IN THE NAME OF ALLAH

The Skull

2

Norma Verticalis

Norma VerticalisSuperior aspect of the skull

Frontal:Frontal

eminences

Parietals:-parietal foramens-parietal

eminences

Sutures:-Coronal

↓Bregma-Sagittal

-Lambdoid↓Lambda

Occipital

Norma Verticalis

Coronalsuture

Sagittalsuture

Emissary foramen

Lambdoidsuture

Calvaria • Emissary foramen- small,

inconsistent (not always present) foramina for passage of emissary veins

• Bregma- is the landmark formed by the intersection of the sagittal & coronal sutures

• Lambda-is the landmark formed by the intersection of the sagittal & lambdoid sutures

Bregma

Lambda

Anterior fontanelle

Posterior fontanelle

Infant Calvaria• Anterior Fontanelle (soft

spot) is the future site of the bregma

• By about 18 months- the surrounding bones fuse together and is no longer palpable

• Posterior Fontanelle is triangular and marks the future site of the lambda

• Fusion of surrounding bones occurs by about 6 months

Fontanelles- membranous gaps (soft spots) in skull that permit growth

Norma Occipitalis

Norma Occipitalis(Post. Aspect)

Bones:-Occipital-Parietals-Mastoid process

Landmarks:-External occipital

protuberance-Inion

-Ext. occipital crest-Sup. & Inf.

(Highest)Nuchal lines

Sutures:-Sagital suture

-Lambdoid suture

*Lambda

Norma Occipitalis

Norma frontalis

Norma Frontalis (Anterior aspect of the skull)

Regions (cavities):-Nasal-Orbit-Oral

Bones:-Frontal

-Zygomatic-Maxillae-Mandible

-Nasal

Norma Frontalis

Frontal bone

Nasion Glabella

• Squamous (flat) portion forms the skeleton of the forehead

• Fontal bone forms the roof of the orbit

• Nasion is an area where the frontal bone intersects with the nasal bones

• Glabella- smooth, slightly depressed area located just superior to the nasion

Frontal BoneFrontal Bone

Squamousportion

Orbital portion

Nasion

Glabella

Frontal Bone

• Supraorbital margin- marks the boundary between the squamous and orbital portions

• Supraorbital notch or foramen is for the passage of the supraorbital nerve and vessels

• A prominent ridge just superior to the supraorbital margin is the superciliary arch (more pronounced in males)

• Zygomatic process of the frontal bone articulates with the zygomatic bone

Supraorbitalmargin

Supraorbitalnotch

Superciliaryarch

Zygomaticprocess

Frontal BoneFrontal Bone

Frontalprocess

Temporalprocess

Zygomaticofacialforamen

• Cheek bones• Forms a portion of the lateral wall

of the orbit• Frontal Process of the zygomatic

bone articulates with the frontal bone

• Temporal process of the zygomatic bone articulates with the temporal bone

• Zygomaticofacial foramen- small foramen for passage of the zygomaticofacial nerve

Zygomatic BonesZygomatic Bones

Piriform aperture

Alveolarprocess

Infraorbitalforamen

• Forms the upper jaw

• Alveolar processes of the maxillae includes the sockets and supporting bone for the maxillary teeth

• Maxillae form the floor of the orbit

• Large infraorbital foramen for passage of the infraorbital nerve & vessels

• Surrounds most of the pear-shaped piriform aperture

MaxillaeMaxillae

Maxilla

• Frontal processes of the maxillae articulates with the frontal bone

• Zygomatic processes of the maxillae articulates with the zygomatic bones

• Anterior nasal spine- sharp prominence at inferior aspect of the piriform aperture

• Intermaxillary suture- site where the two maxilla are united in the median plane

MaxillaeMaxillae

frontal process

Anterior nasal spine

Intermaxillarysuture

Zygomatic process

• Seen within the piriform aperture are the scrolled middle nasal conchae (part of the ethmoid bone) & the inferior nasal conchae

• Vomer bone along with the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone which together form the bony nasal septum can also be identified with the piriform aperture

Vomer

Middle &Inferiorconcha

Perpendicular plate

1

2

3

457

mediallateral

superior

inferior

Osteology of the Orbit

• Seven bones articulate to make each orbit:

1. Frontal2. Zygomatic3. Maxillary4. Lacrimal5. Ethmoid6. Palatine7. Sphenoid

6

Roof:-Orbital plate of the

frontal bone-Lesser wing of the

sphenoid

Floor:-Maxilla

-Zygomatic(Infraorbital groove & canal)

-Palatine

Lateral wall:-Zygomatic-Sphenoid

Medial wall:-Maxillae-Lacrimal-Ethmoid-Sphenoid

Sup. Orbital fissure

Orbit

Inf. Orbital fissure

Inferiororbitalfissure & groove

Optic canal

Superiororbitalfissure

Ethmoidalforamina

Osteology of the Orbit• Optic canal- transmits the

optic nerve and ophthalmic artery

• Superior orbital fissure- transmits CN III, IV, V1 & VI

• Inferior orbital fissure & groove- transmits the infraorbital vessels & nerve

• Anterior & posterior ethmoidal foramina- transmits vessels & nerves with same name

Nasal cavity

Roof:-Frontonasal-Ethmoidal-Sphenoidal

Medial wall:Nasal septum:

-Perpendicular plate of he ethmoid

-Vomer

Floor:-Palatine process of the

maxilla-Horizontal plate of the

palatine

Lateral wall:Irregular, conchae:

-Superior-Middle-Inferior

Dr Namavar 30

Dr Namavar 31