implementing redd+ in the democratic republic of congo ......st sector. n rous challen considered...
TRANSCRIPT
Implementing REDD+ in the Democratic Republic of Congo How to manage the risk of corruption
A report commissioned by NORAD prepared by PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC) in collaboration with NORAD and UNDP
Implement
Table 0. EXE1. CON
1.1. 1.2.
2. OVE2.1. 2.2. 2.3. 2.4.
3. POL3.1. 3.2. 3.3.
4. OVE5. SUM6. APP
APPAPPAPPAPPAPPAPPAPP
ting REDD+ in
of Conte
CUTIVE SUMMNTEXT, METHO
General conMethod and
ERVIEW OF COBasic countGovernanceCorruption rMoney Laun
LICY FRAMEWOCurrent statKey actors aLessons fro
ERVIEW AND EMMARY OF CO
ENDICES ......
ENDIX 1: List oENDIX 2: RelevENDIX 3: MECENDIX 4: DRCENDIX 5: Map ENDIX 6: ComENDIX 7: UND
n DRC – How to
ents
MARY ............
OD AND STRUntext .............. structure ......
ORRUPTION INry analysis ....
e in the forestryrisks in REDD+ndering risks inORK, IMPLEMus of the natioagainst corrupm other count
EXPERIENCE FRRUPTION RI.....................
of interviewees
vant documentaCNT Organisatio
national proce of corruption rismunication fromP Governance
o manage the ri
.....................
CTURE..........
.....................
.....................
N DRC ............
.....................
y sector and R+ ...................
n REDD+ .......
ENTATION MEonal strategiesption, what roletries (BenchmaFROM GOVERSKS AND PRO.....................
....................
ation consultedonal chart (showss roadmap frosks in Climate Cm the Ministry o Program in DR
isk of corruptio
.....................
.....................
.....................
.....................
.....................
.....................
REDD+ ...........
.....................
.....................
ECHANISMS &s and initiativee are they playarking) : the caNANCE AND A
OPOSED RECO.....................
.....................
d for the purposwing Aid assistaom 2010 to 201Change Adaptaof Finance regaRC .................
on
.....................
.....................
.....................
.....................
.....................
.....................
.....................
.....................
.....................
& ACTORS AGAs to fight corru
ying? .............
ases of KenyaANTI-CORRUPOMMENDATIO.....................
.....................
e of the study ..
ance in Forestry2 ..................
ation to Countryrding a whistleb.....................
.....................
.....................
.....................
.....................
.....................
.....................
.....................
.....................
.....................
AINST CORRUuption in DRC.....................
a and IndonesiaPTION INITIATIONS FOR REDD.....................
.....................
.....................
y) .......................................
y Level ...........blowing mecha.....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
UPTION .........
...................
....................
a ..................
VES .............
D+ ................
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
nism .............
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
2 / 58
......... 4
......... 6
......... 6
......... 7
......... 9
......... 9
........ 14
....... 18
....... 25
....... 27
....... 27
....... 28
....... 33
....... 35
....... 38
....... 46
....... 46
....... 48
....... 50
........ 51
....... 52
....... 56
....... 57
Implement
ABBREV
ASADHO AML BDS WB CN-REDDCREF
C-MRV DRC DFID DSCRP
DSNLC ECC EITI FIB FLEGT FONALC GDP GIZ ICCN IGF ITIE IMF KYC MECNT
MOU NIM-DIM NORAD OCEP OLCAC
NGO PAP PECO PwC REDD RECIC RRN R-PP SBSTA SEP SGS SNV SONAL TOR UNDP UNODC
ting REDD+ in
VIATIONS
Asso Anti-M Bene The W
D CoordConsEcosy
Meas Demo Depa
DocuDocu
Docu Eglise Extra Fédé Fores Forum Gross The D Institu Inspe Initiat
InternKnowMinisand T
Mem Natio Norw Obse
ObseAfrica
Non G Progr Parti Price Redu Rése Rése Read Subs Socié Socié Sticht Socié Term Unite Unite
n DRC – How to
ciation congolaMoney Launderefit Distribution SWorld Bank rdination Nationservation et laystems surement, reporocratic Republicartment for Interument de Stratéument ument de Stratée du Christ au C
active Industry Tération des Indust Law Enforcemm National de Ls Domestic ProDeutsche Geseut Congolais poection Généraletive de Transpanational Monetaw Your Client stère de l’EnviroTourism orandum of Un
onal Implementawegian Agency fervatoire du Codervatoire de Luta Governmental Oramme d’Action Ecologiste Con
ewaterhouseCooucing Emissionseau d'Educationeau Ressourcesdiness Preparatsidiary Body for été des Entreprété Générale deting Nederlandsété nationale de
ms of Referenceed Nations Deveed Nations Offic
o manage the ri
aise des Droits dring System
nale REDD - Naa Réhabilitation
rting and verificc of Congo rnational Develoégie de Croiss
égie Nationale dCongo - Christ Transparency Inustriels du Bois ment on GovernLutte contre la Coduct ellschaft für Inteour la Conservae des Finances arence des Induary Fund
onnement, Con
derstanding ation - Direct Imfor Developmende d'Ethique Prtte Contre la Co
Organization ns Prioritaires - ngolais - Congoopers s from Deforestn Civique au Cos Naturelles - Ntion Plan Scientific and Trises Pétrolièrese Surveillance se Vrijwilligers e loterie - Natio elopment Progrce on Drugs and
isk of corruptio
de l’Homme - C
ational REDD Cn des Ecosys
cation of carbon
opment sance et de Ré
de Lutte contre Church in Congnitiative - Timber / Woonance and TradCorruption - Na
ernationale Zusaation de la Natu - ustries Extractiv
servation de la
mplementation nt Cooperation rofessionnel - Oorruption en Af
Priority Action olese Greep Pa
tation and Foresongo - Civil Eduatural Ressour
Technological As - Oil Compani
(Netherlands Dnal Lottery Com
ram d Crime
on
Congolese Asso
oordination stèmes Foresti
n
éduction de la
la Corruption go
od Industry Fedede
ational Forum fo
ammenarbeit ure
ves - Extractive
Nature et Tour
Observatory of tfrique Centrale
Program rty
st Degradation ucation Networkrces Network
Advice ies Society
Development Ormpany
ociation of Hum
iers - Conserv
Pauvreté - Pov
eration
or the fight agai
Industry Trans
risme - Ministry
the Code of Pro - Observartory
k in Congo
rganization)
man Rights
rvation and R
verty Reductio
nst Corruption
sparancy Initiati
y of Environmen
ofessional Ethicy for fight again
ehabilitation o
n and Growth
ve
nt, Nature Cons
cs st Corruption in
3 / 58
of Forest
Strategy
servation
n Central
Implement
0. EXE
The impcorruptioinstitutiooutdatedlevel, lacsalary lecertain dweaknespointed oand govimplemeas a signsocial anpeople iactivities Risks of grand angovernmartisanalare situaare also of politickeen to i “Fragile”risks. Macritical thThere is“whistlebemergen Followingadequate • A pe
themof thall co
• Thistheirright
• Therto al
ting REDD+ in
ECUTIVE SU
plementation on in the cons that are
d legal framewck of freedomevels in the pdegree of tolss of state inout by our invernance. Thent a centraliznificant issuend ethical chn the street
s.
