improving night time safety in slum areas · this study highlights the problems of missing or...
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Improving night time safety in slum areaswith a Lighting Design Toolbox
Aalborg University Copenhagen
Semester: Spring 2017
Title: MSC Lighting Design
Project Period: February 2016 - June 2016
Semester Theme: Master thesis
Supervisor(s): Georgios Triantafyllidis
CO-Supervisor: (Mette Hvass)
Copyright © 2006. This report and/or appended material may not be partly or completely published or copied without prior written approval from the authors. Neither may the contents be used for commercial purposes without this written approval.
Project group no.: N/A
Members: Laura Moroder
Copies: 1Pages:Finished: 02/05/2017
Abstract:
This study highlights the problems of missing or inadequate light uniformity in urban slums and the resulting effects on crime and safety. It also considers if public meeting places, enhanced through light-landmarks, increases the feeling of safety and, subsequently, has a positive effect on social interaction. The aim is to study the light conditions and their effects on security and safety threats in Addis Ababa’s Ketema slum. The study utilized multiple on-site data sourcing methods: video documentation of both day and night light conditions; measuring light uniformity with a Luxmeter; collecting data of the luminaires; observation of day and nighttime activities; collecting testimonials from residents; mapping of relevant areas; personal observation. The data was analyzed and a new design was created. The lighting design is using sustainable solutions that are financially appropriate for a developing nation. Although most of the findings were based on primary data, they nevertheless show a need for working on light conditions as part of a general slum upgrade initiative. The analysis presents a direct correlation between the uniformity of light and a feeling of safety. The absence of planned light corresponds to a decline in safety, especially at night. Additionally, the data showed that existing light sources, generally coming from private homes, function as alternative meeting areas. Thus it was also concluded that the lack of lighted public spaces directly influences social interaction. It should be noted that certain limitations and obstacles were present during the site analysis including unpredictable site information through rapidly changing street morphology, insufficient security and safety while analyzing and measuring light at night, limited vehicular access, haphazard and unplanned situations between residents and researcher. A plan for a uniform lighting design is urgently needed to provide suitable orientation strategies within the slum. This includes lighting designs that highlight public spaces as a way of enhancing social life and increasing general safety. Off-grid installations, regular electricity disruptions, and the lack of materials and technology forces the lighting designer to consider the problem from a radically different perspective. As such, existing lights will be used and a financially appropriate, sustainable technology will be considered. Physical planning remains a future possibility.
Aalborg University Copenhagen Frederikskaj 12, DK-2450 Copenhagen SV
Semester Coordinator:
Secretary:
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ABSTRACT
This study highlights the problems of missing or inadequate light uniformity in urban slums
and the resulting effects on crime and safety. It also considers if public meeting places,
enhanced through light-landmarks, increases the feeling of safety and, subsequently, has
a positive effect on social interaction. The aim is to study the light conditions and their
effects on security and safety threats in Addis Ababa’s Ketema slum. The study utilized
multiple on-site data sourcing methods: video documentation of both day and night light
conditions; measuring light uniformity and personal observation. The data was analyzed
and a new design was created. The lighting design is using sustainable solutions that are
financially appropriate for a developing nation. Although most of the findings were based
on primary data, they nevertheless show a need for working on light conditions as part of
a general slum upgrade initiative. The analysis presents a direct correlation between the
uniformity of light and a feeling of safety. The absence of planned light corresponds to a
decline in safety, especially at night. Additionally, the data showed that existing light sourc-
es, generally coming from private homes, function as alternative meeting areas. Thus it was
also concluded that the lack of lighted public spaces directly influences social interaction. It
should be noted that certain limitations and obstacles were present during the site analysis
including unpredictable site information through rapidly changing street morphology, in-
sufficient security and safety while analyzing and measuring light at night, limited vehicular
access, haphazard and unplanned situations between residents and researcher. A plan for a
uniform lighting design is urgently needed to provide suitable orientation strategies within
the slum. This includes lighting designs that highlight public spaces as a way of enhancing
social life and increasing general safety. Off-grid installations, regular electricity disrup-
tions, and the lack of materials and technology forces the lighting designer to consider the
problem from a radically different perspective. As such, existing lights will be used and a
financially appropriate, sustainable technology will be considered.
Key Words: Light, Safety, Light Uniformity, Orientation, Public meeting places, Slum Up-
grading, Slum Characteristics, Light Technology
Acknowlgedgment
I would like to thank my friend Michelle for her neverending energy
and professional support,my supervisors Mette Hvass and Georgios Triantafyllidis,
my family, especially my talented mother, and my friends.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................6
1.1 Project Background.....................................................................................7
1.1.1 Ethiopia with focus on Addis Ababa.....................................................................7
1.1.2 Slums and slum upgrading in developing countries...........................................8
1.1.3 Light as part of slum upgrading programmes....................................................9
1.1.4 Safety at night with light.......................................................................................10
1.2 Personal Motivation.........................................................................................11
1.3 Vision.....................................................................................................................12
2. PROJECT SCOPE.......................................................................................14
2.1 Criteria and Goals......................................................................................15
2.1.1 Light uniformity on the streets – Better space orientation..............................15
2.1.2 Accentuating public meeting points...............................................................16
2.1.3 Sustainability - Financially appropriate technology.........................................16
2.2 Problem Statement....................................................................................18
2.3 Method.........................................................................................................19
3. CONTEXT....................................................................................................22
3.1 Big View.......................................................................................................23
3.2 Zoom In........................................................................................................28
3.2.1 Environment...................................................................................................28
3.2.2 Users daytime.................................................................................................28
3.2.3 Users nighttime..............................................................................................34
3.3 Light observations...........................................................................................39
3.3.1 Lights in the area..................................................................................................39
3.3.2 Dialux illuminance values on the street and junction...........................................41
3.3.3 Light measurments for facial recognition.............................................................45
3.3.4 Day and sunlight conditions in Addis Ababa.......................................................23
4. STATE OF THE ART........................................................................................48
4.1 Light and safety...............................................................................................50
4.2 Violance, crime and environmental design..............................................54
4.3 Slum upgrading..............................................................................................56
4.4 Light technology for slums - sustainability in the environment..........60
5. DESIGN..........................................................................................................64
5.1 Toolbox Elements...........................................................................................65
5.1.1 Functional Lighting tool......................................................................................67
5.1.2 Landmark tool.....................................................................................................71
5.1.3 Material & Techology tool...................................................................................76
5.1.4 Educative tool.....................................................................................................79
5.2 Multiple application of the toolbox...........................................................82
.6. DISCUSSION..................................................................................................84
7. CONCLUSION...............................................................................................88 . APPENDIX.......................................................................................................92
Literature.........................................................................................................94
Illustrations......................................................................................................96
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1. INTRODUCTION
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1.1 Project Background1.1.1 Ethiopia with focus on Addis Ababa
Over the next few decades, African cities will be confronted with the problem of providing
affordable and inclusive accommodation for a rapidly growing urban population. It will be
a challenge to provide adequate dwelling places with basic urban service, while ensuring
environmental sustainability, economic growth and development and safety. (UN-Habitat,
Tigabu 2008:8)
Addis Ababa is one of the fastest growing cities in Africa. With continuously growing in size,
it is currently home to 25% of the total population of Ethiopia. The city center has a high
population density with 30,000 people per km2 generally living in poor conditions.
The unemployment and poverty levels are estimated at 23.5% and the government faces
challenges with the rapid urbanization. Talking about Addis Ababa, the World Bank Group
states in its Resilient Cities Program, “more than one in four households report an unem-
ployed adult compared to one in 10 households in other urban areas, and the informal sec-
tor employs about 30% of the economically active labor force in the city.” (WorldBankGroup
2015:25) The city within its fast growth struggles not only with a high rate of unemployment
but also with housing shortage, environmental deterioration and the provision of basic ser-
vices to all its inhabitants. Dwellers and refugees often don’t have the financial capacity and
space in Addis Ababa to build their own high-quality settlements. Shelters are made out of
mud, wood and discarded material, forming a widespread area of low - and high-density
housing around the city center. The local government has a hard time providing clean water
and sewerage service. Slums are the result of fast growing and unplanned city expansion
and currently cover 80 per cent of the city of Addis Ababa. (UN-Habitat, Tigabu 2008:8)
Despite the strong and rapid urban growth, the future goal of the Ethiopian government is
to become a sustainable, middle income, carbon-neutral, and resilient economy by 2025.
