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In the Name of ALLAH, Most Gracious, Most Merciful

Qassim University Scientific Publications

(Refereed Journal)

Volume (5) – NO.(1)

Journal of

Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences

January 2012 – Muharram 1433H

Scientific Publications & translation

Deposit No.: 1429/2022

EDITORIAL BOARD Editor-in-Chief:

Prof. Hassan M. Mousa

Editorial Board:

Prof. Mohamed Abd El-Sattar El-Meleigi Prof. Osama Mohammed Mahmoud Prof. Ramadan Ahmed Habiba Prof. Ansary E. Moftah Prof. Soliman N. Al-Dobaib Dr. Fahad A. Al-Sobyil

Advisory Board:

Prof. Abdulrahman I. Al-Humaid, Saudi Arabia Prof. Hani M. Gohar, Egypt Prof. Abdrab Al-Rasoul Omran, Saudi Arabia Prof. Heungshik S. Lee, Korea Prof. Hamzah M. AboTarboush, Saudi Arabia Prof. Hassan A. Melouk, USA Prof. Steven D. Lukefahr, USA Prof. Ibrahim M. Al-Shahwan, Saudi Arabia Prof. Mohamed M. Youssef, Egypt Prof. Jean Boyazoglu, France Prof. Abdulmageed M. Kamara, Egypt Prof. Maher H. Khalil, Saudi Arabia Prof. William E. Artz, USA Prof. Ghanem M. Al-Ghamdi, Saudi Arabia

Journal of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, Qassim University, Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 1-57 Eng, pp. 1-46 Ar. (January 2012/Moharram 1433H)

Contents Page

English Section

Plant Production Studies on Forage Yield and Feeding Value for Some Grass Species Under

Different Irrigation Treatment in Al-Qassim Region A. Al-Soqeer and Nasser S. Al-Ghumaiz........................................................................................3

Veterinary Medicine Predation of Culex molestus larvae: Field and Laboratory Observations

Hussein M. Omar, Magdy M. Fahmy, Osama H. Omer and Mohamed A. Al-Deghairi ..........19

Coexistence of Nasal and Pulmonary Retrovirus-Induced Adenocarcinomas in a Goat K. B. Alharbi ..................................................................................................................................27

Effect of Duration and Route of Delivery of Yucca Schidigera Extract Supplementation on some Ruminal and Biochemical Parameters in Castrated Male Baladi Goats Afaf, M. Azouz; Attia, K. A; Abass. H.I.; Fatma A. Wahba. .....................................................37

Note on the life cycle of Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum (Acari: Ixodidae) on rabbits and goats Osama H. Omer ............................................................................................................................53

Arabic Section

Plant Production Environmental Studies on Rangeland of Alshqiqa - South West Onaiza

Al-Qassim region, Saudi Arabia Muneera S. Aba AL - Khail ....................................................................................................26

Effect of the media on vegetative buds and rooting of vegetative shoot of date palm cv.Khadrawi propagated by in vitro culture Ahmed Madi Waheed AL-Mayahi ..............................................................................46

V

Journal of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, Qassim University, Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 1-57 Eng, pp. 1-46 Ar. (January 2012/Moharram 1433H)

Plant Production

Journal of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences Qassim University, Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 3-16 (January 2012/Moharram 1433H)

3

Studies on Forage Yield and Feeding Value for Some Grass Species Under Different Irrigation Treatment in Al-Qassim Region

A. Al-Soqeer and Nasser S. Al-Ghumaiz

Department of Plant Production and Protection-College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim

University. Buridah, Qassim. 51452. Saudi Arabia

(Received 26/7/2011, accepted 20/12/2011)

Abstract. Field experiment was conducted under Central Region of Saudi Arabia in 2009 season. The objective of this study was to investigate the productivity, water use efficiency (WUE) and quality characters for some perennial fodder grasses under four irrigation (1, 2, 4 and 6 days) intervals. The fodder grass species were rhodes grass (Chloris gayana L.cvs. Katambora and Fine cut), blue banic grass (Panicum antidotale L.cv unknown) and buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris L cv. Gaynda) The experimental design used was a completely randomized block design with four replications for each irrigation treatment. The results showed significant effects for cuts, irrigation intervals and plant species on all agronomic characters and some quality traits. Expanding irrigation interval decreased all agronomic characters and fiber content significantly, while, ash, Crude protein and ether extract content were increased significantly. There was a stronger response in grasses species dry matter yield to irrigation treatment. Rhodes grass (Katambora cultivar) had superior performance for all agronomic characters comparing with other genotypes. Moreover, blue banic grass had highest values in protein content. WUE increased as a result of decreasing the volume of irrigation. Protein content of the grasses tended to be more affected by the amount of water available. There was no significant difference in ash and carbohydrate among all genotypes. According to this study, the growers are advised to planting rhodes grass (cv. Katambora) using every day irrigation interval in the July to Augusts period. Keywords: Grass Species, irrigation intervals, forage yield, water use efficiency and quality characters.

A. Al-Soqeer and Nasser S. Al-Ghumaiz 4

Introduction The expansion of animal production in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has derived the demand for forage very high. Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) consider the main fodder crops, represent 56% of the total forage acreage, while rhodes (Chloris gayana) and blue banic (Panicum antidotale) represent most of the remaining acreage. Alfalfa do not occur naturally and are not adapted to the prevailing harsh conditions of drought, temperature and salinity. It requires vast quantities of water (up to 45000 m3 ha-1 year-1) often derived from nonrenewable ground water sources (Al-Doss, 1997).

The physical environment can be a major limiting factor in growth, productivity and survival of plants. Water stress is usually the main physical limitation to forage yield. It has a considerable effect on forage growth, development and quality (Sasani et al., 2004). When the grass species were subjected to different levels of water availability, they were no able keep on producing well under mild and/or severe water stress. There was a stronger response in grasses species dry matter yield to irrigation treatment (Mastrorili et al., 1999; Sasani et al., 2004; Al Suboihani 2006; Lawrence 2008 and Owens 2008)

Water use efficiency (WUE) is a way to evaluate plant species in terms of their ability to produce with a certain amount of water available. There are many factors affecting WUE, including the type of plant / plant community, soil type, soil depth, climatic conditions, frequency and intensity of watering and utilization practices (Marais et al., 2006).

Although the amount of forage, feed or fodder available to an animal is important, the quality therefore will determine if the animal is taking in enough nutrients to maintain health, growth and reproduction. Each class of animal has a specific crude protein requirement per day. If this requirement is not met, growth and hence production can be seriously affected. Protein shortages are of major concern to rumen production systems. Protein source are, however, expensive to buy, and the farmer would like to get as much as possible crude protein from the pasture itself (Van Niekerk, 1997).

Despite differences in yield and quality over species and time, one should identify species with a natural higher fodder quality and or somehow improve the fodder quality of low quality species (Van Niekerk, 1997). Dannhauser (1991) concluded that the crud protein content of grass species is influenced by soil type. Nutrient content of the soil can thus play significant role in the crud protein content of species and the crud protein content of a species can thus vary from one location to the next. Hefer and Tainton (1990) reported that, there were significant differences among grass speacies. Van Niekerk (1997) indicated that grass high crud protein content, often produce lower yields. The crud protein content of some grasses ranged from high (15-25%) to low (3-5%) (Olsen,1972; Rodel and

Boultwood, 1981; Grunow and Rabie, 1985; Pieterse et al., 1989; Dannhauser, 1991, Snyman, 1994; Singh et al., 1995 and Pieterse et al.,1997) The objective of this research was to compare yield, water-use efficiency and forage quality of some grass species under different watering regimes at the environmental conditions of the Central Saudi Arabia.

Studies on Forage Yield and Feeding …

5

Materials and Methods 1. Experimental site This investigation was carred out in 2009 season, at the Experimental Farm of the College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Al-Qassim University. 26º 18' N latitude and 43º 58' E longitude and 725m above sea level, in central Saudi Arabia. Soil samples from the experimental site were taken before planting for mechanical and chemical analysis. The soil properties are shown in Table (1). Table (1). Mechanical and chemical properties of the soil for the experimental site before planting

Mechanical analysis Chemical analysis

Sand% Silt % Clay %

Ec (ppm) pH N

(ppm) P

(ppm) K

(ppm)

Soil Texture Class

64.68 25.37 9.96 49.68 9.54 6.99 3.98 85.73 Sandy lomy

Meteorological data at the experimental site during the growing seasons are shown in Table 2.

Table (1). Monthly mean air temperature (At °C), mean relative humidity (RH %) and rainfed

(mm/month) at the experimental sites from Apr to Sep 2009*. Month Temperature °C Mean Extreme

RH % Rainfed

(mm)

Min Max Min Max Mar 12.9 27.5 7 35 26 0.0 Apr 17.5 33.5 9 42 35 10.3 May 23.7 39.2 18 44 25 47.1 Jun 27.4 43.5 24 46 19 0.4 Jul 25.2 43.5 23 47 18 0.0 Aug 26.7 45.6 23 47 18 0.0 Sep 24.1 42.6 21 47 23 0.0

* Source, according to Presidency of Meteorology & Environmental Protection

2. Sampling and laboratory analysis

Four perennial grass cultivars were compared for their productivity, water use efficiency and quality characters under four irrigation intervals (1, 2, 4 and 6-days) under sprinkler irrigation system. The four cultivars were, two cultivars from rhodes grass (Chloris gayana L. cvs. Katambora and Fine cut), one cultivar from blue banic grass (Panicum antidotale L. cv unknown) and one cultivar from buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris L. cv. Gaynda). The grass species were evaluated under four adjacent irrigation regime (one experiment for each irrigation treatment), the area of each experiment was 64.0 m2. The grass species were grown on March 2nd 2009 using a randomized complete block design with four replications for each experiment. Each plot consisted of ten rows, 2.0 m long and 20 cm apart. Thus, the area of each plot was 4.0 m2. All plots were irrigated equally in the beginning of the experiment in order to establish good germination and growth. After establishments in all experimental plots, grasses will be cut down to the same height (10-cm). This


will mark the beginning of the experiment (on July 1st. 2009). Thereafter the water treatments were applied on time intervals of 1, 2, 4 and 6-days and harvested at interval of 4-6 weeks to ground level.

The irrigation treatments are as follow: I1: Irrigation of 0.6 m3 experiment-1 every day. I2: Irrigation of 0.6 m3 experiment-1 every 2-days. I3: Irrigation of 0.6 m3 experiment-1 every 4-days. I4: Irrigation of 0.6 m3 experiment-1 every 6-days. Water was applied by sprinkler irrigation system and the amounts of water

applied were monitored using water flow meters. The other recommended package of cultural practices was followed.

The agronomical studied characters were plant height, fresh weight yield, dry weight yield and water use efficiency (WUE). Harvested forages will be weighed, and taken for oven drying and weighed, then converted into ton per hectare fresh and dry yield. Water use efficiency (WUE), expressed as the weight of dry matter yield to amount of water transpired and evaporate during the growing seasons. WUE (kg m-3ha-1)= dry matter yield (kg ha-1) / water applied (m3 ha-1). The dried material will be used for chemical analysis. Forage quality component were obtained including crud protein, fiber, sugar, ether extract (EE) and ash. Forage quality analyses were completed by the Forage Analyses Lab, Department of Animal Production-Qassim University. 3. Statistical analysis

Data collected for agronomic and quality characters statistically analyzed according to the technique of analysis of variance (ANOVA ) for one factor randomized complete block design (RCBD) combined over irrigation treatments and cuts to test the differences among irrigation treatment, cuts and plant species. Where a significant F-test was found the mean values were separated using Duncan’s multiple range test. Coefficient of variation (CV) was listed to measure the precision of the experiment. All analyses of variance were computed using the MSTATC microcomputer program (MSTATC, 1990).