corruption wnd political c
ment circles a logging. Co
ated in forest vying for conians on whosnfluence the
countries wany experts shat an anti-cs feeling of inblowing” mecnce of any fo
g our study aely address t
ermanent diam on the long
is dialogue woncerned to dialogue sh
r rights and rts, and effectre should bel the stakeho
n DRC – How to
MMARY
of REDD+ untry. We hcurrently unwork, dysfunm of the prepublic adminlerance towa
nstitutions (Coterviewees a
he absence zed strategy e in DRC. In hallenge thatts, through m
will threaten tcorruption is and Parliameongolese armted areas. Inntracts to exse protection
e design of th
ith poor instistarted warnicorruption spnsecurity thachanism andrm of denunc
and accordinthe risk of co
alogue shouldg-term benefwould be to csupport the sould be carriresponsibilitietively take pa a systemati
olders involve
o manage the ri
in DRC willave noted th
nder construcnctional judicss and / or
nistration in gards corruptioourt of Audit
as the major of coordina
to fight corruDRC, enviro has to be dmassive rais
he implemenlikely to be e
ent, as well amed forces arnvestors are plore oil in fo
n they rely. Ite national RE
tutional capang that REDecialist be in
at is maintaind culture. Inciation.
ng to many erruption in R
d be maintainfits of REDD+convince the smooth impleied out in paes under the
art in and influc effort to bued in the fore
isk of corruptio
face numehat DRC is ction. The cial system, lamanipulationgeneral, in thon and anti tors, Generalcauses of thtion and lac
uption, and tonmental gov
dealt with frosing awarene
ntation of REever present
as high-rankinre also involv also increasorested zone is therefore EDD+ framew
acities like DDD+ schemesnvolved for aned in the cndeed, the
experts and aEDD+:
ned with poli+ for their co powerful groementation orallel with a s
e Forest Coduence, the diuild up the caest sector.
on
rous challenconsidered
country suffeack of transpn of the preshe armed forvalues. Thel Inspectorate
he dramatic sck of « leadeo promote soernance is n
om the higheess program
EDD+ in DRCt. In fact, a nng civil servaved in miningsingly intereses. Many of th likely that suwork for thei
RC are mores would be hany further Rcountry that ageneral clim
analysts the
iticians and sommunities aoups and indiof REDD+. sustained eff
de. This will piscussions onapacity and p
nges becausas a “fragile
ers from pooparency and as for politicarces, police a lack of polie of Finance
situation in thership » at ound governaot primarily a
est level of thmmes as we
C in all of thenumber of poants, are curg, and somested in agribuhese investouch individuar private gain
e prone and ighly vulnera
REDD relatedalso impede
mate of impu
following init
senior publicand their ownividuals that
fort of educaput them in an the governaprovide traini
se of the wide state” chaor governancaccountabilit
al purposes, and justice stical will, ge
e, Judicial Syhe country inthe nationalance, has alsa technical ishe state to thell as educat
e phases. As oliticians, incrrently engage of the mineusiness in D
ors are also bals or groupsn.
vulnerable toable to these d activity ands the appariunity strong
tiatives shou
c officials withn careers. Thit is in the co
ating citizens a better posiance of REDing in the ma
despread naracterized byce (ambiguoty at the instiprecarious a
system) and neral impuni
ystem…) hav terms of cor level to effso been poinssue; it is a phe level of otional and p
in all other scluding thoseged in industres that they oDRC. Oil combusiness ass of people wo
o money laun risks. It is thd / or mechaition of any fly discourag
ld be consid
h a view to ehe ultimate ponsidered inte
about REDDition to defen
DD+. anagement o
4 / 58
ature of y weak us and tutional
and low from a ity, and ve been rruption ficiently
nted out political, ordinary publicity
sectors, e in the rial and operate
mpanies sociates ould be
ndering erefore anisms. form of
ges the
ered to
educate purpose erest of
D+, and nd their
of funds
Implement
• The REDmeaHowspec
• UNDthe jall inthe Udevewithi
ting REDD+ in
National AntDD+ in DRC.asures to bewever, the strcialists and sDP is currentludicial syste
nitiatives currUNDP Goverelop a coordiin REDD+.
n DRC – How to
ti-Corruption In fact, in a taken to ta
rategy submiupported witly running sem) which cou
rently operatirnance Progrnated approa
o manage the ri
Strategy co proper strateackle corrupttted to the Ch in depth st
everal prograuld contributeng and funderam). This wiach (matrix) t
isk of corruptio
uld be used egy, directiontion in the f
Congolese goudies. mmes (Govee to the fight ed in the coull provide a ”that will be b
on
as a tool forn should be forest sectorovernment in
ernance Prog against corru
untry should bsnapshot” ofeneficial to th
r fighting corgiven as to tr and whichn 2010, will n
gramme: incluuption, notabbe carried ouf existing initihe fight again
ruption in thethe appropria could be a
need to be re
uding supporbly within REut as a startinatives and anst corruptio
e implementaate approachadapted to Revisited by a
rt to journalisDD+. A map
ng point (inclu good basis tn in DRC nam
5 / 58
ation of hes and REDD+. pool of
sts and ping of uding to mely
Implement
1. CON
”Overcomdevelopibillions oeffective Followingdonor-drlaw. Amrecommea significand to thdevelopmprosper.Howeversharing pressurenumber 2007, focorruptioMinister’results abeen mareiteratincorruptio Followingsenior ciprosecutadministby donorassess t The prim
1 Global CorDevelopmen2 Contrat de Corruption adecisions wh(iii) Building t3 Priority Actithe Heavily In4 Reference:
ting REDD+ in
NTEXT, MET
1.1. General
ming climateing countriesof US dollarsness.1”
g the restart riven initiative
mong these iended notabcant cause ohe improvemment funding A national r, for variousgovernment
e from donorof initiativesllowed by th
on. In 2008 as office, hav
achieved by ade publicly ng in July 2on and impun
g these stepvil servants wted. Despitetration at all lrs in the fighthe risks of co
mary objective
rruption Report: Ct (ICCCAD), Indepe Gouvernance or Cnd Governance in
hich have a significathe capacity of instions Programme ofndebted Poor Coun Le Potentiel of Ma
n DRC – How to
THOD AND S
context
e change is s in combatins a year wit
of structurales were launinitiatives waly the develo
of impoverishment of the bg, trapping panti-corrupti
s reasons, in of the Tranrs and deve
s (for exampe Programman Inter-miniving as its mthis Commisavailable. Th
2010, the “znity, and in th
s, the Attornewere arreste
e these initlevels. In thist against climorruption rela
e of the study
limate Change - Bendent University,
CDG, refer to : RDC the DRC during thant financial impactitutions such as thef the government antries.