According to The World Bank, “Addis Ababa’s economy is growing annually by 14%. The
city alone contributes currently approximately 50% towards the national GDP, highlighting
its strategic role within the overall economic development of the country.” (WorldBank-
Group 2015:25)
As the capital of Ethiopia, Addis Ababa has an important role of representation for the
country. According to The World Bank Group the government needs to address “urban
issues such as improved land-use and transportation planning, the development of low-in-
come housing, expansion of wastewater collection and treatment facilities, efficiency en-
hancements to the water supply system, and establishment of an urban safety net”. A long
term plan is needed to successfully upgrade urban slums and to reach a national level that
covers the basic needs of all citizens. (WorldBankGroup 2015:25)
1.1.2 Slums and slum upgrading in developing countries
Slums are the result of a fast growing and unplanned city expansions in developing coun-
tries. The UN Habitat write in their Global Report: “The Challenge of Slums: Global Report
on Human Settlements” from 2003, about an ‘urbanization of poverty” (UN-Habitat 2003),
high migration to urban cities with a life under-condition in an overcrowded area. People
who escape from poverty in rural areas, built there new settlements in the city with hope of
a better life. Still they do not afford a formal housing and governments are not prepared to
offer them an affordable solution, than built there own impoverished migran settlements.
(Jaitman 2013:2)
One of the main challenges is to find a strategy, on how to fulfill basic needs for each citizen.
In addition to that, new approaches and solutions are needed, in order to expand regula-
tions for creating long lasting environmental benefits and developing social structures.
Slum upgrading include improvements ranging from “physical components as housing, wa-
ter, sanitation, roads and footpaths, storm drainage or lightning to the social components,
as service components like waste collection, schools, medical centers and other services
like social integration buildings, public spaces, peace building and poverty reduction pro-
grams.” (Sticzay 2015:1) These improvements are needed to create a strong, proud and
self-reliant neighbourhood.
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By including inhabitants in the decision making of the slum upgrading programmes and in-
tegrating them in the finalization process, the locals’ identification with the place becomes
even stronger. This means that slum upgrading projects, if done well, can have positive
impacts on livelihoods, reducing social inequalities and enhancing urban safety. It can con-
tribute to better maintenance of the area and increase participation in the process of sus-
tainable urbanization in developing economies.(Unhabitat.org 2012)
Appropriate funding mechanisms need to be found to finance urban low-income house-
holds and projects of non-governmental organisations and governments.
1.1.3 Light as part of slum upgrading programmes
Light as part of slum upgrading programmes can have meaningful benefits to ameliorate
daily living and social empowerment in squatter settlements. Giving light to all city areas
contributes to a more equal, fair and tolerable living. It prevents segregation and reduces
crime allowing people to meet after sunset and feel safe. In order to do so, the space must
be analysed and defined as a public space to understand its use. Out of this analysis a de-
sign can be developed and applied to the area. In order to protect the ecosystem, the de-
sign should apply sustainable materials and make efficient usage of resources. Planned city
extensions can help cities become more compact, more integrated and more connected
and thus more livable.
Light can help with the use of public space especially at night. A planned lighting design of-
fers better orientation through streets at night and lowers violence acts, while avoiding dark
spots. As the lighting design in developing countries, especially in slum areas, is randomly
planned or non-existing at all, there is a lot of potential. Light invites people to stay at night
due to the increased safety feeling. In this manner, planned light as part of the slum up-
grading programme contributes to social connection and a safer environment. (UN-Habitat,
Coello de Llobet 2015:iv) Still in developing countries like Ethiopia, connection to electricity
is not always provided and disruptions of it are common, so that off-grid solutions have to
be taken under consideration.
1.1.4 Safety at night through light
Creating safety at night through light is a contested topic. “People’s perception and feel-
ings of safety in a night-time environment often differ substantially from actual risks. Gen-
erally speaking, lit places are safer than dark areas; however, whether light above a certain
illuminance further increases the safety of a place is less clear.”(Arup, 2015:30)
As Arup states it is indeed too easy wanting to solve existing social problems in cities just by
providing more light. However, it is possible to increase the feeling of safety with offering a
different perception of the area through light. Furthermore, light attracts people and where
there a lot of people, the feeling of safety is higher stated also by Arup “[…] rather than
seeing lighting as a direct enabler for safety, enhanced illumination should be seen as a
means to attract more people to a space, thus creating safety through presence and activity.
This highlights that effective lighting for safety requires more than a simple illumination of
space.” (Arup 2015:30)
Wu and Kim analyse “The Relationship Between the Pedestrian Lighting Environment and
the Perceived Safety” at night in order to understand better the effects of the urban lighting
environment on people’s perceived safety. Their findings show that the objective variables
like uniformity, facial recognition, and concealment of lighting environments are significant
in explaining perceived safety. (Wu 2016:57-66)
The Darksky Organisation states: “Real security depends on the wise use of lighting. Visibil-
ity should always be the goal. Instead of more and brighter lights, we need smart lighting
that directs light down where it is most useful. It is possible to see the stars without compro-
mising safety.”(Darksky.org)
Thus, the goal of a lighting design should be to provide efficient light while adapting it to
the local situation - in this case a city in a developing country. The streets and the area must
be analysed, to understand who the people living there are, how and when they use space,
in order to create a lighting design that improves the perception of safety.
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1.2 Personal Motivation
My motivation for this project developed with my many travel experiences in various devel-
oping countries in Africa and Asia.
My studies in lighting design further increased my interest in understanding the correla-
tions between lighting situation/solutions and living standards in different countries.
Travelling to a country like Ethiopia and experiencing in person what it means to have avail-
able no light at night in areas where crime and violence are predominant, changed my way
of thinking about needs. For example, people in Austria like to to use an App that turns
on the light before you come home to provide a welcoming feeling. While people living in
developing countries have no electricity at all or live in cities with missing or malfunctioning
streetlight confining them to their homes at night. During my trip to Ethiopia, I visited the
‘Ketema’ slum in Addis Ababa at night experiencing firsthand a feeling of unsafety trig-
gered by the absence or limited presence of lighting fixtures in the area. This experience
pushed me to work on this project and to develop feasible and sustainable lighting solu-
tions for developing countries.
Out of this experience, the idea of developing a lighting design for slums that enhances the
feeling of safety arose. It was clear from the beginning that a lighting design for the area
would face many challenges, such as available technology, energy use and how to finance
the project. However, having the opportunity to offer women and children a better feeling
of safety and the possibility to use there own environment at night, challenged me to work
on this topic.
1.3 Vision
The further vision of the lighting design is to decrease acts of violence on the streets of
slums at night with a new lighting design that can improve safety feeling during night hours.
Moreover the lighting design encourage people to use the street at night, while having a
better safety feeling which affects again the reduction of crime.
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2. PROJECT SCOPE
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2.1 Criteria and Goals
The goal for this project is to provide a lighting design for slums, that allows people to move
around, to rest or meet other people in public areas at night, not only creates space and
orientation at night but gives a feeling of safety. The criterias of the design will be present-
ed in this chapter and consequentially the Problem Statement and Method of the Design
development. The design gives an answer to the Problem Statement and considers the cri-
terias. It is also based on the ‘Analysis’ of the area and ‘State of the art’ with a discussion on
different research papers in order to develop a better light solution. To create a sustainable
design, new technology will be added. The design can be used for different developing
countries, that are testing upgrading programmes in slums.
2.1.1 Light uniformity on the streets – Better space orientation
Enhance the feeling of safety with a better light uniformity and facial recognition
Provide light on every street as that is not the case. Through a better light uniformity, dark
spots can be avoided. The uniformity considers continuously following streetlights that dis-
tribute light on all streets of the slums in order to prevent dark spots. The right technology
prevents glare and up lighting. This supports the visibility at night in order to be able to see
people from distance coming towards you and having an effect on better facial recognition.