Results and Discussions

1. Agronomic characters 1.1. Main effects

The analysis of variance for agronomic characters showed significant or highly significant variations due to cuts, irrigation intervals and plant species for all agronomic characters (Table 3). The interactions between cuts and irrigation intervals were insignificant for the studied characters. The interaction between cuts and genotypes had highly significant effects on yield characters, while, it had no effect on the plant height (Table 3). Moreover, the interaction effects between, irrigation intervals and plant species were highly significant on all agronomic characters. Interaction among cuts x irrigation intervals x plant species was highly significant for dry matter yield only (Table 3).

Effect of cuts was significant or highly significant for all agronomic characters (Table 3). The first cut, Aug 1, recorded the highest values for the three studied traits, while, the second one was vies versa. This result could be attributed to


7

the differences in daily evaporation rates during the 1st cut period Effect the irrigation intervals had high significant effects on agronomic characters. As can be seen in Table 3, expanding irrigation interval decreased plant height and yield characters. On the other hand, water use efficiency (WUE) increased as a result of decreasing the volume of irrigation water. However, the heights plant height and maximum forage productivity were obtained with the one-day irrigation interval, while the 6-days gave the shortest plant height and lowest productivity. These results reflected the importance of the irrigation water under severe heat stress in this region. This result in accordance with many other observations, (Cameron et al. 1990, Saeed and El-Nadi 1998, Mastrorili et al 1999, Sasani et al, 2004, and Al Suboihani 2006). Table (3). Effect of cuts, irrigation treatments, genotypes and their interaction on agronomic characters of grass species in 2009 season.

Treatments Plant height (cm)

Forage fresh

yield (t ha-1)

Dry matter yield

(t ha-1)

Total dry matter yield

(t ha-1)

Water use efficiency (kg m-

3ha-1)

Cuts (C)

Aug 1 45.25 12.24 3.57 - -

Sep 5 43.58 9.76 2.78 - -

F-test * ** **

Irrigation (I)

6-days 25.54d 3.7d 1.7d 3.40d 3.64a

4-days 30.92c 6.72c 2.46c 4.92c 3.52a

2-days 48.75b 12.1b 3.5b 6.99b 2.50b

Every-day 72.46a 21.46a 5.04a 10.08a 1.80c

F-test ** ** ** ** **

Genotypes (G)

Buffel (Gayndah) 27.13c 8.18c 2.53c 5.06b 2.30c

Rhodes(Katambora) 53.00a 13.68a 3.81a 7.62a 3.50a

Rhodes (Fine cut) 49.17b 12.92b 3.61b 7.22a 3.18b

Blue banic 48.38b 9.21b 2.75b 5.50b 2.49c

F-test *** *** *** ** **

Interaction

C×I NS NS NS - -

C×G NS ** ** - -

I×G ** ** ** ** **

C×I×G NS NS ** - -

CV % 10.65 18.78 15.38 11.55 11.74 * and** = Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 levels of probability , respectively. Means (within same column) followed by similar letters are not significantly different at P= 0.05.


The data presented in Table (3) show significant differences between genotypes for agronomic traits. Rhodes grass, cv. Katambora recorded the tallest plant, highest yield of fresh and dry weight and highest value of water use efficiency followed by cv. Fine cut in all agronomic traits. Meanwhile, buffel grass (cv. Gayndah) recorded the shortest plant, lowest yields and lowest value of water use efficiency. There were no significant differences in plant height, forage fresh yield and dry matter yield between blue banic and rhodes grass (cv. Fine cut). Also, no significant differences were observed in total dry matter yield and water use efficiency between buffel grass and blue banic. As an observation rhodes grass, (cv.Katambora) was the most suitable species under experimental condition. In this connection, Suyama et al., (2007a&b found significant differences among genotypes.

Owens et al., (2008) reported that no significant difference in WUE between buffel grass and rhodes grass in year 1 and 2, but buffel grass had a significantly higher WUE in year 3. On the other hand, Lawrence et al. (2008) found that, buffel grass was the most persistent and drought tolerant species, producing the highest pasture growth and maintaining high cover even in the dry year. The conflicting reports about buffel grass was more persistent and drought tolerant than rhodes grass which measurements by earlier workers may be due to differences in the environments and materials used in those studies. 3.1.2. Interaction effects

Regarding the interaction effects, only the significant effects will be discussed, specially the interest interaction. Data in Table (4-6) represent the effect of interaction between irrigation treatments and genotypes on agronomic characters. Expanding irrigation interval decreased plant height and yield characters. When the grass species were subjected to different levels of water availability, they were no able keep on producing well under mild and/or severe water stress. Rhodes grass (Katambora cultivar) had superior performance for all agronomic characters comparing with other genotypes under all irrigation treatments. Accordingly, these results confirmed that rhodes grass, (cv.Katambora) was the most suitable species under experimental condition. There were no significant differences between the two cultivars, Katambora and Fine cut (rhodes grass) in most agronomic characters under the same level of water availability, with high values of cv. Katambora in most cases. There were no significant differences in yield characters and WUE between buffel grass (cv. Gayndah) and blue banic grass under the same irrigation treatment.

Water use efficiency (WUE) increased as a result of decreasing the volume of irrigation. This result is in accordance with many other observations. (e.g. Mastrorili et al., 1999; Sasani et al., 2004, and Al Suboihani 2006).


9

Table (4). Effect of interaction between irrigation treatments and genotypes on plant height (cm) and forage fresh yield (t ha-1) in 2009 season.

Plant height Forage fresh yield Genotypes 6-

days 4-

days 2-days Every day

6-days

4-days

2-days

Every day

Buffel (Gayndah) 15.66 16.17 27.84 48.84 2.57 4.18 6.84 19.11

Rhodes(Katambora) 30.84 38.66 60.66 81.84 5.47 8.29 15.83 25.14

Rhodes (Fine cut) 30.34 34.34 52.84 79.18 3.48 8.41 15.83 23.97

Blue banic 25.33 34.5 53.67 80.00 3.30 6.00 9.91 17.61

LSD 4.88 2.19

Table (5). Effect of interaction between irrigation treatments and genotypes on dry matter yield

and total dry matter yield (t ha-1) in 2009 season.

Dry matter yield Total dry matter yield Genotypes 6-

days 4-

days 2-

days Every day

6-days

4-days

2-days

Every day

Buffel (Gayndah) 1.47 1.91 2.52 4.22 2.95 3.82 5.04 8.43

Rhodes(Katambora) 2.19 2.89 4.36 5.79 4.37 5.79 8.72 11.59

Rhodes (Fine cut) 1.63 2.93 4.18 5.71 3.25 5.86 8.36 11.42

Blue banic 1.51 2.12 2.92 4.45 3.017 4.23 5.85 8.89

LSD 0.50 1.05

Table (6). Effect of interaction between irrigation treatments and genotypes on water use efficiency

(kg m-3ha-1) in 2009 season.

Water use efficiency Genotypes

6-days 4-days 2-days Every day

Buffel (Gayndah) 3.16 2.73 1.80 1.51

Rhodes(Katambora) 4.69 4.14 3.12 2.07

Rhodes (Fine cut) 3.49 4.19 2.99 2.04

Blue banic 3.24 3.03 2.09 1.59

LSD 0.48

The triple interactions between the three variables had significant effects on

forage dry matter yield (Table 7). There was a stronger response in grasses species dry matter yield to irrigation treatments. Rhodes grass (cv.Katambora) produced higher yield under first cut with irrigation every day treatment. There were no significant differences in dry matter yield between buffel grass (cv. Gayndah) and blue banic grass under the same irrigation treatment in all cases. It is important to note that although grass species were differ significantly in the first cut under the same irrigation treatment. There were no significant differences in dry matter yield among grasses under the same irrigation treatment in all cases under the second cut.


Table (7). Effect of interaction among cuts, irrigation treatments and genotypes on dry matter yield in 2009 season.

Aug, 1 Sep, 8 Genotypes

6-days 4-days 2-days

Every day

6-days 4-days

2-days

Every day

Buffel (Gayndah) 1.85 2.11 2.88 4.14 1.09 1.71 2.16 4.29

Rhodes (Katambora)

2.92 3.60 4.38 6.86 1.46 2.18 4.34 4.73

Rhodes (Fine cut) 2.05 3.45 4.69 6.49 1.21 2.41 3.67 4.93

Blue banic 1.71 2.26 3.11 4.67 1.31 1.98 2.74 4.22

LSD 0.72

3.2. Quality characters 3.2. 1. Main effects

Data in Table (8) illustrate the effects of cuts, irrigation treatments, genotypes and their interaction on quality characters. There were no significant differences between cuts on quality characters except for crud Protein content which had significantly differed. Second cut, Sep. 5 recorded highest value in Protein content. Effect of irrigation treatment was highly significant on all quality characters (Table 8). Most of the quality characters (crude Protein content, ash content and ether extract) tended to be higher under water stressed than under well watered conation, while fiber content was had opposite trend. The crude Protein content of the grasses tended to be more affected by the amount of water available. This may be due to the mode of uptake of nitrogen, where water plays an important role. Similar trend was obtained by Sasani et al., (2004) reported that, by decreasing the volume of irrigation, crude protein concentration of stem increased.

The effects of plant species on quality characters of forage are shown in Table (8). There was no significant difference in ash and carbohydrate among all plant species. There were highly significant differences among plant species for fiber content, crude Protein content and ether extract. With respect to crude Protein there were clear differences between grass species. Blue banic grass differed significantly than other grasses and recorded the highest values in crude Protein content and ether extract, meanwhile, had lowest value in fiber content. In a trial reported by Snyman (1994) buffel grass (C. ciliaris) had the lowest crude Protein content. Moreover,Van Niekerk (1997) indicated that grasses high in crude Protein, often produce lower yields.


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Table (8). Effects of cuts, irrigation treatments, genotypes and their interaction on quality characters in 2009 season.

Treatments Ash % Fiber % EE % Protein % Sugar %

Cuts (C)

Aug 1 12.22 26.82 1.66 11.67 46.32

Sep 5 11.91 27.18 1.63 13.19 45.99

F-test NS NS NS ** NS

Irrigation (I)

6-days 13.04a 22.79d 1.97a 16.21a 44.87b

4-days 12.22b 23.95c 1.73b 15.41a 46.00b

2-days 11.18c 28.41b 1.49c 10.45b 47.89a

Every-day 11.81d 32.84a 1.40c 7.67c 45.86b

F-test ** ** ** ** **

Genotypes (G)

Buffel (Gayndah) 12.28 26.96a 1.46b 12.06b 46.35

Rhodes(Katambora) 12.25 28.27a 1.48b 11.84b 45.95

Rhodes (Fine cut) 11.95 27.87a 1.51b 12.17b 45.69

Blue banic 11.77 24.89b 2.14a 13.65a 46.63

F-test ns ** ** ** ns

Interaction

C×I ** ** ** ** **

C×G NS NS NS NS NS

I×G ** NS NS ** *

C×I×G NS NS NS NS NS

CV % 7.11 9.00 14.80 13.24 6.51

* and** = Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 levels of probability , respectively. Means (within same column) followed by similar letters are not significantly different at P= 0.05. 3.2.2. Interaction effects

Regarding the interaction effects for quality characters, only the significant effects will be discussed, specially the interest interaction. Therefore, interaction between cuts and irrigation treatment for all characters and interaction between irrigation treatment and genotypes (grass species) for crude Protein content will be discussed. Highly significant differences were observed for the interaction between cuts and irrigation treatment for all quality characters (Table 9). Higher levels of water stress decreased the amount of fiber content and increased ash content, crude Protein content and ether extract (EE). Sasani et al., (2004) reported similar results and stated that, decreased fiber under stress water because of decreasing cellulose and lignin structural. Water stress significantly increased the crude Protein content in two cuts, but decreased Sugar content in most cases. In the second, irrigation every 6-days had lowest value of fiber content and highest values of crude Protein content and ether extract


Important interaction was found between irrigation treatment and plant species for crude Protein content (Table 10). There were clear differences between irrigation treatments for crude Protein content. Blue banic grass recorded the highest values in crude Protein content under water stress (irrigation every 6 and 4-days). Meanwhile, rhodes grass (cv Fine cut) and buffel grass gave the highest values under the irrigation treatment every 2-days and every day treatments, respectively. The significant interaction between irrigation treatment and plant species in crude Protein content was mainly due to the opposite response of the blue banic grass and rhodes grass (cv Fine cut) and buffel grass. The results reported in the literature sometimes correspond with the results obtained in this trial, but sometimes they differ widely. This is not due to good or bad research practices, but rather the variety of growing conditions that makes extrapolation from one situation to another very difficult. Table (9). Effect of interaction between cuts and irrigation on quality characters in 2009 season.