ach 12, 2011 : http:/
o manage the ri
STRUCTURE
the most crng climate chthin a few ye
cooperationnched with a as the deveopment of a nhment and cobusiness climpeople, commion strategy ncluding amonsition Periodelopment parle: the Gove
me d’Action Pisterial Commain task the
ssion have nhe Head of Sero toleranc
he promotion
ey General laed for embezziatives, a hs context and
mate change ating to the fo
y is therefore
By Transparency IBangladesh (IUB)
C, Gouvernement 2he transition periodt, (ii) Key sectors, se Court of Auditors aligned to the 5 pilla
//www.lepotentiel.c
isk of corruptio
E
ritical challenhange have ears. The tra
between DR view to rebu
elopment of national anti-constitutes, p
mate. Corruptmunities and was develoong others ind (2003-200rtners, the nernance ConPrioritaires ormission on A audit of statot yet been State, himsece" policy an of sound go
aunched a szlement. A n
high level od given the sand forest pr
orestry secto
e to:
nternational. Comm
2007. Contrat de gd 2003-2006. Withsuch as mining, for and the General Inars of the DSCRP
com/afficher_article
on
nge of the 2already beguansparent ut
RC and the inuild the instituthe Povertycorruption starticularly intion impedesd cities in pooped in 2002nsufficient ow6), this natio
new governmntract2 or CDr PAP3 in 20Audit and Gote-owned / cindependentlf, has madend his govevernance in
eries of prosnumber of Dirof corruptionsubstantial fureservation, tr and REDD+
ments from Salee
gouvernance (CDG) regards to the fighrestry, public financnspectorate of Fina(Poverty Reduction
.php?id_article=10
21st century. un and are ltilization of t
nternational cutions of DRC Reduction rategy. Corru DRC, an obs the effectivoverty and l2 with the awnership andonal strategy
ment that caDG for the pe08) to promoood Governacontrolled cotly assessede several speernment's cothe country.
secutions4. Frectors of stan permeatesunding that isthe current s+ in general.
mul Huq, Director,
), mars-décembre ht against corruptioce management, puance. n and Growth Strat
7708&id_edition=7
The flows olikely to be rthese funds
community inC and to re-eStrategy Pa
uption is currbstacle to naveness of pueaving themassistance od political wiy was not imme into poweriod from Mote sound goance was crempanies. Th to date, and
eeches, reaffommitment in
Following thisate-owned cos the Congs foreseen tostudy has bee
, International Cen
2007.Kinshasa. Seon the CDG has seublic enterprises ma
tegy Document) to
7067
of funding toramped up towill determin
n 2001, a numestablish theaper (PRSP)rently consideational develoublic policiesm without meof the Worldll within the
mplemented.wer in 2006 March to Decovernance aneated by the
he performand no report hfirming in 20n the fight
s, a large numompanies weolese socie
o be made aven commissio
ntre for Climate Ch
ee also Kodi, Muzoet 3 main prioritiesanagement and pro
reach the completi
6 / 58
o assist o many ne their
mber of e rule of ) which ered as opment and of eans to d Bank.
power- Under took a
cember nd fight e Prime nce and has yet
009 and against
mber of ere also ty and vailable oned to
hange and
ong (2008): s: (i) Public ocurement,
ion point of
Implement
• Inforrisks
• Prop
The studpurpose and seveanalystsgovernmthe priva The “facthe follow • PwC• PwC
In additio • NOR• UND Other int This teafacilitato A field vito gathestakeholassistancMpoyi). Tde la RE The repo Section Section performiformationinherited 5 Full report a
ting REDD+ in
rm Norway, ts related to thpose recomm
1.2. Method
dy is based o is included eral interview, including k
ment departmate sector (ple
ce to face” intwing:
C InternationaC National Co
on, the follow
RAD RepreseDP Represen
terviews were
m has beenr, and by Mr.
isit and surver the sentimeders that arece from, theThe World B
EDD en RDC5
ort has been
1 provides th
2 provides ang a basic cn perspective
d, from its bru and reference: Féti
n DRC – How to
the National he managemmendations fo
and structu
on a combinain Appendix
ws held face key informan
ments and miease refer to
terviews wer
al Consultantonsultant (2 w
wing Norad an
entative (1 wentative (1 wee
e conducted
n supported . Jean-Claud
ey were alsoent and perce involved an team of con
Bank team wa5”
structured in
he general co
an overviewcountry anale, and t also utal colonial veau, Judicaël and
o manage the ri
REDD Coorment of REDDor short, med
ure
ation of desk 2. The fieldto face or by
nts drawn fronistries, fore Appendix 1
re conducted
t (2 weeks): Bweeks): Jean
nd UNDP rep
eek): Giske Cek): Estelle F
by telephone
by Mr. Larse Kessous, U
conducted aception of cornd active on nsultants conas concurren
n 5 main sect
ontext as we
of corruptioysis aiming from a sociopast and ill
d Mpoyi Mbunga, A
isk of corruptio
rdination andD+ funds in Ddium and long
and field res research tooy telephone wom bilateral est-focused c for the detai
d in Kinshasa
Baraka Kaben Jacques Mu
presentatives
Charlotte LilleFach
e following th
Ekman, CoUNDP anti-co
at the Provincrruption and the ground.ntracted by thntly carrying
tions (exclud
ell as the met
n in DRC. Into explain th
o-cultural poinprepared ind
Augustin (2009): L’é
on
DRC REDDDRC ; g term to red
search. The liok place in Kwith a selectand multilate
civil society oled list of inte
a from March
emba ukula
s participated
ehammer
he field visit t
unselor at thorruption spe
ce Orientale, of major risk This visit wahe World Baout an upda
ing the Exec
thodology an
n this sectionhe origin of nt of view. DRdependence,
économie Politique
D+ implemen
uce mitigate
ist of referenKinshasa froed number oeral developorganizationserviewees).
h 07 to Marc
d in the interv
to Kinshasa.
he Royal Emecialist in DR
, in Kisanganks associatedas conducted
ank (Mr. Judiate of the rec
utive Summa
d structure o
n we have scorruption in
RC is consid a society w
du Secteur Foresti
ntation partne
and control
ce documenm March 07
of key stakehment institut
s, forest com
ch 20 by a joi
views in Kins
mbassy of NRC.
ni and the sud to the foresd in collaborcaël Fétivea
cent study “L
ary and Appe
of the study.
tarted, in then DRC, fromered as a “frhich is ende
ier en RDC, World
ers about cor
possible risk
ts consulted to March 20
holders and itions, forest munity group
int team com
shasa :
Norway, actin
rroundings, istry sector fration with, au and Mr. A
L’économie p
endices)
e 1st subsectm a history oagile state” tmically unde
Bank, Kinshasa.
7 / 58
rruption
ks.
for this 0, 2011 ndustry related
ps, and
mprising
ng as a
n order rom the nd with
Augustin politique
tion, by of state hat has
ermined
Implement
by corruconsiderawareneCongo’sand morsubsectio These rvarious possiblelaunderinhas beenabuse. Awould se Section against cindicatesinadequadifferent (Supremsociety ain Indonehow techcorruptio Section describecentralizinitiatives Section DRC. Sigmassivethe electweight o
ting REDD+ in
uption. In thred to be weaess campaign forest econore systematicon, we have
isks (corruptphases of R interventionng risks, whicn raised receAccording to eek to take ad
3 of the recorruption. As that the coate political w actors / in
me Court of Aand NGOs, eesia (powerfhnology and on.
