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Improving Collaboration and Clarity of CPS

Charles Robinson, THALES 12/09/2018

TRT, Palaiseau, France

Final Consultation Event – CPS Innovations for the Future

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Platforms4CPS - Creating the CPS Vision, Strategy, Technology Building Blocks

Building up the Ecosystem 2

CPS Cluster

Platforms4CPS - Creating the CPS Vision, Strategy, Technology Building Blocks

Collaboration Building and Consensus 3

Workshops to engage the community on vision/roadmapping/foundations o CPS Cluster kick-off (+ monthly conference calls) o CPS & IIoT Landscape Workshop o Foundations of CPS

o 4 ‘Roadmapping Workshops’ o CPS Building Blocks Endorsement workshop o 4 PlatformArenas with SMEs discussing improved Platform access.

o Collaboration enhancement of European Programmes and Projects. o Societal and Legal Issues Regarding CPS Deployment o Final Consultation

Platforms4CPS - Creating the CPS Vision, Strategy, Technology Building Blocks

Foresight Community and Ecosystem

Resulting from interviews, workshops, identified best practice, community insights and vision The interviews highlighted the challenges of increased connectivity, increased automation,

connectivity to the Cloud and Big Data analysis, process optimisation. Barriers include: security and privacy, and the need to support SMEs with respect to IPR and investment

From workshops/symposiums, other stakeholder concerns include a lack of standards, the confusing diversity and exploding number of platforms, data security, and unclear business models. Solutions identified include open platforms with standardised interfaces, living test-labs, and more transparency.

A “wish list” has also been created to support the vision of the future with the need for interoperability, certifiable reliable platforms and easy-to-use platforms.

The CPS top technological priorities were identified by the community as being integration, interoperability, standards, security, safety, AI and cognitive systems.

The community also advocates that this should be supported with community building, education, open platforms and cross-disciplinary research.

At a foundational level the emerging themes of “autonomous systems” with “artificial

intelligence” and “trust” have been highlighted.

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Platforms4CPS - Creating the CPS Vision, Strategy, Technology Building Blocks

Collaboration on the foundations of CPS engineering A Constituency Building workshop on the ‘Foundations of CPS Engineering’ was organized

by KTH with the aim of linking the expertise of the academic community with the needs and experience of the industrial community o This discussed CPS foundations with an emphasis on providing new fresh insights from

disciplines with which CPS has interacted with less so far.

o Key themes and challenges were identified • Humans as part of CPS • CPS and systems engineering – facets of complexity • Autonomy, AI and self-awareness • Composability for CPS

In order to stimulate further debate on CPS the PlatForum - an on-line interactive forum was initiated with features like wiki, blogs, questionnaires, and discussion forums

A part of this is specifically dedicated to Foundations of CPS, gathering information from relevant roadmaps/agendas

A blog on CPS has also been initiated on the PlatForum

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Platforms4CPS - Creating the CPS Vision, Strategy, Technology Building Blocks

Collaboration on the foundations of CPS engineering

Definitions of CPS are very general. There is a need to develop a characterization that can be used to describe and reason about CPS

Addressing the foundations of CPS faces the challenge of disciplinary and theoretical fragmentation (e.g. control, safety, embedded, various software disciplines, and AI) that needs to be overcome, at least “bridges” are needed.

Key challenges related to the foundations of CPS include developing a better understanding on the facets of CPS complexity, composability of CPS (principles for achieving desired behaviors and properties), handling AI in CPS (with special attention e.g. w.r.t. robustness, and safety), and human-centered design of CPS.

CPS provide unprecedented opportunities but future CPS also likely to be of unprecedented complexity. It is commonly understood that we are already with existing systems stretching the limits for cost-efficient and trustworthy systems.

Changes of component level properties, or their composition, is likely to affect multiple system level properties. This leads to tensions and necessitates trade-offs (assuming that these interrelations are understood and can be managed).

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Platforms4CPS - Creating the CPS Vision, Strategy, Technology Building Blocks

Consensus-building, awareness and dialogue on societal and legal issues.

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Foundations activities including o 1. Humans as part of CPS o 2. CPS and systems engineering – facets of

complexity o 3. Autonomy, AI and self-awareness o 4. Composability for CPS

Societal & Legal Issues o Approach: Desk research - 1st Questionnaire - Informal discussions - 2nd Questionnaire – - Workshop.

Connectivity -privacy, confidentiality and cybersecurity for CPS/IoT Legal Issues considering risk and liability due to safety concerns of domains Ethical issues of AI considering transparency and the need ethical training Social impact of Automation/Robotics considering the threat to jobs as well as

proposed approaches to address this such as a “robot tax” and Universal Basic Income

Informational, mechanical, electrical, chemical, … other direct interactions

Mechanical

parts

Embedded

computer/

Software

Actuator

Com. Filter Sensors

Driver

Power

Mechanical

parts

Embedded

computer/

Software

FilterSensor

Driver

Power

Com.

ActuatorForce/torque interactions

Mechanical

frame

SensorSensor

SensorSensor

Environment of system

Ext.

com.

Power bus (energy provision and interaction)Energy sources

Platforms4CPS - Creating the CPS Vision, Strategy, Technology Building Blocks

Collaboration Enhancements Discussion 8

Across Europe there is considerable expertise in the development of Cyber-Physical Systems but a fragmentation of initiatives and efforts.

There is a need to unify European expertise, including through visibility of CPS foundations and by clear structuring to manage CPS complexity and bridges between other technology classes.

Improved understanding of the ripple effects of funding on technology within CPS and the relation with European competitiveness is of significant importance.

Programmes of EC & H2020, ECSEL JU, ARTEMIS-IA, EPoSS, EFFRA Projects of H2020, ITEA, ECSEL and EPoSS. 2 Clusters

About 30 professionals involved in discussion from major ICT programme

policy makers, researchers and practitioners.