This would lead to more people using the streets also at night, which means more life on
the streets after sunset and the perseption of increased safety.
Orientation through the streets
Better and continuous light enables people to walk from point A to B. Making objects or
other people on the streets more visible gives a better orientation and widens the percep-
tion of the road and its surroundings.
Ensure well-being for all at all ages
As the analysis showed it is mostly man between the age of 15 and 50 wondering on the
streets of Ketema slums in Addis Ababa at night. The place should also allow women and
older people without exception to walk on streets at night without any fear of violence.
2.1.2 Accentuating public meeting points
Create public meeting places through light
Enhancing landmarks through light makes the community stronger. Involving residents in
the development process of the lighting design in order to make the slum upgrading pro-
gramme more successful and long lasting.
Create resting places
Places to rest for elderly people or women with children are important. Resting places for
everyone who is in need should be created.
Create social interaction through light
While resting, people get in touch and help each other. Having a place to meet allows ev-
erybody to use space for their own interests.
Give the place an identity
Planned city extensions can help cities become more compact, more integrated and more
connected and thus more livable. In order to create an interactive lighting design that inte-
grates people’s ideas, needs, opinions and help, an identification process needs to happen.
Integrate people in the process
While integrating people in the process they can add their ideas and opinion and be part
of the process of place changing. People will be integrated in the implementation of the
design on site and use or learn the tools for building and using the technology in order to
create a consumer awareness of quality products.
2.1.3 Sustainability - Financially appropriate technology
Ensure availability of light
As people living in slums lack coverage of their primary needs, providing light is certainly
not a priority. However, it can prove to be essential for people’s daily life as it ensures better
orientation, enhances the community’s security feeling and creates and defines social space
where people can meet in the evenings and at night.
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It could also be an important opportunity to transform off-grid areas into incubators for
sustainable energy projects, providing lighting solutions not only on the streets but inside
housing as well.
Promote environmentally sustainable and financially appropriate technology
Due to energy poverty and unpredictable availability of electricity, off-grid energy solutions
for lighting are the best option to provide continuous lighting on the streets. A viable off-
grid lighting technology is using solar panels transmitting and storing energy from the sun.
The battery provides the energy for streetlights at night. Modern technology allows further
to implement a day/night sensor to use light/energy only when necessary.
Find financially appropriate solutions based on an area’s conditions and needs.
There are already a couple of projects, such as Philips lighting and Akon, working on pro-
viding off-grid street lighting solutions in Africa. National financing strategies also need
to integrate street lighting into their electricity programmes for communities. As the 2017
report “Financing national energy access: a bottom up approach” by the PPEO (Poor Peo-
ple’s Energy Outlook 2016) shows, even with communities contributing in financing energy
access needs, it would not cover all costs. However, it brings to light various possibilities of
financing a lighting project. (PPEO 2015:3)
As laid out in this section, collaborative approaches involving individuals, municipal and
national governments, and the international community are a key prerequisite for attaining
slum improvements.
2.2 Problem Statement
This paper aims to present a lighting design for slums of cities in developing countries
that offers safe passage and creates public meeting places. The problem statement is a
combined product of the described personal motivation, analysis and vision that meets the
above described goals. The problem statement is as follows:
“Can increased light uniformity and light-landmarks that utilize recycled material and financially appropriate and sustainable light technology, lead to better space orientation and invite people to use public meeting points and in turn, improve safety and security at
night in squatter settlements of a city like Addis Ababa.”
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2.3 Method
The method of the work is divided in different types of working processes (phases), shown
in the table below. Each working phase is connected whit each other. The table below starts
from the “Inspiration” phase, the actual idea generation and first part of the work including
the mixed methods approach and continues towards the “Design Concept” and “Vision”
of this project.
The sections are connected with each other through arrows, to show the necessity of each
phase as part of a puzzle in the development and implementation of the program.
Figure 1 Table of Method
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3. CONTEXT
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Before starting with any implementation activity related to the installation of the new light-
ing design, it is crucial to understand the context and conditions on various levels. The
following section will provide a thorough analysis of the interested area.
3.1 Big View
Ethiopia is a developing county experiencing rapid growth. People from every corner of the
country are moving to the capital, Addis Ababa. The ascending trend of rural to urban mi-
gration is causing pressing challenges for the city, such as housing shortage, high rate of un-
employment and environmental deterioration. The rapid expansion of slums’ settlements
consisting of low quality housing is especially hard to control. Slum upgrading programmes
provide an effective tool to improve housing and living conditions. An integral component
of slum upgrading initiatives is street lighting. In order to conduct a light analysis of squatter
areas of Addis Ababa, a fieldtrip was undertaken.
A small documentation of the fieldtrip in order to give an idea of the place follows:
“In order to convey the sensation of fear caused by the absence of lighting at night, I decid-
ed to document the environment through film. The movie was shot at night driving through
Ketema with a camera mounted on the roof of a taxi.
At first, the driver refused to drive me through area as he felt it was unsafe. After offering
him a good deal, he agreed and followed my instructions. Due to bad street conditions, the
route still had to be changed at times. I had the car stop throughout the drive to take some
light measurements. Wary of safety concerns, the driver rushed me in taking the measure-
ments. There were streets that had no lights at all. I felt tense during the whole drive and
could only relax after it was over.”
Part of the fieldtrip was documenting the light situation during day and night time through
film, measuring the light uniformity with a lux meter (a simple light meter for mesuring illu-
minance levels), collecting data of the luminaries, observing day and night time activities,
informally interviewing locals and finally mapping the area and summarizing personal ob-
servations.
The area:
On the next page a satellite picture of the city Addis Ababa is imaged. The grey area in the
satellite picture shows the spot, that was chosen for the analysis.
This area is called “Ketema” and does not count to the newest informal settlements in
the city. In order to find the adequate place for the analysis, several excursions by car and
walking through different areas took place. Difficulties caused by discrepancies in mapping
systems (some streets turned out to be not existing or to be impassable by car) and security
issues played a role in the selection of the study object.
Figure 2: 3D map of Addis Ababa with the area of analysis in grey
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The reason for choosing this specific area was that it already had exisiting in-frastructure, electricity and lights. To further limit the area one of many streets that leads towards a small crossing in the area was chosen in order to analyse the functional lighting. The small crossing was chosen because there were in-creased social activities observed (red circled in figure…).The place was analysed by filming the light situation, taking measurements and observing social interactions during daytime between 3 and 4 pm and at night between 9 and 10 pm.
3.2 Zoom in3.2.1 Environment
Most of the streets are dirty roads with big stones making driving on them challenging. Small vans, some taxis and bikes are moving at a very slow pace. The bigger streets are also unpaved but flatter making it easier for cars. From the streets small paths are not impassable by car branch off the street. The street has small grocery shops with different goods which intensify the life in the area.
3.2.2 Users daytime
People using the area during daytime are mostly families: women with chil-dren, women with women, and men in groups or alone. Many young people spend time on the streets sitting on the floor during day and nighttime. Peo-ple with running businesses are passing the street with goods. Children are playing on the streets and old people enjoy sitting outside. Remarkable are the high number of children in the area, whereby only few elderly people. Women and man are chatting, shopping or celebrating. The observations (Figure 4, 5 & 6) show many people during daytime on the street and gather-ing at the small crossing with lots of grocery shops and more space.
All people in the areas were locals and no tourists were to be seen. Since the densely populated area is zoned as a slum, people live in very poor conditions with their shelters made out of mud, wood and discarded material and the majority of self-made homes house families.
Figure 3: 3D map with the analysed area “Ketema” in grey
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Figure 4 & 5: Daytime, street in “Ketema”
Figure 6: Daytime, junction in “Ketema”
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3.2.3 Users nighttime
It was difficult to spot people at night due to the darkness. People that were encountered were mostly man, young and elderly sitting outside. Only few women could be seen. Noticeable was the absence of children and women compared to the daytime as well as the fact that people, mostly men, still gathered around areas like small crossings or parking spots.Grocery shops are open until late at night and their outside lighting offers a place for people to congregate.