4 of the repes the absened strategy s: Public fina
5 concludesgnificant effo awareness tion law, estaf political allia
n DRC – How to
e 2nd subseak and to reqns, the creatiomy on trackc capacity-bu identified the
tion threats,REDD+ imple by actors, nch in a “fragiently by world Interpol, thedvantage of
eport discussA current statountry sufferwill to addresstitutions tas
Auditors, Genetc). A benchful and indeplaw enforcem
port presentsce of coordito fight corru
ance manage
s the report borts are yet traising and e
ablishing the ances on the
o manage the ri
ection, we hquire significaon of enablin
k, greater inteuilding and tre key govern
practices aementation amely: natioile state” withdwide experte world's leadREDD+ sche
ses the policus of nationars from a lacss corruptionsked to figh
neral Inspectohmark and snpendent anti-ment can ma
s an overvienation and lauption and pement reform
by proposingto be made aeducation ac one-round ee manageme
isk of corruptio
have discussant improvemng conditionsegration of reraining for al
nance and co
and possiblein the countnal, provinciah a cash-basts. REDD+ scding policingemes.
cy frameworal strategies ck of meansn as a prioritht corruptionorate of Finanapshot of a-corruption a
ake a differen
w of governack of « lead
promote goodm, EITI and FL
g recommendat the highesctivities in thelection, is alsnt of the Stat
on
sed governament notably s to attract reespect for locl stakeholde
orruption risks
mitigating mtry, and alsoal or local. Tsed economychemes are agency, the
k, implemenand initiatives, vision, cety. In this sec in the cou
ance and Paranti-corruptionagency) havence in countr
ance and andership » at d governancLEGT in DRC
dations to mst level of Ste country. Thso seen by mte and on oth
nce in the through stron
esponsible prcal logics anrs involved is associated
measures) ho in accordahe 4th and la
y like DRC, calso vulnera
e chances ar
ntation meches to fight corntralized cooction we hav
untry, namelyrliament) andn initiatives ie been proviies that are c
nti-corruptionthe nationale. The sectioC.
mitigate corruate to chang
he recent ammany as an oher key decis
DRC forestrng environmrivate sector d belief systen forest gov with REDD+
have been mance with thast subsectionconstitute a sble and potere very high
anisms andrruption has ordination, ave also analyy: Public Ov
d other “watcn Kenya (e-wded as well considered to
n initiatives, level to efficon also disc
ption risks rege the mentaendment of t
opportunity thsions from the
ry sector, wental educatpartners to hems, and inc
vernance. In +.
mapped acroe various len addresses
serious conceentially open
that criminal
actors in thbeen provide
and, most pryzed the roleversight inst
chdogs” (medwhistleblowinto help unde
o be highly p
and more prciently impleusses the fo
elated to REality and to inthe constituti
hat will decreae State.
8 / 58
which is ion and
help put creased the 3rd
oss the evels of money ern that to wide l gangs
he fight ed, and robably, e of the titutions dia, civil ng) and erstand
prone to
recisely ement a ollowing
EDD+ in nvest in ion and ase the
Implement
2. OVE
2
The histoeconomi The statpolitical regional political d Congo sFree Stasystem consequmost bru‘colonial paternalia radicaindependJanuary of Unitedseized pdescribeacted aspredatorits defenMobutu’scronies a For varioturned fralong wi
6 The Democheld on 15-17 This refers economic stDesigning St8 Also refer to9 Source of UNODC 10 Extensive – 2005” that 11 Source ofUNODC
ting REDD+ in
ERVIEW OF
2.1. Basic co
2.1.1
ory of state fc power of d
e power in Dcommunity a inequalities,divisions and
started its hisate was run resulted in ence of viole
utal excesses trinity’ (Statism. Indepen
al break withdence, the a 1961 under d Nations forpower with aed as “one ofs the king anry regime thanse against es policy of “Zand allies – h
ous reasonsrom being anth the Struct
cratic Republic of th9 February 2010 in to factors that fundructures, the geostrategic Responseso the following: “COinformation: DRC
nationalisation procan be downloaded
f information: DRC
n DRC – How to
CORRUPTIO
ountry analy
1. History6
formation is ifferent group
DRC was forand weak sta a dominant d a lack of bro
story as the pin a ruthlessa death toll
ence and deps of the Freete, Companiendence in 196h the coloniaarmy mutinied circumstancrces, defeatea “coup d’étaf the most cad sole owne
at was maintaexternal threZaireanizatiohighly and un
, in the 1990n indispensatural Adjustm
he Congo – Buildinn Dakar, Senegal. damentally shape tstrategic position as Towards Good GoORRUPTION AND translated NATIO
gram initiated by Md on http://www.afr
C translated NATIO
o manage the ri
ON IN DRC
ysis
6 of state for
a key “foundps, relationsh
rged / enforcate legitimacpolitical eliteoadly based
personal pros fashion, usel of genocidprivation. Thee State, whilees and Chur60 was suddal past, but d and the rees that rema
ed Katanga’sat”, starting aatastrophic eer of the Conained by bruats. Patrimo
on10” of foreinanimously co
0s the systeble ally into
ment Program
ng an Inclusive, Res
the state and politicand geographical overnance – Prepa GOVERNANCE INNAL ANTI – COR
Mobutu (for more derodad.org/download
ONAL ANTI – COR
isk of corruptio
rmation
dational factohips between
ced by a brutcy; and reinfo and perman interest grou
perty of Kinged primarily de dimensione subsequene relying on rch) continueden and ill pre hopes of csource-rich r
ain unclear tos secessionisa 32-year peexamples of dgo, which he
ute force andnialism and gn-owned asonsidered as
m started toa source of
mmes, underm
sponsive and Capa
cal system. These aspects of the co
ared by the ClingenN THE DRC - DURRRUPTION STRAT
etails please refer tds/publications/IllegRRUPTION STRAT
on
or7” of any stn them and p
tal colonial aorced pre-ex
nent exclusioups that can c
g Leopold II ofor the extrans: 4 to 8
nt period of Bthe same so
ed to run theepared. The change wereregion of Kato this day. Thsts in 1963. Teriod of highdictatorship ie renamed Z a one-partyrent-seekingssets in 197s “a case of t
go wrong. Wembarrassmmined the po
able State – By Val
include territorial iountry (Framework
dael Institute for thING THE TRANSIT
TEGY – Logical an
to “The Illegitimacygitimate%20Debts%TEGY – Logical an
tate as it shaperceptions o
authority, whixisting division of certain gchallenge the
of Belgium8. action of natumillion peop
Belgian colonocio-economie colony, thr leader Patrice short-lived:tanga secedhe CongolesTwo years laly personalizn Africa duri
Zaire. Like Kiy state, and tg were elevat73 served toheft masque
With the endment for the Wossibility to u
leria Izzi. Democra
ntegrity, the histor for Strategic Gove Netherlands Min
TION PERIOD (200nd strategic framew
y of External Debt: T%20-%20DRC.pdf)nd strategic framew
apes the accof state legitim
ich resulted ons, resultinggroups, langue private use
From 1885 ural resourceple lost theiization (1908ic and politicrough a mixtce Lumumba: soon aftered. Lumumbe Governme
ater, Colonel zed autocracng the last fng Leopold that relied onted to a syst buy the conraded as pol
d of the ColdWest. The cuuse public res
atic Governance Co
ry of state formativernance And Coristry of Foreign Affa03–2006)” by Muzowork for interventio
The Case Of the D work for interventio
cess to politicmacy.
in a weak seg in (among uage barrierse of public po
to 1908, thees. This explr lives as a8-1960) avoidcal foundationture of iron fa came to sym the declara
ba was murdent, with the s
Mobutu Sescy, which hafifty years9”. MII, he put in n foreign powtem of governsensus of picy11”.
d War, Mobuut-off of foreisources to lu
ommunity Of Practic
ion, the revenue brruption Analysis (airs – July 2008.)
ong Kodi in 2008. on. Document obta
Democratic Republi
on. Document obt
9 / 58
cal and
ense of others)
s, major ower.