Cut Irrigation Ash % Fiber % EE % Protein % Sugar %

Aug 1 6-days 13.68a 23.19de 1.84b 14.72b 44.58c

4-days 11.95bc 24.78d 1.89b 13.30c 46.80bc

2-days 11.72bc 28.45c 1.6c 10.73d 46.37bc

Every-day 11.52c 30.84b 1.32d 7.95e 47.52ab

Sep 5 6-days 12.41b 22.39e 2.1a 17.69a 45.16bc

4-days 12.49b 23.12de 1.57c 17.52a 45.2bc

2-days 10.65d 28.37c 1.39cd 10.16d 49.41a

Every-day 12.1bc 34.84a 1.48cd 7.39e 44.2e

Means (within same column) followed by similar letters are not significantly

different at P= 0.05. Table (10). Effect of interaction between irrigation treatments and genotypes on protein % in 2009

season.

Protein % Genotypes

6-days 4-days 2-days Every day

Buffel (Gayndah) 15.24 14.59 10.21 8.21

Rhodes(Katambora) 14.77 14.70 9.96 7.94

Rhodes (Fine cut) 15.32 15.16 11.25 6.97

Blue banic 19.50 17.18 10.35 7.57

LSD 1.69


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Pieterse P. A., N. F. G. and J. Van Bosch (1997). Production, water use efficiency and quality of four cultivars of Panicum maximum at different levels of nitrogen fertilization. Tropical Grasslands, 31: 117-123.

Rodel M. G. W. and J. N. Boultwood (1981). Effect of defoliation frequency on yield and composition of shoots and roots of three grasses of different growth habits. Zimbabwean J. of Agricultural Research, 19: 151-162.

Saeed I. A. M. and A. H. El-Nadi (1998). Forage sorghum yield and water use efficiency under variable irrigation. Irrig Sci . 18: 67–71.

Sasani 1. S., M. R. Jahansooz and A. Ahmadi (2004). The effects of deficit irrigation on Water-use efficiency, yield, and quality of forage pearl millet .Proceedings of the 4th International Crop Science Congress Brisbane, Australia, 26 Sep – 1 Oct, 2004.

Singh D. K., V. Singh and P. W. G. Sale (1995). Effect of cutting management on yield and quality of different selection of Guinea grass (Panicum maximum(Jacq.)L.) in a humid subtropical environment. Tropical Agriculture, 72:181-187.

Snyman H. A. (1994). Evapotranspiration, water use efficiency and quality of six dryland planted pasture species and natural vegetation, in asemi arid rangland. African J. of Range and Forage Science,, 11:82-88.

Suyama H.; S.E. Benes; P.H Robinson; S.R Grattan; C.M. Grieve and G. Getachew ( 2007a). Forage yield and quality under irrigation with saline-sodic drainage water: Greenhouse evaluation. J. of Agricultural water management 88 :159 – 172

Suyama H., S.E. Benes, P.H. Robinson, G. Getachew, S.R. Grattan, C.M. Grieve (2007b). Biomass yield and nutritional quality of forage species under long-term irrigation with saline-sodic drainage water: Field evaluation. J of Animal Feed Science and Technology 135: 329–345.

Van Niekerk, W. A. (1997). Intake and partial digestibility of number of forage crops by sheep and use of a few quality characters to predict intake. PhD Thesis University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.


15

العلفية النجيليةدراسات على حمصول العلف والقيمة الغذائية لبعض األنواع النباتية

حتت مستويات خمتلفة من الري يف ظروف منطقة القصيم

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19

Predation of Culex molestus larvae: Field and Laboratory Observations

Hussein M. Omar1, Magdy M. Fahmy2, Osama H. Omer3

and Mohamed A. Al-Deghairi4

1Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah 51452, P.O. Box 6622, Saudi Arabia, 2Department of Parasitology , Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt, 3Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy ,Qassim University, , Buraydah 51452, P.O. Box 6800, Saudi Arabia, 4Department of Crop Protection and Production, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah 51452, P.O. Box 6622, Saudi Arabia

(Received 25/2/2011, accepted 25/7/2011)

Abstract. From 11 water collections at Buraidah city, Qassim area, the dipteran water larvae were collected and identified. The microenvironmental factors such as pH and salinity were recorded. Of the culicine mosquito larvae, those of Culex molestus were identified after being reared to adults. The water pH varied between 6.9 and 8.6 while salinity ranged between 1049 and 15000 ppm. One-liter water samples from eight sources were found to harbour Culex molestus larvae. None or the least number of mosquito larvae could be encountered where concurrently occurred with the brachyceran Athericid larvae. Keeping of Culex and Athericid larvae for 6-9 days showed marked predation of mosquito larvae. These findings represents a major advancement in the recovery of Rift Valley Fever Virus (RVFV) vector and its possible biological control. Keywords: Culex molestus; Athericid larvae.

Hussein M. Omar et al. 20

Introduction Mosquitoes are vectors of life-threatening diseases of man and animals. Thousands of studies being carried out on the mosquito-borne pathogens. Biocontrol of mosquito vectors was intensively concerned in term of predation with other creatures namely; fishes (Blaustein and Byard, 1993), birds (Valkama et al., 2005), anuran larvae (Mokanny and Shine, 2003; Blaustein and Chase, 2007).

Predation with different arthropod species sharing the same habitat was recorded such as water bugs (Aditya et al., 2004 and 2006), diving beetles(Lundkvist et al., 2003), dragon fly (Singh et al., 2003),damsel fly and hydrophilids (Das et al., 2006) and cyclopoid copepods (Calliari et al., 2003).

The present study is aiming at identifying the mosquito species in water bodies at urban and suburban places belong Buraidah city,Al-Qassim. Also to report on other aquatic larvae sharing the same habitat and their behavioral interactions.

Materials and Methods Collection and identification

From 11 water bodies at Buraidah city, one-litre water samples were collected and transferred to the laboratory of Parasitology, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University. PH and salinity were measured immediately. Dipterous larvae were counted and classified after Service (1980) and Furman and Catts (1982). Mosquito larvae were primarily identified and confirmed after being reared to adults according to Smith (1973) and Lane and Crosskey(1993).

Identification of brachyceran larvae was confirmed at the laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt Laboratory studies

Five groups of brachyceran larvae and Culex larvae (10/10, all of the same size) were kept together in glass jars (3 liters, shallow, quadrangular) containing field water at a depth of 15 cm . Jars were kept at room temperature and observed daily for 10 successive days.

Results

Out of 11 water samples; only 8 were found to harbour dipterous aquatic larvae of culicid and athericid species. After being matured into adults, larvae were identified as those of Culex molestus (Culex pipiens molestus).

Five samples (Table, 1) contained 47-132 athericid and 2-104 Culex molestus larvae. Measuring of pH and salinity revealed wide variation from 6.9-8.6 and from 1049 -15000 ppm respectively which looks suitable for both of dipterous larval species. Where athericid culicid larvae were concurrently occurred (Four samples) ,there was marked difference in the number of both species. Culex/athericid ratios varied from 1:2.87 to 1: 30.66 per one-litre water sample. Such observations encouraged the authors for laboratory study.

Predation of Culex molestus larvae…

21

Table (1). Distribution of Culex & Athericid larvae in the field samples from Buraydah Zone No. PH/Salinity Culex (C) Athericid (A) C/A ratio 1 8.1/13000 104 - - 2 7.8/12000 46 132 1:2.87 3 6.9/1049 81 - - 4 7.9/13000 19 64 1:3.37 5 7.8/11000 3 92 1:30.6 6 8.6/15000 - 126 - 7 8.0/12000 2 47 1:23.5 8 8.6/15000 34 -

Daily observations of the five groups showed that athericid larvae are carnivorous in behavior and preferred predation of mosquito larvae. They attacked larvae at the post thoracic (Fig.1) or at pre-syphonal parts (Fig.2). They squeeze mosquito larvae and insert the prolegs sharp claws into their segments. All culicid larvae were predated after 3 to 9 days (Table, 2). On the 7th day athericid larvae started invading each other. Table (2). Laboratory observations on keeping Culex and Athericid larvae

Sample No.

Predation day

Culex larvae (n = 10)

Athericid larvae (n = 10)

1 3rd 0 10 2 7th 0 8 3 9th 0 8 4 10th 0 8 5 10th 0 7

Fig. (1). Post thoracic attacking M: Culex larva Arrow: Athericid larva


Discussion The important role of Culex mosquitoes as vectors of RVF in Egypt (Youssef, 2001), Saudi Arabia (Jup et al., 2002) and in Yemen (Abdo-Salem et al., 2006) explored our attention to identify mosquito species in the urban and suburban places of Buraidah city. Based on data of Buttiker (1981) and recently kent et al. (2007) the recovered species was Culex molesus which is widespread in many areas allover the kingdom such as Riyadh, Khamis Musheyt, Jeddah,Taif, Qatif, Dammam, Khobar, and Hofuf.

Within Culex pipiens complex different synonyms were given to Culex molestus as Culex pipiens molestus, C.P.fatigans, C.P.autogenicus and C.P. quinquefasciatus. However, such autogenicity does not interfere with the vectorial transmission of RVFV.

Field observations revealed that where athericid and culicid larvae were concurrently occurred, usually the former species are very numerous than the later. This indicates the possible predation of mosquito larvae which has been confirmed in the lab thereafter.

Due to the importance of PH and salinity of the aquatic habitat in the active transmission of arboviruses such as RVEV in mosquito vector (Becnel et al. 2001) both microenvironmental factors were measured and were found suitable for breeding of Culex molestus.

Laboratory observations on the predatory behaviour of the brachyceran athericid larvae support the distribution ratios recorded in the field samples.

The attack sites of predators to Culex fuscanus larvae by chironomids larvae was most frequently at the junction between head and thorax (Jin et al., 2006) while in the present study were post thoracic and pre-syphonal .This perhaps depends upon the predatory species.

Fig.(2). Pre-syphonal attacking M: Culex larva Arrow: Athericid larva


23

Cannibalism between athericid larvae confirms their obligatory carnivorous style of feeding. So they have a good predatory potential and can be used as a biological agent for control of mosquitoes in their breeding places.

References

Abdo-Salem, S.; Gerbier, G.; Bonnet, P.; Al- Qadasi, M.; Tran, N.; Thiry, E.; Al-Eryni, G. and Roger, F. Descriptive and spatial epidemiology of Rift Valley Fever outbreak in Yemen, 2000-2001. Ann. NY Acad.Sci.1081 (2006), 240-242

Aditya, G.; Ash, A. and Saha, G.K. Predatory activity of Rhantus sikkimensis and larvae of Toxorlynchites splendens on mosquito larvae in Darjeeling , India. J. Vector Borne Dis. 43 (2) (2006), 66-72.

Aditya, G.; Bhattacharyya, S.; Kundu, N.; Saha, G.K. and Raut, S. K. Predatory efficiency of the water bugs on mosquito larvae (Culex quinquefasciatus) and its effect on the adult emergence. Biosecur Technol. 95(2) (2004): 169-172.

Becnel, J.; White, S.; Moser, B.; Fukuda, T.; Rotstein, M.; Undeen, A. and Cockburn, A. Epizootiology and transmission of a newly discovered baculo virus from the mosquito Culex nigripalpus and C. quinquefasciatus. J.Gen. Virol. 62(2) (2001): 275-282.

