In the name of GodThe mouth

The mouth

• Involved in:

- Eating

- Drinking

- Tasting

- Speaking

- Breathing

The mouth• From the lips & cheeks • To the oropharyngeal isthmus

(palatoglossal fold) • Division- Vestibule (delineated externally by

lips& cheeks and internally by dental arches & teeth) Fornix vestibuli

- Oral cavity proper, bounded by

dental arches & teeth

Roof (hard & soft palates)

Floor of the mouth

Lips

• Mobile muscular fold• Contain:- Muscle- Vessels- Nerves- Small salivary glands• Covered by:- Skin (externally) - Mucous membrane

(internally); frenulae

• philtrum

Cheeks

• Forms lateral movable walls of the oral cavity

• Contain:

- muscle, vessels, nerves, fat & buccal glands

• Covered by skin and mucosa

• Parotid papilla

Teeth

• Type

- Primary (milky or deciduous) erupt at about 6 months to 3 years (20)

- Secondary (permanent) erupt at 6-21 years (32)

Teeth

- Primary (milk or deciduous)

- Incisor

Central; 6-8 m,

Lateral; 8-10 m,

- Canine; 16-20m,

- Molar

First; 12-16 m,

Second; 20-24 m.,

Teeth Secondary (permanent)

- Incisor (cutting edge)Central (7-8 Y)Lateral (8-9 Y) - Canine (single cone)(10-12y)- Premolar (bicuspids) First (10-11y)Second (11-12 y)

Molar (3 or more cusps)

First (6-7 y)

Second (12 y)

Third (13- 25 y)

Teeth

• Surface

- Labial or buccal

- Lingual or palatal

- Contact

Mesial and Distal

- Occlusal

Teeth

• Parts - Crown- Neck - Root

palate

• Separates oral cavity from nasal cavity

• Consist hard and soft palates

Hard palate

• Formed by

- Maxillae and

- Palatine bones

• Five foramina are opened

• Covered by mucosous membrane

Soft palate

• Formed by muscles and aponeurosis

• Attached to the posterior border of hard palate

Soft palate

• Muscles:

- Tensor veli palatini

- Levator veli palatini

- Palatopharyngeus

- Palatoglossus

- Uvula

Tongue

• Is a mobile muscular organ

Has three parts

- Root

- Body

- Apex

Tongue

• Surfaces

- Dorsum

Terminal sulcus

Foramen cecum

- Anterior two- third

Lingual papillae

- Fungiform

- Filiform

- Vallate

- Foliate

Tongue

- Posterior one-third

Lingual tonsil

Median and lateral glossoepiglotic folds

Vallecullae

Tongue

• Inferior surface

- Frenulum

- Lingual vein

- Fimbriated fold

Tongue

• Muscles

Extrinsic:

- Genioglossus

(protrusion)

- Hyoglossus

(depression)

- Styloglossus

(retraction & elevation)

- Palatoglossus (elevation)

Tongue

• Muscles

Intrinsic

- Superior longitudinal

- Inferior longitudinal

- Transverse

- Vertical

Lingual Muscles

• Function

- Superior: shorten, dorsum concave

- Inferior: shorten, dorsum convex

- Transverse: narrows and elongates

- Vertical: flat, wider

Submandibular gland

• Superior and inferior to the mylohyoid m.

• Duct 5 cm

• Nerves?

Sublingual gland

• Above mylohyoid, beneath mocous membrane of floor of the mouth

• Sublingual ducts

• Nerves??

Parotid gland

• Situation

• Duct

Pharynx

• Behind; nose, mouth & larynx

• From; cranial base

• To the; level of C6

Pharynx

• Musculomembranous Tube,12-15 cm long

• In front ; incomplete• Behind related to the;

cervical vertebrae• Retropharyngeal

space• Prevertebral fascia

Pharynx

• Above; limited by sphenoid & occipital Bones

• Below; continuous with esophagus

Pharynx

• Attached to the: - Med . Pterygoid plate- Pterygomandibular

Raphe- Mandibule- Tongue - Hyoid bone- Thyroid & cricoid

cartilages

Pharynx

• Divided into : - Nasopharynx- Oropharynx- Laryngopharynx

Nasopharynx

• Behind post. Nasal aperture

• Above soft palate• Has static wall• Separated from

oropharynx by pharyngeal Isthmus

Nasopharynx

• Roof & posterior, sloping part

• Pharyngeal tonsil• Pharyngobasilar fascia

Nasopharynx

• Floor; upper part of soft palate

Nasopharynx

• Lateral walls

• Pharyngotympanic (Auditory or eustachian) opening

• Tubal elevation

• Salpingopharyngeal fold

Oropharynx

• From ; soft palate• To; epiglottis• open into mouth• palatoglossal fold• palatopharyngeal fold

palatine tonsil

• Tonsilar fossa (sinus)• Oval lymphoid tissue • Size variable /

maximum at puberty• Medial surface is free

& has10-15pits

palatine tonsil

• Lateral surface Covered by hemicapsular fibrous tissue

• Tonsilar branch of facial art.

• External(Paratonsilar) palatine vein (heamorrhage)

palatine tonsil

• Artery:- Tonsilar- Ascending palatine - Ascending pharyngeal• Vein:

- Paratonsilar → pharyngeal or facial V.

Waldeyer’s ring

• Macosa – associated lymphoid tissue

• Lingual tonsil• Palatine tonsil• Tubal tonsil• Nasopharyngeal tonsil• Smaller collection of

lymphoid tissue

Laryngopharynx

• From epiglottis• To cricoid cartilage • Anteriorly related to the : - laryngeal inlet - Post. surface of larynx• Piriform fossa - Each side of inlet - Internal larygeal N .• Posterioly related to the

C3-C6•  

Muscles

Extrinsic• Stylopharyngeus - From; styloid process- To; pharyngeal wall

thyroid cartilage- Nerve ;

glossopharyngeal- Action ; elevator

Muscles

Extrinsic• Salpingopharygeus

(salpinx=tube)- From, Eustachian tube- To ; pharyngeal wall- Action ; elevator• Palatopharyngeus

Intrinsic (constrictor) muscles

• Superior

- From;

Hamulus

Pterygomandibular raphe

mylohyoid line

Tongue

- To;

pharyngeal raphe

pharyngeal tubercle

Intrinsic(constrictor) muscles

• Middle - From; greater & lesser

hyoid horn- To, pharyngeal raphe

Intrinsic(constrictor) muscles

• Inferior- From; cricoid &

thyroid cartilages- To; pharyngeal raphe 

Pharyngeal muscles

• Action; - sphincter & - Peristaltic action in

swallowing.

Arteries of the pharynx

• Ascending pharyngeal • Ascending palatine• Tonsilar• Maxillary art.• Lingual Art. (dorsal

brs.)

Veins

• Pharyngeal plexus• Facial • Int. jugular

Innervation

• pharyngeal plexus

- Sympathetic (SCG)- Vagus- Accessory - Glossopharyngeal• Maxillary nerve

Passavant’s sphincter

• Superior part of sup. Constrictor and palatopharyngeus

Anatomy of swallowing

• Oral phase • Pharyngeal phase• Oesophageal phase