Improvement of Hazardous Waste Management

in Turkey

Ülkü YetişDepartment of Environmental Engineering

METU

OUTLINE

• Hazardous Wastes ?• Legislation

– EU– National

• Current Situation in Turkey• Project

– Inventory of HWs– Information System– Collection System

• Conclusions

• Any waste or combination of wastes with the potential to damage human health, living organisms or the environment

• Hazardous wastes require special handling and disposal procedures

Hazardous Wastes ?

European Wide Definition of HW by the WFD

H1 Explosive

H2 Oxidising

H3 Flammable

H4 Irritant

H5 Harmful

H6 Toxic

H7 Carcinogenic

H8 Corrosive

H9 Infectious

H10 Toxic for reproduction

H11 MutagenicH12 Waste which releases toxic or very toxic gases in contact with water, air or acid

H13 Sensitizing

H14 EcotoxicH15 Waste capable by any means, after disposal, of yielding another substance, e..g. a leachate, which possesses any of the characteristics above

Universal Hazardous Wastes ?

Acids and Alkalis Lead, Acids Paints

Oils Pesticides Chemicals

• Disinfectants• Drain, toilet, and window cleaners • Spot removers• ...

Cleaning

• Latex and oil-based paints• Paint thinners, solvents and strippers • Stains, varnishes and lacquers• Wood preservatives

Paint

• Dry cell batteries (mercury and cadmium)

• Glues and cements• Florescent lamps• Old thermometers

General

• Pesticides• Weed killers• Ant and rodent killers• Flea powders

Gardening

• Used motor oil , antifreeze• Battery acid• Solvents• Brake and transmission fluid• Rust inhibitor and rust remover

Automative

What Hazardous Chemicals in Your Home ?

• desalter sludges• tank bottom sludges• acid alkyl sludges• oily sludges from maintenance

operations of the plant or equipment etc

Petroleum refining

• aqueous washing liquids and mother liquors

• organic halogenated solvents, washing liquids and mother liquors

• halogenated still bottoms • filter cakes and spent absorbers

MFSU of basic organic

chemicals

• water-based developer solutions• water-based offset plate developer

solutions• solvent-based developer solutions• bleach solutions and bleach fixer

solutions

Photographic Industry

What Hazardous Wastes from Industrial Activities ?

http://www.radikal.com.tr/haber.php?haberno=199968, September 2006

Past Events in Turkey?

“18 yıldır Samsun ve Sinop'ta depolarda tutulan zehirli variller nihayet İtalya'ya iade diliyor”, 2006

“367 barrels were found in the Black Sea Coast“, 1988

http://hurarsiv.hurriyet.com.tr/goster/ShowNew.aspx?id=3633656, 2005

“Tuzla’da bulunan zehirli varillerin toprak altından çıkartılması sırasında kepçe operatörü sızan gazdan zehirlenerek hastaneye kaldırıldı. Gaz sızıntısı nedeniyle çalışmalara ara verildi”.www.NTVMSNBC.com.tr; 18 .4.2006

Past Events in Turkey?

“Barrels poisened the workers inTuzla”.

The most dangerous poison is going... The work for sending very dangerous chemical BHC waste to Germany for disposal that is spreaded far and wide in an area in Derince, near Koruma Tarım Plant since 22 years, has started...

We are sending inauspicious guest... In the ceramony organized for sending tons of BHC to Germany, the Environment and Forestry Minister Osman Pepe said «we are posting inauspicious guest to Germany for incineration at a cost of 2 million Euros...»

Özgür Kocaeli Gazetesi, 13 .5. 2007 (http://www.kocaeli.web.tr/Haber/2200)

Past Events in Turkey?

Just the tip of the İceberg !

A Hazardous Waste Management System ?

ENFORCEMENT

LEGISLATION

ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROLS

SUPPORT SERVICES

FACILITIES

Hazardous waste

management system

INFRASTRUCTURE

SERVICE SECTOR

Hazardous waste management system

Each of the elements must be present if the overall system is

to operate effectively

Politicians are very interested in wastes !

(Howard Robinson, 2007)

Famous syndromes:

– NIMBY (Not In My BackYard). A widely spread public attitude towards the nstallation of waste management facilities close to any given residential area.