Figure 7, 8 & 9: Nighttime, street in “Ketema”
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3.3 Light observations
The electricity penetration in Addis Ababa reaches 90 %. However, there are major dispar-
ities in electricity availability among poor and rich urban areas. As daytime analysis of the
area show, there are street lights connected to the grid. However, nighttime observations
also show that not all of them are working. The red demarcation exhibits the deeper
analysed area.
3.3.1 The lights in the area
Figure 10 illustrates all light fixtures in the area, including those that are not working and
Figure 11 only the working ones. In the red circled area in Figure 11, seven working street-
lights are lined up in a row of 15 meters on a 2 km long street. Sections that appear dark
in the graphic are unlit streets. This is due to missing or problematic grid connection, and
broken street lights. As locals explained, power outages sometimes happen forty times a
day and lights are working sporadically.
Figure 10: All counted streetlights in the area
Figure 11: Working ones and the area to work with
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3.3.2 Dialux illuminance values on the street and junction
The Street
To get a better understanding of the light situation, illuminance measurments on the street
and junction (red circled in Figure 11) were done. The measured lux on the street on 0.020 m
show illuminance values between 0.01 lux to 12 lux and an average value of 2.51 lux (Figure
13). The high values were measured directly under the street lights, low values represent
measurements taken in dark areas. The uniformity suggested from the DIN (German Insti-
tute for Standardization) 13201 (Fördergemeinschaft Gutes Licht, 2014:26) “light situations
for pedestrian areas and pedestrian roads” should be at 0.4 (20 lux) and the measured value
in the area is only at 0.001. As there are only sparse streetlights, illuminance uniformity for
the whole area is not given.
Figure 12: The street in ‘Ketema’
Figure 13: The street on the map and illuminance values
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The junctionThe measured lux values at the junction are very similar to those taken on the street. They start from 0.05 lux to 12 lux with an average value of 1.50 lux (Fig-ure 15). Illuminance uniformity here also shows a low value of 0.005.
Figure 14: The junction in ‘Ketema’
Figure 15: The junction on the map and illuminance values
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3.3.4 Day and sunlight conditions in Addis Ababa
Sunlight hours in Addis Ababa are between 2:48 hour every day in July and 9:42 per day in
December (Figure 17). The daylight is between 12:31 long and 11:28 short which means that
the longest day is 1:02 longer than the shortest day.
There is an average of 2.439 hours of sunlight per day of a possibility of 4.383 hours which
means an average of 6:40 hours sunlight per day. The remaining hours are possibly cloudy
or with haze.
Compared with Denmark Copenhagen an average of 1603 sunlight hours per year (of a
possible of 4383) and an average of 4:23 sunlight per day, shows a difference of 836 hours
of sun more in Addis Ababa. Addis Ababa is 1.005 (Dateandtime.info, n.d.) km away from
the Equator line, which means that around midday the sun is on an average of 74.1˚ above
the horizon.
Summary:
The information and knowledge received from the analysis will be used in the development
phases of the design concept. To summarize, there is no continous energy connection sys-
tem although covered by 90 % and some streets especially small once are not covered at all.
The luminaires are to some extent in bad condition or non existent and where the lights are,
the unifomity is missing and the perception of people coming towards you is visible under
the lights but many dark spots limitate the visibility of the surrounding and the people.
People are gathered together during night under the private lights from grocery shops
that are mostly blue LEDs. The streetlights on the other hand are the orange lighting high
pressure sodium lamps and there are no commonalities between the lights. As the meeting
points are strongly dependent from the lights in the area, they are an important impact on
the quality of light. The hours of sunlight in Addis Ababa offer the possibility of solar panel
off grid lighting which is a sustainable energy solution.
3.3.3 Light measurments for facial recognition
In order to understand illumination effects in face recognition, vertical and horizontal on-
site measurements (eyelevel, 1.55 m above ground) were taken. When the 7 streetlights
lined up in a row of 20 meters were working, the measurements showed a vertical lux level
of 1.50 and 1.20 lux horizontally. In areas with semi or non working streetlights, values were
between 0 and 0.5 lux. According to the study “Investigation of Lighting Levels for Pedes-
trians - Some questions about lighting levels of current lighting standards” by Fujiyama,
horizontal illuminance of 5 lux enables facial recognition at a distance of 4 meters, but as
the distance increases to 8 meters, more illuminance is necessary. (Fujiyama 2005:12)
As measurements taken in the slums of Addis Ababa document, the levels are very low and
only reach 5 lux directly under the streetlight.
Figure 16: Facial recognition at night
Figure 17: Average Sunlight hours/day in Addis Ababa (Climatetemps.com, 2014)
46
4. STATE OF THE ART
48
The following overview and literature is being provided to show the necessity of uniformity
and facial recognition in functional street lighting as part of the slum upgrading programmes.
Especially when it comes to creating an increased safety perception and lowering violent
incidents, uniformity and facial recognition is important. Slum upgrading programmes will
play an important role in bringing positive changes to the living environment in order to en-
hance safety in the area. The reviewed literature provides fundamental knowledge on which
the here proposed lighting design is built on.
4.1 Light and safety
Creating safety by lighting up the night environment is a contested topic. “People’s per-
ception and feelings of safety in a night-time environment often differ substantially from
actual risks. Generally speaking, lit places are safer than dark areas; however, whether light
above a certain illuminance further increases the safety of a place is less clear. [...] In fact,
overly lit nightscapes can reduce the eye’s ability to adapt to darkness and spot danger,
especially in areas with varying light levels across adjacent spaces and could subjectively be
associated to unsafe places.” (Arup, 2015:30)
As Arup’s lighting designer states, dark areas as well as overly lit spaces do not solve the
problem of perceived fear during night time. Therefore the question still remains what do
people need at night to feel safe? The study “The Relationship Between the Pedestrian
Lighting Environment and the Perceived Safety” by Wu and Kim, provides a thorough anal-
ysis of this question and demonstrates effects of urban lighting environment on people’s
perceived safety at night. (Wu, 2016:58)
Siyuan Wu’s and Mintai Kim’s study analyses key attributes of lighting environments and
their influence on people’s perceived safety through a One-Way ANOVA (one-way analy-
sis of variance) online test. The test was conducted with 52 participants and consisted of
24 photographs showcasing various attributes of pedestrian lighting environments. Partic-
ipants were asked to click on sections on the photographs, which they felt were least safe.
The next Figure 19 shows the result of all scenes based on a heat map analysis of hot spots
of fear. (Wu, 2016:58-59)
Literature:
Figure 18: Literature covers
50
Results show that Scene 23 has the most spots of fear are and Scene 1 has the fewest. Fur-
ther in the analysis: “For most of the scenes, the dark areas were identified as sources of fear
amongst participants. The best examples are Scene 23, Scene 21, and Scene 19. However,
Scene 16, Scene 17 and Scene 18 show that participants perceived fear when they couldn’t
see the adult male’s face in the nighttime pedestrian paths.”(Wu, 2016:61)
This means that a higher level of safety is perceived with uniform lighting than discontin-
uous lighting. Although the study does not show if uniform darkness with less lighting or
higher lighting levels support the perceived safety more. (Wu, 2016:59)
Nevertheless “[…] frequent changes of light levels may result in visual discomfort, visual
fatigue, loss of visual control, and thus may elicit a fear of crime.” (Wu, 2016:63)
This means that in different areas with different lighting possibilities avoiding dark spots
and in that manner uniformity is important but the intensity of light can vary.
Figure 19: Original image and the analyses of the clicked spots of fear
Figure 20: Scenes used for the study overlayed with hotspots of fear (Wu, 2016:59-60)
Figure 20: Scenes used for the study overlayed with hotspots of fear (Wu, 2016:59-60)
52
The study further shows uniformity attributes in facial recognition and concealment that
influence people’s perceived safety. Wu and Kim further mention in their research “[…]
that a half-lit face and a darkened face elicit the same level of fear“ and that“only when
the approaching pedestrian’s face is well lit and recognizable, is a person’s sense of safety
ensured”. (Wu, 2016:63)
A low level of concealment on a sidewalk decreases the perceived safety and vice versa.
