IN SITU THERMAL REMEDIATION

Mark Klemmer

September 30, 2016

© Arcadis 2016

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About the Presenter

27 September 2016 3

o 248 994 2260c 248 867 1805e mark.klemmer@arcadis.com

MARK KLEMMER, PEVice President | Technical Expert

© Arcadis 2016

Thermal Remediation: Broad range of disciplines

Geology / Hydrogeo

Biology

Inorganic Chemistry

Civil Electrical

Mechanical Engineering

Thermo-dynamics

Physical& Organic Chemistry

Temp

Rat

e

10C 20C 30C 40C

1X

2X

4X

8X

k = 𝐴𝐴 � 𝑒𝑒−𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝑅𝑅𝑇𝑇T

© Arcadis 2016

In Situ Thermal UseAddress Challenging Problems

• Source zones

• DNAPL below the water table

• LNAPL smear zones

• Low permeable settings

• Fractured bedrock

• Rapid schedule

• High probability of success

NAPL

(Env

ironm

ent A

genc

y of

the

UK,

200

3)

(courtesy of TerraTherm, Inc.)

© Arcadis 2016

Thermal Removal Mechanisms

• Volatilization of NAPL: Vapor pressure / boiling point

• Stripping of dissolved phase: Henry’s Law

(cou

rtesy

of T

erra

Ther

m)

© Arcadis 2016

Thermal Removal Mechanisms

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

0 100 200 300 400 500

Vapor Pressures Increase Exponentially During Heating

100°C >100°C

Vapo

r Pre

ssur

e (m

m H

g)

Temperature (°C)

Target Temperature:

(afte

r Ter

raTh

erm

)

© Arcadis 2016

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130

Total Pressure

Vapor Pressure PCE

Vapor Pressure ofWater

Thermal Removal Mechanisms

• Formation of Low Boiling Point Azeotropes

• Co-boiling at water-NAPL interface; example: PCE and Water

Vapo

r Pre

ssur

e m

m H

g

Temperature °C

1 ATM

88°C

121°C

(Ste

amTe

ch)

88°C

© Arcadis 2016

Boiling of Azeotropic Mixture

Vapor pressure at water-NAPL interface is

additive

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Conceptual Model of Typical ISTR Site

Power distribution system

Vapor treatment

Knockout pot

Blower

Water treatmentDischargeVapor cap

Electrodes/Heater wells/Steam Injection wells

Treated vapor to atmosphere

Extraction well

Heat exchanger

Pump

Treatment area foot-print

Temperature and pressure monitoring holes

(afte

r Ter

raTh

erm

)

© Arcadis 2016

Thermal Conductive Heating (TCH) – Gas-Fired Well Field Contaminant Vapors and

SteamGas Burner

Re-HeaterWell

Exhaust

GW Flux < 1 ft/day

(afte

r Ter

raTh

erm

)

© Arcadis 2016

Gas Fired TCH Wells

(GEO GTR)

ISTDHeater Well

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Thermal Conductive Heating (TCH) – Electric Wells

(TerraTherm)

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Electric TCH Well Field

(TerraTherm)

© Arcadis 2016

Electrical Resistance Heating

Sand

Contaminant Vapors, Steam, and Liquids

Water Water

Rate and Uniformity of

Heating Governed by Soil Resistivity

Varies by a Factor of ~200

GW Flux < 1 ft/day

(afte

r Ter

raTh

erm

)

Electrode

© Arcadis 2016

ET-DSP Electrode Design

(McMillan-McGee)

© Arcadis 2016

ERH Well Field

MPEWells

StackedElectrodes

Power Distribution SystemFor Electrodes

Vapor and Liquid Manifolds

Water Distribution SystemFor Electrodes

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Sometimes One Technology Alone Won’t Get the Job Done Contaminant Vapors and Steam

GW GW Flux > 1 ft/day

(afte

r Ter

raTh

erm

)

© Arcadis 2016

Combine ISTR Technologies to Match Site ConditionsContaminant Vapors,

Steam and Liquids

Steam Steam

(afte

r Ter

raTh

erm

)

© Arcadis 2016

Smoldering Combustion

STAR and STARx are based on the process of smoldering combustion:Exothermic reaction converting carbon compounds to CO2 + H2O

Fuel

Heat Oxidant

Smoldering possible due to large surface area of organic liquids (e.g., NAPL) within the presence of a porous matrix (e.g., aquifer)

Combustion

Contaminated Soil or Waste

Product

Injected Air

Heater Element (for ignition only)

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Suitable contaminants

• High energy value / low volatility contaminants preferred:– Weathered diesel– Heating Oil– Fuel Oil– Crude Oil– Bunker Oil

• Non-crude material:– Creosote– Coal Tar

© Arcadis 2016

Low Temperature Thermal – Enhanced Hydrolysis Reactions

(Klemmer, et al, 2012)

0

1

100

10,000

1,000,000

100,000,000

10,000,000,000

1,000,000,000,000

100,000,000,000,000

10 30 50 70 90 110

Cal

cula

ted

Hal

f Life

(day

s)

Temperature (°C)

1,2-DCE

PCE

1,1-DCE

TCE

CF

1,1,2-TCA

1,2-DCA

1,1-DCA

CT

CA

1,1,2,2-TeCA

1,1,1-TCA

PeCA

1,2-DCP

Data Sources: Jeffers et al. (1989, 1996) and Washington (1995)

1,1-DCEAcetic Acid

Cl

Cl

Cl

1,1,1-TCA

H

H

H

© Arcadis 2016

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

35,000

40,000

45,000

50,000

-300 -264 -176 13 41 69 100 125 152 219 240

Tem

pera

ture

˚C

Con

cent

ratio

n (m

icro

gram

s pe

r lite

r)

Days Since Start

1,1-DCE1,1,1-TCATemperature

Source Area Well Performance

© Arcadis 2016

Thermal In-situ Sustainable Remediation (TISR)

© Arcadis 2016

Thermal Modeling

8 m

35 °C

© Arcadis 2016

Arcadis.Improving quality of life.

2727 September 2016