in nov science

8/8/2019 In Nov Science

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By

P. Madhava Reddy Mahesh Patil Syed Khamaroddin


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PREFACE

We are delighted to place the first edition of our magazine innov sciencefor the young science enthusiasts.

This magazine is for you, the simple fact that you are reading this book

indicates you want to mess with innovative facts and technologies, etc. and hopefully

this will enable you to do that.

What kind of magazine is this / (Basic Philosophy of the magazine)In one sense this magazine enables you to know what actually science is all

about and recent updates of science and technology and how it has made mankind

to lead his life easily.

Also this magazine mainly stresses about the conceptual learning i.e., it

focuses on why, what, how andwhen of many simple things which we witness in ourdaily life.

And moreover it also puts an extreme focus on how science has made our

home planet earth loose its luster.

Each topic contained in this book consists of the subject matter in a very

simple language and lucid style and more colorful to make things look interesting.

This book also encloses the scope given for the innovative ideas as the book

itself is innovative and namedinnov sciencefrom the organization innovseed.

Innovseedis deeply committed to the field of education. It is this commitment

and as strong focus on helping on young men and women to make informed choices

with regard to their courses of study and their careers at the critical points of their

education. This book provides you a snapshot of some of the main professional

courses available. We at innovseed wish its young readers to obtain a course of

their choice and a bright future.

Go through this book again and if you encounter any doubts or find difficulty

in understanding please do not hesitate to write to us. We will only be glad to

clarify.

We wish you success in all future endeavors. Happy reading.

-Editors


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Contents

1. Science Wind ............................................... 12. Future Science ............................................ 5

3. Science Puzzles ........................................... 114. Science Quiz .............................................. 16

5. Scientific Facts ........................................... 256. Global Warming ........................................... 377.Amazing Science .......................................... 458. Science Career ............................................ 519. Science Vocabulary ........................................ 63


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Science Winds


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e-mail:[email protected] www.innovseed.webnode.com 1

Science and technology have profoundly influence the course of

human civilization. Science has provided us remarkable insights into theworld we live in. The scientific revolutions of the twentieth century have

led to many technologies, which promise to herald wholly new eras in

many fields. As we stand today at the beginning of new century, we have to

ensure fullest use of these developments for the wellbeing of our people.

Science and technology are chief agents of change in our society.

Though science is the cornerstone of technology, science education is not

the foundation of technology education. There are some inter relations

between the two. Science stresses knowing while technology tries to find

new ways to solve the old problems.

So technology education helps one to decide and make after

examining state-of-the-art of technology issues, their potential and

limitations, long term consequences, etc. Technology education is then to

make use of technology-control it, take decisions, and give directions. Thus

it is appropriate for the non-science students as it incorporates an element

of social responsibility to enable them make use of technology, control it,

take decisions and give directions.

In the global village of today where culture and language separate

people, technology is the powerful cement. Though one country cant

speak the language of another, they communicate through technological


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designs and systems. They even integrate their efforts to solve design

problems over internet today.

Science and technology has been an integral part of Indian

civlisation and culture over the past several millennia. Few are that India

was the fountain head of important foundational scientific developments

and approaches. These cover many great scientific discoveries and

technological achievements in mathematics, astronomy, architecture,

chemistry, metallurgy, medicine, natural philosophy and other areas. A

great deal of this peciali outwards from India. Equally, India also

assimilated scientific ideas and technique from elsewhere, with open

mindedness and a rational attitude characteristic of a scientific ethos.

Indias traditions have founded on the principles of universal harmony,

respect for all the creations. This background is likely to provide valuable

insights for future scientific advances.

In the half century since independence, India has been committed to

the task of promoting the spread of science. The key role of technology as

an important element of national development is also well recognized.

Various Revolutions in science and technology

India after independence include

1966-Green RevolutionThe introduction of pesticides and high-yield

grains and better management during the 1960s

and 1970s which greatly increased agricultural


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productivity is called as green revolution.

The green revolution has been the countrys best advertised success

story, leading to the dramatic transformation from an international basketcase to a model held out to others by such critical institutions like World

Bank. .

1975-Space missions- India launched its first satellite Aryabhatta and

India launches studying the surface of moon Chandrayana mission.

1995-Telecom Revolution-

From the fisher man in high

seas to the vegetable vendor on

the street to the businessman in

his high powered office, the

mobile phones have become the

medium of masses and the great

equalizer.

2004-Electronic Voting

Machines It was anexperiment in Kerala that

changed the countrys

democratic process, confining


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the ballot paper history and redefining the electoral process.

2005-IT revolutions- A farmer can check the price of vegetables from a

computer in his village, railway tickets can be booked at the click of amouse and surgeries performed from across the world. Technology has

changed the life never before.

2006-Social NetworkingTrudging long distance to revive links with old

friends and attending parties to socialize is a thing of the past as

networking acquires an all new meaning in a virtual world. Major social

networking sites include Facebook, Orkut, and Twitter etc.


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Future Science INNOV

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FUTUREScience


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Our knowledge bank is

growing exponentially; it isdoubling every year. By the

time a seven year old of

today becomes seventy, the

knowledge bank will double

twenty-one times, that

means, it will be multiplied

nearly by a factor of one

million.

The evolution of biological

life and evolution of

technology have followed

the same pattern. We are

entering the explosive part of technological evolution graph. Gordon

Moore, co-founder of Intel, said that the processing power of computer

doubles itself every eighteen months (Moores law).We have seen the truth

in it when we have already switched over to Pentium 4 today from 286

processor of the early 1990s. It is projected that by 2019, transistor features

will be few atoms in width. Today computing cubes, another innovation

have thousands of layers of circuit and not just one as in todays computerchips. Therefore, there is exponential growth in computing. Other

upcoming technologies include nanotube circuits, optical computing,

crystalline computing, molecular computing, DNA computing.