Blaustein, L. and Byard, R. Predation by cyprinoid fish, Aphanius mento an Culex pipiens: effect of alternative prey and vegetation. J.Am. Mosq. Control. Assoc. 9(3) (1993), 356-358.

Blaustein, L. and Chase, J.M. Interaction between mosquito larvae and species that share the same trophical level. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 52(2007), 489-507.

Buttiker, W. Fauna of Saudi Arabia. Observations on urban mosquitoes in Saudi Arabia. Fauna of Saudi Arabia. Vol III(1981): 473- 479.

Calliari, D.; Sanz, K.; Martinez, M.; Cervetto, G.; Gomez, M. and Basso, C. Comparison of the predation rate of the fresh water Cyclopoid copepod species on the larvae of the mosquito Culex pipiens. Med. Vet. Entomol. 17(3) (2003), 339-342.

Das, P.K.; Sivagnaname, N. and Amalarj, D.D. Population interaction between Culex vishnui mosquitos and their natural enemies in Pondicherry, India. J. Vector Ecol. 31(1) (2006), 84-98.

Furman,D.P. and Catts, E.P. Manual of Medical Entomology, 4th ed. Cambridge University Press, U.K. (1982).

Jin, L.; Luo, J.; Fu, Y. and Xu, S. Prey and feeding behavior of larval Culex fuscanus (Diptera: culicidae) in Shantou, Guangdong province, China. J.Med. Entomol. 43(4) (2006), 785-786.

Jup, P. G.; Kemp, A.; Grobbelaar, A., Lema, P.; Burt, F.J.; Al-Ahmed., A.M.; Al-Mugalli, D.; Al-Khamees,M. and Swanepoel, R. The zoo epidemic of Rift Valley fever in Saudi Arabia; mosquito vector studies. Med. Vet. Entomol. 16(3) (2002): 245-252.


Kent, R.J.; Harrington, L.C. and Noris, D.E. Genetic differences between Culex pipiens f.molestus and Culex pipiens pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) in New York. J. Med. Entomol., 44(1) (2007): 50-59

Lane, P.R. and Grosskey, R.W. Medical Insects and Arachnids. British Museum (Natural History). Chapman & Hall, London, UK. (1993).

Lundkvist, E.; Landin, J.; Jackson, M. and Svensson, C. Diving beetles (Dytiscidae) as predators of mosquito larvae (culicidae) in field experiments and in laboratory tests of prey preference. Bull. Entomol. Res. 93(3) (2003), 219-226.

Mokany, A. and Shine, R. Competition between tadpoles and mosquito larvae. Oecologia, 135 (4) (2003), 615-620.

Service, M.W. A Guide to Medical Entomology. 1st edition. Macmillan press Ltd.; London (1980). Service, M. W. A Guide to Medical Entomology. 1st ed. Macmillan Pess Ltd. London U.K. (1980).

Singh, R. K.; Dhiman, R. C. and Singh, S. P. Laboratory studies on the predatory potential of dragon fly nymphs on mosquito larvae. J. Commun. Dis. 35(2) (2003): 96-101.

Smith, K.G.V. Insects and Arthropods of Medical Importance. British Museum ( Natural History) London UK. (1973).

Valkama, J.; Korpimaki, E.; Arroyo, B.; Beja, P.; Bretangolle, V.; Bro, E.; Kenwad, R.; Manosa, S.; Redpath, S. M.; Thirgood, S. and Vinuela, J. Birds of prey as limiting factors of game birds populations in Europe: a review. Biol. Rev. Camb. Philos. Soc. 80(2) (2005), 171-203.

Youssef, B .Z. Application of the reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction for detection of Rift Valley viral antigens from mosquitoes. J. Egypt. Public. Health Assoc. 76(3-4) (2001), 297-303.


25

املالحظات امليدانية واملعملية: افتراس يرقات بعوضة كيولكس ميلوستس

)٤(، حممد عبدالعزيز الدغريي)٣(، أسامة حسن عمر)٢(، جمدي مصطفى فهمي)١( حسني حممد عمر F١E�،א�� א��א��،��א��א��وא��א�� F٢E�،א��א��،��،��א��א�� F٣E،א�� א��! ��،��א��،� �F٤Eא�� & %�ج�وو��#�א�"��،��א��א��،� �

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27

Coexistence of Nasal and Pulmonary Retrovirus-Induced Adenocarcinomas in a Goat

K. B. Alharbi

Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, P. O. Box 6622 Buraydah, Qassim, Saudi Arabia

E-mail: [email protected]

(Received 19/8/2011, accepted 20/11/2011) Abstract. An adult goat of about 3 years of age was presented to the University Veterinary Teaching Hospital with a history of partial nasal obstruction, snoring nasal sounds, poor appetite and weight loss for 2 months. Examination showed that the goat was emaciated, had snoring inspiratory and expiratory sounds and mucopurulent nasal discharge. The mucous membranes of the mouth and the eyes were icteric yellow. Laboratory results showed low haemoglobin (Hb) and packed cell volume (PCV) values and high serum bilirubin concentration. The goat was admitted to the hospital for investigation and treatment and was infused intravenously with 500 ml of 5% dextrose saline and injected intramuscularly with oxytetracycline for respiratory involvement. It died after 6 hours from admission and was necropsied to investigate the cause of death. Postmortem examinations showed presence of a large nasal tumour that almost obliterated the nasal cavity, and multiple lung tumours. The nasal tumour was lobular in shape and its surface was infected and ulcerated. Histopathological examination of the nasal tumour showed a very well differentiated adenocarcinoma. The lung tumours had circular or irregular-shaped purplish growths in all lobes of the lungs. Metastases of the lung tumour were seen in the liver and left kidney. Histopathological examination of the lung, liver and kidney tumours showed multifocal papillomatous proliferation of the alveolar epithelium. These were no inflammatory response to the tumour in the lungs or liver, but the kidney tissue around the tumour is infiltrated with inflammatory cells. These lesions are consistent with those described for nasal and pulmonary adenocarcinoma induced by retrovirus infection. No metastases to either tumours were detected in the regional lymph nodes of the head. This is the first report of occurrence of both nasal and pulmonary adenocarcinomas in one goat in Saudi Arabia. Keywords: Pulmonary adenocarcinoma, nasal adenocarcinoma, metastases, goat.

K. B. Alharbi 28

Introduction Enzootic nasal adenocarcinoma is a contagious tumour of the mucosal nasal glands affecting sheep and goats (De las Heras et al.1991, Jones et al.1997). The disease occurred naturally in all continents except Australia and New Zealand. Nasal glands in both respiratory and olifactory mucous membranes were the origin of the neoplasm (De las Heras et al.2003-a). Two distinct retroviruses had been incriminated in the etiology of the tumour: one in sheep (ovine nasal adenocarcinoma virus (ONAV) and the other in goats, caprine nasal adenocarcinoma virus (CACV) ( De Martini and York 1997; De las Heras et al.2003-a). The clinical signs of the disease in goats was characterized by nasal discharge, respiratory distress, exophthalomos and head deformities (De las Heras et al.2003 a).

Pulmonary adenomatosis, currently known as pulmonary adenocarcinoma is a chronic progressive pulmonary disease of adult sheep and goats. It was initially recognized in South Africa and now has a worldwide distribution with serious impact on sheep production (Sharp and De Martini 2003; Williams et al.1988). The disease is characterized by bronchioaveolar carcinoma with occasional metastasis to the regional lymph nodes. A type D retrovirus was incriminated in the etiology of the disease (York et al.1992).).

The pathology of pulmonary adenocarcinoma in goats was documented by Al-Dubaib (2005). The macroscopic examination of the tumour showed round purplish masses in the lungs and there was metastasis in the kidneys and the heart. Histopathological examination of the tumour revealed presence of several foci of epithelial cell proliferation in both alveolar and bronchiolar regions. The tumour is derived from type 11 pneumocytes and clara cells and proliferated mainly in papillary and acinar growths. It generally showed begin histological pattern (De las Heras et al.2003-b).

Coexistence of both nasal and pulmonary adenocarcinomas in goats have not been reported before, but Otrin et al.(2004) reported occurrence of both tumours in a flock of sheep. In this paper we report the existence of both tumours in an adult goat in which the pulmonary adenocarcinoma had massive metastases in the liver and the left kidney. The paper is a first report of nasal adenocarcinoma in indigenous goats in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

Materials and Methods A clinically adult goat indigenous to Saudi Arabia was bled from the jugular vein into EDTA-containing tubes for complete blood count and into plain tubes to obtain serum. The goat died from respiratory symptoms and liver failure (jaundice) and was detail postmortemed to investigate the cause of death. Organs showing lesions were fixed in 10% formol-saline, processed in wax and sectioned at 5 µ. Sections were stained with haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) for routine histopathological examination.

Coexistence of Nasal and Pulmonary… 29

Complete blood count (CBC) was carried out by an automated cell counter (Celldyne 3500, Ca, USA) and serum was analysed for bilirubin concentration by commercial kit set, using an autoanalyzer (Refletron, Germany) .

Results An adult Najdi goat indigenous to Saudi Arabia and of about 3 years of age was presented to the University Veterinary Teaching Hospital with a history of partial nasal obstruction, snoring nasal sounds, poor appetite and weight loss for 2 months. Examination showed that the goat was emaciated, had snoring inspiratory and expiratory sounds and mucopurulent nasal discharge. The face was swollen and the mucous membranes of the mouth and the eyes were icteric yellow.

Complete blood count (CBC) showed the goat was anaemic (Hb 6.2 mg/dl and PCV 0.19 l/l) and bilirubin concentration in serum was 880 µmol/l. Fecal examination showed slight coccidial infection.

The goat died after 6 hours from admission and was necropsied to investigate the cause of death. Postmortem examination showed a large nasal tumour that almost filled and obliterated the nasal cavity (Fig. 1a), The tumour was lobular in shape and its surface was ulcerated and infected. No metastases to the regional lymph nodes were palpable. Histopathology showed a very well differentiated adenocarcinoma (Fig 1b).

The lungs were dispersed with purplish circular or irregular tumour growths of different sizes (Fig 2a). There were massive metastases of the lung tumour in the liver and left kidney (Fig 2b). Histopathology showed proliferation of the alveolar epithelium in the lungs and metastasis of the tumour in the renal tissue, consistent with the lesion caused by pulmonary adenomatosis (Jaagsiekte disease) (Fig2c&d).

Fig. (1a). Nasal adenocarcinoma showing lobular structure and ulcerated surface

K. B. Alharbi 30

Fig. (1b). Histopathology of nasal adenocarcinoma showing a well differentiated tumour. H&E x125.

Fig. (2a). Pulmonary adenocarcinoma showing round growths and typical purplish colour.


Fig. (2b). Metastases of pulmonary adenocarcinoma in the liver showing characteristic purplish colour of the tumour.

Fig. (2c). Histopathology of pulmonary adenocarcinoma showing proliferation of alveolar epithelium. H&E x125.

K. B. Alharbi 32

Fig. (2d). Histopathology of metastatic pulmonary adenocarcinoma in the kidney showing renal tissue reaction and infiltration with inflammatory cells. H&E x125.

Discussion

Nasal adenocarcinoma, which is retrovirus-induced neoplasm, has not been known to occur in Saudi Arabian indigenous desert goats. However, pulmonary adenocarcinoma (Jaagsiekte disease, pulmonary adenomatosis) in goats, which is also a retrovirus-induced tumour, has been reported by Al-Dubaib (2005) to occur in Saudi Arabia.

The results of this paper described coexistence of nasal and pulmonary adenocarcinomas in one goat. The occurrence of both nasal and pulmonary adenocarcinomas in one goat is poorly documented in the literature. Coexistence of both nasal and pulmonary adenocarcinomas was reported in sheep by Ortin et al.(2004). Both tumours were shown to be induced by retroviruses.