Platforms4CPS - Creating the CPS Vision, Strategy, Technology Building Blocks

Collaboration Enhancements Discussion Outcomes 9

Many opportunities exist relating to the environments we provide, the processes, the communication and the supporting tools.

Favourable consensus on improving clarity of CPS and classification of / bridges to the supporting engineering and technologies.

Relevant for both Programmes and Projects : o Support from Digitalisation Clusters. o “Directed Communication” (how to get the right information to the right

people on time). o “Cascade Funding”.

Planning for the future. Security arising as a result of both recentralising and decentralising activities. With several current disrupters new regulatory frameworks and market designs are likely to emerge.

Further sessions would be beneficial to extend the axes of collaboration

and structure with priorities and available resources. Continued momentum such as in other CSAs (but thread to be maintained).

Platforms4CPS - Creating the CPS Vision, Strategy, Technology Building Blocks

Clarity of CPS

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Transverse project activity

Platforms4CPS - Creating the CPS Vision, Strategy, Technology Building Blocks

So which part is CPS, SoS or IoT? 11

Platforms4CPS - Creating the CPS Vision, Strategy, Technology Building Blocks

Word Clouds – This is the impression CPS makes on many people 12

www.xors.com

soundandcommunications.com

media.nngroup.com

Providing this to the Public or Policy Makers gives little insight on the impacts of funding and competition.

Platforms4CPS - Creating the CPS Vision, Strategy, Technology Building Blocks

Distinguishing CPS – Purpose of Activity

CPS encompasses a wide range of technologies, some which overlap in other technology classes such as SoS, AI, IoT, Big Data. o Most CPS definitions are based on what people see being used in such

systems, rather than what functions are indispensable. o As a result many people are ambiguous about what the differentiating

factors are between the classes.

If the public is to understand the differences and the significance of technology classes, the heart (core functions) needs to be clear.

Clarity helps improve an understanding on how different levels of research

funding impacts technologies in the CPS domain.

Improved understanding for achieving CPS momentum in research projects. Reduced misunderstandings of new technology market implementation.

Having form can mean barriers to some innovation, but equivalently without form effective innovation is limited.

Platforms4CPS - Creating the CPS Vision, Strategy, Technology Building Blocks

CPS and other technology classes

As a baseline, CPS is the result of increasing complexity of Embedded Systems + their interactions, i.e. enabling cyberspace to physically act upon the real world. CPS -> Heart: Affecting physical world and highest level of interactive coordination. -> (Sensors + Processing + Effectors) + (Inter-system coordination) Other Classes and relationship with CPS IoT -> Heart: Global connectivity -> Common device protocols and HMI (Differences example: Embedded Systems + coordination not a necessity) SoS -> Heart: Interactive systems (Differences example: Embedded Systems not a necessity) AI -> Heart: Machine reasoning -> Data and information processing (Differences example: Embedded Systems + coordination not a necessity) Furthermore a CPS is not only future technology, but represents complete, established operational systems. It provides a market pull for other technologies . Technology uptake slower due to interactions with real world requiring safety considerations.

Platforms4CPS - Creating the CPS Vision, Strategy, Technology Building Blocks

Note the Coord. & Collab. function is provided via the other functions – but enables higher complexity.

CPS Key Functions (supported by software & hardware)

Incre

asing co

mp

lexity for C

P S G

oal

CPS Goal: Cyberspace physically acting upon the Real World

Sensing Actuation Processing

Energy

Coordination & Collaboration

Communications

Platforms4CPS - Creating the CPS Vision, Strategy, Technology Building Blocks

Advancing the Design of CPS : Managing complexity!

Higher integration of the CPS Key Functions.

Integration of system level properties such as Dependability (Safety, Security, Performance) and Human factors with traceability: o between product life-cycle phases (Requirements to Retirement). o within product life-cycle phases (e.g. safety-security for Architecting)

Integration between complex systems.

Bridges to effectively channel input from other technology classes (SoS, AI,

IoT, Big Data…).

Theory advancement needed, enabling the increasing need for integration across Technologies and across Disciplines.

Ultimately for design it is about integration methods that achieve systems of higher capability based on key CPS functions. However, in existing and emerging systems, there is need for techniques to simplify the resulting design complexity (for example foundations and building blocks).

Platforms4CPS - Creating the CPS Vision, Strategy, Technology Building Blocks

Complexity Levels for higher CPS Engineering

Physically acting on the Real World

Sensing Actuation Processing Energy Coord.& Collab.

Comms.

Inside system Outside & inside system

Linking some CPS Key Functions

Linking all CPS Key Functions, for System Properties (Safety, Security, Performance, Usability)

Linking System Properties (Co-engineering)

Stage 1 Stage 2

Connected in Product Lifecycle

Connected in Product Lifecycle

Connected in Product Lifecycle

Connected in Product Lifecycle

Complexity Levels

4

3

2

1

Bridges with other Tech.

classes

Bridges with other Tech.

classes

Bridges with other Tech.

classes

Metrics linked to degree of automated Design.

Platforms4CPS - Creating the CPS Vision, Strategy, Technology Building Blocks

Intersection point and positioning of strengths (overlap a necessity) 18

Cyber-Physical Systems Strengths in the higher levels & abstraction

Smart System Integration Strengths on the lower levels & materials

Platforms4CPS - Creating the CPS Vision, Strategy, Technology Building Blocks

Feedback on clarifying CPS is welcome! 19

Visit the appropriate section at https://platforum.proj.kth.se

A CPS Glossary will also be going up soon for research proposal writing. o This will be following a discussion with the CPS H2020 Cluster and then

available for your feedback.

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