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It will be possible to send nanobots into the blood stream and program

them to explore every capillary, monitoring the brains intricate

connections and neuro-transmitter concentration.

Humanoid robots emulating and having life-like facial expressions are

already being developed at several laboratories in Japan.

Bionics often refers to the replacement of the living parts with the

cybernetic spare ones, but broadly it also means innovating a better

artificial system through biological principles. Merger of biological

principles with the micro-electronics as at the heart of most of the coming

events. The power of the gene and that of the electron will be unleashed

fully to transform fundamental facets of our lives

Within 50 years from now, we might see

A computer which will have the processing power of all humanbrans on earth.

A cloned human being. A sheep named Dolly was cloned at theRosaline institute near Edinburg in February 1997 from the udder

(milk secreting organ of sheep) of ewe (Female sheep).A technology

called somatic cell nuclear transfer was used.

An artificial womb for women. Retinal implant will make if possible for a blind person to see. Replacement of hearts and livers by custom grown ones from the

recipients own stem cell.


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Virtual reality will come alive by addition of the senses of smell andtouch.

Custom clothing from high resolution scans buyers body at verylow cost.

Production of food that will counteract elements like diabetes,cholera, high cholesterol, hepatitis.

Growing bigger and harder muscles with genetic vaccine withoutsweating out at the gym.

Research on the basic processes of the cell differentiation holds out

the promise of new medical interventions and cures. Burn victims

might be provided replacement skin grown from their own body

cells. Those with the spinal cord injuries will have similar

replacement; damage by degenerative disorders like diabetes,

Parkinsons diseases or Alzheimers disease might be reversed.

As the advancements speeds up. It is projected that by 2019, 1000-

dollar PC will have processing power of human brain .e, 20 million billion

calculation per second. According to neuro-scientists, each of 100 billion

neurons in the human brain has 1000 connections and each connections

does 200 calculations per second.


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Science

Puzzles


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A.CODE-DECODE

Name of Scientists

1) Invented Rabies Vaccine

S U I O L R E U A S P T

2) Proposed Theory OF relativity

B R A T E L N I S E I N E T

3) Invented evolution Theory

R L E S C H A N I W A R D

4) Discovered Radio activity

D A M A M E R I U C

5) Father of biology

T E L T O S I R A

6) Proposed law of gravitation

S A I A C N O T W E N

7) Father of Indian Nuclear Sciences

I O M H A B A B

8) First Indian too enter space


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S H E A K R A S H M R A

9) Italian electrical engineer who invented wireless telegraphyI N O C R M A

10) Discovered Electromagnetism

A D Y A R F A

B. Number Locker

Number Locker I

Across :

2. A palindrome that is cube of a

prime number which is in turn a

single digit

4. Palindrome that begins with 5

5. A dozens dozen

Down :

1. Two Unities to the fourth powerand a palindrome

2. Two digits descent to 1, one at a time

3. This adds up to 9


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Starters: Remember, palindrome are the numbers that read the same

backwards and forwards,

Number Locker II

Across:

2. The second digit is the cube of the first

3. The lowest possible three-digit square

of an even number (Remember no zeroes

are allowed)

4. The cube of the number that made the

square in 3 across

5. The sum of the digits is 22

Down :

1. A palindrome: the first or third digit is half the second

2. Each digit is half the corresponding first four digits in 1 down

3. The sum of the digits is 13

4. Both square and fourth power of even numbers


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C. Grid Puzzle:

Solve and Find the Name of Animals (Ten)


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Science

Quiz ..? ? ? ?


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Quiz ?1 What colour does acid turn Litmus paper?

A. Red

2 Which metal do you get from bauxite?

A. Aluminium

3 Which animal produces the biggest baby?

A. Blue Whale

4 Acid rain is composed mainly of the oxides of two elements. Give either.

A. Sulphur or Nitrogen

5 What sort of creature is a bustard?

A. A bird

6 What is calcium carbonate normally known as?

A. Chalk

7. What word do we use to describe the asexual reproduction of a genetic

carbon copy of an animal or plant?

A. Clone

8. Which chemical element has the shortest name - 3 letters?

A. Tin

9. What is te correct name for a rabbit's tail?

A. Scut

10. What name i given to the negative electrode of an electrolytic cell?

A. Cathode


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11. Which is the largest Fresh water lake in the world?

A. Lake Superior

12. What is the name of the process used for clarifying beer or wine?A. Fining

13. Who discovered the rabies vaccination?

A. Louis Pasteur (1885)

14. How many hearts does an octopus have?

A. 3

15. How many teeth does an elephant have?

A. 4

16. Haptic relates to which of the five senses?

A. Touch

17. What is the second largest island in the world?

A. New Guinea (Greenland is the largest)

18. Which instrument is used to measure pressure?

A.Manometer

19. What does Angstrom measure?

A. A metric unit of length equal to one ten billionth of a meter (or

0.0001 micron); used to specify wavelengths of electromagnetic

radiation

20. Light year is related to

A.Distance

21. Who discovered Uranus?

A. Herschel

22. Joule is the unit of

A.Heat


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23. How many Dynes are there in one gram weight?

A.981

24. How many Ergs are these in 1 Joule?

A.107

25. The unit of current is

A.Ampere

26. The unit of energy in MKS system is

A.Joule

27. The intensity of an earthquake is measured with a

A.Seismograph

28. Centigrade & Fahrenheit scales give same reading at

A. 40

29. Who among the following described protoplasm as the physical basis of

life?