Congo oitative
a direct ded the ns. The fist and mbolize ation of dered in support
se Seko as been Mobutu place a
wers for rnance. political
utu had ign aid, ubricate
ce meeting
ase, socio-SGACA) –
ained from
c of Congo
ained from
Implement
patron-cproved u Inflation in most othe effecthe fall o1997. Wshake hiWar (199towards Decemb The leadinternatiowith the as Presidnumber system, Importadecisiondevelopefive (coman enhan The HeaEight art• Artic• Artic
officepolit
• ArticconfHe h
• Artic• Artic• Artic
the l• Artic
whe In spite part of thmillion peproportiosolve the
ting REDD+ in
lient relationunsuccessful
went out of cof the countrcts of the Rwof the Mobutu
While initially mself free of98-2002). Wconflict resoer, of the All-
dership of Jonal aid, and adoption of dent and theof areas. Thwith a Primently, the Con that is imposed communicmpared to thenced role in t
ad of State, icles of the B
cle 71 paragrcle 110 dealse that is incoical function.
cles 197 andflicts in this Lhas the authocle 149 placecle 208 allowscle 226 relateegislator.
cle 126 includn the budget
of the signinhe country. Aeople have lo
on of these de conflict hav
n DRC – How to
nships. A be.
control, resulry, to self-subwandan 1994u regime. HeKabila surrof the influenc
When Presideolution. Nego-Inclusive Pe
Joseph Kabild the labelinga new Cons
e formation ohe President Minister res
nstitution estassible to ovecation netwoe initial eleveterritorial ma
President JoBasic Law haaph 1 now ps with the losompatible wit
d 198 relatinLegislation, thority to remov prosecutorss only the Hees to the inst
des the provit is not voted
ng of the 200An often-quoost their livesdeaths happeve failed to pr
o manage the ri
elated, despe
lting in a de fbsistence and4 genocide pre was replaceounded himsece of Kigali aent Kabila waotiations tookeace Agreem
la resulted ig of DRC as astitution and sof a new Part’s power waponsible for ablished decerestimate in
orks in the wen), and givenagement, th
oseph Kabilaave been revirovides for thss of the math its manda
ng to provinchis constitutive the governs under the aead of State ttallation of 26
sion that the on time.
02 Peace Agoted report bys from 1998 tening after throduce lastin
isk of corruptio
erate attemp
facto destrucd barter. Socroved explosed by Laurenelf with pro-
and Kampalaas murderedk place in Su
ment in Pretor
in a new waa ‘post-conflisuccessful eliament. Theas significandesigning anentralization a country of orld. The Coes provinceshrough an ex
a, promulgateised. Main chhe presidentiandate of a pate, the mem
cial institutiononal amendmnor from officuthority of thto call the pe6 new provin
e government
greement andy the Internato 2007 as ahe official peag results.
on
pt by Mobutu
ction of the mcial instabilitysive, leading nt Desiré KaRwanda and
a – a decision, his son, Jon City, South
ria.
ave of internict’ country. 2lections, lead new Constit
ntly limited bnd leading po as a key orgroughly the s
onstitution inc and sub-na
xtensive serie
ed on Januahanges and fal election inparliamentari
mber may reg
ns were alsoment now alce or dissolvee Departmen
eople in a refences for whic
t must apply
d the transitioational Rescu direct or indace agreeme
u to embrac
monetary sidey ensued. In the first Con
abila, who wad pro-Ugandan that finally oseph Kabilah Africa, in 2
national trus2006 was a mding to the retution introdu
by the establolicy, and accganizing princsize of Westecreased the tional entitiees of exclusiv
ary 2011 thefeatures are an one round. ian. When thgain his seat
o subject to lows the heae the provincnt of Justice. erendum. ch the progra
for temporar
on period, thue Committeirect consequent. Both mil
ce democrac
e of the econ this already ngo War (199as sworn in aa advisors, h gave rise to, adopted a
2002, resultin
st towards Dmilestone yee-confirmatiouced significalishment of countable to ciple of the Cern Europe, wnumber of ps increased ve competen
bill amendinas follows:
he latter is a in parliamen
change. Faad of state tocial assembly
amming is le
ry funding (cr
he war continee estimates uence of thelitary and dip
cy and multi
omy and the tense enviro96-1997) thaas President he soon dec the Secondmore open a
ng in the sign
DRC, the resar for the tra
on of Josephant innovatioa semi-Presthe Parliame
Congolese Stwith one of thprovinces to political weigces.
ng the Cons
ppointed to pnt at the end
aced with theo arbitrate diy.
ft under the
redits) in par
nues in the Ethat more th conflict, with
plomatic attem
10 / 58
partism
e return, onment, at led to in May
cided to Congo attitude ning, in
start of ansition, h Kabila ons in a sidential ent. tate – a he least twenty-ght and
titution.
political d of this
e many sputes.
care of
rliament
Eastern han five h a high mpts to
Implement
As far asalmost nbehaviouas a rewcommonoccurredname ofa stolenaccumulcolonized In order tribes toand glorcitizen. Ione of thopportunhardly ac Psycholoand humdeprivatiovernighfather. Tcitizen toand of pwill becothey proindependembezzlconcerneimpunity The situindex, bacceptedbut alsoreferenceaffected 12 Source ofUNODC. 13 Source ofUNODC. 14 ReferenceResponsive a
ting REDD+ in
2.1.2
s the historynon – existeur of a few sward for loyanly recognized with coloniz his persona bowl of rubate wealth, wd population
to make the enter into sry to the persn DRC, like he few waysnities often lieccessible to o
ogically and cmiliation. Prev
on. Once libht: to live immThis image ofo the point wroductive wo
ome the creeopel him towdences, theement of funed, it has bee and poverty
ation in DRCusiness climd as a means for ordinarye for all and all layers of f information: DRC
f information: DRC
e: Contribution papand Capable State
n DRC – How to
2. Socio –
y of mentalitieent in the traubjects who,
alty, in ordered, as mentiozation. First wl benefits, insbber was cowould later b in order to p
future indepecession. Hason who hasin many deve
s of accumulae in the privordinary peo
culturally spevented from aberated from mediately likf the person wwhere he forgork that one d of the Cong
wards the top Congolesends and closen unanimou
y, might acco
C is alarmingmate etc.) Co
s of survival y men and w a model duf the society.
