In gerbils, brown fur is dominant to black fur. Which Punnett square shows

a cross between one brown-furred gerbil and one black-furred gerbil that

could produce offspring with black fur?

Which parts of this Punnett square would contain the genotype that results in the

expression of only the recessive phenotype?

• A parts 1 and 2• B parts 1 and 4• C parts 2 and 3• D parts 3 and 4

In a certain squirrel population, a black fur gene is dominant to a gray fur gene. Which genotypes show a cross between a homozygous black-furred squirrel and a homozygous gray-furred squirrel?

A GG x ggB Gg x GgC GG x GGD Gg x gg

Which genotype represents a heterozygous dandelion plant?

A DdB DDC ddD D or d

In gray squirrels, the gene for white fur color

(a) is recessive, and gray fur color (A) is

dominant. Which Punnett square

accurately represents the probabilities of

offspring resulting from a cross between two

homozygous squirrels?

Hemophilia is a recessive disorder (Xh) that is sex-linked and occurs on the X gene. Which

offspring will likely develop hemophilia?

A offspring 2

B offspring 4

C offspring 1 and 2

D offspring 3 and 4

In a breed of dogs, brown eyes (B) are dominant to blue eyes (b), and straight fur (F) is dominant to curly

fur (f). If a male and a female that both have the genotype BbFf have an offspring, what is the

probability that the offspring will have blue eyes?

A 1/16B 4/16C 8/16D 9/16

CONTENT STANDARDObjective 8. Identify the structure and function of

DNA, RNA, and protein.ELIGIBLE CONTENTa. Recognize that amino acids make up protein.b. Recognize that proteins can function as

enzymes.c. Compare the functions of DNA and RNA in the

production of protein.d. Identify patterns of base pairing of DNA and

RNA.e. Recognize DNA as making up genes and

chromosomes.

DNA

Molecule that carries the hereditary information in the nucleus of cells. It determines the structure, function and behavior of the cell.– It carries information for the making of proteins.– It controls cellular activity.

What makes up the sides of the DNA ladder?

•Phosphate Groups

•Sugar Units

What makes up the rungs of the DNA ladder?

Nitrogenous Bases

Name the four nitrogenous bases of the DNA molecule.

– Adenine– Guanine – Cytosine – Thymine

Nucleotide

Subunits of the DNA molecule composed of a phosphate group, sugar unit (making up the sides),

and a nitrogenous base (making the rungs).

How do the nitrogenous bases in the DNA pair?

• In DNA, adenine always pairs with thymine and cytosine always pairs with guanine.

Sequence of Nitrogenous Bases

The information or message of DNA molecule depends on what characteristic?

What nitrogenous base replaces thymine in the RNA molecule?

Uracil

ProteinProtein

When many amino acids bond together to create long chains, the structure is called a _________.

There are 20 possible _____ _____ that make-up proteins.

amino acids

ProteinsProteinsWhile there are hundreds of thousands of different proteins that exist in nature, they are all

made up of different ____________of amino acids. combinations

Proteins of Your Body

• A protein called keratin forms your hair and

fingernails and is the major compound

found in feathers, wool, claws, scales,

horns, and hooves.

• Muscle proteins

called actin and myosin enable all muscular

movement from

blinking to breathing to

roller-blading.

Antibodies are

proteins that defend your body

against foreign

invaders such as bacteria

and viruses.

Enzymes in your saliva,

stomach, and small intestines

are proteins that help

you digest foods.

• The hemoglobin

protein carries

oxygen in your blood to all parts

of your body.

Which statement describes a function of proteins in living organisms?

A They serve as enzymatic catalysts.B They transmit genetic information.C They are an energy storage molecule.D They serve as building blocks for RNA.

Which function is characteristic of RNA, but NOT of DNA?

A transports proteinsB replicates itselfC transports amino acidsD carries genetic information

A strand of DNA that contains the bases TACGAT replicates. Which

base sequence is in the new strand produced during replication?

A ATGCTAB AUGCUAC TACGATD CGTGGC

As a result of base pairing in DNA, there As a result of base pairing in DNA, there is the same number of which two bases?is the same number of which two bases?

A guanine and thymineA guanine and thymineB adenine and cytosineB adenine and cytosineC adenine and guanineC adenine and guanineD guanine and cytosineD guanine and cytosine

Study the nucleotide sequence below. Consider the nucleotide sequence above. Which nucleotide sequence below represents the corresponding portion of an RNA strand?