A.T. H. Huxley

30. The scientist who first discovered that the earth revolves round the sun

was

A.Copernicus

31. Alexander Fleming discovered

A. Penicillin

32. Who invented the steam engine?A. James Watt

33. Who invented typewriter?

A. Sholes (Qwert Yuiop)

34. Who discovered circulation of blood in human body?


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A.William Harvey

35. The first attempt in printing was made in England by

A.William Caxton36. Who was the surgeon who pioneered antiseptic surgery in 1865?

A.Joseph Lister

37. The credit of inventing the television goes to

A. J.L.Baird

38. The credit of developing the polio vaccine goes to

A.Jonas Salk

39. Mark the wrong combination

a. James Watt: Steam Engine

b. A.G. Bell: Telephone

c. J. L. Baird: Television

d. J. Perkins: Penicillin

40. Choose the correct combination

a. Typewriter: Remington

b. Dynamite: Dunlop

c. Evolution: Darwin

d. Aeroplane: Harway

41. Who invented the ball point pen?

A. Lazlo Biro


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42. Blas Pascal is associated with

a. Calculating machine

b. Computer

c. Cinema

d. None of these

43. Wright Brothers are regarded inventors of the

A.Aeroplane

44. Philology is the

a. Study of bones

b. Study of muscles

c. Study of architecture

d. Study of languages

45. Anatomy is the branch of science which deals with

a. Structure of animals and plants

b. Functioning of body organs

c. Animal behavior

d. Cells and tissues

46. Study of earthquakes is known as

a. Ecology

b. Seismology

c. Numismatics

d. None of these


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47. Ecology deals with

a. Birds

b. Cell formation

c. Relation between Organisms and their environment

d. Tissues

48. Meteorology is the science of

a. Weather

b. Meteors

c. Metals

d. Earthquakes

49. Eugenics is the study of

a. Altering humans beings by changing their genetic components

b. People of European origin

c. Different races of mankind

d. Genetics of plants

50. Ornithology is the

a. Study of bones

b. Study of birds

c. Study of smells

d. None of these


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Scientific Facts! INNOV Science


ScientificFacts !


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Why does a rider feel a tendency to fall when the horse starts running

and stops suddenly?

Answer: This is caused by inertia. When the horse starts running, the rider,

being at rest, falls back. When a running horse stops suddenly, the rider

being in motion has a tendency to fall ahead.

Why does a person carrying a bucket full of water in his right hand

bend towards the left?Answer: He bends towards his left so that the center of gravity falls within

the base. This enables him to keep up balance, otherwise he may fall.

Why does tea cool more rapidly in a saucer than in a cup?

Answer: In a saucer evaporation takes place more rapidly than in a cup.

Cooling is caused by evaporation.

Ice packed in sawdust does not melt quickly. Why?

Answer: Ice packed in sawdust does not melt quickly, because sawdust

being bad conductor, it cuts the heat reserving the area where the ice is

placed.

Why do you heat a metal rim before fitting it to a wheel?

Answer: By heating, the rim expands and fits easily over a slightly bigger

radius than that of the rim. On being cooled it contracts and has a firm grip

on the wheel.


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Why do wet clothes dry slowly on a rainy day?

Answer: On a rainy day the atmospheric air contains more water pecia

than on a dry day and hence evaporation is slower.

Why does a substance thrown up come to the ground?

Answer: Because of the gravitational force of the earth as explained by Sir

Isacc Newton.

Why does moisture gather outside of a glass of cold water on a warm

day?

Answer: The temperature of the outer surface of glass of cold water is

lower than that of its surroundings. The pecia in the surrounding

atmosphere gets condensed on the outer surface of the water appears in the

forms of tiny particles of water.

What happens to iron when it rusts?

Answer: It reacts with the oxygen of the air and forms iron-oxide which is

the rust.

How would you distinguish between welding and soldering?

Answer: Welding is the process of joining of metals by raising the

temperature of the metals to fuse them together by melting their ends.

Soldering is the joining of metals with the help of an alloy called solder.


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How does a ball which falls down, bounce up?

Answer: It is due to the operation of Newtons Third Law of motion. To

every action there is equal and opposite reaction. A ball falling to the

ground is slightly deformed. Due to the elastic force of the material of

which the ball is made of, the ball tries to recover its original shape. In

doing so it forces the ground which pushes the ball upwards due to this

reaction the ball bounces up.

An iron nail floats on mercury but sinks in water. Give reasons.

Answer: The specific density of iron is lower than that of mercury, hence it

floats on mercury, while it is higher than that of water, and hence it sinks in

water.

How do you convert Centigrade in to Fahrenheit?

Answer: With the help of the following formulaC/100 = F-32/180.

Alternatively it can also be written as = ((F-32)*5)/9.

It is advisable to work with the electric appliances only when they are

earthed suitably. Why?

Answer: In case of short-circuiting, the current passes to the earth without

harming the user, if an electrical appliance is properly earthed.

How does a refrigerator keep food fresh?


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Answer: Food is kept fresh as long as fermentation does not set in;

refrigeration prevents fermentation by providing a low temperature using

suitable coolant taking away the heat produced by the pump.


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Why can a petrol fire not be extinguished by throwing water on it?

Answer: The heat of the petrol fire is so intense that the water thrown on it

gets evaporated and decomposed. Hence it is not effective in extinguishing

the petrol fire.

A train stops when the chain is pulled. Why?

Answer: When the chain is pulled, one small valve gets opened and

air/atmospheric pressure is admitted to the underside of the piston head of

the brake cylinder through pipe connection. Initially there is vacuum onboth top and bottom side of the piston head. When the air/atmospheric

pressure enters the underside of the piston head, the piston raises up due to

difference of pressure and pulls the brake rigging to which it is connected

with links and levers. Thus the brakes are applied and the train stops.