Based on this study, Wu and Kim suggest uniform and continuously distributed lighting to
enable recognition of each other’s faces from a distance, avoid dark spots and therefore
prevent anti-social behaviour. (Wu, 2016:65)
However, Arup states in his study providing more light does not make an individual feels
safer, it is a matter of providing quality lighting. The quality of light attracts people and
when more people are on the streets, the feeling of safety will be increased. Arup continues
by saying that “[…] rather than seeing lighting as a direct enabler for safety, enhanced illu-
mination should be seen as a means to attract more people to a space, thus creating safety
through presence and activity. This highlights that effective lighting for safety requires more
than a simple illumination of space.”
He also mentions the importance of orientation through light. Light can guide and direct
people through the area at nighttime. (Arup, 2015:30-31)
The Darksky Organisation confirms the thesis of light quality: “Real security depends on the
wise use of lighting. Visibility should always be the goal. Instead of more and brighter lights,
we need smart lighting that directs light down where it is most useful. It is possible to see
the stars without compromising safety.” (Darksky.org, n.d)
Thus, the goal of a lighting design should be to provide efficient lighting while adapting it
to the local situation - in this case a city in a developing country, where violence and crime
is higher then in northern European countries.
4.2 Violance, crime and environmental design
Violence and crime are major issues in slum areas, where population density and poverty
levels are high, and young people’s prospects for the future are bleak. The study “Security
and Safety Planning in Slum Areas of Jimeta, Adamawa State, Nigeria” by Monday et al.
(Monday, 2013:135) confirms “that crimes are hatched much more in slums of urban cen-
tres; slum dwellers are themselves more prone to commit crimes than non-slum dwellers;
and that crimes emanating from urban slums keep the entire urban area at serious security
risks.” The study describes forms of insecurities including poverty, unemployment, health,
food, personal and environmental hazards, as factors that make slum areas highly vulner-
able for crime and violence. This fact has to be considered when working within this area.
Areas can change rapidly as slum-dwellers come and go constantly. Houses are made out
of affordable or recycled material and have little resilience to natural disasters.
Cities and governments are often unable to control urban growth and refugee movements
in their countries. Missing regulations and the exclusion of slum dwellers from urban plan-
ning and design decision-making fail to integrate a substantial part of the city population
resulting in the creation and the city’s division into rich and poor areas. This creates discon-
nected, uncontrolled and unsafe zones. (Monday, 2013:135)
As Monday et al. describes, “The poverty level, unemployment, environmental unclean-
liness, infrastructure and facilities deficiency, drug influence, gambling, gangsters living,
general idleness and discontent with life provide fertile grounds for criminal tendencies.”
To address these problems the research paper suggests that “[…] appropriate schooling
for the drug prone slum dwellers, physical planning solutions of urban renewal and slum
upgrading still remains an indispensable old faithful.” (Monday, 2013:144-145)
In this paper, slum upgrading as a way to address insecurity and crime plays an important
role. Street lighting should be part of a slum upgrading programme as it can provide a per-
ceived sense of safety and enhance orientation at night.
54
Furthermore, Jaitman’s and Brakarz’s study “Evaluation of Slum Upgrading Programs” talks
about the importance of Environmental Design (CPTED), when it comes to describe the cor-
relation between violence and environment and to prevent crime. They further explain, that
“CPTED is a place-based strategy that argues, “the proper design and effective use of the
built environment can lead to a reduction in the fear of crime and the incidence of crime,
and to an improvement in the quality of life”’. (Jaitman, 2013:38)
Furthermore, “Planning and design measures help enhance feelings of safety in areas
where people feel vulnerable. In particular, planning involves dealing with vacant land, en-
couraging 24-hour land use, promoting safe pedestrian infrastructure, ensuring equitable
provision of facilities, and sustaining urban renewal.” Referring to design components, the
paper states the importance of “[…] availability or design of appropriate lighting, landscap-
ing, and signage in soft open spaces (vacant land and parks) […]”.(Jaitman, 2013:38) The
components should be planned in consultation with the responsible planner and with the
people living in this area, so that their living places are improved but so that they still feel
welcomed, in order to avoid a subsequent gentrification process.
An urban upgrading programme by the CPTED (Crime prevention through environmental
design) was started in the Cape Town township of Khayelitsha, South Africa. The programme
used urban renewal strategies to address violence but also offered support for crime victims
of violence. (Jaitman, 2013:39)
The programme discussed the differences between the slums and the rest of the city and
with itthe problem of social and physical segregation. Effective upgrading programmes
have the potential to reduce barriers between different city areas and thereby reduce so-
cio-economic segregation by bringing more people to the streets thanks to improved per-
ception of safety. (Jaitman, 2013:45)
To what extent lighting itself can reduce crime is still unclear. As Boyce states “A series of
studies of increasing sophistication leave little doubt that lighting can play a part in crime
prevention, but it may not always be effective. There can be no guaranties. This is because
lighting, per se, does not have a direct effect on the level of crime.”(Boyce, 2014:485) How-
ever, lighting can support the visibility at night and increase the perception of safety. To
achieve an increase in safety feeling, Boyce suggests an illuminance level of 10-15 lux with
a uniformity ratio above 0.25 and a vertical lighting level between 10 to 30 lux. (Boyce,
2014:457)
4.3 Slum upgrading
As the geographic area chosen for this lighting design approach is not located in a north-
ern European country, but is slum area in an African city, standards are very different. First
and foremost, it starts with the the question if there is energy access or not, what kind of
solutions are and which finance mechanisms are available to support a lighting design. The
main challenge lies in finding an adaptable lighting design that leads to an improved liv-
ing environment, while dealing with problems of violence and high crime rates. A lighting
design that tries to improve the living situation must take into account all these differenct
aspects. Farrington and Welsh also state:
“As a highly visible sign of positive investment, improved street lighting might reduce crime
if it physically improved the environment and signalled to residents that efforts were being
made to invest in and improve their neighbourhood. In turn, this might lead them to have
a more positive image of the area and increased community pride, optimism and cohesion.
It should be noted that this theoretical perspective predicts a reduction in both day-time
and night-time crime. Consequently, attempts to measure the effects of improved lighting
should not concentrate purely on night-time crime.” (Farrington, 2002:3)
56
However, the question of how to best implement slum upgrading programmes remains?
The Tanzanian Government’s upgrading programme in Arusha City, offers a good example
with a well organized structure and control mechanism. The government actively involves
the local population in implementing the upgrading programme with community based
organizations (CBOs) and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) providing support and
guidance and the the government acting as a facilitator. Locals were able to solve existing
issues, such as waste management, by themselves and actively sought out assistance from
the city council to receive training and financial resources for upgrading activities on-site.
(Sheuya, 2007:104) This framework and organisational structure could also be used in the
implementation of on- or off-grid lighting solutions.
The Barefoot College is a grassroots organisation transferring practical skills to local peo-
ple. The organisation works in Africa, Latin America and the Pacific Islands. Their Enriche
programme trains local communities in technology, women’s reproductive healthand en-
vironmental stewardship. This transfer of knowledge and skills empowers local individuals
and their communities.
“The programme’s founders say it is digital, viral and co-created. These three aspects are
the foundation of the programme’s unique impact and success:
1. Digital: Technological tools are developed for specific use among semi-literate and
illiterate learners from various regions of the country.
2. Viral: Each woman trained becomes a trainer, actively participating in the ongoing
knowledge transfer to others.
3. Co-Created: Enriche is developed and delivered in partnerships with local social
enterprises and NGOs.” (Barefootcollege. org, Enriche, 2016)
Some impression on how the organisaton worked with people locally on energy access
solutions or to lighten up their village:
Figure 21: The woman in Belize, in the Mayan village of Santa Teresa brought Solar Energy
to her village with a micro solar grid (Barefootcollege. org, Choksi, 2016)
Figure 22: Electrified Village in La Guajira, Colombia, where the solar systems illuminate
the environment of the village. (Barefootcollege. org, 2016) 58
Inclusive upgrading where locals take action, make decisions and gain skills in order to
improve their environment is a very strong method to encourage future and sustainable
change. Furthermore, it can also be an approachto create a strong community in the area
and promote a holistic identification process with its inhabited place.