The present study showed that there were massive metastases of Jaagsiekte tumour in the liver and left kidney and this confirmed previous reports that coexistence of both tumours might have synergistic relationship between enzootic nasal tumour virus and Jaagsiekte tumour virus resulting in increased proliferation of tissue infected with Jaagsiekte tumour virus (Ortin (2004) as was experienced in the described case. The massive invasion of the liver tissue by the pulmonary adenocarcinoma affected hepatic function to eliminate bilirubin and resulted in jaundice. It also affected body metabolism and consequently resulted in the development of anaemia.

The gross and histopathological picture seen in the necropsied goat were consistent with those seen in sheep and goats infected with nasal and pulmonary adenocarcinoma retrovirus (Ali and Abdelsalam 1999, Jones et al.1997). Two pathological forms of Jaagsiekte were recognized. In the classical form, the neoplastic lesion are diffuse or nodular and light grey or light purple in colour


(Heras et al., 2003b). On cut surface, the tumour is moist and frothy fluid may exude from the airways on slight pressure. Atypical forms tended to be more nodular in both early and advanced cases.

The lung adenocarcinomas are usually complicated with bacterial infection, especially by Pasteurella spp., (Ali and Abdelsalam 1999), but in this case a sterile lesion in the lung was seen. Similar findings were reported by Al-Dubaib in a goat infected with pulmonary adenomatosis (Al-Dubaib 2005).

It is known that no Jaagsiekte-specific humoural response had been detected in the naturally-infected host (Otrin et al., 1998, Summers et al., 2002; Sharp and De Martini, 2003), and so typical gross and histopathological lesions produced by the disease are considered a reliable diagnostic method. The metastatic lesion of the kidney was accompanied by extensive tissue reaction probably due to an immune response to the presence of the virus.

Death of the above goat was likely due to liver failure caused by the massive Jaagsiekte-tumour metastasis. Acknowledgement The authors are thankful for the help offered by the pathology technical staff.

References Al-Dubaib M. A. (2005). Renal and cardiac metastases of Jaagsiekte-like tuomour

in a goat. Small Ruminant Research 58 (1), 75 – 78. Ali, O. A. and Abdelsalam, E. M. (1999). Sheep pulmonary adenomatosis

(Jaagsiekte) in Libya: gross and histopathological evidence. Revue d'elevage et de medecine veterinaire des pays tropicaux. 52, 181 – 183.

De las Heras, M., Sharp, J. M., Garcia, J. A. and Dewar, p. (1991). Enzootic nasal tumour of goats: demonstration of a type D-related retrovirus in nasal fluids and tumours. Journal of General Virology 72, 2533 – 2535.

De las Heras, M., Ortin, A., Cousens, C., Minguiion, E. and Sharp J. M. (2003a). Eznootic nasal adenocarcinoma of sheep and goats. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology 275, 301-203.

De las Heras, M. Gonzalez, L. and Sharp, J. M. (2003b). Pathology of ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology 275, 25 – 54.

De Martini, J. C. and York, D. F. (1997). Retrovirus-associated neoplasms of the respiratory system of sheep and goats: Ovine pulmonary carcinoma and enzootic nasal tumour. Veterinary Clinics of North America 13, 55 – 70.

Jones, T. C., Hunt, R. D. and King, N. W. (1997). Jaagsiekte (ovine pulmonary adenomatosis), Veterinary Pathology, William and Wilkins, Baltimore, Philadelphia, pp. 345–346.

Ortin, A., Perez, de Villarreal, M., Minguiijon, E., Cousens, C., Sharp, J. M. and De las Heras, M. (2004). Coexistence of enzootic nasal adenocarcinoma and Jaagsiekte retrovirus infection in sheep. Journal of Comparative Pathology 131, 253 – 258.

K. B. Alharbi 34

Otrin, A., Minguiijon, E., Dewar, p., Garcia, M., Ferrer, L.M., Palmarini, M., Gonzalez, L., Sharp, J. M. and De las Heras, M. (1998). Lack of a specific immune response against a recombinant capsid protein of Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus in sheep and goats naturally affected by enzootic nasal tumour or sheep pulmonary adenomatosis, Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 61, pp. 229–237.

Sharp, J. M. and De Martini, J. C. (2003). Natural history of JSRV in sheep, Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 275:. 55–79.

Summers, C., Neil, W., Dewar, P., Gonzalez, L., Van der Molen, R, Norval, M. and Sharp, J. M. (2002). Systemic immune responses following infection with Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus and in the terminal stages of ovine pulmonary adenomatosis, J. Gen. Virol. 83 (2002), pp. 1753–1757. View Record in Scopus Cited By in Scopus (19)

William and Yates, 1988 William, D.G., Yates, D.V.M., (1988). Pulmonary adenomatosis. In: R.G., Thomson, B.C., Decker, (Eds.), Special Veterinary Pathology. Toronto, Philadelphia, pp. 105-106.

York, D. F., Vigno, R., Verwoerd, D.W. and Querat, G. (1992). Nucleotide sequence of the Jaagsiekte retrovirus, an exogenous and endogenous type D and B retrovirus of sheep and goats, J. Virol. 66 (1992), pp. 4930–4939. View Record in Scopus Cited By Scopus (99).


وجود السرطانية الغدية األنفية والرئوية املسببة بفريوسات رترو يف املاعز

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37

Effect of Duration and Route of Delivery of Yucca Schidigera Extract Supplementation on some Ruminal and Biochemical Parameters in Castrated

Male Baladi Goats

Afaf, M. Azouz1; Attia, K. A. 1; Abass. H.I.2*; Fatma A. Wahba1

1 Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, 12211 Giza, Egypt. 2* Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim

University, 51452, Buraydah, Qassim, P.O. Box 6622, Saudi Arabia. *Corresponding Author: ABASS. H.I., E-mail: [email protected]

( Received 15/3/2011 accepted 10/12/2011)

Abstract. Twelve apparently healthy castrated male Baladi goats were used in this study. Each animal was weighed (av.b.wt. 17.42±0.30 kg). The animals were allocated into 3 equal groups. The first group served as control group. The second group was fed on the basal diet plus Yucca Schidigera extract (saponins) in the form of bolus as a single dose of 3g/head/day. The third group was fed on the basal diet plus respective dose of saponins via permanent rumen fistula once daily. Experimental animals received these feed additives for 5 weeks (short term therapy) and for 8 weeks (long term therapy).The present study revealed that short term saponins supplementation significantly decreased ruminal protozoal count and increased ruminal total bacterial populations and also decreased blood glucose level (P‹0.05), as compared to long term supplementation. Saponins supplementation decreased significantly ruminal ammonia nitrogen concentration all over the experimentation period (P‹0.05). Keywords: Yucca Schidigera extract, saponins, ruminal, protozoa, ammonia, urea, blood, glucose and

goats.

Afaf M. Azouz; et al. 38

Introduction The population increase in Egypt, is very rapid (Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division (2011), the need for massive meat and milk production become urgent to face this growth .The goat is considered as one of the most economic and suitable animal for meat production .Goats are relatively cheap, highly fertile, possess high efficiency in converting poor materials to meat, milk and hair. Also they are more adapted to arid and semi-arid areas than other domesticated animals such as cows (French, 1974).

The use of chemical feed additives, including antibiotics and ionophores, should be phased out and, where possible, only natural products should be used in animal production. Generally, plant extracts was recognized as safe additives for human consumption (FDA, 2004).

Micro-Aid® (Distributors Processing Inc., Porterville, CA) is one of the widely used products of Yucca schidigera sarsaponins. It is a concentrated extract from the Yucca schidigera plant (Eryavuz and Dehority, 2004). Recently, many researchers direct their efforts to study the effect of Micro-Aid supplementation as a source of saponins-rich plant on the microbial digestion, growth and performance in ruminants (Singer et al., 2008).

The objective of this work is to study the effects of Micro-Aid® given by different routes (orally or intraruminally) and for different periods (short term and long term) on ruminal protozoal population density, ruminal total bacterial count, ruminal pH value, ruminal ammonia nitrogen, blood urea and blood glucose concentrations in castrated male Baladi goats.

Materials and Methods

I. Animals The present study was carried out at the Physiology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza. Twelve apparently healthy castrated male Baladi goats (one year-old and 17.00±0.30 kg b.wt) were used in this investigation.

Rumen fistulae were surgically operated for all animals in the Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza-Egypt. II. Experimental design

The animals were allocated into 3 equal groups (each group, 4 goats). All animals were fed on basal diet (50% corn, 20% wheat bran, 25% cotton seed meal as a source of concentrate, while Barseem was given as a source of roughage, plus 5%salt, minerals and vitamin premix) .The first group was fed on basal diet only without any feed additive and served as control group .The second group was fed on basal diet plus Micro-Aid® as feed additive (Yucca schidigera extract)-containing saponins as active compound. Micro-Aid® was supplied by DPI Company as powder. Micro-Aid® was given to the second group at a single dose of 3g/head /day with morning feed (orally) in the form of bolus. The third group was fed on basal diet plus respective dose of Micro-Aid®- saponins supplementation into water and administered via permanent ruminal fistula. Experimental animal received these

Effect of Duration and Route of Delivery… 39

feed additives for 5 weeks as short term experimentation period and for 8 weeks as long term experimentation period (Singer et al., 2008). III. Sampling

A) Collection of ruminal juice samples: Samples of rumen juice were collected from all animals weekly for 8

successive weeks via rumen fistula, and strained through 4 layers of sterile gauze to obtain the strained rumen liquor (SRL).Rumen juice samples were collected 2-4 hrs post feeding (Aregheore, 2005).

B) Collection of blood samples: Blood samples were collected weekly from jugular vein of all animals; 2-4

hrs post feeding .Blood sample of each animal was collected in vacutainer tube containing sodium fluoride-potassium oxalate as anticoagulant (Becton Dickinson Vacutainer Systems Europe, Blymouth.UK). Blood samples were centrifuged at 5000 rpm / 15 minutes for separation of plasma .Plasma samples were kept at -20°C until analysis (Aregheore, 2005). IV. Analysis of ruminal and blood metabolic parameters

A) Determination of ruminal parameters: 1. Ruminal protozoal population density was determined by direct

microscopic count using the improved Neubauer haemocytometer scale, (on area of the 9 mm2), under high power microscopic magnification (40 x) according to Galyean (1989).

2- Ruminal bacterial count was estimated by direct microscopic count using improved Neubauer haemocytometer scale, on the central primary squares, under high power microscopic magnification (40 x) according to Galyean (1989).

3- Identification of ruminal protozoal species: Ruminal protozoal species were identified according to (Hobson and Stewart,

1994 and Hungate, 1996). 4- Ruminal ammonia nitrogen concentration was estimated according to

Chaney and Marbach (1962): 1 ml SRL were acidified with 4 ml of 0.2 N HCL, and then centrifuged at 5000 rpm/30 minutes. The supernatant fluid was analyzed spectrophotometrically at wave length 630-640 nm for ruminal ammomia nitrogen concentration.

B) Determination of blood metabolic parameters: 1- Plasma urea concentration was determined spectrophotometrically using

kit purchased from (Biodiagnostic- Egypt Co.) according to the method adopted by Henry (1964).

2- Plasma glucose concentration was determined spectrophotometrically using kit purchased from (Biodiagnostic- Egypt Co.) according to the method of Henry (1964). V. Statistical analysis:

All data were statistically analyzed using Model GLM of SAS software version (6.12) (SAS, 1996). The interaction between different treatments, experimentation periods and analyzed parameters were tested by Duncan Multiple Range test to detect the level of significance among means (Snedecor and Cochran, 1989).