A C T G C G T A

B G A C A G C U

C T G C G T C U

D U G C G U C A

Which sequence represents a DNA strand that would complement the following mRNA strand? CUA UGC AUG CCA

A GAU ACG UAC GGU

B CUA UGC AUG CCA

C GAT ACG TAC GGT

D CTA TGC ATG CCA

Which student correctly identified possible percentages of nucleotide bases that could be present in a complete sample of DNA?

A student 1

B student 2

C student 3

D student 4

What preserves the genetic code

from one generation to the next?

A DNA replicationB RNA translationC protein synthesisD enzyme activation

Objective 10. Distinguish between monocots and dicots, angiosperms and gymnosperms, and vascular andnonvascular plants.ELIGIBLE CONTENTa. Demonstrate knowledge of structures and reproduction, identify the differences in venation patterns, and demonstrate knowledge about the significance of the number of cotyledons.b. Distinguish between monocots and dicots.c. Distinguish between angiosperms and gymnosperms.d. Distinguish between vascular and nonvascular plants.

Plants with roots, stems, and leaves

Vascular Plants

Nonvascular Plant

Plants without roots, stems, leaves, or a system to conduct water and therefore

grow close to the ground.

Flowering plants that produce seeds that are enclosed in a fruit.

Plants that have needle shaped leaves and naked seeds found in cones.

Gymnosperms

What seed structure has two parts cotyledons that supply the food for the young plant when it's growing?

Example: bean seed

•Dicot

What type seed structure has only one cotyledon to transfer

nutrients to the developing embryo? Example: Corn seed

Monocot

In __________, the veins of a leaf run parallel to one another.

In __________, the veins of a leaf run in a branching network.

Dicot

Monocot

Dicot

Dicot

monocots

dicots

Which student has correctly classified each plant?

A student 1

B student 2

C student 3

D student 4

Which process is prevented from occurring when the stamens are removed from an angiosperm?

A self-pollinationB cross-pollinationC sexual reproductionD asexual reproduction

A plant with the leaf-venation pattern shown would be classified a

A dicot, with two cotyledons.B dicot, with one cotyledon.C monocot, with two cotyledons.D monocot, with one cotyledon.

A class observes an unknown plant and discovers that the plant’s seeds have only one cotyledon. When the class examines the leaves and stem, what will they MOST LIKELY find?

A parallel veins and a ring of vascular bundles

B parallel veins and scattered vascular bundles

C a netted arrangement of veins and a ring of vascular bundles

D a netted arrangement of veins and scattered vascular bundles

Why are nonvascular plants typically smaller and shorter than vascular plants?

A Nonvascular plants use mitosis to produce cells.

B Nonvascular plants use photosynthesis to obtain energy.

C Nonvascular plants lack tubes to transport materials.

D Nonvascular plants lack deep fibrous roots to obtain water.

Study the table below. Which plant is an angiosperm?

A plant 1

B plant 2

C plant 3

D plant 4

Study the table below. Which statement is correct?

A Plants 1 and 2 are gymnosperms.B Plants 1 and 2 are nonvascular plants.C Plant 1 is a monocot, and plant 2 is a dicot.D Plant 1 produces seeds, and plant 2 produces cones.

Objective 11. Classify animals according to type of skeletal structure, method of fertilization and reproduction, body symmetry, body coverings, and locomotion.

ELIGIBLE CONTENTa. Compare invertebrates and vertebrates.b. Compare endoskeletons and exoskeletons.c. Compare internal and external fertilization.d. Compare sexual and asexual reproduction.e. Compare bilateral and radial symmetry.f. Classify animals according to type of skeletal structure.g. Classify animals according to method of fertilization and

reproduction.h. Classify animals according to type of body symmetry.i. Classify animals according to type of body coverings.j. Classify animals according to type of locomotion.k. Classify animals according to multiple physical characteristics.

Objective 11. Classify animals according to type of skeletal structure, method of fertilization and reproduction, body symmetry, body coverings, and locomotion.

ELIGIBLE CONTENTa. Compare invertebrates and vertebrates.b. Compare endoskeletons and exoskeletons.c. Compare internal and external fertilization.d. Compare sexual and asexual reproduction.e. Compare bilateral and radial symmetry.f. Classify animals according to type of skeletal structure.g. Classify animals according to method of fertilization and

reproduction.h. Classify animals according to type of body symmetry.i. Classify animals according to type of body coverings.j. Classify animals according to type of locomotion.k. Classify animals according to multiple physical characteristics.