Soaps come in different colours. But why is soaps lather always white

in colours?

Answer.

Lather or foam is nothing but a large collection of small soap bubbles. A

soap bubble is, in turn a very thin film of soaps solution enclosing some air.

Because of low surface tensions of soap solution, the film stretches spreads

and forms innumerable bubbles with a very large total surface area.

Due to this, whatever slight tint is present in the film of the coloured soap

solution gets subdued. Although a soap film is more or less transparent, the

lather or foam looks white because the light striking this large collection of


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bubbles get scattered. That is the reason why all kinds of lather or foam

appear white.

Why does paper become translucent when smeared with oil or fat?

Answer.

When the light is incident on a medium or surface, three processes occur,

Viz., (1) transmission (2) absorption (3) reflection. Transmission is the

process by which the incident light leaves a medium or surface from a sideother than the incident side, usually, the opposite side.

Absorption is the process by which incident light is converted into

another form of energy, usually heat. Reflection is the process where the

fraction of the light incident on a medium or surface is returned to the

surface which contains the incident light.

Transparency is that property of a medium or surface by which it

transmits light rays. Translucency is that property of a medium by which

it transmits light rays, so diffused, that objects cannot be seen distinctly.

That is to say, it is partially transparent.

Based on the measurement of angles (goniometric), materials can be

classified under three heads, viz., (1) exclusively reflecting- e.g., Mirror,

lacquer and enamel coatings, oil and paints films, (2) weakly transmitting,

but strongly, reflecting- e.g. Sun glasses, highly turbid glass, paper, and (3)


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strongly transmitting but weakly reflecting e.g. plastic film , windows

glass. Now , consider a sheet of (ordinary) paper. It is weakly transmitting

and strongly reflecting material, (Zero transparency)smear oil over a paper.

This results in the further reduction of the transmission in the paper. Thus

paper therefore becomes translucent.

What is the advantage of sucking a cut finger?

Answer:

Saliva which is secreted in the oral activity contains many substanceswhich have antibacterial and antiviral activity. These include immune

globulins such as IG-A, G, M which help clump the bacteria. Also there are

lysozymes- enzymes first described by Sir Alexander Fleming in 1922-

Which destroy the bacterial cell wall.

A protein lactoferrin found in the saliva also helps in inhibiting

multiplication of bacterias by interfering with iron utilization by germs.

The physical effect of sucking out the infecting material implanted during

cut also plays an important role. Forcibly bleeding the finger and flushing it

with running water is equally effective in prevention of bacterial

contamination.

How does a SIM card function in a cell phone?

Answer: It is a plastic card, which is called a Subscriber Identity Module

(SIM). It consists of an integrated microprocessor chip, which keeps data

relating to a subscriber, and provides communication with GSM network.


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Territory covered with GSM network is divided into hexagonal cells. The

Diameter of each Hexagonal Cell may be from 400m up to 50km, which

consists of base station that provides communication-receive and

transmission, and antennae.

All GSM cellular communication telephone calls are performed via these

antennae and stations, which are regulated by switch center. Switching

center provides communication between city communication telephone

network, base stations and other cellular communication operators. Everytime you switch on your cell phone, the communication is performed with

the nearest base station. At the same time permanent receive-transmission

of signals from your terminal is performed.

When a terminal (phone) is switched on, the system automatically searches

and defines subscribers location by SIM. The sim card along with your

cell phone can enable the secure transfer of messages. SIM card serial

number is printed on its backside. This number contains the information

necessary to obtain a new card, in case SIM Card or GSM phone is lost or

stolen.

SIM Card does not limit talks duration. Unauthorized access is prevented

by the password. Functional opportunities of SIM-card are an opportunity

to keep cost per minute and talk duration data; to block the outgoing calls

except the specified numbers; to keep up to 150 telephone numbers in cards

memory; to keep last 10 outgoing telephone numbers in card memory.


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Why do people feel sleepy while reading?

Answer: Feeling sleepy for many is due to the posture in which they read.

While reading a person rarely moves, this lack of physical activity causes

decreased blood flow to muscles, which results in accumulation of lactic

acid (a product of incomplete combustion in the cells).

This lactic acid is a highly reducing or oxygen absorbing agent, whichquickly reacts with the oxygenated blood. This ensures lack of oxygenated

blood flowing to the brain, which makes us feel sleepy.

To tackle this problem we must avoid reading in a single stretch, instead

its better to take some breaks and indulge in physical activity at short

intervals.

How does a remote control in a TV works?

Answer: The recent remote controls use infra-red (IR) rays and a special

binary (0 and 1) code mechanism. The code, intensity and wavelength of

the IR wave, helps us to select different functions. Depending on the key

pressed, a signal is sent out by the infrared source. Say by an Injection

Laser Diode (ILD).

This signal is received by the photo-sensitive devices such as avalanche

photo diode at the receiver.


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In the past, why was injection administered in the stomach for dog

bite?

Answer: The vaccine is given in the stomach region because of the

presence of large subcutaneous layer there. Earlier version of this injection

needs slower absorption and prolonged activity. Only injection given to a

subcutaneous region layer can achieve this. Buttocks or arms region

contain large area of muscle and less of sub cutaneous layer. Hence they

are not suitable sites. One more reason is that the stomach region can

accommodate large doses and avoid any complication.The improved version is a cell cultured vaccine and acts the same way as

any other vaccine. In other words it does not require a subcutaneous layer.

Hence, it can be given in buttocks or arm.

Is it true that fridge and other electrical appliances should not be

switched on immediately after switching off?

