improving the efficiency of foliar fertilization with urea ... · urea-75% with nbpt compared...
TRANSCRIPT
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Improving the Efficiency of Foliar Fertilization
with Urea using Urease Inhibitors
Derrick Oosterhuis and Eduardo Kawakami
University of Arkansas
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The Problem The cotton crop needs large amounts of nitrogen,
about 125 kg N/ha. 2 – 5% of plant dry matter(Marschner, 1995)
Involved in many metabolic processes, protein and Nucleic Acids etc
N deficiencies result in poor growth and lower yields. Decreased learaea, growth rate, (-) protein, (-) photosynthetic rate, and (-) hydraulic
conductivity , and increased fruit shed, root:shoot ratio, and premature cutout (Radin
and Parker, 1979; Radin and Mauney, 1986; Wullschleger and Oosterhuis, 1990)
Cotton has low N use efficiency, only about 20-30 % of
N applied is recovered by the plant (Karlen et al., 1996; Constable
and Rochester, 1988)
Nitrogen fertilizer is expensive and constitutes > 10%
of total production cost.
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Challenge
Improve cotton NUE
Agronomic Aspect
Increase yield
Economic Aspect
Maintain acceptable yields / lower N rates
Environmental Aspect
Decrease eergy input in the system
(NO3-) water table contamination
(N2O and N2) greenhouse gas
www.esri.com
www.rpi.edu
NUE
Agronomic
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Recovery Efficiency
Use of Additives to Inhibit Loss of N
Urease Inhibitor - N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT)
Inhibit urea hydrolysis - NH3 volatilization
Nitrification inhibitor - Dicyandiamide (DCD)
Inhibit nitrate formation in the soil - leaching and denitrification
N Uptake = N Availability / N losses
Urea Fertilization
Split application (Constable and Rochester, 1988)
Incorporation at planting (Elberhar and Turpper, 1988)
Slow-release source (Oosterhuis and Howard, 2008)
Crop rotations (Hons et al., 2004)
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NBPT
• N-butyl thiophosphoric triamide - Urease Inhibitor
(NH2)2CO +2 H2O + H+ 2NH4 + HCO3- NH3 + CO2 + H2O
Benefit of NBPT to soil applied urea is well understood.
– (-) Phenylphosphorodiamidate (PPD ) in Soybean increased leaf
burn (Krogmeier et al., 1989)
– (±) NBPT in wheat no effect on leaf burn or yield (Rawluk et al., 1999)
But addition of Urease Inhibitor to Foliar Urea ?
(Urease)
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Physiological and Yield Responses of Field-Grown Cotton
to Soil Application of Urea with NBPT
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Material and Methods
• Location: Marianna, Arkansas
• Cultivar: ST 4554 B2RF – standard management (except N)
• Design : RCBD with 5 treatments and 5 replications
Treatments N Rate
(kg/ha)
N Source Split Applied
Treatment 1 0 -
At 10 days After
Germination
At PHS Stage
Treatment 2 125 (100%) Urea
Treatment 3 94 (75%) Urea
Treatment 4 94 (75%) Urea + NBPT (Agrotain)
Treatment 5 94 (75%) Urea+NBPT+DCD (Super U)
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Measurements
Leaf Chlorophyll
N Uptake (DM and N concentration)
N use Efficiency (Estimation - difference method)
N Partitioning (Stem, leaves, capsule wall, seeds)
Fiber Quality
Lint yield (Seedcotton and gin turnout)
N UE = (N Content Treatment X) – (N Content Unfertilized Control) X 100
N Applied
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N Use Efficiency
ab
b
a
ab
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Urea (100%) Urea (75 %) Urea(75%) +NBPT Urea(75%)+
NBPT+DCD
NU
E (
% N
ap
pli
ed)
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Lint Yield
c
a
b
a ab
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Control Urea (100%) Urea (75 %) Urea(75%)
+NBPT
Urea(75%)+
NBPT+DCD
Lin
t Y
ield
(k
g h
a-1
)
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Summary (Field Experiment)
Urea-75% with NBPT
Compared Urea-100% • Chlorophyll
• N Uptake
• N Fertilizer Use Efficiency
• Lint Yield
Application of urea with NBPT increased N fertilizer use efficiency of cotton.