Subphylum of animals with backbones

Vertebrates

Snakes, Frogs, Fish

Which of the following are examples of cold blooded vertebrates: 1) snakes 2) frogs 3) fish 4) birds 5) humans

Insect

Of the following, the animal with an exoskeleton is a: 1) frog 2) snake 3) insect 4) bird

5) fish 6) human

Fish

The only vertebrate that does not use lungs for breathing as an adult is the:

1) bird 2) frog 3) fish 4) mammal

Birds and Humans

Which of the following animals have four chambered hearts? 1) snakes 2) frogs 3) fish 4) birds 5) humans

List three characteristics of mammals

• 1) Have young that are born alive

• 2) Nurse their young

• 3) Have fur or hair

Which of these vertebrates use egg laying as their primary way of reproduction? 1) Fish

2) Mammals 3) Birds 4) Frogs 5) Reptiles

Fish

Birds

Frogs

Reptiles

Invertebrates

Subphylum of animals that do not have a backbone

Which of these invertebrates have soft-bodies, shells and muscular tube feet are: 1) echinoderms 2) mollusk 3) annelids 4) coelenterates

Arthropods (Ex. Insects)

The invertebrates with segmented bodies, specialized mouth parts and antennas are: 1) annelids 2) coelenterates 3) arthropods 4) echinoderms

Echinoderms (Ex. Starfish)

• . The invertebrates with radial symmetry: 1) annelids 2) coelenterates 3) arthropods 4) echinoderms

Which characteristics are used to determine the classification of a sea star?

A radial symmetry and an exoskeletonB radial symmetry and an endoskeletonC bilateral symmetry and an exoskeletonD bilateral radial symmetry and an endoskeleton

A new organism is discovered. After carefulobservation, scientists conclude that it is amammal. Which two characteristics would theorganism possess to lead the scientists to thisconclusion?

A endoskeleton and scalesB exoskeleton and asymmetryC fur or hair and warm-bloodedD have live young and radial symmetry

Which group of animals contains members that move using cilia and flagella?

A birds

B protists

C mammals

D amphibians

A student 1B student 2C student 3 D student 4

Four students each examine different animals and report their information in the table below. Which student correctly identified two characteristics of an amphibian?

Which characteristic is used to place the shark and the moray eel into two different taxonomic classes?

A gas exchange through gillsB tail extending from the nerve cordC composition of skeletonD habitat in water

Study the table below. Which organism is MOST LIKELY a clam?

A organism 1B organism 2C organism 3D organism 4

Four students record data in a chart comparing mammals and reptiles. Which student has correctly

classified the two classes of animals?

A student 1B student 2C student 3D student 4

Which animal’s body shape shows bilateral symmetry?

The whip-like structure on this organism is MOST LIKELY

A excreted waste products.

B an organelle for absorbing food.

C used for locomotion.

D an adaptation for defense.

Objective 12 - Describe protective adaptations of animals, including mimicry, camouflage, beak type, migration, and hibernation.

• ELIGIBLE CONTENT a. Recognize and apply the definition of mimicry. (The resemblance of

one organism to another or to an object in its surroundings for concealment and protection from predators.)

b. Recognize and apply the definition of camouflage. (The method or result of concealing by disguise or protective coloration such that the organism appears to be part of the natural surroundings.)

c. Distinguish between different beak types, and identify what each type is used for.

d. Recognize and apply the definition of migration. (The process of changing location periodically, especially by moving seasonally from one region to another.)

e. Recognize and apply the definition of hibernation. (The process of passing winter in an inactive or dormant state.)

Mimicry

When animals look like other dangerous animals. They pretend to be what they are not.

CamouflageCamouflage

The method or result of concealing by disguise

Warning Coloration

The conspicuously recognizable markings of an animal, such as a skunk, that serve to warn off potential predators.

Protective Coloration

When animals blend in with their surroundings. An insect that looks like a branch or leaf is using a costume to hide from predators. If it actually looks like the object on which it stays, then it is using disguise to fool its predators or prey.

Explain how each of the beak types seen below might be used.