C translated NATIO
C translated NATIO
per to this study f”, UNDP, Democra
o manage the ri
cultural orig
es is conceraditional soc, in order to r to be consoned above, with the Constituted a verommon). Thie taken over
perpetuate the
pendence failaving internas it, it has aceloping counating wealthate sector. Ople.
eaking, the Caccessing the the colonize
ke a “masterwho has sucgets that it iscan progressgolese man1
p of the soci man and ely related p
usly demonstunt for the pe
g as confirmorruption has not only for
women in theplicated by a. As mention
ONAL ANTI – COR
ONAL ANTI – COR
from Muzong Kodiatic Governance Co
isk of corruptio
gins and roo
rned, it shouiety of DRCgain the favoidered as hithat the first
ngo Independry brutal systis corruptionr by the coloe system.
l, Belgian aualized the idecquired the dntries, people quickly, as Opportunities
Congolese pee same statuer - colonizedr”, with housecceeded in lifs at the pricesively build f3”. All possibial ladder. Wwomen will
practices. Astrated that thersistence of
med by the ms become a the poorly an
e street. Rapanyone. Thisned above, w
RRUPTION STRAT
RRUPTION STRAT
i who also referredommunity of Practic
on
ot causes of
ld be noted . They mighours of the ks friends or t phenomenadent State untem in the co
n of the spirnial administ
thorities allegea accordingdimension ofe are seekingcompared to
s in the priva
eople experieus as their mad situation, tes, property,fe will noticeae of considerfor oneself able and unthinWith the utte
be tempte far as the se paucity of f corruption in
majority of goway of life,
nd irregularlypid accumulas has profounwith limited o
TEGY – Logical an
TEGY – Logical an
d to: Valeria Izzi, ce Meeting, 15-19 F
f corruption
that the tracht have existking, would ta to be appoia and / or ininder King Leolony (amputrit, in the natration, which
gedly bribedg to which mf a matter of g to become o most of devate sector in
enced coloniasters, they lhey attempte, and to liveably mark therable sacrific fortune: “to nkable practir misery wo
ed to look fubsequent csalaries, polin the country
overnance in“the system
y paid civil seation of wealndly changedopportunities
nd strategic framew
nd strategic framew
“The Democratic February 2010, Da
in DRC12
ces of systemted under aake the libertinted as his tial trigger of
eopold II of Btation of handame of the ch would not h
some high coney or fortu life or deathinvolved in pveloping couDRC are ex
zation as a slived colonizaed literally to in high stylee mental stat
ces (hard wo accumulate ces will be ursened by thfor safety in
causes of coritical and eco
y.
ndicators (com”14. Corruptiervants, soldth by all med the value s in the privat
work for interventio
work for interventio
Republic of the Ckar, Senegal, p. 18
matic corrupt veiled formty of providin advisors. It f corruption Belgium, whods of the natcapital gain hesitate to br
chiefs of Conune providesh for the Conpolitics becauuntries wherextremely limit
source of frusation as a so
o take their ree like the dete of the Conrk, deprivatio
with the leastilized providhe years of n corruptionrruption in Donomic comp
orruption peron is toleratiers and poli
eans has becsystem in DRte sector, po
on. Document obt
on. Document obt
Congo: Building an88.
11 / 58
tion are m in the ng gifts,
is now in DRC o in the ives for and to
ribe the
ngolese s power ngolese use it is e better ted and
stration ource of evenge epriving ngolese on etc.) st effort ded that African , theft, RC are petition,
rception ted and cemen, come a RC and olitics is
ained from
ained from
n Inclusive,
Implement
seen as in societimpose amineralshigher lewith the with impconsider
A fragilecitizens vMillenniuProjectioincome cincome smake intgroup ofresourcecannot dRepublicsituationprolonge(securityparticula
DRC is cfrom a losame timdemocraoverall pover 93 there arerecent pobelow th The forthmajor ch
15 ReferenceDémocratiqu16 Reference17 Detailed anSecurity and18 One commthe security d
ting REDD+ in
the only wayty. Civil servall kinds of a
s to neighbouevel, public fi set rules anpunity by pored very corru
2.1.3
state17 is a lvulnerable to
um Developmons (for examcountries in status. The international ef countries. Se “curse”; othdeliver even c of Congo.s; (ii) deterio
ed crisis or imy, socio-econarly vulnerabl
considered aong and comme a barrieratic electionspolitical situamillion by 20e between 2overty assese poverty line
hcoming preshallenge for
e: Contribution papue du Congo selon : Advice on REDD+nd more in-depth in Ethnicity) Working
mon measure of stadimension, are incr
n DRC – How to
y to accumulvants have “pad hoc finesuring countrinances are p
nd regulationolitical appoiupt and has r
3. Governa
ow income co a whole ranment Goals, ample, World B
the future gncreasing pro
engagement Some are trahers (and mthe most ba In terms o
orating govermpasse. A frnomy, monete to internal
as a “fragile”mplex war, a and an opp organized intion is relativ
020. Approxim200-250 diffessment was ce.
sidential andthe impleme
er to this study frola méthodologie PE+ design of financianformation on whatg Paper N°51 datedate fragility is to usreasingly being use
o manage the ri
ate wealth aprivatised” th to civilians.es. Magistrapoorly managns15. The resintees to rarecently been
ance and co
country charange of shocka group of 35Bank18, 2008iven that maoportion of frand developapped in a v
most of themsic services
of dynamics,nance enviroragile state istary etc.) duand external
” state in its nd most pub
portunity). Prn the countryvely stable. Tmately 1% oferent languacarried out in
d parliamentaentation of th
om Muzong Kodi wEFA », March 2008al mechanism in thet is characterized ad January 2009 avase the World Bank'ed.
isk of corruptio
nd provide fohe delivery o The military
ates extort bged with relasources of stise funds fon targeted in
orruption in t
acterized by wks. While ma5 to 50 coun8) state that fany better peragile states pment assistavicious cycle) face a leg to their citize, fragile statonments; (iii)s significantlyue to the wel shocks and
early stage blic institutionresident Josey since 1965The populatif the populat
ages, mostly n 2005 and e
ary elections he REDD+ R
who also referred to8. e Democratic Repu
as a fragile state caailable online : http:'s Country Policy a
on
or one’s grouof public servy occupy sevribes from c
atively few putate-owned eor their polit the governm
the context
weak state cny countries
ntries (dependfragile stateserforming lowwill, without ance less eff of violent coacy of poor ens, which istes include situations ofy susceptible
eakness (or domestic an
of transition ns are still ueph Kabila w
5. At the exceion is estimaion is indigen “bantu”, andestimated tha
scheduled toReadiness Ph
o: « Mesure de la
ublic of Congo – Scn be found on the f://www.crise.ox.ac.nd Institutional Ass
up and onesevices for theveral mines icitizens who ublic contractenterprises htical parties.
ment’s action
of a fragile s
capacity and/ are making ding on the ms will constituw-income coa strengthenfective. Counonflict and p governances the case to(i) post-conf gradual impe to crisis in lack) of its i
nd internation
to a democrunder construwas elected eption of theated at 70 mnous. DRC red more thanat approxima
o take placehase. Indeed
performance de la
canteam, Analysts afollowing paper: CRuk sessment index, bu
elf, and to seeir gains. Thein Eastern Care supposets being awa
have continu The justice against corr
state16
/or weak stat progress towmeasure useute an even ountries will gned model fontry contextspoverty, or sue; many emeo a degree wflict/crisis orprovement; aone or moreinstitutions. nal conflicts.
racy. The couction (whichin 2006 follo Eastern par
million, and isepresents a
n 200 ethnicately 70% of
in Novembed it will be v
gestion des financ
and Advisers – NovRISE (Center for R
ut more complex in
ecure one’s pe police inve
Congo and sed to be triearded in accoed to be plue sector hasruption.
