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Page 1: Important Chinese Herbs and Their Associated Botanical ...lanafarson.com/classes/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/Botanical... · Important Chinese Herbs and Their Associated Botanical

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Important Chinese Herbs and Their Associated Botanical Families

Fabaceae (aka Leguminosae, Papilionoidaceae) Pea Family: has 5 united sepals; has 5 petals; usu. 10 stamens; lower part of the sepals, petals and stamens are united to form an open cup around the ovary; has a pea-like pod with several seeds.

• Mimosa Subfamily (Mimosoideae): usu. trees and shrubs, a few herbaceous plants; has • alternate leaves, usu. bipinnate; 5 united sepals, 5 separate petals, 4 or maybe 10 or more

stamens—includes Acacia, Albizia; • Senna Subfamily (Caesalpinoideae): usu. trees, shrubs, rarely herbaceous plants; has • showy, sl. irregular flowers; leaves are simple, pinnate or bipinnate; includes Cassia,

Gleditisia, Caesalpinia • Pea Subfamily (Papilionoideae): all Pea family plants with flowers which form a

banner, wings and keel; usu. herbaceous plants, some trees, shrubs; stamens--often 9 of them bundled together and 1 free; includes several tribes; a few of the relevant tribes are:

o Hedysarum Tribe: 3-parted leaves or pinnate leaves, no tendrils; pods have deep

constrictions between the seeds within the pods, so it looks like there are little circular sections attached in a line within each overall pod; includes Arachis (Peanut), Desmodium, Mucuna, (Millettia?), Hedysarum (this is a genus with a species that is used as a substitute for Huang Qi, Astragalus)

o Licorice Tribe: most have pinnate leaves; no tendrils, no constricted pods; includes Astragalus, Glycyrrhiza, Psoralea;

o Pea Tribe: pinnate leaves and tendrils; includes Vicia; o Bean Tribe: usu. twining plants that climb; leaves usu. 3-parted; includes:

Dolichos, Soya, Pueraria, Erythrina bai bian dou (Dolichos) dan dou chi (Soya) er cha (Acacia) fan xie ye (Cassia) gan cao (Glycyrrhiza) ge gen/hua (Pueraria) (guang) jin qian cao (Desmodium….this is usu. considered a secondary substitute) hai tong pi (Erythrina) he huan pi/hua (Albizia) hu lu ba (Trigonellum) huai hua mi (Sophora) huang qi (Astragalus) ji gu cao (Abrus) ji xue teng (true material: Spatholobus, Millettia, Mucuna; the substitute is Sargentodoxa, in a different family) jue ming zi (Cassia)

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sha yuan ji li (sha yuan zi) (Astragalus) ku shen (Sophora) shan dou gen (Sophora…..the substitute is Menispermum, in a different family) su mu (Caesalpinia) wang bu liu xing (one of the substitutes, Vicia, is in this Fabaceae family) zao jiao/zao jiao ci (Gleditsia) zi hua di ding (one of the substitutes for this, Gueldenstaedtia, is in this Fabaceae family) Compositae (Asteraceae) Family: sepals are bracts which are often in layers; actually is a group of many small flowers : ai ye (Artemisia) bai zhu (Atractylodes) cang er zi (Xanthium) cang zhu (Atractylodes) da ji (Cirsium) han lian cao (Eclipta) he shi (Carpesium) ju hua (Chrysanthemum) kuan dong hua (Tussilago) liu ji nu (Artemisia) lou lu (Rhaponticum or Echinops) mu xiang (Saussurea) niu bang zi (Arctium) pei lan (Eupatorium) pu gong ying (Taraxacum) qing hao (Artemisia) shi cao (this is a type of Chinese yarrow, a minor herb in TCM) (Achillea) xi xian cao (true: Siegesbeckia) xiao ji (Cephalonoplos) xuan fu hua (Inula) ye ju hua (Chrysanthemum) yin chen hao (true: Artemisia) zi wan (Aster) Labiatae: square stems; simple, opposite leaves; bisexual, irregular flowers; calyx is 5-toothed and usually 2-lipped; corolla is usually tubular and 2-lipped, usually 2 lobes on upper lip and 3 on lower lip; usually 4 stamens with 2 of them longer; ovary superior ban zhi lian (Scutellaria) bo he (Mentha) dan shen (Salvia) huang qin (Scutellaria) huo xiang (both Pogostemon and Agastache) jin qian cao (Glechoma—considered second best for use as jin qian cao; aka lian qian cao) jing jie (Schizonepeta)