A. Crushing Seed B. Tearing Meat C. Straining and sifting food from water D. Getting nectar from flowers

Hibernation

• The process of passing winter in an inactive or dormant state

MigrationMigration

• The process of changing location periodically, especially by moving

seasonally from one region to another

• The process of changing location periodically, especially by moving

seasonally from one region to another

Which example BEST describes mimicry?

A moving to a new location to obtain food

B appearing to look like a different animal

C catching prey with sharp teeth

D keeping warm with thick fur

Animals hibernate for many reasons. What is one reason animals would NOT hibernate?

A to conserve energy

B to avoid harsh climate conditions

C to locate prey

D to survive when food is hard to find

Which statement describes how some animals may adapt to an environmental change?

A Urbanization causes some birds to mimic other birds.B Deforestation causes some birds to change their beak shape.C Natural disasters cause some mammals to hibernate.D Seasons cause some mammals to change fur coloration.

The hoverfly and the wasp have similar coloration and physical characteristics. However, only the wasp can defend itself by stinging potential predators. Which typeof protective adaptation is demonstrated by the hoverfly?

A stingerB mimicry

C camouflageD countershading

• 5 Which statement describes an organism’s behavioral adaptation?

• A A chameleon changes its body coloring to blend into its environment.

• B An elk has a four-chambered stomach to help digest the foods it eats.

• C A shark has a light-colored belly and a darker top side to camouflage it in its habitat.

• D A trumpeter swan has a sharp beak so it can dig for roots underwater.

• For which activity is this bird’s beak best adapted?

• A tearing flesh• B spearing fish• C sipping nectar• D chiseling wood

A walking stick is an insect that resembles a stick or branch of a plant. What is the BEST description of this protective adaptation?

A The walking stick is attracting a mate.B The walking stick is searching for food.C The walking stick is preparing for hibernation.D The walking stick is camouflaging itself from predators.

• Some species of lizards change their body colors to resemble their environment, inflate their bodies or throats, or secrete substances to mark territories. Which of these protective strategies is NOT an adaptation of the lizard?

A migration

B camouflage

C physical change

D chemical defense

The diet of a species of bird consists mainly of small rodents. Which type of beak would

this species of bird MOST LIKELY have?

Objective 13. Trace the flow of energy as it decreases through the trophic levels from producers to the quaternary level in food chains, food webs, and energy pyramids.

ELIGIBLE CONTENT

Trace the flow of energy through food chains, food webs, and energy pyramids.

What group of organisms make their own food?

Producers

What group of organisms that cannot make their own food?

Consumers

DecomposersDecomposers

Organisms that break down Organisms that break down decaying matterdecaying matter

Ex. Maggots/ mushroomsEx. Maggots/ mushrooms

What diagram is used to show all the feeding relationships between organisms in an ecosystem?

Food Web

The organism in a food chain that feed directly

on green plants.

Primary Consumer

An organism with sharp, tearing teeth that preys on primary consumers of

the food chain.

Secondary Consumer

In the food chain Corn Rat Snake Owl ,

What organism gets the least amount of energy from what it eats?

Owl

The organism in a food chain that has the greatest amount of energy.

Producer

A triangular wedge that represents an ecosystem’s loss of energy which results

as energy passes through the ecosystem’s food chain.

Energy Pyramid

What is the diagram seen below?

Food Web

1 If the producers in a community provide 10,000 kcal of energy,

approximately how much of the Sun’s original energy is available for

the secondary consumers?

A 10 kcal

B 100 kcal

C 1000 kcal

D 10,000 kcal

2 Producers have greater amounts of energy available to them than primary consumers. Which

statement about producers is NOT correct?

A Energy is released by producers as heat.

B Energy is created by producers.

C Energy is used for metabolism.

D Energy is used for active transport.

Which statement correctly compares the available energy between trophic levels in this food chain?A Energy is highest in algae and lowest in great black-backed gulls.B Energy is highest in great black-backed gulls and lowest in algae.C Energy is highest in crustaceans and puffins and lowest in algae and great black-backed gulls.D Energy is highest in algae and great black-backed gulls and lowest in crustaceans and puffins.

Study the food chain.

Which organism receives the MOST energy from corn?

A foxB owlC snake D chipmunk

Which statement BEST explains why the snowy owl and the arctic fox can occupy the

same trophic level in a tundra food web?

A They have light coloring.

B They hunt at the same time of year.

C They eat primary consumers.

D They take in oxygen and release carbon dioxide.