“Inviting cities must have carefully designed public spaces to support the processes that
reinforce city life. One important prerequisite is that city life is a potentially self-reinforc-
ing process. “People come where people are” is a common saying in Scandinavia.” (Gehl,
2010:65)
Although Jan Gehl speaks about Scandinavia, reinforcing city life is an important topic for
slum areas as well. As already mentioned throughout this paper, providing uniform street
lighting is an effective method in enhancing safety feeling, but it does not make a street
or a crossing more attractive to use. So what makes places and streets more attractive for
people?
Jan Gehl puts it as follows “The road is straight and seemingly endless, with no promise of
interesting experiences along the way. The prospect is tiring before the walk is even begun.
[...] In contrast, the route can be divided into manageable segments, where people can
walk from square to square, which naturally breaks up the walk, or along a street that winds
enticingly, inviting the pedestrian from one section to the next.” (Gehl, 2010:65)
And further: “The number of users, the quantity, is one factor, but another equally signifi-
cant factor for life in the city is the amount of time users spend in public city space. [...] The
activity in the visual field is linked to how many other people are present and how much time
each user spent at the site.” (Gehl, 2010:71)
Therefore, enhancing landmarks in the slums of Addis Ababa could attract more people.
for example by complementing the many metal walls in the slums situated between streets
and the houses through lighting. This landmark can be seen from far and can be a point of
reference providing orientation in the slum.
People could meet there and enjoy the nice atmosphere. In his book ‘The image of a city’,
Kevin Lynch writes:
“Landmarks are another type of point-reference, but in this case the observer does not en-
ter within them, they are external. They are usually a rather simply defined physical object:
building, sign, store, or mountain. Their use involves the singling our of one element from a
host of possibilities. Some landmarks are distant ones, typically seen from many angles and
distances, over the tops of smaller elements, and used as radial references. They may be
within the city or at such a distance that for all practical purposes they symbolize a constant
direction. Such are isolated towers, golden domes, great hills. Even a mobile point, like the
sun, whose motion is sufficiently slow and regular, may be employed. Other landmarks are
primarily local, being visible only in restricted localities and from certain approaches. These
are the innumerable signs, store fronts, trees, doorknobs, and other urban derail, which
fill in the image of most observers. They are frequently used clues of identity and even of
structure, and seem to be increasingly relied upon as a journey becomes more and more
familiar.” (Lynch, 1960:49)
As this paper’s analysis of the slum area shows, at night people on the street mostly con-
gregate in front of small grocery shops with cold outside lighting. Functional lighting and
lighting that enhances landmarks can considerably improve the quality of the space and of-
fer more places to stay e. A simple wall can become a landmark, which can form the identity
of a place. Apart from providing quality lighting solutions, making benches available could
lead to the creation of attractive areas where people can rest and meet.
4.4 Light technology for slums - Sustainability in the Environment
With African countries near the Equator registering an average of 6:40 hours of sunlight per
day (compared to Denmark with 4:23h), solar power can be considered as one of the most
abundant renewable energy sources available. There are already several ongoing projects
in developing countries installing solar power street lights.
60
Discussion
There is a need to know about a country and there future plans when it comes to upgrade
city squatters. It is important to understand the technology and energy status of a city in
this case Addis Ababa in order to develope sustainanble future ideas. When searching for
references about lighting the city, safety through light and designing urban space, the stan-
dards refer mostly to Western and Northern countries and not to development countries.
Developing countries start from another level, where they still struggle with providing en-
ergy access for all habitants. And when talking about slums, poverty with missing housing,
nutrition and sanitation systems are daily issues. But there are slum upgrading programmes
that take streetlighting as an important tool into account. Furthermore, the reseach show
the necessity of streetlighting as part of slum upgrading programmes. With a better facial
recognition, uniformity and a low level of concealment, the perception of safety can be
improved. When crime and violence especially in squatter settlements is defining peoples
night life, light is an important tool to improve the life in slums. Further if a design improves
the social interaction at night and gives the place an identity and value more people use
the space. And it might give people a better feeling to be outside after sunset, women and
children likewise as men. The technology is so far improved that it has already integrated
features that support the idea of sustainability and smart energy use but also the prevention
of sky brightening and glare.
Figure 23: Uplight (Darksky.org, n.d.)
Companies like Philips Lighting work on LED lighting systems, as for example the “Philips
LifeLight Home”, a solar-powered LED lighting system comprising two elegant pendant lu-
minaires and a USB port for phone charging. This systems is connected to a solar panel and
provides better and healthier lighting than candles or kerosene lamps.(Philips.com, 2015)
Another important program is Lighting Africa, a joint IFC-World Bank initiative that has the
ambitious goal to give more than 250 million people across sub-Saharan Africa currently
living without electricity access to clean, affordable, quality-verified off-grid lighting and
energy products by 2030. (Lightingafrica.org, 2017)
In order to further decrease the negative impact on animals like birds and insects, uplight-
ing from should be avoided (Figure …), which would also reduce energy loss and light pol-
lution. The right lighting technique can prevent glare and guide the light where it needs to
be. (Darksky.org, n.d.)
62
5. DESIGN
64
Figure 24: Toolbox content
The Design chapter consists out of a Toolbox containing different applications ready to be
used for the creation of a Lighting Design in slum areas.
The Lighting Design Toolbox (Figure 24) tries to solve the problem of existing shortages
in the area with innovative solutions. A thorough analysis of the area and literature review
provides a clear answer to the following problem statement:
“Can increased light uniformity and light-landmarks that utilize recycled material and financially appropriate and sustainable light technology, lead to better space orienta-tion and invite people to use public meeting points and in turn, improve safety and security at night in squatter settlements of a city like Addis Ababa. ”
The tools have been developed in consideration of the analysis and literature review to ful-
fill set criteria and goals of safety based lighting designs, specifically developed for slums.
Following chapter will explain the Toolbox and the development of a Lighting Design out
of it. The Design Toolbox can be
5.1 Toolbox Elements
• Functional lighting
• Landmark themes
• Material & Technology
• Educative/Empowerment
66
Elements of the Toolbox:
In this chapter the different tools will be further explained and how they corre-spond with the criterias and goals of the Lighting Design for slums. A Lighting Design in ‘Ketema’ the red marked area, will be presented as an example.Some of the tools overlap whith each other. The Lighting Design Toolbox is applicable to multiple places in ‘Ketema’ and slum areas in the world.
5.1.1 Functional Lighting Tool
1. Street light technology:
Criterias and Goals: Uniformity Facial recognition No glare No uplight Better vision at night Orientation Ensure well-being for all ages More people use the streets at night Imrpove the perception of safety
2. Sustainable light solutions:
Criterias and Goals: Off grid solutions with solar power
3. Implementation:
Criterias and Goals: Provide the educative tools for the people living in the area in order to be able to implement street lighting and to mantain it.
Functional Lighting Design in ‘Ketema’:
Figure 25: Visualization of the functional lighting, seen from above 68
Figure 26: Illuminance values for facial recognition
The functional part of the lighting design consists of streetlights that are placed every 20
meters. They are mounted on 4-5 meters poles in order to have a uniform light distribution.
In Figure 26 the illuminance of a vertical surface on eye level was calculated (Dialux). Thus
was made in order to see the values for facial recognition. The measurement shows an av-
erage of 3.45 Lux and a light uniformity of 0.678.
The functional layer is supposed to increase the uniformity, improve facial recognition in
order to give people a better perception of safety and better orientation in the area. The
streetlights in the area have the same light quality and light temperature and follow a com-
mon scheme throughout the area. The streetlights are on each street. This helps to create a
more uniform lighting in the whole Ketema district without having strong light differences.