Answer: It is true that fridge and other electrical appliances should not be

switched on immediately after switch off. This is because in fridge, the

expansion device that changes the high pressure into low pressure is a

simple capillary tube. When the fridge is switched off the compressor stops

working and the refrigerant slowly flows down to the evaporator and after

the time gap the entire refrigerant will be in the evaporator. If the system is

switched on immediately, the compressor starts under no load condition.

Refrigerator manufacturers take this into account and use low power

motors along with the compressors to reduce cost. Hence immediate switch

on should be avoided to prevent any damage.


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How does exposure to sun help to produce vitamin-D in humans?

Answer: Vitamin-D is a steroid prohormone. Various metabolic changes in

the body give rise to a hormone known as calcitriol, which plays a central

role in calcium and phosphate metabolism. Humans have two possible

sources of vitamin-D; endogenous synthesis in the skin and exogenous

dietary sources. In both, the manufacture takes place by the action of

ultraviolet light from sun on a precursor substance.

Why do finger tips become white and cold when we put rubber bands

around them?

Answer. Normally, body temperature and colour are maintained by the

blood circulating in our body. When a rubber band is put on a finger or it is

tied, the blood is stopped from going beyond it. Hence the portion beyond

it becomes white and cool as the heat supplied by the blood is also stopped.

Why we are unable to see through the frosted glass?

Answer: A glassplate, which is polished on the both the sides perfectly

transparent to light and so one can see through it. However if one of the

surfaces is sand blasted to get a frost glass, this rough surface would scatter

almost all the light in all the directions.


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Therefore light entering one side of the glass plate is totally scattered and

lost and thus is not able to pass through. So we cannot see through. If one

of the surfaces is mirrored then too one cannot see through but in this case

the light is not scattered but completely reflected off and one would then

see it as a shiny mirror.


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Global

Warming


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Major environmental issue of 21st

century

On 5 June, 1989 the world environmental day, UNEP (United

Nations Environmental Programe) has appropriately chosen a sloganGlobal Warming: Global Warming to alert the human race. Global

warming is one of the major environmental issues of the 21st

century. It

challenges the very structure of our global society. Now a days global

warming is not just a scientific concern, but encompasses economics,

sociology, geopolitics, local politics and individuals choice of lifestyle.

Global Warming is caused by the massive increase of greenhouse

gases, such as carbon dioxide, in the atmosphere resulting from the burning

of fossil fuels and deforestation. Carbon dioxide is not the only culprit

which contributes to greenhouse effect and global warming. It is the major

greenhouse gas but there are other greenhouse gases methane, nitrous

oxide, water vapour, ozone, chloroflurocarbons CFC-11 and CFC-12

(Commonly known as feron), chlorodifluoro methane HCFC-22, perfluoro

methane and Sulphur hexafluoride. Last four greenhouse gasses do not

exist naturally and are human generated.

Now one question arises, how greenhouse gases raise average

temperature of our home planet? The temperature of the earth is controlled

by the balance between the input from energy of the sun and the loss of thisback into space. Certain atmospheric gases are critical to this temperature

balance and are known as greenhouse gases. The energy received from the

sun is in the form of shortwave radiation i.e., in the visible spectrum and

ultraviolet radiation. On average, about one-third of this solar radiation that


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hits the earth is reflected back to space. Of the remainder, some is absorbed

by the atmosphere, but most is absorbed by the land and oceans. The earth

surface becomes warm and as a result emits long-wave infraredradiation. The greenhouse gases trap and re-emit some of this long wave

radiation and warm the atmosphere. Naturally occurring greenhouse gases

include water vapour, carbon dioxide, ozone, methane and nitrous oxide

and together they create a natural green house or blanket effect, warming

the earth. Remember that the two most important greenhouse gases are

carbon dioxide and water vapour.

The temperature effects of carbon dioxide and water vapour combine

together to have a long range impact on the global climate. As the surface

temperature increases, it increase in level of carbon dioxide, the

evaporation of surface water increases, there by rising the temperature

further. In short we can say that the average temperature of earth depends

upon the concentration of carbon dioxide present in our atmosphere.

Without the natural greenhouse effect that these two gases (Carbon

dioxide, water vapour) produce, the earths average temperature would

roughly be -200 Celsius. This means that for the survival of life in our

home planet, definite amount of greenhouse gases must exist in our

atmosphere.


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Who produces maximum carbon dioxide developed or less developed

countries?

The major sources of carbon dioxide are the burning of fossil fuel,

since a significant part of carbon dioxide emission comes from energy

production, industrial processes and transport. These are not evenly

distributed around the world because of unequal distribution of industry.

North America, Europe and Asia emit over 90% of the global industrial

carbon dioxide. The US has produced maximum carbon dioxide in the

world. China has the second highest emission of carbon dioxide emission

in the world. However, per captia the Chinese are ten times lower to US.

So this means that in the US every person responsible for producing ten

times more carbon dioxide pollution than china. In short we can say that

according to population distribution, developed countries are more

responsible for emission of carbon dioxide to atmosphere.

The second major source of carbon dioxide emission is as a result of

land use changes. This emission comes down primarily from cutting down

of forests for agriculture, urbanization or roads. When large areas of rain

forests are cut down, the land often turns into less productive grasslandswith considerably less capacity for storing carbon dioxide. Here the pattern

of carbon dioxide emission is different, with South America, Asia and

Africa being responsible for 90% of present day land use emission about 4

billion peci of carbon every year. From above discussion we may


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conclude that both developed and less developed countries are more

responsible for emission of carbon dioxide to our atmosphere.

Is green house effect happened only on earth?