Which series correctly models the flow of energy in an aquatic food chain?

A plankton → sand eel → striped bass → codB sand eel → cod → plankton → striped bassC striped bass → plankton → cod → sand eel

D cod → striped bass → sand eel → plankton

Study the food chain below.

Which organisms receive the smallest amount of energy from the level directly before them in this food chain?

A primary consumers

B secondary consumers

C tertiary consumers

D decomposers

Objective 14- Trace biogeochemical cycles through the environment, including water, carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen.ELIGIBLE CONTENTa. Demonstrate an understanding of the water cycle.b. Describe all events of the water cycle.c. Demonstrate an understanding of the carbon cycle.d. Describe all events of the carbon cycle.e. Demonstrate an understanding of the oxygen cycle.f. Describe all events of the oxygen cycle.g. Demonstrate an understanding of the nitrogen cycle.h. Describe all events of the nitrogen cycle.

Which process is MOST directly dependent on temperature reduction, small particles, and gravity to produce its product?

A evaporationB transpirationC precipitationD condensation

Which statement describes the changes that result from increased burning of fossil fuels?

A Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and carbon stored in fossil fuels both increase.B Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and carbon stored in fossil fuels both decrease.C Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere decreases, and carbon stored in fossil fuels increases.D Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere increases, and carbon stored in fossil fuels decreases.

When green plants produce oxygen, from which molecule does the oxygen come?

A ATPB waterC glucoseD carbon dioxide

4 Which statement describes how oxygen can enter the atmosphere?

A Oxygen is released from water through respiration by heterotrophs.

B Oxygen is released from water through photosynthesis by autotrophs.

C Oxygen is released from glucose through respiration by autotrophs.

D Oxygen is released from glucose through photosynthesis by heterotrophs.

What is missing from the nitrogen cycle shown?

• A air

• B rocks

• C viruses

• D bacteria

When coal is burned, sulfur dioxide (SO2) gas combines with water vapor to produce acid rain. Which model traces the path of the water vapor?

Which sequence is part of the carbon cycle?Which sequence is part of the carbon cycle?

A transpiration → evaporation → condensation → precipitationB respiration → photosynthesis → organic decay → coal formationC combustion → evaporation → respiration → condensationD decomposition → infiltration → plant uptake → consumption

A transpiration → evaporation → condensation → precipitationB respiration → photosynthesis → organic decay → coal formationC combustion → evaporation → respiration → condensationD decomposition → infiltration → plant uptake → consumption

Which element moves through ALL parts of this cycle?

A carbon B nitrogenC oxygen

D phosphorous

Which numbers in the diagram represent the movement of water vapor?

A 1 and 2B 1 and 3C 2 and 4D 3 and 4

Which nitrogen compound is considered to be a pollutant released in jet exhaust?

A nitrogen gas (N2 )B nitrate (NO3

−)C ammonia (NH4

+)D nitrogen oxide (NO2

- )

A infiltrationB condensationC freshwater storageD groundwater discharge

Study the water cycle below.

Study the carbon cycle diagram

below Study the carbon cycle diagram

below

Which arrow represents the release of carbon dioxide through combustion?

A arrow 1B arrow 2C arrow 3D arrow 4

Study the table below. Which student correctly identifies processes in the

oxygen cycle?

A student 1B student 2C student 3D student 4

CONTENT STANDARD15. Identify biomes based on environmental factors and native organisms.

ELIGIBLE CONTENTa. Identify terrestrial biomes including the tundra, desert, rainforest, grassland, taiga (coniferous forest), and the temperate deciduous forest.b. Identify the aquatic biomes including freshwater and marine.c. Identify terrestrial and aquatic biomes based on the rainfall and temperature characteristics.

Deserts

What biome is described below?• The driest of all the biomes. • The temperature can change drastically from day to night because

the air is so dry that heat escapes rapidly at night. • Plants that live there need to have adaptations to compensate for the

lack of water. – Some plants store water in their stems and use it very slowly, – Bushes conserve water by growing few leaves or by having large root systems

to gather water or few leaves. – Some plant species have a short life cycle of a few weeks that lasts only during

periods of rain.

Grasslands

• They are often located between temperate forests at high latitudes and deserts at subtropical latitudes.

• Receive about 500 to 900 mm of rain per year compared to deserts, which receive less than 300 mm and tropical forests, which receive more than 2,000 mm.