e legitimacy wards achieved) is falling larger share graduate to r dealing with
s vary widelyuffer from a erging from awith the Demr political traand (iv) situae of its sub-sIt is a state
ountry has emh representsowing the vert of the couns expected todiverse socie
c groups. Ththe populatio
er 2011 repreery difficult t
ces publiques en R
vember 2010 Research on Inequa
ndexes, for exampl
12 / 58
position ent and muggle d. At a
ordance undered s been
leaving ving the behind. of low-middle-h them, y in this
natural a crisis
mocratic ansition tions of
systems that is
merged , at the ery first ntry the o reach ety and e most
on lived
esent a to have
République
ality Human
e including
Implement
politicianpersonne ThereforEnvironmimportanany case The recemany asother keyshorter cminister The firstelected gand is pugovernanmacroecsector deState Authe envirstrategy capabilitythe lack action inthe lives AlthoughJustice) early to nTIs Corrinterviewclearly min DRC lack of a
19 Latest draf
ting REDD+ in
ns’ involvemeel may result
re all the effoment and hisnt for those ine, a period of
ent amendms an opportuny decisions fcampaign timand governm
Poverty Redgovernment tublicly availance and decconomic manevelopment.
uthority, Pillarronment, and is explicitly y to deliver aof political w general. The of the citizen
h some of thare clear on notice any sigruption percews, that the “mentioned thais generally vccountable g
ft of the DSCRP da
n DRC – How to
ent to focus t from these e
orts that havs cabinet, mnvolved in thef flotation and
ent of the conity that will drom the Stateme, and the ment.
duction and Gthat came int
able19. The kecentralizationnagement, p These priorir 2 – Growth d fight again stated as aaccording to
will remain fune governmenns, in many p
he governme their intentiognificant chaeption index zero tolerancat the lack ofvery high an
governmenta
ated March 2011 is
o manage the ri
on REDD+ aelections as
ve been madmight need to
e implementad reduced ac
onstitution adecrease thee. There will, elected Pre
Growth Strateto office in Aey priorities in, security republic financties are artic sectors, Pillast climate ch
a priority undthe priorities
ndamental prnt is also seeparts of the c
ent officials ons to commanges, and th
and the Doice” is still a sf political will
nd it is also tl institutions
available on http://
isk of corruptio
as their priorwell.
de so far foro be restarteation of RED
ctivity should
nd the electe weight of po, of course, b
esident will h
egy (DSCRPpril 2007. Thn the documeform relate
cial managemculated arounar 3 – Accesshange; and Pder Pillar 4.
s set in the Droblems. Thisen as detachcountry, and t
and highestit to strength
he country stiing Businessslogan rathe also affectshe case in thmakes a RE
/www.dscrp-rdc.org
on
rity will be on
r bringing oned with any
DD+ to be flex be expected
tion law, estaolitical alliancbe reduced ohave greater
P) was complhe latest draftment are: stru
d to the poment reform,nd the followis to basic soPillar 5 – Fig However th
DSCRP. Poors situation uned and disintthe security s
authorities ening the figill ranges ams survey. It ir than an eff the highest he forestry sDD+ implem
g/
n winning the
n board polit hypotheticaxible and to r
d if new team
ablishing theces on the mopportunities freedom of
eted in 2006t of the seconctural and adlice, military, and econong pillars: Pi
ocial and pubght against Hhe authoritiesr accountabilndermines thterested fromservices are
(mainly the ght against co
mong the worsis also commfective policyechelons of
sector and fomentation proc
e elections. C
icians, includl new entranrevisit the tim
ms are to be p
e one-round management o
to build polit action in ap
6, and was land DSCRP isdministrative and justice
omic diversifillar 1 – Govelic services,
HIV / AIDS. Ts have yet tity and transe overall sup
m the challenalso distruste
Head of Staorruption, in st ranked onmonly recogny. Some othethe State. Th
or REDD+ recess all the m
Changes in p
ding the Minnts. It is, themeline if requput in place.
election is sof the State, ical alliancesppointing the
ater endorseds dated Marc reforms to im
e sectors, imfication and ernance, peaPillar 4 – Pro
The Nationalto demonstra
sparency, as pport to govenges that unded.
ate and Minpractice it is indices suchnized, follower interviewehe risk of corlated activitiemore challen
13 / 58
political
nister of erefore, uired. In
seen by and on s during e prime
d by the ch 2011 mprove
mproved private
ace and otecting REDD ate the well as ernment dermine
nistry of still too h as the
wing our es also rruption es. The ging.
Implement
2
There isCountrieNatural rdevelopmeffectivesuch as and corrrelationsendowmsocial grnatural redevelopmnatural rinstitutioabundantradable
DRC is Industrialogging abrief, indexports have beesuccess Muzong step towwith a vcountry. requiringto closinawardingexceptiotitles anduntil aftewith tax
20 Refer to: “C21 Reference22 Abel Léhttp://www.ch
ting REDD+ in
2.2. Governa
2.2.1
a growing bes endowed wresources oftment coopera donor action oil, gas, minruption risksship betweenents is a fert
roups may viesource manment outcomresource mannal arrangem
nt resources extractive in
2.2.2
located withal logging hasand smugglindustrial loggicould be asen several at has been lim Kodi in that s
ward definingiew to increa It also purpg that local pg the gap beg forest concnal circumstd renewing oer the compleregulations.
Corruption in Natur: Harvard Internatioéon Kalambayi hathamhouse.org.u
n DRC – How to
ance in the f
1. The “cu
body of evidwith natural rften provide fation are richn. The risk ofnerals and m in the fores
n corruption tile ground foie, can resulnagement symes in termsnagement syments in placmanifested adustry relate
2. Governa
hin the worlds great potenng prevent thng companie much as settempts to re
mited so far. study. The 2 the missingase the con
ports to presopulations beetween modecessions by tances.22 Theor extending etion of the
ral Resource Manaonal Review: http://wa Kabongo, “
uk/files11385_1712
o manage the ri
forestry sec
rse” of natu
dence that naresources, ofertile groundhly endowed f corruption c
metals, to renstry sector aand natural
or corruption.t in a high lestems themss of economystems is a pe to govern tand still man
ed products (c
ance in the f
d’s second ntial to generhis potential fes contributeeven times heform forest gEfforts have 002 Forest C forest law. Itribution of t
serve the ecoe consulted ern law and making invit
e Congolesethe existing evaluation o
gement – An Introd/hir.harvard.edu/ec“La politiquer fo207report.pdf.
isk of corruptio
ctor and RED
ural resource
atural resourn average, gd for corrupti with natural cuts across nnewable resoand REDD+resources is
. The existenevel of rent-sselves, leadin
mic growth aproduct not otheir use. Thnifests itself icopper, diam
forestry sec
largest tropirate massivefrom being tre less than 1higher than ogovernance w been noted dCode, which t aims at prothe sector toosystems anby the state customary latations to tene governmenones. This m
of the logging
duction” – 2008 avaonomics-of-nationaorestière de la
on
DD+
e abundanc
rces can somgrow more slion20. Since aresources, th
natural resouources such are a real s twofold. Fince of appropseeking behang to the subnd/or povertnly of the resis is particulain a very obv
monds, cobalt
ctor in DRC
cal forest a revenues to
ranslated into% of GDP,
official figurewith support during the lareplaced theomoting ratioo the economnd biodiversibefore grantaw. It also imnder mandat
nt also declamoratorium wg contracts th
ailable on http://wwal-security/the-reso
RDC : l’Agenda
e
metimes be owly than coa substantiahese contextrce sectors – as forests, fchallenge torst of all, thepriable resouavior. Secondb-optimal usety reduction.source endowarly true for Dvious way. Dt, petroleum,
fter the Amao the State; ho economic gand there ar
es (Internatio from the intest decade, a 1949 law go
onal and sustmic, social aty of the forting rights formproved trantory and res
ared a moratwas extendedhat had bee
ww.U4.no ource-curse-reviseda prioritaire et
a curse rathountries withol number of s pose a par– from non-refisheries ando address ine presence
urce revenuedly, corruptio of these res The level owments at st
DRC21 whereDRC resource gold, silver,
azon Basin:however the cgrowth. Accore indications
onal Crisis Gernational cos reported in
overning the tainable man
and cultural drests for futur forest resounsparency instricting singltorium on grd by a 2005 n cancelled
d le Code forest
her than a blout such resopartner coun
rticular challeenewable resd land. Goven DRC. Theof natural res, for which
on may occusources, and of corruptiontake, but also mismanagemes include al zinc, coltan,
the Congochallenges ording to a U4s that actual
Group, 2006)ommunity. Hon the paper frforest sector
nagement of developmenture generatiources, it cont the procedue-offer contr
ranting new presidential for non-com
tier », 2007, av
14 / 58
lessing. ources.