– NIMO (Not In My Office time). A common practice among politicians and dministrators to avoid or postpone decisions that may adversely impair their careers.

– BANANA (Building Absolutely Nothing Anywhere Near Anybody). A widely spread syndrome to all the approaches to waste waste management.

R. Cossu, Waste Management 29 (2009) 2797–2798

Other Problems ?

« Mersin: Tarsus'ta Katı Atık Tesisine Karşı İmza Kampanyası

Mersin'in Tarsus İlçesi'nde, Sağlıklı Köyü ile Kurbanlı Köyü sınırlarında kurulması planlanan Kimyasal Atık Yakma ve Deponite Entegre Tesisi'ne karşı imza kampanyası başlatıldı.»

A NIMBY Example

«Mersin: Tarsus'ta 'Zehirli Atık Bertaraf Tesisi'ne Büyük Tepki

Mersin'in Tarsus İlçesi'ne bağlı Kurbanlı Köyü'nde, kurulması planlanan Endüstriyel Zehirli Atık Bertaraf Tesisi'ne karşı çıkan yaklaşık 5 bin kişi yürüyüş yaparak tepki gösterdi.»

A series community resistance to new incinerator siting

http://www.haberler.com

Many other examples

“A combination of these syndromes coupled with extreme environmentalist positions against landfilling and incineration, associated with lobbying, illegal or criminal interests may result (as happened in the Naples area in Italy) in a total paralysis of all technical and environmental management of waste. We should take the opportunity to educate our family, neighbours, teachers and our elected representatives: only through education will cost effective rational waste management plans be reached without NIMBY, NIMO or BANANA and with negligible influence of negative interests”

R. Cossu, Waste Management 29 (2009) 2797–2798

Rational WM Plans

Plus; •The existence of an effective communications strategy

•The timely and accurate information to overcome the objections of the NIMBY lobby

OUTLINE

• Hazardous Waste ?• Legislation

– EU– National

• Current Situation in Turkey• Project

– Inventory of HWs– Information System– Collection System

Main objectives:

- avoid waste by promoting environmentally-friendly and less waste-intensive technologies and processes;

- promote reprocessing, in particular the recovery and the re-use of waste as raw materials;

- improve waste disposal by introducing stringent standards;

- tighten up the provisions governing the transport of dangerous substances;

- reclaim contaminated land.

General Waste Policy Framework

The Directive (2008/98/EC );

• is the primary legislative framework for the collection, transport, recovery and disposal of waste across Europe

• uses a waste hierarchy to define a priority order for waste prevention, legislation and policy

• requires that MS adopt waste management plans and waste prevention programs

EU Waste Framework Directive

Obligations of the MS

• Integrated and adequate network of disposal installations

• Installations for the recovery of waste collected

(taking into account best available techniques)

• The Regulation requires MS to produce statistics on all aspects of the waste management, such as the generation, recovery and disposal of waste.

EU Waste Framework Directive

Regulation on General Principles of Waste Management 

The regulation;

• Is in full alignment with the provisions of the old EU Waste Directive and the Decision that establishes a waste list

• Transposes certain provisions of the current EU WFD

Concerning full harmonization with the EU acquis, Turkey plans to fully implement the provisions of WFD by the end of the year 2015

OUTLINE

• Hazardous Waste ?• Legislation

– EU– National

• Current Situation in Turkey• Project

– Inventory of HWs– Information System– Collection System

• Conclusions

• 1 250 000 ton/yr TUİK

• 2 600 000 ton/yrEnvest Planners

• 1 350 000 ton/yrHAWAMAN

HW Generation

hazardous waste amounts

Belgium

Italy

Netherlands

Taiwan

Portugal

Norway

AustriaGreece

UK

Turkey

0

500

1.000

1.500

2.000

2.500

3.000

3.500

0 200 400 600 800 1.000 1.200 1.400

GNP "power parity" [Bill. US$]

haza

rdou

s w

aste

s [1

.000

t/a]

Life – Hawaman Project, MoEU

HW Generation

1.25 – 2.6 million tons/year

2003 2010 2012

1

33 37

1 4 618

192 201

HW Recycle and Disposal Facilities

Atık Yakma ve Beraber Yakma Tesisi

Tehlikeli Atık Depolama Tesisi (1.sınıf)