No, it is not an isolated phenomenon. It happened on our neighbouring

planets. One of the examples is Venus. Venus is known to be roughly the

size of Earth; astronomers often refer it to as planetary sister. Temperature

and pressure on the Venus are extremely high. At the surface of Venus the

temperature is about 4800 Celsius hot enough to melt the metals such as


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Lead, Aluminium and Zinc. These very high temperatures are believed to

be due, at least in part, to a process known as greenhouse effect.

About 95% of the atmosphere is made up carbon dioxide. The planet

is almost completely dry. Water vapour is present only in very small

amounts less than 1% of the total weight of the air.

In the early solar

system, the sun was

probably cooler and

dimmer than it is now, and

Venus was similar to the

earth, with a reasonably

element climate and with

oceans covering much of its

surface. But as the sum

become hotter, Venuss

water began to evaporate in

its atmosphere. Water can


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be even more effective than carbon dioxide as a greenhouse gas. As the

temperature rose because of greenhouse type warming, the carbon dioxide

in the oceans was released and entered the atmosphere to accelerate global

warming still further. Then, in a run way greenhouse effect, the oceans

evaporated entirely. Since the carbon dioxide remained, it became

dominant species in the atmosphere of Venus.

Scientists believed that Venusian surface are still extremely hot due

it greenhouse effect. In this greenhouse effect. In this greenhouse effect, the

main part is played by carbon dioxide. From above discussion we may

conclude that if quantity of carbon dioxide increases too much, earth may

share the fate of its neighbouring planet with the surface temperature of

4500 C.

Let us join in the campaign and try to minimise carbon dioxide in

our daily lives and SAVE EARTH.


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Amazing Science INNOV

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Amazing Science


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1. The increased electricity used by modern appliances is causing a shiftin the Earths magnetic field. By the year 2327, the North Pole will belocated in mid-Kansas, while the South Pole will be just off the coast of

East Africa.

2. Smearing a small amount of dog faeces on an insect bite will relieve theitching and swelling.

3. The Boeing 747 is capable of flying upside-down if it werent for thefact that the wings would shear off when trying to roll it over.

4. The only golf course on the island of Tonga has 15 holes, and theresno penalty if a monkey steals your golf ball.

5. SCUBA divers cannot pass gas at depths of 33 feet or below.6. Catfish are the only animals that naturally have an ODD number of

whiskers.

7. Polar bears can eat as many as 86 penguins in a single sitting.8. The Air Forces F-117 fighter uses aerodynamics discovered during

research into how bumblebees fly.

9. You can get blood from astone, but only if contains at

least 17 percent bauxite.

10. Approximately one-sixth ofyour life is spent on

Wednesdays.


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11. The skin needed for elbow transplants must be taken from the scrotumof a cadaver.

12. A cats purr has the same romance-enhancing frequency as the voice ofsinger Barry White.

13. The typewriter was invented by Hungarian immigrant Qwert Yuiop,who left his signature on the keyboard.

14. The volume of water that the Giant Sequoia tree consumes in a 24-hourperiod contains enough suspended minerals to pave 17.3 feet of a 4-

lane concrete freeway.

15. Human saliva has a boiling point three times that of regular water.

16. Watching an hour-long soap opera burns more calories than watching athree-hour baseball game.

17. Urine from male cape water buffaloes is so flammable that some tribesuse it for lantern fuel.

18. If you put a bee in a film canister for two hours, it will go blind andleave behind its weight in honey.

19. Never hold your nose and cover your mouth when sneezing, as it canblow out your eyeballs.

20. Centuries ago, purchasing real estate often required having one or morelimbs amputated in order to prevent the purchaser from running awayto avoid repayment of the loan. Hence an expensive purchase was said

to cost an arm and a leg.

21. When Mahatma Gandhi died, an autopsy revealed five goldKrugerrands in his small intestine.


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22. Aardvarks are allergic to radishes, but only during summer months.23. Coca-Cola was the favored drink of Pharaoh Ramses. An inscription

found in his tomb, when translated, was found to be almost identical to

the recipe used today.

24. If you part your hair on the right side, you were born to be carnivorous.If you part it on the left, your physical and psychological make-up is

that of a vegetarian.

25. When immersed in liquid, a dead sparrow will make a sound like acrying baby.


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Science Career INNOV

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Science Career


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Student who are on the crucial blend often get confused about

various career options available. Here, we at INNOVSEED provide yourough picture of various core fields available today

Agriculture:

Agriculture is the mainstay of

Indian economy. It provides food

for our millions and raw

materials for our industries. As

over 60 percent of Indias

population still depends on

agriculture, young scientists who

graduate in agriculture,

horticulture, forestry, sericulture

and allied subjects can shape the future of our economy.

Almost every state has agricultural university, our state Karnataka has two

universities one each in Dhrwad and Bangalore. Admission to these

universities is based on marks obtained in the pre-university examination.

Notifications for admission are issued after the announcement of PUC

results.These universities offer degree programmes in agriculture, horticulture,

forestry, sericulture, agricultural technology, food science and agricultural

engineering. Students who have passed the two year PUC or its equivalent


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PCM/PCB are eligible. There are totally about 650 seats available in these

universities in Karnataka.

Job opportunities are plenty in the agriculture sector and agro-

industry. Following are major career areas in the field of agriculture:

Agricultural research, agri-business, agro industry, agricultural education,

agricultural banking, farming conservation and management.

Basic Sciences:

One who got completed with his Pre-university education With

Science Background can opt for Bachelor of Sciences in various

combinations Such as CBZ( Chemistry, Botany and Zoology) , PCM(

Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics), PME( Physics, Mathematics and

Electronics), PMCs(Physics, Mathematics, Computer Sciences) and

various other combinations. There are many universities and colleges in the

state offering these courses. After this one can complete B Ed and get into

educating science for the school students which is indeed a noble

profession.