Figure 27: Comparison of the actual street with no lights and the street recreated with Dialux with streetlights
70
5.1.2 Landmark tool
1. Variety of themes that fits the area Criterias and Goals: Identification with the themes Highlights a place Connect with the place
2. Sustainable light solutions:
Criterias and Goals: Recycled material Solar power, Hydro Power
3. Implementation: Criterias and Goals: Integrate people in the process Provide the educative tools for the people living in the area in order to be able to implement the lighting and to mantain it.
4. Light landmark: Criterias and Goals: Create public meeting places through light Create social interaction through light Give the place an identity Invite more people to the place Improve the perception of safety
Landmark themes for ‘Ketema’:
Profession themes:
• Hairdresser, • Coffe shop, • School
Passion Themes:
• Football• Dance• Food
Family themes:
• Market• Chat• Children
Market themes :
• Food• Electronic devices• Fashion
The themes for the landmarks includes the opinion and ideas of the habitants and is considered as aninclusive tool.
Figure 28, 29 & 30: Coffee shop, Hairdresser & Football in ‘Ketema’
72
Example of a light - landmark with the theme “Football” in ‘Ketema’
The objects used for the light - landmark can be multitude: Stones, not work-ing cars standing around, walls or any other noticeable object in the area. In this example a long metal wall was used in order to combine the theme (Football in Figure 30) with the light. The football becomes a “lighting ball” placed in the wall and accented by the ‘Graffiti’ sprayed or painted footballers.
The metal walls are almost everywhere in the slums of Addis Ababa and are made out of metal and separate the shelters from the street. The walls, in a way, accompany people that walk along the streets.
A further process in the design could be theinteraction between the light and the people passing by or standing in front of the wall. For example, the lighting footballs could track the people walking by and interact with them.
The next figures show an example of how the area could look with the applied football theme and the light.
Figure 31: Idea development
Figure 32: Visualisation of the light - landmark
Figure 33: The chosen spot (red) in the area ‘Ketema’
74
5.1.3 Material & Techology tool
1. Sustainable light solutions Criterias and Goals: Sustainable energy use Solar power, Hydro Power Green environment Area adapted light and material Mantainance Day & Nighttime sensor
2. Recycled material
Criterias and Goals: Recycled material
3. Funding Criterias and Goals: Find partners that finance the material Financial appropriate solutions
Sustainable light options
In Figure 34 an example of the newest solar driven lighting products from ‘Thorn-Light-
ing’ are pictured. The pole is lined with solar cells (“Suncyl Column”) and not as usual a
solar panel mounted on top of the pole (the option of a small wind turbine on top of the
luminaire is given). The produced energy charges the battery that saves the energy that is
needed for the light. The solar cells are directed towards all sides in order to work with the
changing sun direction.
Though the technology could be a sustainable energy solution, it still has to be adapted for
different countries and their conditions, varying when it comes to climate, sun, safety, van-
dalism and pricing. That being said, it could be a future possibility for sustainable lighting
in developing countries.
Figure 34: Thornlighting presents their new sustainable streetlighting product “Suncyl”. (thornlighting.at, n.d.)
76
For the streetlights in the area of Ketema an off-grid solution, due to the fact of electricity
shortages, fits best. In order to be sustainable, LED’s are used as a light source, because
they use less energy than other light sources but still have a very good light quality.
Solar panels are used to provide the necessary power to illuminate the streets with LED’s at
night.
The high technology standards provide anti-glare solutions and prevent uplighting, a fact of
light pollution. The right light technology can control the light in a way that it supports light
uniformity and facial recognition.
By using a night- and daytime sensor, the light turns off when the sun rises and the illumi-
nance values reach a certain level and the same happens at night, when the illuminance
levels decrease towards a certain value the lights turn on.
Further investigation could be done into light colours and their effect on skin colours. There
is a relation between colour temperature of light and skin colour that can be seen in the
article “Perception of various skin complexions under street light using light engines with
carious values of CCT”, by Fontoynont et al. (Fontoynont, 2010:1)
Figure 35: Solar streetlight
78
5.1.4 Empowerment tool
1. Technology based Criterias and Goals: Gain technology skills Awareness of material 2. Implementation
Criterias and Goals: Re - use material Generate jobs Gain organisation skills 3. Social approach Criterias and Goals: Interaction between people Strengthen the community while working together Awareness of products, technology & environment Awareness of their own environment
People will be integrated in the implementation of the design on site and use or learn the
tools for building and using the technology. It further creates a consumer awareness of
quality products.
It depends from the funding and the government when it comes to the availability of prod-
ucts and in which way people are integrated in the implementation process.
Empowerment examples
The photograph is from the Barefoot College Organisation where they work together with
locals to teach them technical skills to improve their environment when it comes to water,
solar electrification, craft, healthcare and so on.
This is an example of how to include inhabitants of the area in an upgrading process that
concerns their home and neighbourhood. For the lighting design in Ketema, people are
taught electrification and solar energy technology in order to be able to create the design
together with responsible persons leading the project.
As the analysis in the area showed, many people are self-educated and learn the skills they
need in the moment; examples include how: to build a shelter, to lighten up their grocery
shops or fix their bikes. They use recycled material for there houses, for means of carriage
and so on. Using the skills of the people, while providing expertise in lighting technology
that can help and improve their skills, can be a potential collaboration. Using recycled ma-
terial in combination with new technology were it is needed offers a sustainable and long
lasting technology solution. bine it with new technology were it is needed offers a sustain-
able and long lasting technology solution.
Figure 36: Gaining skills in lighting technology (Barefootcollege. org, Estes, 2017)
80
Figure 37: ‘Ketema’ possible places for a toolbox lighting design
5.2 Multiple application of the toolbox
The area consists out of multiple streets and junctions (marked red in Figure 37) that are
similar to the area, that was analysed. In this way the design toolbox is applicable for differ-
ent spots in ‘Ketema’ possibly the red marked ones. The toolbox content is not only use-
able for Addis Ababa, Ethiopia but as well for any other suatter settlements. As many slum
upgrading programmes in different countries are planned, the toolbox and can be seen as
part of slum upgrading programmes.
82
6. Discussion
84
Based on the findings of the research papers and the analysis, the appearance of the light-
ing in the environment of slums can have important effects on people’s safety perception.
As Wu highlite, uniformity and facial recognition plays an important role for a better vision
and higher possibility of surveillance of crime while walking through the area. The uniformi-
ty considers continously following streetlights that distribute light on all streets of the slums
in order to prevent dark spots. Due to the modern light technology, glare can be prevented
and the visibility of faces or obstacles in the area improved. (Wu, 2016)
The Darksky Organisation states: “Real security depends on the wise use of lighting. Visibil-
ity should always be the goal. Instead of more and brighter lights, we need smart lighting
that directs light down where it is most useful. It is possible to see the stars without compro-
mising safety.” (darksky.org n.d.)
In this way people do not have to fear dark streets or loss of orientation which makes it pos-
sible not only for men but also for women and children to walk outside at night.
As we are talking about perceived safety, research shows that it is not clear wether the light
itselfs lowers crime and violence or the fact that more people use the streets at night. It is
a fact, that the perception of safety is a different one and people use the streets at night.
While dealing with an area where the lights are randomly placed and not every street is
lighten up at night, the perception of safety can be improved by adding streetlights and
provide the missing light. Validated by the illuminance measurments in the area and com-
pared with the DIN (German Institute for Standardization) 13201 “light situations for pedes-
trian areas and pedestrian roads”, far too little values on the street and for facial recognition
were determined. (Fördergemeinschaft Gutes Licht, 2014:26)
The findings of the reserach papers mention as well the high violence and crime rates in
slum areas which can be lowered by slum upgrading programmes. The absence of planned
light corresponds to a decline in safety and is therefor an important tool of the slum upgrad-
ing programmes in order to lower the violence and crime in the area.
Additionally, the data showed that existing light sources, generally coming from private
homes, function as alternative meeting areas. Thus it was also concluded that the lack of
lighted public places directly influences social interaction. This proofs as well the necesse-
rity of creating social meeting point through light - landmarks. It further is a possibility for
people to use the places at night, while more people on the street increases the perception
of safety. While people use the meeting points they get in touch which each other which
improves social interaction and strengthen the neighbourhood.