Tehlikeli Atık Geri Kazanım Tesisi

HW Recycle and Disposal Facilities (current+planned)

Source: Betul Dogru, MoEU

Incineration and coincinerationLandfillRecycling

2013

42

35.000 ton/yr

7.750 ton/yr

17.500 ton/yr

160.000 ton

6.084 ton

11.000 ton

Landfill105.000 ton

240.000 ton

Incineration

2003 2008 2013Incineration 1 3 5Landfiill 1 3 6Co-incineration 26 37

100.000 ton/yr

200.000 ton20.000 ton/yr

Source: Betul Dogru, MoEU

HW Disposal Facilities – Current and planned

Coincineration

Total capacity

Incineration* 180.000 ton/yr

Landfill 720.000 ton

Yearly HW Generation : 1,2-2,6

million tons

HW Disposal Facilities

?*Excluding coincineration

The total investment needed for the compliance to the EU’s HW Directive:

EUR 1 billion

in the period of 2007–2023

Source: MoEF, Environmental Heavy-Cost Investment Planning (EHCIP) Project of Turkey, led by COWI A/S, 2006.

Cost of Compliance

Planning and decision-making processes requires

detailed analysis of hazardous waste generation

data, their industrial and geographic distribution

IZAYDAS- İzmit Facilities

IZAYDAS- İzmit Facilities

“Zehirli Kalkınma Örneği: İZAYDAŞ”http://www.bianet.org/bianet/cevre--3/10195-zehirli-kalkinma-ornegi-izaydas, 2002

Greenpeace'den İZAYDAŞ baskını 14/07/2003

Greenpeace üyesi 21 kişilik grup, İZAYDAŞ tesislerinde yaklaşık 3 saat süreyle eylem yaptıktan sonra gözaltına alındı. İZAYDAŞ tesisleri önüne sabaha doğru gelen ikisi İngiliz vatandaşı 12 Greenpeace üyesi,.......http://www.radikal.com.tr/haber.php?

haberno=81467http://www.greenpeace.se/projects/baltic/html/bild_0521_2.asp

BANANA Syndrome

Turkey 2011 Progress Report of the EC 

Turkey 2011 Progress Report of the Commission lists the subsequent remarks regarding the progress of Turkey in meeting of the EU acquis communautaire on waste management as follows:

“Good progress can be reported in the field of waste management. The revision of the waste legislation, largely in line with the provisions of the new EU Waste Framework Directive, has begun with the adoption of legislation on solid waste, waste water tariffs, waste incineration, packaging waste and the inspection of end-of-life vehicles. Legislation was also adopted in the areas of mining and the standardisation of the import of batteries and accumulators, ensuring further alignment with the acquis. Efforts have been made to bring some landfills up to EU standards and for the separate collection of various categories of waste, as well as for the recovery of energy from waste oils and sterilisation of hazardous medical waste. However, Turkey still needs to prepare and implement national, regional and local waste management plans in line with the EU Waste Framework Directive.”

OUTLINE

• Hazardous Waste ?• Legislation

– EU– National

• Current Situation in Turkey• Project

– Inventory of HWs– Information System– Collection System

• Conclusions

“Hazardous Waste Management In Compliance With European Union

Environmental Regulations In Turkey” (KAMAG-107G126) Project

funded by TUBITAK2009-2012

PROJECT

METU, EnvE Dr. Ülkü Yetiş(Principal Investigator)

Clemson University Dr. Tanju Karanfil

İTÜ, EnvE Dr. İsmail Toröz

Marmara University, EnvE Dr. S. Zehra Can

TÜBİTAK MAM Dr. Özgür Doğan

GYTE, EnvE Dr. Salim Öncel

Hazardous Wastes DivisionMinistry of Environment and

Urbanization

PROJECT TEAM

MOS Bilişim

Following Waste hierarchy

Regulatory Compliance

Economical

Rational HW

Management System

Target

• Waste generation, quantity, type, geographical distribution ?

• Most proper locations for HW disposal facilities?

• Routes to be used for the transfer of HW to these locations ?

• What capacities ?

What is essential ?

HW Generatio

nInfo; WGFs

WGFs

Amount of HW generated / unit production

Waste generation factors (WGFs)

*Production unit (e.g. capacity)

Number of people (e.g. employees)

Economic unit (e.g. GDP)

Control the Flow HW

Monitor the Performance of Waste

Minimization Actions

Implement Regulations

Predict Future Trends

WGFs

Purpose ?

