolutionized our daily lives throughinternet with possibilities of

e-government measures. Today, whetherit’s booking a gas connection or payingtaxes online or executing a fund transfer,it is just a few mouse clicks away.

l Information Technology as a technicalsupport for human thinking andcommunication has been evolving overthousands of years. New developmentshave been rapid over the last fewdecades. It is only recently that the termhas been used as a collection term forthe whole spectrum of technologiesproviding the ways and means toacquire, store, transmit, retrieve andprocess information.

l According to Manfred Kochen, anytechnology develops in three stages Inthe first stage, technology enables us todo things, that we have been doing, butto do them better, cheaper and faster. Inthe second stage, technology providesnew capabilities and enables us to dothings that we had not been able to dopreviously. And in the third stage,technology becomes an integral part ofour activities; it affects the way we dothings and changes our life style.

l Development in computer andcommunication technology has brought anew dimension to the program ofinformation handling. The introductionof microprocessor and microcomputershas made thing easier. All thesedevelopments facilitate better andquicker services to the user

Definitionsl It has been defined differently by

different people. IT, as defined by theInformation Technology Association ofAmerica (ITAA), is "the study, design,

development, implementation, support

or management of computer-basedinformation systems, particularlysoftware applications and computerhardware." It deals with the use ofelectronic computers and computersoftware to convert, store, protect,process, transmit and retrieveinformation, securely.

l The British Department of Industryconsiders IT as science of informationhandling, particularly by computers,used to support the communication ofknowledge in technical, economicaland social fields.

l UNESCO defines IT, scientifictechnology and engineering disciplinesand the management techniques usedin information handling and processingtheir application, computers and theirinteraction with men and machines andassociated social, economic andcultural matters.

l The wide spread use of computertechnology has made hugedevelopment in the informationtransmission processes, in every field ofhuman endeavor during the past twodecades. It is likely to changes theinformation infrastructure by mergingitself with other related technologies.

l Computer was something that waswithin the reach of only a privilegedfew technologists and scientists buttoday the hard reality has graduallydawned on all of us that must eitherlive with computers or get perished.Computer is a landmark achievementin IT history, capable of performing aseries of operations according to a setof logical instructions with utmostspeed.

l Its storage capacity facilitates access tobillions of characters of data in thestorage and retrieval of vast and everincreasing information.

139COMPETITION FOCUSINAugust 2018

COMPUTER

Ratio The ratio of two similar type of quantities is anumber or a fraction which represents their relation by aquotient. Let a and b be two non-zero numbers, then ratio ofa and b is denoted by a b: and read as a ratio b. Here, a is

known as prior term (antecedent) and b is known as postterm (consequent).

1. The ratio of 25 and 35 isa. 15 : 35 b. 5 : 7 c. 1 : 27 d. 7 : 10

3 (b) Required ratio = 25 : 35 = 5 : 7

Types of Ratio There are various types of ratios, which areas follow

(i) Compound Ratio Ifa

b,

c

dand

e

fare three ratios, then

their compound ratio isa c e

b d f

× ×× ×

.

e.g., Compound ratio of2

3,

4

7and

1

3=

× ×× ×

=2 4 1

3 7 3

8

63

(ii) Duplicate Ratio If a b: is a ratio, then its duplicate ratiois a b2 2: .

e.g., Duplicate ratio of 4 5 16 25: :=(iii) Subduplicate Ratio If a b: is a ratio, then its

subduplicate ratio will be a b: .

e.g., Subduplicate ratio of25 36 25 36 5 6: : := =

(iv) Triplicate Ratio If a b: is a ratio, then its triplicate ratiowill be a b3 3: .

e.g., Triplicate ratio of 8 3: = =8 3 512 273 3: :

(v) Subtriplicate Ratio If a b: is a ratio, then itssubtriplicate ratio will be a b3 3. .

e.g., Subtriplicate ratio of 4 3 4 33 3: :=(vi) Inverse Ratio or Reciprocal Ratio If y : x is a given

ratio, then inverse ratio of y and x will be x y: .e.g., Inverse ratio of 9 : 5 = 5 9:

1. If the antecedent is equal to the consequent, then theratio is called the ratio of equality, such as 5 : 5.

2. If the antecedent is greater than the consequent, thenthe ratio is known as the ratio of greater inequality, suchas 7 : 5.

3. If the antecedent is less than the consequent, then theratio is called the ratio of lesser inequality, such as 5 : 7.

Proportion An equality of two ratios is called the proportion.

Ifa

b

c

d= or a b c d: := , then we can say that a b c, , and d are in

proportion and can be written as a b c d: :: : , where symbol ‘::’represents proportion and it is read as ‘a is to b’ as ‘c is to d’.

Here, a and d are called ‘extremes’ and b and c are called as ‘means’.

2. Find the value of x, if 0.75 : x :: 5 : 8?a. 1.2 b. 2.5 c. 3.5 d. 3

3 (a)Q 0.75 : x :: 5 : 8 ∴ 0.75 × = ×8 5x x = =6

51 2.

Basic Rules of ProportionIf a b b c: :: : , then c is called third proportional to a andb, which are in continued proportion and will be

calculated as

a b b c: :: : ⇒ a b b c: := ⇒ a c b b× = ×

⇒ b ac2 = ⇒ cb

a=

2

3. Calculate the 3rd proportional to 16 and 32.a. 64 b. 46 c. 65 d. 48

3 (a) Let, 3rd proportional be x.