Results and Discussion Results of the present study (Table, 1) revealed that ruminal protozoal population count was decreased in both supplemented groups during short term supplementation either significantly (p<0.05) at the end of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 5th weeks of supplementation in orally supplemented group, or at the end of 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 6th weeks of the experiment in the intraruminally supplemented one. These results agree with those reported by Santoso et al. (2007). This might be due to the binding capacity of Micro-Aid to cholesterol in the protozoal cell membrane causing lysis of the organism (Klita et al., 1996).

While in long term supplementation, ruminal protozoal count either returned to the level of control as at the end of 7th and 8th weeks in orally supplemented group and at the end of 6th and 8th weeks in the intraruminally supplemented group or increased than the level of control as at the end of 7th week in intraruminally supplemented one. These results may be attributed to the adaptation of the microbial population in the rumen to saponins as reported by Teferedegne et al. (1999);

saponins are hydrolyzed by ruminal bacteria that remove the carbohydrate side chains, while the antiprotozoal activity requires the intact saponin structure with both the nucleus and side chain(s) present. Consequently, Cheeke (1999) recorded that one approach for retaining antiprotozoal activity would be to feed saponins intermittently. Such a regimen might suppress protozoa, but without the continuous presence of suppression.

The results of the present study showed there were no significant differences in all studied parameters between orally and intraruminally supplemented groups. This might indicate that the saliva of goats has no obvious effect on Yucca saponins. These results came at variance to those results obtained by Odenyo et al. (1997) who showed that in sheep allowed to eat saponin rich plant, the protozoal numbers remained high while in those animals fed through the rumen (via a cannula), the number was decreased substantially.

Data presented in (Table 2) showed that ruminal bacterial count was significantly (p<0.05) increased during short term saponins supplementation in intraruminally supplemented group at the end of the 1st, 2nd 3rd, 4th and 5th weeks of supplementation and at the end of 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th weeks of supplementation in orally supplemented group as agree with Ngamsaeng and Wanapat (2006). This might be attributed to its suppressing effect on ruminal protozoal population which could engulf the ruminal bacteria, so bacterial number increased as a response to the decreased protozoal number as mentioned by Newbold et al. (1997).

However, during long term supplementation no significant differences were detected in ruminal bacterial count either between intraruminally or orally supplemented groups with the control one at the end of 6th, 7th and 8th weeks of supplementation. Moreover, Wang Y. et al. (2000 a, b) reported that supplementation with Yucca extracts might be beneficial to ruminants fed a high grain diet; Yucca saponins were found to have a direct negative effect on cellulolytic bacteria while being harmless to amylolytic bacteria suggesting the possibility of using saponins for 'designing' the rumen population.


Results shown in table 3 showed no significant difference (p<0.05) in ruminal pH values of goats that received saponins compared to that of control group. Such findings came in agreement with Ryan et al. (1993) and Hussain and Cheeke (1995) in vivo, and with Hu et al. (2005) in vitro.

Concerning ruminal pH value and administration of saponin-rich plants, conflicting results were obtained by many authors; in dairy cow, Wu et al. (1994) observed a quadratic decrease in ruminal pH value in response to Yucca extract administration. Similar results were reported by Hristov et al. (1999) and Liu et al. (2007) who found that supplementation of animals with Yucca saponins was associated with a decreased ruminal pH value. Conversely, Navas-Camacho et al. (1993) found that ruminal pH was actually increased in animals that received Yucca extract. Moreover, Santoso et al. (2007) demonstrated that ruminal pH value of goats fed saponins was significantly increased as compared to non-supplemented animals.

Hence, the obtained results could be explained on the basis that whether Micro-Aid increase or decrease pH value through defined or undefined pathways, the net result that could be expected for the two opposite mechanisms is nearly a constant pH value for the rumen, which is considered as an essential factor for proper rumen fermentation.

Data presented in (Table 4) revealed that the overall means of ruminal ammonia nitrogen concentration were significantly (p<0.05) decreased in animals received Yucca saponins either in orally or intraruminally supplemented groups during all weeks of supplementation when compared to the control except at the end of 6th week of supplementation in intraruminally supplemented group in which ruminal nitrogen concentration showed a significant increase. Such decrease in ruminal ammonia nitrogen concentrations were in agreement with Santoso et al. (2006, 2007) and Liu et al. (2007). Furthermore, Hu et al. (2005) found that inclusion of 0.4 mg/ml tea saponins decreased the ammonia nitrogen concentration by 8.3% and 19.6% and significantly increased the microbial protein yield by 18.4% and 13.8% in faunated and defaunated rumen fluid, respectively.

Rate and extent of ruminal ammonia utilization are critical elements in improving the efficiency of protein utilization in ruminants, with inefficient utilization of ammonia by the ruminal micro-organisms being the major reason for increased urinary nitrogen losses (Broderick et al., 1991; Tamminga, 1992). Thus,

enhancing microbial incorporation of ammonia in the rumen is a primary objective in ruminant nutrition as it has long-term economic and environmental implication (Hristov et al., 2004). Ammonia concentration in the rumen is a balance between degradation of feed protein and uptake of ammonia for synthesis of microbial protein (Santoso et al., 2007).

Wang Y. et al. (1998) explained the reason for the ability of Yucca to decrease the ruminal ammonia nitrogen concentration to the suppressive effect of Yucca on ciliate protozoa. While Headon (1991), Wu et al. (1994) and Wallace et al. (1994) attributed the lowering effect of Yucca schidigera on ruminal ammonia nitrogen concentration to that Yucca schidigera seems to have ammonia-binding


property, due to the presence of glycoprotein. Moreover, Takahashi et al. (2000) study indicated that the glycofraction in the Yucca schidigera is effective in binding ammonia both in vitro and in vivo. Accordingly, a slow release form of nitrogen to maintain a lower ammonia concentration might enhance fermentation by maintaining adequate rumen nitrogen for microbial growth after feeding (Santoso et al., 2006). Hussain and Cheeke (1995) reported that the improved efficiency of utilization of nitrogen in the rumen was probably due to binding of ammonia to Yucca extract when the ruminal ammonia concentration is high and release of the bound ammonia when its concentration is lower in the rumen, thus modulating diurnal fluctuations in the ruminal ammonia concentration to provide a continuously adequate amount of ammonia for microbial metabolism. Additionally, Santoso et al. (2007) suggested that one of the reasons for lowering ammonia level could be the higher incorporation of ammonia, peptide or amino acids into microbial protein. The authors found a significant reduction in ruminal ammonia concentration accompanied by higher efficiency of microbial protein synthesis in the presence of fractions containing saponins in an in vitro rumen fermentation system.

Furthermore, Wallace et al. (1994) suggested that most of the depression in rumen ammonia was actually due to decreased proteolysis in the rumen caused by anti-protozoal activity of sarsaponin in the rumen rather than the affinity of glycol-components for ammonia. Hristov et al. (1999) concluded that the lowering effect of Yucca schidigera on ruminal ammonia likely resulted from decreased bacterial lysis, as a consequence of inhibited protozoal growth and to a lesser extent, from inhibited deaminative activity and direct binding of ammonia in the rumen.

Results presented in (Table, 5) revealed that neither the route nor the duration of supplementation affect the level of blood urea nitrogen except at the end of the 2nd week of supplementation in the intraruminally supplemented group where the blood urea nitrogen concentration showed a significant increase. This result came in agreement with those of Ngamsaeng and Wanapat (2006).

On the other hand, supplementing Yucca schidigera saponin reduced blood urea nitrogen concentration in cattle (Hussein and Cheeke, 1995) and also, reduced urea and ammonia concentration (Hussein et al., 1996 and Killeen et al., 1998). Other studies have showed that blood urea nitrogen concentration was significantly decreased in goats received tea saponin (Hu et al., 2006). Similarly, Killeen et al., (1998) reported that yucca extract (Deodorase ® and Micro-Aid ®) that contained urease inhibitors and was added to reduce blood and milk urea nitrogen concentrations in dairy cows.

Results shown in (Table, 6) revealed that saponins supplementation, either orally or intraruminally was associated with a significant (p<0.05) decline in blood glucose level allover the first 6 weeks of the experiment. However, the blood glucose level returned to the level of control with long term supplementation. These results were similar to those obtained by Lee et al. (2000) and Yoshikawa et al. (2001). Moreover, Yoshikawa et al. (2008) reported that florathasaponins contents of tea flower showed hypoglycaemic activities. Conversely, Hu et al. (2006) found that blood glucose level was not affected in goats received tea saponin.


Table (1). Effect of route of delivery and duration of supplementation of Yucca Schidegira saponins on rumen protozoal count (10 5 cell/ml SRL) in castrated male Baladi goats

Groups Weeks

Control Intraruminally Orally

1 4.65 cd

± 0.155

4.42 cde ±

0.146

3.37 efgh ±

0.165

2 3.37 ifgh

± 0.13

2.06 ijkL ±

0.27

1.52 kL ±

0.04

3 7.33 a

± 0.13

2.57 c ±

0.31

6.17 b ±

0.27

4 2.85 ijgh

± 0.06

4.07 def ±

0.44

4.69 cd ±

0.47

5 6.67 ab

± 0.668

4.1 def ±

0.59

4.60 cd ±

0.57

6 1.82 jkL

± 0.23

1.52 kL ±

0.25

1.31 L ±

0.18

7 1.34 L

± 0.192

6.13 b ±

0.97

4.48 cde ±

0.35

8 3.96 defg

± 0.061

4.97 cd ±

0.28

5.58 bc ±

0.24

• Values are Means± standard error, (n=4 animals/group). • Means having the different letters are significantly different at (p< 0.05).


Table (2). Effect of route of delivery and duration of supplementation of Yucca Schidegira saponins on rumen bacterial count (1010 cell/ml SRL) in castrated male Baladi goats

Groups

Weeks Control Intraruminally Orally

1 1.88 fghi

± 0.21

4.48 d ±

0.75

6.99 abc ±

0.766

2 3.61 de

± 0.35

6.86 abc ±

0.68

7.88 a ±

0.85

3 2.21 gfh

± 0.11

5.90c ±

0.58

6.31 bc ±

0.45

4 3.2 def

± 0.44

7.61 ab ±

0.54

7.91 a ±

0.94

5 0.93 ghij

± 0.11

2.75 ef ±

0.298

2 fgh ±

0.33

6 0.83 ghij

± 0.11

0.8 ghij ±

0.25

0.64 hij ±

0.198

7 0.31 j

± 0.034

0.46 ij ±

0.14

0.29 j ±

0.05

8 0.75 hij

± 0.185

0.69 hij ±

0.19

0.59 hij ±

0.23

• Values are Means ± Standard error, (n = 4 animals/group). • Means having the different letters are significantly different from respective control at (p< 0.05).


Table (3). Effect of route of delivery and duration of supplementation of Yucca Schidegira saponins on ruminal pH value of castrated male Baladi goats Groups

Weeks


2 5.3 bcde

± 0.13

5.68 b ±

0.15

5.25 bcde ±

0.13

3 4.71 f

± 0.17

5.1 cdef ±

0.11

4.9 fe ±

0.11

4 4.69 f

± 0.26

5.33 bcde ±

0.18

5 def ±

0.15

5 5.25 bcde

± 0.08

5.4 bcd ±

0.07

5.43 bcd ±

0.09

6 5.54 bc

± 0.03

5.68 b ±

0.15

5.6 b ±

0.04

7 6.48 a

± 0.14

6.48 a ±

0.05

6.51 a ±

0.06

8 5.51 bc

± 0.09

5.5 bc ±

0.19

5.53 bc ±

0.26

• Values are Means ± Standard error, (n = 4 animals/group). • Means having the different letters are significantly different at (p< 0.05).