One after completing his graduation can go for Masters degree in

respective field and start teaching at the pre-university level or can further

continue his study by doing research, i.e. by Doing M. Phil( Master ofphilosophy), Ph. D (Doctor of Philosophy) and do research in basic

sciences.


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Veterinary Sciences:

The existing population of India needs at least

72000 qualified veterinarians on the field as against

the existing 22000 on the field. These numbers

indicate the critical situation we are in. Add to this

fact that there has been decline in agricultural inputs

recent years. And the importance of animal

husbandry and fisheries increases manifold.

It is important to remind the young people. Who are now standing on

the brink of their careers that more than 30 percent of agricultural income

come from agriculture. The Karnataka veterinary and animal sciences

university, Bidar. Started in 2005, is the fifth of its kind in the country. Its

aim is to promote learning, research and extend education in the field of

veterinary and fisheries.

With seven colleges located in six different campuses across the

state, the university offers Bachelors in Veterinary Sciences. (BVSc) andAnimal Husbandry (AH). For the admissions, candidates should have

appeared for Common Entrance Test conducted by Karnataka examinations

authority and appeared for PUC with Biology, Physics and Chemistry.


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Veterinary graduates can seek employment in the state Department

of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Services. The line of work can lead

you to an excellent research based career where you may work with theprojects that benefit agricultural communities. This research leads to path

breaking technologies and methods that can change the face of rural

communities in the country.

Medical Sciences:

Medicine is honorary profession which involves

saving of lives. As our life style get increasingly unhealthy

and chronic diseases become too common.Of medicine with

its specialization and super specialization has become more

important. Medical school for MBBS usually lasts for 4.5

years and a compulsory internship. For practicing as a physician and

surgeon, one needs to have medical degree and a license from state medical

council. Every job in medicine as in other profession has its good and bad

sides, it own burdens and responsibilities. However most career in

medicine are rewarding and challenging, if one is in job that is right for

him or her. One can pursue post graduate education in any specialties such

as general medicine, general surgery, obstetrics and gynecology,

anesthesia, psychiatry, pediatrics, pathology, radiology, dermatology and

so on.

The post graduate course is of two/three years duration and can be a

diploma/MD or MS and entrance to these courses are made by various

competitive examinations conducted every year. Those who opt for MD


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can pursue DM that includes super-specialties like neurology, cardiology,

pulmonary medicine, endocrinology and medical oncology. And those

opting for MS can pursue Mch that consists of super-specialties likegastroenterology, nephrology, urology, plastic surgery, neurosurgery,

vascular surgery and oncology.

Beyond its scientific and technical contributions, medicine is uniquely

fulfilling as a profession: it after all gives one satisfaction of curing the

patients and at time saving lives. It is indeed a noble profession.

The scope of Ayurveda (BAMS), unani (BUMS), homeopathy

(BHMS) and naturopathy is very good today as compared.

Pharmacy:

Pharmacy is a multidisciplinary and multifaceted

profession, and it plays a key role in healthcare. Its

rapid growth over the past two decades can be

attributed to the pecializatio and technological

advancement. Historically, pharmacy was closely

interwoven with medicine, so much that only one

person used to carry out both the functions that is treating the patient as

well as preparation of medicines.

The structure of pharmacy education consists of three-tier system

D.Pharm or two year Diploma in pharmacy course: - intermediate

mathematics or biology candidates are eligible. After completion, graduates


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can work either in community, pharmacy or a hospital. Diploma holders

can also join the second year B.Pharm as lateral entry students. Four years

B.Pharm course followed by 2 years Master of pharmacy: B.Pharm coursecurriculum in India is industry oriented in contrast to the developed

countries where it is clinical oriented. The Ayurvedic and pharmacy

courses are affiliated to Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences.

Dental Sciences:

Heres a medical profession that not only deals

with health issues but gives you- not to mention

your beaming patientsomething to smile about.

Dentistry A career in dentistry has many rewards

both financial and professional. With an

increasing demand for aesthetic dentistry and

surgery, the thrust is on pecializations with technology and advanced

skills driving the profession.

The regulatory system by the Dental Council of India was introduced along

with the establishment of dental education in India. The undergraduate

course in BDS on can goes for post-graduation in MDS.

EngineeringA birds eye viewFor Several decades Engineering has been the most favored course

of study, not only for who desire to get into technology, but those who

want to pursue a career at the managerial or administrative level. There is a

huge demand for seats in Indian Institute of Technology (IITs), Birla


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Institute of Technology and Science (BITs), National Institute of

Technology (NITs) to get into these premier one needs to appear for

examinations such as IIT-JEE, BITSAT, AIEEE etc.

While engineering continues to be the No. 1 in popularity, one

should not be ignorant of the alternatives that are available today. Law has

emerged as an excellent foundation for those who seek a fulfilling career,

particularly after the establishment of National Law Schools across the

country and the Common Law Admission Test (CLAT) for the admission

in them. One can appear for the Civil Services Examination (CSE) for

getting into administrable posts such as IAS, IPS, IRS, IFS etc The

different trades in engineering, which are conventionally tagged core, are

as follows. Mechanical is reputedly the most core and broad-based of them

all, arguably so, and we will start with that.

Mechanical engineering

Mechanical engineers have to deal with a wide

range of issues relating to different fields both

during their course and their professional lives.

Therefore, the course is prepared to provide them

with the basic knowledge of different areas of

study. This branch involves application of physicsfor analysis, design, manufacturing and

maintenance of large mechanical systems. Further, involving workshops

across trades such as welding, soldering and lathes requires some amount

of physical fitness.


