important information fire drill information: take a left out of door→→go to field
TRANSCRIPT
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Important Information
FIRE DRILL INFORMATION:Take a left out of door→→go to field
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MRS. PROVENZOLA
IPC LAB SAFETY AND SCIENTIFIC METHOD
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Important Information
• Notebook Requirements:– 3 Ring Binder with DividersCourse policy sheetLab Safety Rules etNotes by UnitGraded Work
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LAB SAFETY
Please also refer to handouts for more detailed information!!
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Lab Safety
• Read Laboratory Safety Rules Handout
/
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LAB SAFETY
• Safety symbols- http://www.chem.queensu.ca/Safety/whmissym.htm
• http://www.chem.queensu.ca/Safety/Safety_Symbols.htm• http://www.chem.queensu.ca/Safety/TDGA_Symbols.htm• Safety contract- MUST BE RETURNED BY FRIDAY!• Safety quiz- Friday, 8/27 QUIZ grade—must make an
80% or higher to be able to go to lab.
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THE NATURE OF SCIENCE
Using the Scientific Method
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WHAT IS SCIENCE?
• IT IS THE STUDY OF NATURAL PATTERNS.
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Science Categories
LIFE
PHYSICAL
EARTH
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EXPLANATIONS CAN CHANGE OVER TIME
Investigations include:ObservationExperimentationModeling
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The Scientific MethodA logical, organized way of solving problems
that help answer questions
• Define the Problem• Collect Background
Information• Form a Hypothesis• Test the Hypothesis• Make and Record
Observations/Analyze Data
• Draw a Conclusion
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Defining the Problem & Collecting Background Information
• Identify the problem.• Example: What are
the effects of acid rain on salamanders?
• Collect information about the problem.
• Example: We should know the normal development of salamanders as well as the characteristics of areas that are affected by acid rain.
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FORMULATE A HYPOTHESIS
• An educated guess that is based on PRIOR KNOWLEDGE or background
• A proposed answer to the question or problem.
• A statement that can be tested
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TESTING THE HYPOTHESIS p.1/2
• An experiment is a controlled procedure designed to test a hypothesis.
• In an experiment, one variable, or condition, is changed and the response of another variable is measured.
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THE EXPERIMENT p.2/2
• Independent variable: the condition that is varied (or changed).
• Dependent variable: the condition that responds to the changes in the I.V.
• To be a controlled experiment, it must have two identical groups:
• Experimental group- the group that is exposed to the changes in the I.V.
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CONTROL GROUP
• Control group- the group that is NOT exposed to changes to ensure that the results that occur are indeed a result of the independent variable.
• It is the standard for comparison
• Ex. A room is kept at 70OC for the plants. The plants receive the same soil mix amount of water, and the type of pot and size of pots….. on and on...
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MAKING & RECORDING OBSERVATIONS p. 1/4
• Must keep careful records.
• Must state how the experiment was planned, carried out, materials & equipment used, and how long it took.
• Must record all observations made.
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MAKING & RECORDING OBSERVATIONS p.2/4
• May include: drawings, tables, graphs, diagrams, written observations, photographs or even sound recordings.
0102030405060708090
Are
a A
Are
a B
Are
a C
Are
a D
Species 1Species 2Species 3
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OBSERVATIONS VS. INFERENCES p.4/4
Observation: an examination of something in nature. Detected by any of the five senses.
Inference: Inference- a judgement based on your observation. It is a personal opinion.
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DRAWING CONCLUSIONS p.1/2
• The answer to a scientific question is formulated by drawing a conclusion based on data (scientific facts collected during the experiment)
• Statistics help form the conclusion.
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CONCLUSIONS p.2/2
• Before accepting conclusions, scientists retest their hypotheses several times. Later other scientists repeat the experiment until the hypothesis and the conclusion are supported or rejected.
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Writing a Conclusion
• Restate the problem
• Restate the hypothesis
• Restate the variables
• Define the trends
• Accept or reject the hypothesis and why
• Sources of error
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THEORY
• A theory is a set of related hypotheses that have been tested and confirmed many times, by many scientists. It unites and explains a broad range of observations.
• When a hypothesis explains why “natural” events occur through observations and investigations over a long period of time, it becomes a theory. Example: Theory of Evolution
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THEORY
• At all times, however, theories and principles are subject to revision or replacement by a new theory or principle that provides a better or more complete explanation.
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Scientific Law
• When a hypothesis explains how “facts of nature” occurs, it becomes scientific principle or law. Example: Law of Gravity
• Statement that ALWAYS seems to be true.
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Standards of Measurement
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Standard
• An exact quantity that people agree on.
It’s used for
comparison
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Technology
• Applied science helping people.
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Measurements
• Must have a number and a unit!
Gram……. Meters…….
Liters…….. Seconds…..
Joules……..
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System International of Units
• (SI) – improvement on the metric system
• Understood WORLDWIDE!
• Based on multiples of 10
• Prefixes indicate multiples
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LENGTH --
• Measures the distance between 2 points.
Meters
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Volume
• The amount of space an object occupies.
Liters
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Volume of Solid
• Obj. #7c. Volume can be measured by:
1) length x width x height = V (regularly shaped solid object)
2) 3.5 x 2 x 4 = 28cm3
4cm
3.5 2 cm
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Volume
2) water displacement method volume of water & object - - water alone = V
(irregularly shaped solid object)
6.6 ml water
----------
--------
----
----------- ___. -------. -------. -------. ------------------ ___. -------. -------. -------. ------- ------------- ___. -------. -------
--
WaterAnd object
------------------
------
---8.4 ml
8.4-6.6 =--------
1.8 ml object
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Volume
• using a graduated cylinder (fluids)
Read the bottom of the meniscus
-- the curved surface of liquid.
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Mass
• The amount of matter.
Measured in Grams
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Density
• Mass per unit volume.
•g/L or g/cm3
I’m a derived
Unit!
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Time
• Interval between 2 events.
Measured in seconds
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Temperature
•Thermometer•SI standard – KELVIN•Also in Fahrenheit and Celsius
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Communicating with Graphs
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Graphs
• Visual Display of information or data
Music preferences…Is there a difference?
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Line Grahps
• dependent variable changes due to change in the independent variable
Y-axis = dependent X-axis = independent
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The relationship between the vapor Pressure of water and its temperature
Line graphs showChange over time
Makes sense and unitsof measurements are consistent
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Bar Graph= compare info collected by counting
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Circle/Pie Graph
• Shows how a whole is broken into smaller pieces.
What area of the
budget gets the
least amount of money?