• Temperatures are often extreme.• Generally open and continuous, fairly flat areas of grass.• The grasses die back to their roots annually and the soil

and the sod protect the roots and the new buds from the cold of winter or dry conditions.

• A few trees may be found in this biome along the streams, but not many due to the lack of rainfall.

Tropical Rainforest Hot, moist biome where it rains all year long. Contains the most abundant plant and animal life of any biome. It is known for its dense canopies of vegetation that form three

different layers. • The top layer or canopy contains giant trees. This layer of

vegetation prevents much of the sunlight from reaching the ground.

• The middle layeris made up of vines, smaller trees, ferns, and palms.

• The bottom layer or floor of the rainforest is covered with wet leaves and leaf litter. This material decomposes rapidly in the wet, warm conditions (like a compost pile) sending nutrients back into the soil.

Hot, moist atmosphere and all the dead plant material create the perfect conditions in which bacteria and other microorganisms can thrive.

Temperate Deciduous ForestLocated in the mid-latitude areas which means that they are found

between the polar regions and the tropics. Exposed to warm and cold air masses, which cause this area to have

four seasons. The temperature varies widely from season to season with cold winters

and hot, wet summers. Precipitation spread fairly evenly throughout the year. During the fall, trees change color and then lose their leaves. This is in

preparation for the winter season. Because it gets so cold, the trees have adapted to the winter by going into a period of dormancy or sleep. They also have thick bark to protect them from the cold weather.

Trees flower and grow during the spring and summer growing season.The biome of Alabama

Tundra• Coldest of the biomes. • Receives low amounts of precipitation, making it similar to a

desert. • Much of Alaska and about half of Canada. • Also found at the tops of very high mountains elsewhere in the

world.• Temperatures are frequently extremely cold, but can get warm

in the summers. • Winters are long, dark, and cold, with mean temperatures

below 0°C for six to 10 months of the year. • The temperatures are so cold that there is a layer of

permanently frozen ground below the surface, called permafrost.

– In summers, the top layer of soil thaws only a few inches down, providing a growing surface for the roots of vegetation.

• Vegetation has adapted to the cold and the short growing season. Mosses, sedges, and lichens are common, while few trees grow. The trees that do manage to grow stay close to the ground so they are insulated by snow during the cold winters.

MarineMarine• Biome that is the largest of

all the biomes. It covers three fourths of the earth.

• Climate doesn't really effect it much.

– It is warmer as you get closer to the equator and it is colder as you get closer to the poles.

• Biome that is the largest of all the biomes. It covers three fourths of the earth.

• Climate doesn't really effect it much.

– It is warmer as you get closer to the equator and it is colder as you get closer to the poles.

TaigaTaiga

• Temperatures are very low. • Precipitation is primarily in the form of

snow, 40-100 cm annually. • Soil is thin, nutrient-poor, and acidic. • Canopy permits low light penetration, and

as a result, understory is limited. • Flora consist mostly of cold-tolerant

evergreen conifers with needle-like leaves, such as pine, fir, and spruce.

• Fauna include woodpeckers, hawks, moose, bear, weasel, lynx, fox, wolf, deer, hares, chipmunks, shrews, and bats.

Which of the following biomes has the lowest annual precipitation rate?

A taigaB tundraC deciduous forestD temperate grassland

• Which biome has mostly shallow-Which biome has mostly shallow-rooted, low-growing plants that rooted, low-growing plants that can reproduce by budding and can reproduce by budding and division rather than by flowering?division rather than by flowering?

A taigaA taigaB tundraB tundraC grasslandC grasslandD rainforestD rainforest

Which two biomes have the MOST stable average daily temperature over a long period of time?

A tundra and taiga

B rainforest and desert

C marine and freshwater

D grassland and deciduous forest

Which statement describes grassland soils?

A They have a low level of nutrients and a dry, thin layer of topsoil.B They have a low level of nutrients and an acidic, thick layer of topsoil.C They have a moderate level of nutrients and a moist, thin layer of topsoil.D They have a high level of nutrients and a dark, thick layer of topsoil.

Students obtained local monthly average precipitation and temperature data from the National Weather Service. Based

on these data, in which biome do these students live?

A taiga

B desert

C grassland

D rainforest

Which student correctly compared the Antarctic desert and Arctic tundra biome characteristics?Which student correctly compared the Antarctic desert and Arctic tundra biome characteristics?