HW Inventory based on WGFs

•Manufacturing Industry

•Geographical and sectoral distribution

•Priority sectors•HW lists for each NACE code

•WGF for each HW

WGFs for all

industrial sectors

Total HW Generati

on

1.2 M ton/ye

ar

Sectoral Distribution

√

HW Generation in Turkey

A national web-based system to capture information from production to collection, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste

HW Information

SystemTABS

Strengthening the Control Mechanism – Waste Declaration

Producers not reporting

NACE Ver2

Full liste of HW

producers

Waste types declared/not declaredList of HWs

by each NACE code

Wrong/missing

declaration

Waste quantities declared

WGFs for each NACE

Code

Continuous update of

WGFs using declarations

Missing/Incomplete/

excess HW ?

APPROACH ?

Strengthening the Control Mechanism – Waste Declaration

TABS – Modification• More accurate WGFs• WGFs for missing HWs

Dynamic Inventory

TABS

TABS

# of producers using

During planning phase of hazardous waste facilities, obtaining accurate spatial

distribution of waste generation gains outmost importance !

HW Facilities

51

ObjectiveTo provide a framework that leads the Ministry in planning of hazardous waste facilities to be built

•Lowest environmental impact

•Lowest population impact

•Lowest cost

HW Facilities

Approach:• Optimization

models • Different scenarios

HW Facilities

Thanks to Dr. Bahar Y. Kara, Bilkent University, Industrial Engineering Department

1. Population exposure estimation

Optimizing Location and Size of HW Facilities

Settlements within 1600m bandwidth from each side of the road are determined

2.Environmental Effects Estimation

Length of environmental

elements within 1600m bandwidth

from each side of the road are determined

Lakes, Rivers,

Reservoirs, Coastal Waters, Forests,

Agricultural Areas

Optimizing Location and Size of HW Facilities

Scenarios

Scenario1

No facilities

Scenario 2

Existing + cement kilns

Scenario3

Regional integrated facilities

Scenario 4

Transfer stations

Previous scenarios+

transfer stationsCheck with the current facilities

Required additional facilities

Optimizing Location and Size of HW Facilities

Population Impact 597 627 NA 367

Environmental Impact 1537 1619 NA 1016

Total Impact 2134 2246 NA 1383

Total cost, million TL/yr 533 479 525 517

Optimum Scenario

ScenariosScenario

1No

facilities

Scenario 2

Existing + cement kilns

Scenario3

Regional integrated facilities

Scenario 4

Sc 2 + Transfer stations

Scenario 4 ; Coincineration + Transfer stations10 Integrated Facilities35 Transfer Stations w/ CPT

Incineration Adana, Afyon, Ankara, Bursa, Çorum, Erzurum, İzmir, Kocaeli, Konya, K.Maraş

Landfill Adana, Afyon, Ankara, Bursa, Erzurum, İstanbul, Kocaeli, Konya, Manisa, Sakarya

Landfills

Incineration

Transfer StationsI L

Lowest cost Lowest impact

Transfer

Incineration

Landfilling

Results

• Coincineration reduces costs

• Transfer stations reduces the impacts due to transportation

• Best system: coincineration + transfer stations + landfill + incineration

• Optimum locations:

– Transfer stations: Adana, Ankara, İzmir and Kocaeli

– Incineration: Izmir, Kocaeli + Adana, Ankara, Bursa

– Lanfilling: Kocaeli, Manisa + Ankara, Konya, Bursa

Results

• EU compliance is a good driving force • We, now, know;

– how much HW we produce– what type HW we produce– How much incinerable HW we produce– How much landfillable HW we produce– How much treatable HW we produce– Where to have facilities

Conclusion

• Web-based HW declaration system is now able to identify the– producers not reporting their HWs– producers misreporting their HWs

• # of recycling facilities is increasing • Nimby, Nino, Banana syndromes influence the

development

• Enforcement needs to be improved

Conclusion

Ministry of Environment and

Forestry

Ministry of Water Affairs and Forestry Ministry of

Environment and Urbanization

One Remark !

Thanks to KAMAG 107G126 Project Team

Thanks for Listening...