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xi xian cao (the substitute, Epimeredi is in this Compositae family—guang fang feng or fang feng cao) xia ku cao (Prunella) xiang ru (both Elsholtzia and Mosla) yin chen hao (the substitute, tu yin chen, is in this Compositae family; Origanum) yi mu cao (Leonurus) ze lan (Lycopus) zi su zi/ye/gen (Perilla) Liliaceae: bai he (Lilium) chuan bei mu (Fritillaria) cong bai (Allium) da suan (Allium) huang jing (Polygonatum) jiu zi (Allium) li lu (Veratrum) mai men dong (Ophiopogon) shan ci gu (one of the substitutes, Tulipa/Amana) tian men dong (Asparagus) tu fu ling (Smilax) xie bai (Allium) yu zhu (Polygonatum) zao xiu (Paris) zhe bei mu (Fritillaria) zhi mu (Anemarrhena) Umbelliferae: compound umbels; usually hollow flower stalks; 5 sepals/petals/stamens; inferior ovary bai zhi (Angelica) bei sha shen (Glehnia) chai hu (Bupleurum) chuan xiong (Ligusticum) dang gui (Angelica) du huo (Angelica or Heracleum) gao ben (Ligusticum) gotu kola (Centella) hu sui (tian sui--Coriandrum) he shi (Daucus) fang feng (Saposhnikovia, aka Siler) ming dang shen (Changium) qian hu (Peucedanum) qiang huo (Notopterygium) she chuang zi (Cnidium)

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xiao hui xiang (Foeniculum) Ranunculaceae: bai shao (Paeonia) bai tou weng (true: Pulsatilla) chi shao (Paeonia) fu zi (Aconitum) huang lian (Coptis) jiu jie chang pu (Anemone) mao zhua cao (Ranunculus) mu dan pi (Paeonia) sheng ma (true: Cimicifuga) zi bei tian kui (Semiaquilegia) wei ling xian (Clematis) wu tou/cao wu (Aconitum) Rosaceae: di yu (Sanguisorba) fu pen zi (Rubus) jin ying zi (Rosa) mei gui hua (Rosa) mu gua (Chaenomeles) pi pa ye (Eriobotrya) rui ren rou (Prinsepia) shan zha (Crataegus) tao ren (Prunus) wu mei (Prunus) xian he cao (Agrimonia) xing ren (Prunus) yu li ren (Prunus) yue ji hua (Rosa) Rutaceae: chen/ju pi (Citrus) fo shou (Citrus) hua/chuan jiao (Zanthoxylum) huang bai (Phellodendron) ju he (Citrus) ju hong (Citrus) qing pi (Citrus) wu zhu yu (Evodia) zhi ke/qiao (Citrus) zhi shi (Citrus)

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Polygonaceae: bian xu (Polygonum) da huang (Rheum) da qing ye (Polygonum—liao lan…..it’s a secondary plant for this remedy and is in this Polygonaceae family) he shou wu (Polygonum) hu zhang (Polygonum) suan mo (Rumex….this is Dock, as in Yellow Dock, etc.) ye jiao teng (Polygonum) FERNS: gou ji (Cibotium) gu sui bu (Drynaria) guan zhong (Dryopteris, Cyrtomium, and others) hai jin sha (Lygodium) juan bai (Selaginella) shang bai (Selaginella) shen jin cao (Lycopodium) shi wei (Pyrrosia) Cucurbitaceae: vining plants; tendrils present; funnel-shaped flowers; 5 sepals; usually 5 united petals; usually 5 stamens (occas. 3); separate male and female flowers dong gua ren (Benincasa) gua lou ren/pi (Trichosanthes) jiao gu lan (Gynostemma) ku gua (Charantia) luo han guo (Momordica) mu bei zi (Momordica) nan gua (Cucurbita) si gua lou (Luffa) tian hua fen (Trichosanthes) xi gua (Citrullus) Zingiberaceae: bai dou kou (Amomum) cao dou kou (Alpinia) cao guo (Amomum) e zhu (Curcuma) gao liang jiang (Alpinia) jiang huang (Curcuma) sha ren (Amomum)