A student 1B student 2C student 3D student 4

Which plant and animal types are characteristic of the taiga biome?

A plant type 1 and animal type 2B plant type 2 and animal type 3C plant type 3 and animal type 4D plant type 4 and animal type 1

Which aquatic environment contains organisms that thrive in water with varying salt concentrations?

A riverB estuaryC deep oceanD glacial lake

Study the table below. Which biome is represented by these data?

A desert

B tundraC rainforestD grassland

Which biome is described by the characteristics included in the list?

A taigaB desertC tundraD grassland

Study the list below.

Which biome do these factors BEST describe?

A semi-arid desert

B deciduous forest

C tropical rainforest

D temperate grassland

CONTENT STANDARDObjective 16 Identify density-dependent and density-independent limiting factors that affect populations in an ecosystem.

ELIGIBLE CONTENTa. Identify the limiting factors that affect populations in an ecosystem as either density-dependent or density-independent including natural disasters, space, food, water, air, abiotic and biotic factors, human activity, disease, and succession.

CONTENT STANDARDObjective 16 Identify density-dependent and density-independent limiting factors that affect populations in an ecosystem.

ELIGIBLE CONTENTa. Identify the limiting factors that affect populations in an ecosystem as either density-dependent or density-independent including natural disasters, space, food, water, air, abiotic and biotic factors, human activity, disease, and succession.

Biotic

• The living factors within an ecosystem.– Food availability– Disease– Competition– Predation– Parasitism

Abiotic

The non-living factors within an ecosystem that effect living things.– Light– Temperature– Water Supply– Oxygen Supply– Minerals– pH of the soil

Examples would include predation, parasitism, disease, competition for

space or food. Please notice that these are all biotic factors (living factors).

Density Dependent Factors

Density Independent Factors

• Factors will kill organisms –whether they are crowded or not. – Examples would include floods, storms,

earthquakes, fire, etc. In general, factors that are abiotic (nonliving).

Which situation is caused by a density-independent limiting factor?

A The influenza outbreak of 1918–1919 killed over 20 million people.

B The cones of the jack pine need heat from a fire to help release seeds.

C A parasite alters reproduction in a woodpecker population causing fewer births.

D A queen bee regulates the number of eggs she lays according to the amount of food available.

Which limiting factor is density-independentfor rainbow trout?

A size of the streamB spread of parasitesC competition for foodD supply of dissolved

oxygen

Which statement BEST describes the relationship between natural disasters or

human-caused disasters and population size?

A Natural and human-caused disasters are density-dependent factors.

B Natural and human-caused disasters are density-independent factors.

C Human-caused disasters are density-independent whereas natural disasters are density-dependent.

D Human-caused disasters are density-dependent whereas natural disasters are density-independent.

Which relationship BEST identifies a density-dependent limiting factor?

A A bobcat population declines due to disease.B A fish population declines due to a severe drought.C A bird population declines due to pollution.D A wolf population declines due to a cold winter.

The front page of a newspaper in November 2006 had these headlines.

The newspaper also featured a graph showing the population of the poison dart frog. According to the information in the

newspaper, which limiting factor MOST LIKELY accounts for the change in the frog’s population?

A diseaseB predationC natural disasterD human activity

Study the table below. Gypsy moth caterpillars can destroy trees by eating too many leaves and making them susceptible to disease or drought. Which student has correctly identified the density-dependent and density-independent limiting factors associated with an invasion of gypsy moth caterpillars?

A student 1B student 2C student 3D student 4

Which type of management would provide the BEST short-term control of giant salvinia?

A Add more fish to lakes containing giant salvinia.

B Educate people about how fast giant salvinia reproduce.

C Introduce new plant species into areas where giant salvinia is spreading.

D Clean propellers before moving boats from a lake containing giant salvinia.

Study the table below. Which student identified only density-independent limiting factors?

A student 1B student 2C student 3D student 4

Which statement BEST explains why a disease may affect one population more than another population?A Because disease is a density-dependent limiting factor, a larger population makes it easier for the virus to spread from person to person.B Because disease is a density-independent limiting factor, a larger population makes it easier for the virus to spread from person to person.C Because disease is a density-dependent limiting factor, climate can influence the disease, making it more or less affective.D Because disease is a density-independent limiting factor, climate can influence the disease, making it more or less affective.

The End!The End!The End!The End!The End!The End!