In order to give the place an identity and makes it unique and different from other places in
the area, the integration of people’s profession or habits, that define the area during day-
time are defining the light-landmarks. This transforms the area into a more compact, more
integrated, more connected and thus more livable place that can form the identity of the
place.
Based on the findings in the research paper integrating people in the process of a slum up-
grading programme, can improve their skills in technology but also organisation and awar-
ness of quality products. This transfer of knowledge and skills empowers local individuals
and their communities and connects people even more with the place.
As the analysis in the area show, the lighting design is using sustainable Off-Grid solutions
that are financially appropriate for a developing nation. The technology is so far improved
that it has already integrated features that support the idea of sustainability and smart en-
ergy use but also the prevention of sky brightening and glare.
As we are talking about a development country, the use of technology is an example and
depends on the financial support. As the 2017 report “Financing national energy access: a
bottom up approach” by the PPEO (Poor People’s Energy Outlook 2016) shows, collabora-
tive approaches involving individuals, municipal and national governments, and the interna-
tional community are a key prerequisite for attaining slum improvements.
86
6. CONCLUSION
88
Suggestions outlined below are based on findings of this study and are meant to provide
guidelines for future research and project work in the field:
1. Providing continuous lighting systems and adequate illuminance levels for
the streets in order to create a better uniformity and facial recognition. This
invites people to use the streets at night and improves their sense of
orientation, while enhancing their perception of safety.
2 Highlighting landmarks in the area invites people to use the area and to
engage with others at night.
3. Including people’s interests in the creation of light-landmarks, transforms the
area into a more connected and thus more livable place that can form the
identity of the place.
4. Integrating people in the process of a slum upgrading programme, offers
them the possibility to gain new skills in technology and increase their aware
ness about quality products. This transfer of knowledge and skills empowers
local individuals and their communities and connects people even more with
the place.
5. The more people use the street the less violance and crime.
6. Light is an important tool of slum upgrading programmes
7. Using sustainable technology provides a better use of natural energy
resources and paves the way for a ‘green future’.
On-site analyses provided answers to the stated problem and was key developing the De-
sign for ‘Ketema’. However, further testing of the Design needs to be done to obtain a holis-
tic picture. Further testing could unveil new problems when working in areas with high pov-
erty rates. Involving local in the conceptualization and implementation of the project could
improve the development of landmarks and strengthen the connection between people
and their surroundings. Cultural differences will be another challenge when working on-
site. European Lighting Standards and lighting technology are not applicable in a city like
Addis Ababa. European technology is very advanced and the skills needed to use it, would
need to be transferred to local populations.s
The lighting design developed for the area tries to adapt to existing conditions and to im-
prove people’s living conditions.
90
APPENDIX
92
Literature:
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Barefootcollege.org (n.d.), https://www.barefootcollege.org/from-tilonia-to-santa-teresa-one-womans-journey-of-bringing-solar-energy-to-her-village/ (22/05/2017)
Brandi, U, Geissmar-Brandi, C. (2007), Light for Cities. Lighting Design for Urban Spaces. A Handbook. In Birkhäuser Verlag (ed). Basel, Boston, Berlin.
Buri, A, Sviratchev, E, Tobisch, S. (2016), Guide for Squatter Upgrading. Vienna.
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Darksky.org. (n.d.), Safety Borchure, Final 2_33. http://darksky.org/wp-content/uploads/bsk-pdf-manager/Safety-Brochure_FINAL2_33.pdf (17/04/2017)
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Wu, S, Kim, M. (2016), The Relationship Between the Pedestrian Lighting Environment and Perceived Safety. Journal of Digital Landscape Architecture · 1-2016. (57-66) http://gispoint.de/fileadmin/user_upload/paper_gis_open/DLA_2016/537612007.pdf (22/05/2017)
Illustrations:
Figure 1: Table of Method (Laura Moroder)
Figure 2: 3D map of Addis Ababa with the area of analysis in grey (TOMTOM and others,
Copyright © 2012-2016 Apple Inc. (24/04/2017))
Figure 3: 3D map with the analysed area “Ketema” in grey (Laura Moroder)
Figure 4 & 5: Daytime, street in “Ketema” (Laura Moroder)
Figure 6: Daytime, junction in “Ketema” (Laura Moroder)
Figure 7, 8 & 9: Nighttime, street in “Ketema” (Laura Moroder)
Figure 12: The street in ‘Ketema’ (Laura Moroder)
Figure 13: The street on the map and illuminance values (Laura Moroder, Dialux)
Figure 14: The junction in ‘Ketema’ (Laura Moroder)
Figure 15: The junction on the map and illuminance values (Laura Moroder, Dialux)
Figure 16: Facial recognition at night (Laura Moroder
Figure 17: Average Sunlight hours/day in Addis Ababa (Climatetemps.com, 2014)
Figure 18: Literature covers (Laura Moroder)
Figure 19: Original image and the analyses of the clicked spots of fear.
Wu, S, Kim, M. (2016), The Relationship Between the Pedestrian Lighting
Environment and Perceived Safety. Journal of Digital Landscape Architecture
1-2016.(57-66) http://gispoint.de/fileadmin/user_upload/paper_gis_open/
DLA_2016/537612007.pdf (22/05/2017)
Figure 20: Scenes used for the study overlayed with hotspots of fear.
Wu, S, Kim, M. (2016), The Relationship Between the Pedestrian Lighting
Environment and Perceived Safety. Journal of Digital Landscape
Architecture · 1-2016. (57-66) http://gispoint.de/fileadmin/user_upload/paper_
gis_open/DLA_2016/537612007.pdf (22/05/2017)
Figure 21: The woman in Belize, in the Mayan village of Santa Teresa brought Solar Energy
to her village with a micro solar grid.
Barefootcollege. 2016, From Tilonia to Santa Teresa: One Woman’s Journey of
bringing Solar Energy to her village. https://www.barefootcollege.org/from-
tilonia-to-santa-teresa-one-womans-journey-of-bringing-solar-energy-to-
her-village/ (22/05/2017)
Figure 22: Electrified Village in La Guajira, Colombia, where the solar systems illuminate
the environment of the village.
Barefootcollege. 2016, Indian Ambassador to Colombia Visitis Solar Electrified
Village in La Guajira, Colombia. https://www.barefootcollege.org/indian-am
bassador-to-colombia-visits-solar-electrified-village-in-la-guajira-colombia/
(22/05/2017)
Figure 23: Uplight (Darksky.org. (n.d.), http://darksky.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/
Light_Pollution_Diagram_680px.jpg (24/05/2017)
Figure 24: Toolbox content (Laura Moroder)
Figure 25: Visualization of the functinoal light, seen from above (Laura Moroder, Dialux)
Figure 26: Illuminance values for facial recognition
Figure 27: Comparison of the actual street with no lights and the street recreated with
Dialux with streetlights (Laura Moroder, Dialux)
Figure 28, 29 & 30: Coffee shop, Hairdresser & Football in ‘Ketema’ (Laura Moroder)
Figure 31: Idea visualization (Laura Moroder)
Figure 32: Visualisation of the light - landmark (Laura Moroder, Dialux)
Figure 33: The chosen spot (red) in the area ‘Ketema’ (Laura Moroder)
Figure 34: Thornlighting presents their new sustainable streetlighting product “Suncyl”.
Thornlighting.at. (n.d.), Suncyl Product, http://www.thornlighting.at/de-at/
produkte/neue-produkte/suncyl/suncyl_brochure_int_lr.pdf (30/05/2017)
Figure 35: Solar streetlight (Laura Moroder)
Figure 36: Gaining skills in lighting technology (Barefootcollege. org, Estes, 2017)
Barefootcollege, Estes, C, P. 2017, https://www.barefootcollege.org/poem-we-
were-made-for-these-times (22/05/2017)
Figure 37: ‘Ketema’ possible places for a toolbox lighting design
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