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sheng/gan jiang (Zingiber) yi zhi ren (Alpinia) yu jin (Curcuma) Asclepiadaceae: bai qian (Cynanchum) bai wei (Cynanchum) xiang jia pi (Periploca) Cruciferae: bai jiang cao (substitute: Thlaspi) bai jie zi (Sinapis) ban lan gen (true: Isatis) da qing ye (one version: Isatis) lai fu zi (Raphanus) ting li zi (Lepidium) Lauraceae: gui pi (Cinnamomum) gui zhi (Cinnamomum) dou chi jiang (Litsea) rou gui (Cinnamomum) wu yao (Lindera) zhang nao (Cinnamomum) Dioscoreaceae: bei/bi xie (Dioscorea) chuan shan long (Dioscorea) shan yao (Dioscorea) Menispermaceae: han fang ji (Stephania) kuan jin teng (Tinospora) mu fang ji (Cocculus) Araceae: bai fu zi (Typhonium) ban xia (true: Pinellia) shi chang pu (Acorus) tian nan xing (Arisaema)

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Gramineae: these are grasses; usually 3 stamens, infreq. 2 or 6; seeds are usually grains, infreq. an achene or berry; flower is contained by modified leaves (bracts) which is the chaff we know of; flower stems generally have nodes along them bai mao gen (Imperata) dan zhu ye (Lophatherum) fu xiao mai (Triticum—immature Wheat) gu ya (Oryza—Rice sprouts) lu gen (Phragmites) mai ya (Hordeum—Barley sprouts) nuo dao gen (Oryza) tian zhu huang (Bambusa) Wild Oats (Avena) xiao mai (Triticum—Wheat) yi yi ren (Coix) yu mi xu (Zea) zhu li (Bambusa or Phyllostachys) zhu ru (Phyllostachys) Rubiaceae: ba ji tian (Morinda) bai hua she she cao (Hedyotis) cinchona (quinine) coffee (Coffea) da ji (Knoxia…..substitute for Euphorbia) er cha (Uncaria, another plant used for this remedy, is in this family……see Fabaceae family above for the other plant used for this medicine) gou teng (Uncaria) qian cao gen (Rubia) shan zhi zi (Gardenia) Orchidaceae: bai ji (Bletilla) shan ci gu (Cremastra or Pleione) shi hu (Dendrobium) tian ma (Gastrodia) Araliaceae: ci wu jia (Eleutherococcus—Siberian Ginseng) qi ye lian (Schefflera) ren shen (Panax) san/tian qi (Panax)

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wu jia pi (Acanthopanax) xi yang shen (Panax) Amaranthaceae: chuan niu xi (Cyathula) huai niu xi (Achyranthes) ji guan hua (Celosia) qing xiang zi (Celosia) tu niu xi (Achyranthes) Oleaceae: lian qiao (Forsythia) nu zhen zi (Ligustrum) qin pi (Fraxinus) su xin hua (Jasminum) Scrophulariaceae:

Figwort Subfamily: has 5th stamen; usually base of plants have opposite leaves; includes Mimulus spp., Scrophularia spp., Penstemon spp. Rattleweed Subfamily: 2 or 4 stamens—no 5th stamen; includes Digitalis (Foxglove), Euphrasia, Castilleja (Indian Paintbrush), Veronica (Speedwell)

foxglove (Digitalis) sheng di huang (Rehmannia) shu/shou di huang (Rehmannia) xuan shen (Scrophularia) Caryophyllaceae: usually qu mai (Dianthus) tai zi shen (Pseudostellaria) wang bu liu xing (true: Vaccaria) yin chai hu (Stellaria) Campanulaceae: bisexual flowers; regular flowers, except with Lobelia spp. ban bian lian (Lobelia) dang shen (Codonopsis) jie geng (Platycodon) nan sha shen (Adenophora)

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Regarding some substitutes, the true material should be: Violaceae: zi hua di ding (Viola yedoensis) Primulaceae: jin qian cao (Lysimachia christinae) Valerianaceae: bai jiang cao (Patrinia scabiosaefolia or P. villosa) From: Robert Newman