Sub-rates of nitrogen with NBPT maintained cotton growth and yield equal to
the levels of the full recommended urea application
than Urea-75%
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To Study the Effects of Foliar Urea Application
with NBPT on Cotton Plants
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FOLIAR UREA
• Foliar Nutrient Application
– Main Purpose:
• Supplement Soil Nutrients - root problems
• (+) low cost, rapid response
• (-) foliar burn, chemical incompatibility, limited amount
Results of foliar urea in cotton yields
– Highly variable: Maples and Barker (1993); MacConnell et al., 1998;
Oosterhuis and Bondada (2001); Roberts et al., 2006; Wilborn et al., 2006.
– FACTORS: soil conditions, N availability, fruit load and stress.
• Urea – main N source for foliar N application
– Rapid absorption, low salt index and low phytotoxicity
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Field Study with Foliar Fertilization
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Field Study
Treatment
Nitrogen
Soil N Application
(kg/ha)
Foliar Nitrogen Application
(12 kg N/ha)
1. 100% Soil N Rate – No Foliar 112 (100%) No
2. 75% Soil N Rate – No Foliar 84 (75%) No
3. 75% Soil N Rate - Foliar Urea 84 (75%) Urea
at FF and FF+2weeks
4. 75% Soil N Rate - Foliar Urea
+ NBPT 84 (75%)
Urea + NBPT (0.84%)
at FF and FF+2weeks
• Location: Lon Mann Cotton Research Station, Marianna, AR
• Cultivar: ST 4554 B2RF – Standard Management (Except N)
• Design : RCBD with 4 treatments and 5 replications
• Measurement:
• Seedcotton Yield (machine picked)
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Results
A
B B
A
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
100% N Rate - No
foliar
75% N Rate - No
foliar
75% N Rate -
Foliar Urea
75% N Rate -
Foliar Urea+NBPT
See
dco
tto
n Y
ield
(k
g h
a-1
) Seedcotton Yield
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Growth Room Study
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Growth Room Study
Treatment Foliar Nitrogen Application
(12 kg N/ha)
1 – Control No
2 – Foliar Urea Foliar Urea
3 – Foliar Urea + NBPT Urea + NBPT (0.84%)
4 - Foliar NBPT Check 0.84 % of NBPT
• Location: AR Agricultural Research Station, Fayetteville, AR
• Environment: 30/20oC day/night temperature, 14 h photoperiod
• Cultivar: ST 4554 B2RF
• Design : CRD with 4 treatments and 5 replications
No soil N – foliar urea treatments applied at pinhead-square
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• Membrane Decomposition:
Malondialdehide (MDA)
• Cell Integrity :
Membrane Leakage (% Injury)
• Photosynthesis:
Portable photosynthesis system Licor 6200
• Urea Assimilation:
Urea, Urease, Glutamine Synthetase and Protein
Time: 2 h and 24 h after treatment application
Measurements
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A A AB B
A A AB
B
-0.05
0.05
0.15
0.25
0.35
0.45
0.55
0.65
0.75
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Control Urea Urea + NBPT NBPT
Lea
ka
ge
(% I
nju
ry)
MD
A (
nm
ol
g-1
FW
)
A A AB
B
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Control Urea Urea + NBPT NBPT
MD
A (
nm
ol
g-1
FW
) Results
Leaf Membrane Degradation and Leakage
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Results Leaf Urease
B
B
B
B B
A
B B
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
Control Urea Urea +
NBPT
NBPT Control Urea Urea +
NBPT
NBPT
Ure
ase
(u
nit
s g
-1 F
W)
2h After Application 24 h After Application
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Results Leaf Urea Concentration
BC
AB
A
C
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
Control Urea Urea + NBPT NBPT
Ure
a C
on
ten
t (m
M g
-1 F
W)
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Arginine
Urea Glutamine
Glutamate
NH3
+
CO2
Glutamine
Synthetase Urease
Phytotoxicity Cell Membrane
Photosynthesis
Ornithine
Cycle
?
Leaf Urea Assimilation
Protein
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Urea Glutamine
Glutamate
NH3
+
CO2
Glutamine
Synthetase Urease
Phytotoxicity Cell Membrane
Photosynthesis
?
+
NBPT
X X
Protein
Foliar Urea
Results Interpretation
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Summary
• Field Experiment with Urea and NBPT
– Cotton yield
• Growth Room Studies
– Urease Activity
– Trends:
• Urea
• MDA and Membrane Leakage
• Field Experiment with Foliar Urea and NBPT
– Increase in cotton yield
Addition of NBPT to Urea Resulted in:
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Addition of NBPT to foliar applied urea inhibits leaf
urease activity and has the potential of increasing
cotton yield.
This study will be repeated to confirm findings.
Conclusion
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Acknowledgements
Fluid Fertilizer Foundation
Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station
Cotton Incorporated
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