Table (4). Effect of route of delivery and duration of supplementation of Yucca Schidegira saponins supplementation on rumen ammonia nitrogen concentration (mg/dl) in castrated male Baladi goats Groups

Weeks Control Intraruminally Orally

1 70.38 j

± 1.15

32.17 p ±

1.09

29.4 p ±

0.84

2 197.08 b

± 1.63

56.1 L ±

0.632

75.39 I ±

0.698

3 190.87 c

± 1.75

81.89 h ±

0.1

61.63 k ±

0.77

4 240.72 a

± 1.06

191.97 c ±

0.97

112.46 f ±

1.133

5 123.26 e

± 1.44

44.17 n ±

o.76

57.83 L ±

0.92

6 35.36 o

± 1.054

15.59 q ±

0.77

71.06 j ±

1.05

7 107.89 g

± 0.88

58.37 L ±

1.31

49.63 m ±

1.08

8 156.18 d

± 0.82

43.75 n ±

1.51

78.97 h ±

1.5



Table (5). Effect of route of delivery and duration of supplementation of Yucca Schidegira saponins on blood urea nitrogen concentration (mg/dl) in castrated male Baladi goats

Groups

Weeks


2

22.03 efg

±

0.41

26.848 efg

±1.59

22.033 abcd

±1.11

3

24.17 cdefg

±

0.39

27.268 cdefg

±0.16

24.103 abcd

±0.59

4

29.98 a

±

0.28

29.16 ab

±0.99

29.39 ab

±1.64

5

23.31 defg

±

1.21

24.11 fg

±1.75

21.318 cdefg

±1.298

6

25.81 abcde

±

1.05

26.248 abc

±1.53

28.218 abcde

±1.22

7

20.45 g

±

0.65

23.17 fg

±1.79

20.988 defg

±1.28

8

27.15 abcd

±

1.59

25.33 abcd

±1.58

27.4 bcdef

±2.03



Table (6). Effect of route of delivery and duration of supplementation of Yucca Schidegira saponins on blood glucose concentration (mg/dl) in castrated male baladi goats Groups

Weeks


2

53.83 ef

± 0.95

47.24 g

± 0.79

47.84 g

± 0.68

3

63.48 c

± 2.86

53.52 f

± 0.82

57.68 de

± 1.096

4

68.62 ab

± 0.02

55.53 def

± 2.33

62.7 c

± 1.25

5

69.24 ab

± 0.8

66.95 bc

± 0.79

68.66 ab

± 0.04

6

63.65 c

± 0.82

58.38 d

± 2.12

54.23 ef

± 1.02

7

62.71 c

± 0.84

63.4 c

± 2.15

62.82 c

± 1.4

8

71.28 a

± 1.25

66.37bc

± 0.55

69.02 ab

± 0.16

• Values are Means± standard error, (n=4 animals/group). • Means having the different are significantly different at (p< 0.05)

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53

Note on the life cycle of Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum (Acari: Ixodidae) on rabbits and goats

Osama H. Omer

College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, PO Box 6800 Buraidah 51452,

Saudi Arabia Tel.: +966-6380-0050; fax: +966-6380-2268

E-mail address: [email protected]

Abstract. The present study was designed to investigate the life cycle of the tick Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum on both rabbits and goats. Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum showed a mixed two-host and three-host feeding pattern in both rabbits and goats. In rabbits the cycle was predominantly two-host with 98% of ticks detaching after 14 days as engorged nymphs. The remaining 2% of the ticks detached as engorged larvae. They detached after 6 days of feeding. In goats a similar pattern was observed with 70% of ticks detaching as engorged nymphs. Keywords: Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum; rabbits; goats.

Osama H. Omer 54

Introduction Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum had a mixed three-host and two-host pattern of life cycle (Snow, 1969; Latif, 1985). The three-host life cycle may convert to a partial two-host type when the ticks feed on rabbits. (Hosie and Walker, 1979). The percentage of two-host development decreased at high temperature (Hoogstraal and Kaiser, 1959).

The aim of the present work is to establish a colony of Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum and to study the feeding pattern of the tick on small and large animals.

Materials and Methods Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum engorged females were collected from cattle at a diary farm in Buraidah City. They were brought to the laboratory and identified using the keys of Hoogstraal, Wassef and Büttiker (1981) and Hoogstraal (1984). The engorged females were kept singly in 5X2.5 cm flat-bottomed plastic tubes for oviposition. Eggs produced were kept in 5X1.5 cm flat-bottomed glass tubes. All tubes were incubated at 26±1 oC in desiccators containing saturated potassium chloride solution to obtain 75% relative humidity.

Batches of larvae were applied in ear bags to two goat kids (3-month-old) and two rabbits. The experimental animals were kept in the Department of Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University under controlled temperature 20±2 oC, fed pelleted feed and allowed free access to water.

Results and Discussion Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum showed a mixed two-host and three-host feeding pattern in both rabbits (Fig. 1) and goats (Fig. 2). In rabbits the cycle was predominantly two-host with more than 98% of ticks detaching after 14 days as engorged nymphs. The remaining 2% of the ticks detached as engorged larvae detached after 6 days of feeding. In goats a similar pattern was observed with 70% of ticks detaching as engorged nymphs.

Results obtained for feeding pattern of larvae on rabbits were quite variable. Hosie and Walker (1979) and Walker, Fletcher, McKellar, Bell and Brown (1985) reported that 98% of larvae applied fed in a two-host cycle while Yassir, Osman and El-Amin (1992) reported a typical three-host behaviour. Latif (1985) on the other hand, reported that 53.4% of the larvae fed in a three-host feeding cycle. More recently, Ghosh and Azhahianambi (2007) reported that a significantly high percentage of fed larvae did not drop off after engorgement and molted to nymphs and reattached on the same host, thus maintaining two-host pattern of feeding. It is interesting to note that in Sudan where the ambient temperature is high, higher percentage of three-host feeding was obtained. In the present study the obtained results on the percentage of larvae fed in a two-host cycle was similar to those obtained by Hosie and Walker (1979) and Walker et al. (1985).

Latif (1985) observed at one location during winter season the ticks of Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum feeding on the back and neck regions of calves in two-host type. Our results in goats were in agreement with this observation.

Note on the life cycle of Hyalomma … 55

Fig. (1). Nymphs of Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum feeding on a rabbit.

Fig. (2). Nymphs of Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum feeding on a goat kid.

Acknowledgments The author would like to thank Mr. E. E. El Mahi for technical assistance.

Osama H. Omer 56

References Ghosh, S. and Azhahianambi, P. Laboratory rearing of Theileria annulata-free

ticks. Experimental Applied Acarology 43 (2007), 137–146. Hoogstraal, H. Ticks (Acarina) of Saudi Arabia Fam. Argasidae, Ixodidae. Fauna

of Saudi Arabia 6 (1981), 170-174. Hoogstraal, H. and Kaiser, M.N. Observation of Egyptian Hyalomma ticks

(Ixodoidea: Ixodidae). 5. Biological notes and differences in identity of H. anatolicum and its subspecies anatolicum Koch among Russian and other workers. Identity of H. lusitanicum Koch. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 52, (1959) 243-261.

Hoogstraal, H.; Wassef, H.Y. and Büttiker, W. Ticks (Acarina) of Saudi Arabia Fam. Argasidae, Ixodidae. Fauna of Saudi Arabia 3 (1981), 25-110.

Hosie, B.D. and Walker, A.R. The production of nymphs of Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum for experimental infection with Theileria annulata. . Tropical Animal Health and Production 11 (1985), 181-185.

Latif, A.A. Tick (Acari = Ixodoidea, Ixodidae) immature feeding on cattle, camels and sheep in the Sudan, with notes on behaviour of Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum fed on different hosts. Insect Science and its Application 6 (1985), 59-61.

Walker, A.R.; Fletcher, J.D.; Mckellar, S.B.; Bell, L.J. and Brown, C.G.D. The maintenance and survival of Theileria annulata in colonies of Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum. Annals of Tropical Medical Parasitolology 79 (1985), 199-209.

Yassir, O.M.; Osman, O.M. and El-Amin, T.H. Life cycle studies of the tick species, Amblyomma lepidum, Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum and Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi under laboratory conditions. Insect Science and its Application 13 (1992), 565-568.

Note on the life cycle of Hyalomma … 57

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جملة العلوم الزراعية والبيطرية

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٣٥.................................................................خالد باين احلريب

عض غذائية على ميكروبات الكرش وبكإضافة) الصابونني(تأثري مستخلص نبات اليوكا )لعريباامللخص ( ذكور املاعز البلدى املخصيةيفمؤشرات أيض الدم

٥٢............................فاطمة وهبة ، حسن عباس،كمال عطية، عفاف عزوز

)امللخص العريب( قراد هايلوما أناتوليكم أناتوليكم دورة حياة على مالحظة

٥٧................................................................عمر حسن أسامة

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٣

–عنيزة غرب جنوب –دراسات بيئية ملراعي الشقيقة

مبنطقة القصيم يف اململكة العربية السعودية

اخليل منرية بنت صاحل أبا

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وما الشقيقة صحراء ل الطبيعيلغطاء النبايتل املؤلفةاألول من األقسام األربعة القسم .)١ ( رقمدولاجل

املرافقة واألنواع النباتية السائدة منيتضمنه

القسم النوع أو األنواع النباتية السائدة األنواع النباتية املرافقة

Polycarpaea repens Stipagrostis plumosa

Eremobium lineare Neurada procumbens

Plantago boissieri Schismus barbatus

Centropodia fragilis Bassia muricata

Astragalus hauarensis Atractylis carduus

Lotus halophilus

persicum Haloxylon

و

Hammada elegans

ا

وما الشقيقة صحراء غطاء النبايت الطبيعي للل الثاين من األقسام األربعة املؤلفة القسم .)٢(رقم دول اجل

املرافقةو األنواع النباتية السائدة منيتضمنه


Convolvulus buschiricus Monsonia heliotropoides

Plantago boissieri Schismus barbatus

Centropodia fragilis Polycarpaea repens

Stipagrostis plumosa Eremobium lineare

Lotus halophilus Neurada procumbens

Astragalus hauarensis

Hammada elegans

٢

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وما الشقيقة صحراء للغطاء النبايت الطبيعي ل الثالث من األقسام األربعة املؤلفة القسم .)٣(رقم دول اجل

املرافقةو األنواع النباتية السائدة من يتضمنه


Convolvulus buschiricus Atractylis carduus Calligonum comosum

Monsonia heliotropoides Moltkiopsis ciliata Plantago boissieri Schismus barbatus

Centropodia fragilis Heliotropium digynum

Polycarpaea repens Stipagrostis plumosa

Bassia muricata Eremobium lineare

Hippocrepis constricta Lotus halophilus

Silene linearis Citrullus colocynthis

parviflora Malva Cistanche phelypaea

Teucrium oliverianum

Ephedra alata

٣

الشقيقة صحراء للغطاء النبايت الطبيعي ل الرابع من األقسام األربعة املؤلفة القسم .)٤(رقم دول اجل

املرافقة و األنواع النباتية السائدة ومايتضمنه من


Convolvulus buschiricus Hammada elegans

Centropodia fragilis Monsonia heliotropoides

Eremobium lineare Scrophularia hypericifolia

Silene linearis Stipagrostis plumosa

Schismus barbatus Moltkiopsis ciliata Plantago boissieri

Polycarpaea repens Lotus halophilus

Cistanche phelypaea Citrullus colocynthis Neurada procumbens

Dipcadi erythraeum Cyperus conglomeratus

Rostraria pumila

Calligonum comosum و

Ephedra alata

٤

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Hammada elegans و persicum Haloxylon يتضح أن النوعني )١(اجلدول رقم من

يف القسم الثاين Hammada elegans بينما يسود النوع، يسودان يف القسم األول من املنطقةسمني يف ف بني هذين القاختالظهر ،اًنوع١١وكان عدد األنواع النباتية املرافقة لكل منهما

القسم الرابع فيسود النوعيف أما ، Ephedra alata ويف القسم الثالث يسود النوع، بعض منها

Calligonum comosum و Ephedra alata وكان عدد األنواع النباتية املرافقة لكل منهما اختالفات يف األنواع النباتية سواًء بينهما أو مقارنة وقد اتضحت على التوايل، ١٩، ٢٠