Then, 16 32 32: : : : x ⇒ 16

32

32=x

∴ x = × =32 32

1664

If a b c d: :: : , then d is called the 4th proportional toa b, and c, d will be calculated as a b c d: :: :

⇒ a b c d: := ⇒ a d c b× = × ⇒ dbc

a=

4. Find the 4th proportional to 3 7, and 9.

a. 20 b. 21 c. 22 d.24

3 (b) Let, 4th proportional be x.

Then, 3 7 9: : : : x ⇒ 3

7

9=x

⇒ 3 9 7x = × ⇒ x = × =9 7

321

Mean proportional between a and b is ab .

Let, the mean proportional between a and b be x.

Then, a x x b: :: : ⇒ ab = x 2 ⇒ x ab=

5. What will be the mean proportional between 4 and 25?

a. 8 b. 12 c. 10 d. 14

3 (c) Let, the mean proportional be x.

Then, 4 25: :: :x x ⇒ 4 25× = ×x x ⇒ x = ×4 25 = 10


Ratio and Proportion(ARITHMETIC)

EXAM Special

Rule 1

Rule 2

Rule 3

Ram Nath Kovind President

M. Venkaiah Naidu Vice-President

Narendra Modi Prime Minister, PublicGrievances and Pension,Atomic Energy and SpaceDepartment

þ Cabinet MinisterMinister Portfolio

Rajnath Singh Home Affairs

Sushma Swaraj External Affairs

Nirmala Sitharaman Defence

Piyush Goyal Finance and CorporateAffairs; Railways and Coal

Nitin Jairam Gadkari Road Transport andHighways, Shipping;Water Resources, RiverDevelopment and GangaRejuvenation

Suresh Prabhu Commerce and Industry,Civil Aviation

DV SadanandaGowda

Statistics and ProgrammeImplementation

Uma Bharati Drinking Water andSanitation

Ramvilas Paswan Consumer Affairs, Foodand Public Distribution

Maneka SanjayGandhi

Women and ChildDevelopment

Ananth Kumar Chemicals and Fertilizers,Parliamentary Affairs

Ravi Shankar Prasad Law and Justice,Electronics andInformation Technology

Jagat Prakash Nadda Health and FamilyWelfare.

Anant Geete Heavy Industries andPublic Enterprises

Harsimrat Kaur Badal Food ProcessingIndustries

Narendra SinghTomar

Rural Development,Panchayati Raj and Mines

Chaudhary BirenderSingh

Steel

Jual Oram Tribal Affairs

Radha Mohan Singh Agriculture and FarmersWelfare

Thaawar ChandGehlot

Social Justice andEmpowerment

Smriti Zubin Irani Textiles

Harsh Vardhan Science and Technology,Earth Sciences,Environment, Forest andClimate Change

Prakash Javadekar Human ResourceDevelopment

Dharmendra Pradhan Petroleum and NaturalGas, Skill Developmentand Entrepreneurship

Mukhtar Abbas Naqvi Minority Affairs

þ Minister of StateMinister Portfolio

Vijay Goel Parliamentary Affairs, Statistics and ProgrammeImplementation

Radhakrishnan P. Finance and Shipping

SS Ahluwalia Drinking Water and Sanitation

Ramesh Chandappa Jigajinagi Drinking Water and Sanitation

Ramdas Athawale Social Justice and Empowerment

Vishnu Deo Sai Steel

Ram Kripal Yadav Rural Development

Hansraj Gangaram Ahir Home Affairs

Haribhai Parthibhai Chaudhary Mines and Coal

Rajen Gohain Railways

VK Singh External Affairs

Parshottam Rupala Agriculture and Farmers Welfare and Panchayati Raj

Krishan Pal Social Justice and Empowerment

Jaswantsingh SumanbhaiBhabhor

Tribal Affairs

Shiv Pratap Shukla Finance

Ashwini Kumar Choubey Health and Family Welfare

Sudarshan Bhagat Tribal Affairs

Upendra Kushwaha Human Resource Development

Kiren Rijiju Home Affairs

Virendra Kumar Women and Child Development and Ministry ofMinority Affairs

Anant Kumar Hegde Skill Development and Entrepreneurship

MJ Akbar External Affairs

Niranjan Jyoti Food Processing Industries

Jayant Sinha Civil Aviation

Babul Supriyo Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises

Vijay Sampla Social Justice and Empowerment

Arjun Ram Meghwal Parliamentary Affairs, Water Resources, RiverDevelopment and Ganga Rejuvenation

Ajay Tamta Ministry of Textiles

Krishna Raj Agriculture and Farmers Welfare

Mansukh L. Mandaviya Road Transport and Highways; Shipping; Chemicals &Fertilizers

Anupriya Patel Health and Family Welfare

CR Chaudhary Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution; andCommerce and Industry

PP Chaudhary Law and Justice and Corporate Affairs

Subhash Ramrao Bhamre Defence

Gajendra Singh Shekhawat Agriculture and Farmers Welfare

Satya Pal Singh Human Resource Development, Water Resources,River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation

þ Minister of State (Independent Charge)Minister Portfolio

Rao Inderjit Singh Planning, Chemicals and Fertilizers

Mahesh Sharma Culture, Environment, Forest and Climate Change

Giriraj Singh Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises

Manoj Sinha Communications; Railways

Santosh KumarGangwar

Labour and Employment

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