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Students learn in-depth in five of the principal engineering sciences-

thermal science, fluids engineering, mechanics and materials, dynamicsand controls and mechanical design. Fields such as aerospace, automotive,

petroleum production and refining; electrical power, electronics,

semiconductors, manufacturing and production; as well as research

positions in industry and government laboratories.

Civil engineering

This is probably the oldest of all trades,

and has been the latest favored by students

in recent years. However, with several

infrastructures, both private and public

works, in the pipeline, there is a severe

paucity of civil engineers in the country.

The course is the application of physical

and scientific principles, and its history is

intricately linked to advances in understanding of physics and mathematics

throughout history. Because civil engineering is a wide ranging profession,

including several separate specialized sub discipline, its history is linked to

knowledge of structures, materials science, geography, geology, soils,

hydrology, environment, mechanics and other fields. Professionally, yourjob will involve design and construction of roads, bridges, railways and so

on and the erection of large buildings. New areas include the field of

structural engineering technologies such as finite element analysis,

artificial intelligence and neural networks.


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Electrical and Electronics Engineering

This trade goes by the name EEE, to avoidconfusion with the electronics course . A core

engineering branch electrical has graduated to

include in its name what used to be a

specialization, Electronics. This was due to the

fact that the use of electronics became a key in regulating and monitoring

electrical circuits. The field of engineering deals with the topics revolving

around electricity, electronics and electromagnetism, to name a few.

Electrical graduates are employed in electricity boards and utility

companies and large industries as engineers and managers.

Computer Science and Engineering

This course has been much in demand in recent

years. The computer has maintained its value

because of its broad based nature. Today,

there is hardly any sector which is in touch by

computerization, so the jobs are always bound

to be there. Also, a lot of cutting edge research in this field offers ample

scope for academic and research based careers. Any person who is used tological thinking and understanding with a self-organized style of activity

can fare in the profession.

Some of the skills you need if you are opting for engineering, are


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Proficiency in Physics and Mathematics. Consistency in your over-all scoring pattern. A logical blend of mind, an ability to calculate and thin subsequently Basic Communications Skills, confidence and natural curiosity and

ability to come up with new ideas.

A genuine to learn and use technology.


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Science Vocabulary INNOV

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ScienceVocabulary


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Kansas- A member of the Siouan people of the Kansas River valley

in Kansas.

Smearing-Stain by smearing or daubing with a dirty substance.

Scuba Divers-An underwater diver who uses scuba gear.

Catfish-Large ferocious northern deep-sea food fishes with strong teeth and

no pelvic fins.

Whiskers-A long stiff hair growing from the snout or brow of most

mammals as e.g. a cat.

Aerodynamics-The branch of mechanics that deals with the motion

of gases (especially air) and their effects on bodies in the flow.

Bumblebees-Robust hairy social bee of temperate regions.

Scrotum-The external pouch that contains the testes. Cadaver-The dead body of a human being. Purr-A low vibrating sound typical of a contented cat.

Giant Sequoia-Extremely lofty evergreen of southern end ofwestern foothills of Sierra

Nevada in California; largest

living organism.

Pave-Cover with a materialsuch as stone or concrete to


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make suitable for vehicle traffic.

Soap Opera-A serialized program usually dealing withsentimentalized family matters that is broadcast on radio or

television (frequently sponsored by a company advertising soap

products).

Canister-Metal container for storing dry foods such as tea or flour. Amputated-Remove surgically. Autopsy-An examination and dissection of a dead body to determine

cause of death or the changes produced by disease.

Krugerrands-A gold coin minted in South Africa, containing a fulltroy ounce of gold.

Aardvarks-Nocturnal burrowing mammal of the grasslands of Africathat feeds on termites; sole extant representative of the order

Tubulidentata.

Propagandists-A person who disseminates messages calculated toassist some cause or some government.

Eva Braun-The German mistress of Adolf Hitler (1910-1945). Dodge-Make a sudden movement in a new direction so as to avoid. Processor-(computer science) the part of a computer (a

microprocessor chip) that does most of the data processing.

Transistor- A semiconductor device capable of amplification. Nanotube- A fullerene molecule having a cylindrical or toroidal

shape.

Intricate- Having many complexly arranged elements; elaborate.


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Bionics- Application of biological principles to the study and designof engineering systems (especially electronic systems).

Womb- A hollow muscular organ in the pelvic cavity of females;contains the developing foetus.

Parkinsons Disease- A degenerative disorder of the central nervoussystem characterized by tremor and impaired muscular coordination.

Alzheimers disease- A progressive form of presenile dementia thatis similar to senile dementia except that it usually starts in the 40s or

50s; first symptoms are impaired memory which is followed by

impaired thought and speech and finally complete helplessness.

Encompasses- Include in scope; include as part of somethingbroader; have as ones sphere or territory.

Sociology- The study and classification of human societies. Geopolitics- The study of the effects of economic geography on the

powers of the state.

Lucid- (of language) transparently clear; easily understandable. Haptic- Of or relating to or proceeding from the sense of touch. Herald- Praise vociferously. Trudging- Walk heavily and firmly, as when weary, or through mud. Translucent- Allowing light to pass through diffusely. Subcutaneous- Relating to or located below the epidermis.


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ANSWERS

SCIENCE PUZZLE

A. Code-Decode1. Louis Pasteur2. Albert Einstein3. Charles Darwin4. Madam Curie5.

Aristotle6. Isaac Newton

7. Homi Baba8. Rakesh Sharma9. Marconi10. Faraday

B. Number Locker1. Number locker1 12. Number locker2 2

C. Grid PuzzleSnake, Horse, vulture, wolf, zebra, tortoise, monkey, swan, owl,

lion.

SCIENCE QUIZ39. d40. d42 . a

44. d45. a

46. b

47. c

48. a

49. a

50. b


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