وللبحث عن تفسري لوجود هذه التباينات مابني األقسام األربعة يف األنواع ، ىاألقسام األخربالنباتية السائدة واملرافقة رغم جتاورها ووقوعها ضمن منطقة بيئية مناخية واحدة فقد عمدنا إىل

والوسط يميائيوالك ربة واليت متثل البناء الفيزيائي للتدراسة الصفات الكيميائية والفيزيائيةتربات األقسام وجود فروق معنوية مابني ) ٦، ٥ ( من اجلدولني ناحظالفالغذائي للنباتات

( ٪ التربة ورطوبة، .%))O.M ٪املادة العضوية املؤلفة لصحراء الشقيقة يف كل من األربعة

Moisture %( ،٪ الرمل املتوسط Medium(

Sand % ) ،الناعم جداً الرمل٪) Very Fine Sand %( وقد كان تربة القسم الثالثالناعم الرملوكذلك يف ، هي األكثر احتواًء للمادة العضوية وبفرق معنوي عن باقي األقسام

بينما ، )٣جدول( يف ازدياد التنوع النبايت الذي امتاز به هذا القسم لعب ذلك دوراًفرمبا جداً خر تنوع نبايت ملتوسط وظهر فيه هو اآلللرمل اوكانت تربة القسم الرابع أكثر احتواًء للرطوبة

قوامها يف هذا القسم لنمو العديد من األنواع ومما قد يعكس مناسبة رطوبة التربة ، )٤جدول( بيئات خيلقن وجود مثل هذا التفاوت يف تربات األقسام رغم جتاورها إوعموماً ف .النباتية يف اليت ظهرت أسباب االختالفات ساهم يف إيضاح بعض ت رمبا Microhabitats متنوعةدقيقة

. صحراء الشقيقة األقسام املختلفة منيفاألنواع النباتية النامية

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Mean Location

0.M.% EC % pH % Ca % Mg % Na % K %

1st 0.034b 0.42 NS 7.78 NS 3.37 NS 1.10 NS 3.23 NS 13.33 NS

2nd 0.041ab 0.40 7.42 3.57 1.10 3.27 15.33

3rd 0.055a 0.50 7.85 3.67 1.43 3.07 13.00

4th 0.025b 0.70 7.44 3.83 1.20 3.47 17.33

SD 0.0001 0.08 0.05 0.75 0.03 0.89 7.60

R-Square 00.63 0.22 0.53 0.05 0.45 0.32 0.23

CV% 26.79 54.21 2.89 24.01 15.11 28.92 26.26 Means with the same letter in the same column are not significantly difference. NS = not significant, P ≥ 0.05

. التحليل الفيزيائي لتربات األقسام األربعة املؤلفة لصحراء الشقيقة .)٦(رقم دولاجل

Mean Locatio

n Moisture %

Coarse Sand %

Medium Sand %

Fine Sand

%

Very Fine

Sand % Silt % Clay

%

1st 0.87a 1.03 NS 14.19b 42.47 NS 27.80ab 13.12

NS 1.39 NS

2nd 0.47b 2.23 24.61a 36.77 NS 25.60b 09.99 0.80

3rd 0.54b 3.24 12.06b 35.66 NS 34.65a 12.78 1.62

4th 0.79ab 1.98 27.30a 34.96 NS 26.01b 08.76 0.98

SD 0.03 4.43 12.15 20.05 16.99 05.29 0.49 R-

Square 0.61 0.17 00.84 00.39 00.54 00.49 0.24

CV% 24.15 99.30 17.84 11.95 14.46 20.61 58.54 Means with the same letter in the same column are not significantly difference. NS = not significant, P ≥ 0.05

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Polycarpaea repens , Stipagrostis plumosa , Eremobium lineare , Lotus halophilus , Schismus barbatus , Centropodia fragilis , Plantago boissieri.

يف الصفاتات ختالفا قد يظهر من ااألمر الذي يعكس عدم تأثر هذه األنواع السبعة مب

بعض األنواع على أحد أو صر وجود اقتبينما ، لترب األقسام املختلفةالفيزيائية والكيميائية صفات مناسبة يشري إىلمما قد ) ٧(اجلدول رقم حد األقسام فقط دون الباقي كما يتضح يف أ

ومن جهة أخرى رمبا ، من جهة لنمو هذه النباتاتذا القسمالفيزيائية و الكيميائيةةلتربا .يعكس وجود متاثل أو تقارب مابني هذه األنواع النباتية يف متطلباا البيئية

. فيه الناميةالقسم و األقسامأحد اقتصر وجودها على اليتنباتية النواع األ.)٧(دول اجل

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املراجع

املراجع العربية: أوالً

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٢١F٣E�W١٨٨� J�١٩٦�K� ، العريفي. سليمان علي ، اخلطيب. تركي سعود ، آل سعود. الرويلي، سعود ليلي

�K�F٢٠٠٨Eالقرعاوي، عبدالعزيز عبداهللا. عبدالعزيز حممد ، السعيد. فهد سليمان �K��א��א��د��K#��& א�µ�3ل�א��W��א�( ��&-�א��א�� א��د

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. سعد، الباشا. الرمياوي ،عمر. هاين ، خوري. غازي، سفاريين. عابد، عبدالقادر

�زايد، احلوري. غالب ، جرار. جنيب، أبوكركي. بالل، عمرية KF٢٠٠٤E�K��א�/�6��J��:�K��*�.א��/Wא��K/W��0>( �دא�4وאوא��Kن��K4دنXאK��

األجنبيةاملراجع: ثانياً

Al-Farhan, A. (2001). A floristic account on Raudhat Khuraim central province Saudi Arabia. Saudi. J. Biol. Sci. 8:80-103.

Al-Rowaily, S. L. (1999). Rangeland of Saudi Arabia and the “tragedy of commons”. Rangelands 21:27-29.

AL- Shayaa, M. ; El Hag, A. and Muneer, S. (2007): The role of people’s knowledge and attitudes in conservation of wildlife in the natural reservations: A Case study of the ibex reservation in AL-Riyadh Region, Saudi Arabia . Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 14:123-135.

Cottenie, A.(1980). Soil and Plant Testing as a Basis of Fertilizer Recommendation .FAO Soils Bulletin , Rome, 38:64-67.

Jackson, M.L. (1962). Soil Chemical Analysis. Constable & Co. Ltd. London. Jackson, M.L. (1967). Soil Chemical Analysis. Preintice Hall of India, Private New

Delhi. Richards, L.A. (1954). Diagnosis and Improvement of Saline and Alkali Soils. U.S.

D.A. Handbook: 60. SAS, (2003. SAS’ Procedure Guide. Version 9.1 Edition, SAS Institute, INC, Cary,

NC, USA. Stewart, E.A. (1974).Chemical Analysis of Ecological Material. Blackwell

Scientific Publication. Oxford. London, Edinburgh, Melbourn. Wilde, S.A.;. Voigt, G.K and Lyer, J.G. (1972). Soil and Plant Analysis for Tree

Culture . Applied Science Publishers Ltd. Ripple Road, Barting, Esser, England: 26 pp.

��א�� ٢٦

Environmental Studies on Rangeland of Alshqiqa - South West Onaiza Al-Qassim region, Saudi Arabia

Muneera S. Aba AL - Khail

College of Sciences and Arts Onaiza , Qassim University. Saudi Arabia

Abstract. Environmental studies were conducted on rangeland Alshqiqa - South West Onaiza , Al-Qassim region, Saudi Arabia. These studies focused on the climate and soil factors prevailed in the area as well as the human activities that affect the native vegetation in the same area. This region of study was selected because it was observed to be naturally differentiated into four sections by different plant species dominated in each section. In addition, all the sections represent one region. The study aimed to explain the differences in the dominant plant species between the four sections. The differences between species were combined with studying the chemical and physical characteristics of the soil. Differences between the organic matter, soil moisture, medium sand, and fine sand in the four sections have been studied with seven of the plant species dominated in all sections except one section which have nine species. On the other hand, climax species were disappeared from most sections in the area, with a consequent change in the qualitative composition of the vegetation. This disappearance may be due to the drought stress and/or to the human activities that were performing continuously since ancient times, such as grazing and firewood collection. Keywords: Onaiza southwestern desert, Onaiza rangeland, Alshqiqa sand, Calligonum comosum, Haloxylon persicum.


)هـ١٤٣٣حمرم / م ٢٠١٢يناير ( ، ٤٦-٢٧، ص ص )١(، العدد )٥(الد القصيم، جامعة

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النبيتات املزروعة داخل اصص التربة املكونة من البرياليت والبيتموس ) و( جتذيرالنموات اخلضرية )د(

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املراجع

املراجع العربية:أوالً

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��?+K�5V�jـيد، حمـمد خزعـلمحj>.�cj�u :jא��*j��Phoenix dactylifera L.�� א��]�� ز�א�� =1� ;�W(אم?� ً(�p}Kد2�5�א� �� ;�x� �א�d�א�� *�5� ،�� J�

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املراجع األجنبية: ثانياً

Al-Yahya,Y.”Biotechnology and date palm development” . Wye College University of London. 1995.

Aslam,J .and Khan,S.A. “In Vitro Micropropagation of Khalas date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) An Important Fruit Plant”. J. Fruit Ornam Plant res. Vol.17(1), 2009 ,15-22.

Auge ,R “.Les phenomenes physiologigues� lies a� la� realisa� Jtion des culture in

vitro In : La Culture In Vitro et ses aapplications horticoles Ed,Technique

documentation”. 1984، p.152 LA VOISIER Paris

Flick,C.E.,Evans ,D.A. and Sharp, W.R.. “Organogenesis In: Hnd book of plant cell culture“ (Eds.) Evans D.A., W.R.Sharp,P.V.Ammirato and Y.Yamada, 1983.Macillan Publishing Company. 1983 , pp:13-81. New York.

Kozai,T.“Micropropagation under photoautotrophic conditions . In : micro-propagation Techno-logy and Application” (pp447-469).ED:Debergh,P.C.,and Zemmermann,,R.H.Kluwer Academic Publisher Dordecht. 1991.

Mater,A.A . “In in vitro propagation of (Phoenix dactylifera L.)” Date Palm J.,Vol.4(1986).137-152.

Murashig,T.and Skoog,F. “A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue cultures”Physio.Plant.Vol.15, (1962).473- 497.

Torrey,J.G.”Development in lowering plant”. The Macmillan Company .(1967), pp112-134. New York.

Zaid, A.” In vitro browning of tissues and media with special emphasis to date palm cultures: A review” .Date Palm J.Vol.3(1984),269-275.

٤٦ א��و��א��

Effect of the media on vegetative buds and rooting of vegetative shoot of date palm cv.Khadrawi propagated by in vitro culture

Ahmed Madi Waheed AL-Mayahi

Date Palm Research Center - Basra Univ. Basra- Iraq

Abstract.Took on advantage of tissue culture technology in the propagation of date palm cv. Khadrawi by stimulating the formation of vegetative buds from initial callus tissue. The medium provided with (0.5 mg / L NAA +3 mg / l 2iP) and supplemented with 5 g / l agar showed a significantly effect on the percentage of callus tissue of budding and number of vegetative buds formed as compared with other treatments. The increased concentra-tion of phosphate added in the form of KH2PO4 to 200 mg / L resulted in a significant increase in the number of vegetative buds.The medium supplied with full strength MS salts and supplemented with 40 g / l of sucrose showed a significant superiority in the number of vegetative buds are formed compared with other treatments. The results showed also that doubling the concentration of MS vitamins added to the medium have led to a significant increase in the number of vegetative buds compared with half and full concentration. The use of liquid media with perlit added at the stage of rooting recorded a significant increase in the lengths of vegetative shoot, roots numbers and root length. Keywords: Tissue Culture , date palm , Organogenesis, shoot buds .

in the name of allah, most gracious, most mercifulcavm.qu.edu.sa/files/shares/5th-1.pdfpalm...

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