ntries in enge for sources ernance e basic esource various r within to poor n within o of the ment of ll major etc.)
Basin. of illegal 4 policy l timber . There owever, rom Mr. r, was a forests t of the ons. By tributed ures for racts to logging decree
mpliance
ailable at
Implement
Howeversector, tcivil servthese meand of lo1966 Bawhich lathe legalartisanal As notedexisting been grahectaresbeen explimited inhave spothat inevresulted be an oassignmwould beFurtherm • The
indu• The
voice• The
wea
The limistakeholweak insexploitatnational to date. Athat the ssector anaround 2The decethe proveven wecoordina 23 Theodore T
ting REDD+ in
r, these meahe weak ins
vants; this is easures hasogistical andkajika law (wnd belongedl and regulat logging is ob
d above in 2ones, and panted and 2s were operapressed by lonvolvement ooken to menvitably casts in October 2ongoing morent and fielde suspended
more:
2002 Foreststrial logging new legal frae for women administrativk or have stil
ted impact oders to reforstitutional antion of resoulevel, implemAccording tosize of the innd industrial250.000 cubicentralization incial and loc
eaker than thated capacity Trefon, “Forest Gov
n DRC – How to
sures have ntitutional capmainly due to
s been the dy institutional
which recogn to the local ory framewobsolete, thus
2002, Presidpromulgated .4 million heating under focal NGOs oof civil societntion the lacka veil of sus2008 with theratorium on visit, we und
d by end of J
t Code and g governanceamework req and indigenove, logistical ll not been pu
of forest govrm a systemnd governanurces. Moreomentation at our discussi
nformal wood logging (mac meters. process shocal levels. Thhey are at th building effo vernance in Congo
o manage the ri
not been fullypacity, insuffo the lack of ysfunctionali controls. A ised the state populations)
ork governings leaving a lo
dent Kabila a forestry co
ectares reinsfictitious conver the legalty and local k of transparspicion over te announcemnew concesderstood thaJune 2011, h
accompanyine; quiring increaous people; and institutiout in place.
vernance refm from which
ce structuresover, whereathe local leveon with repre
d, timber marainly timber a
ould be seizehis is absoluthe central leort bringing to
o: Corruption Rules
isk of corruptio
y implementeficient qualifie financial mety or even afurther impee as the sole). The conveg industrial loophole that i
declared a ode. Howevetated. Seventact details review procecommunity r
rency and limthe procedurment that nussions. Follo
at the Ministryhowever this
ng president
ased public c onal control m
forms can m they benefits create fav
as some proel (in provincesentatives orket and tradeand wood pro
ed as an opptely vital as tvel. REDD+
ogether seve
s?”, U4 Brief, no. 5
on
ed due to inaed forestry pans. Another
absence of pediment has e owner of lanrsion of logg
ogging has bes liable to be
moratorium er, subsequen companies(Internationaess of all logrepresentativmited commures used by merous deal
owing our dy of Environm was strongl
tial decree h
consultation h
mechanisms
mainly be attt in its prese
vourable conogress has bces and remoof the Industre is estimateoduction from
portunity to rethe administr implementaral sectors o
(2nd edition), Septe
dequate politprofessionalsr important o
public consultbeen the unnd in DRC) aing titles haseen updated
e used for larg
on new foreent studies fos with concesal Crisis Grouging contrac
ves. The locaunication arothe Governmls would be iscussions ament initially y denied by
ave been lar
has reinforce
envisaged fo
tributed to aent form. In ditions for c
been achieveote locations)rial Wood Feded to be 10 tom large scale
einforce the crative, logistic
ation, if propef the provinc
ember 2010.
tical will to figs and poorly bstacle to thtations of the
neasy co-exisand customas not yet bee, that relatingge-scale logg
est concessioound that nessions totalinup, 2006). C
cts, especiallyal NGO repreound the ovement. The revcancelled, a
and interview announced t the Ministry
rgely unsucc
ed social imb
or forest man
a lack of incaddition, the
corruption, pred in forest ) remains a sderation in Do 15 times lae concession
capacity in thcal and institerly done, coial and local
ght corruptio equipped ane implementae local popustence betwery law (accor
en concludedg to communging activities
ons, cancellew concessiong over one
Concerns havy with respecesentatives t
erall review pview processnd that therews held durthat the mora’s Chief of C
cessful in im
alances with
nagement are
centives for e general conredation andgovernance
significant chDRC, we underger than thens) which sta
he forestry setutional contrould be a m administratio
15 / 58
n in the nd paid ation of
ulations, een the rding to
d. While nity and s.23
ed 163 ons had million ve also ct to the that we process s finally e would ing the atorium
Cabinet.
proving
limited
e either
various ntext of d illegal at the allenge erstand
e formal ands at
ector at rols are
model of on.
Implement
It is alsocivil soccrafting amisapprogovernan The tableof forest Table 1: Finding: Wimproved Forestry iunscrupuloucorrupt offiand practprocess. Eprimarily a social challe
The ovehereaftepresenteREDD/Fdiscussiomanagin • A na
the RBodyfundREDDecrsocieComMinis
24 Source : U25 A study “Treport is curr26 This is pre27 Ministère d28 Décret n°0de la Defores
ting REDD+ in
o important toiety stakehoas they are liopriations ofnce).
e below sum governance
Weak forest
Weak forest gov
s a high-stakus actors to accicials. Constantlytical norms gonvironmental gov technical issue;enge that has to
2.2.3
rall institutior. A decree b
ed in the decCPF joint mons at the C
ng the prepar
ational REDREDD procey, provides f. It also esta
DD (MECNT2
ree on 28 Juety and repre
mmittee is chsterial Decre
U4 brief, “Forest GoThe political econorently being finalizesented in more det
de l’Environnement09/40 du 26 novemstation et de la Deg
n DRC – How to
o mention thalders. The laikely to be a f the forest
mmarizes gen in DRC, follo
t governance
vernance that n
kes business commodate themy renegotiated overn this accvernance is not ; it is a political, be dealt with.
3. Snapsho
nal structureby the Prime cree is the r
mission in JaCabinet Meeration for the
D committeess, approvesfor the monitablishes the f27 2010:15-16une 2010. Itesentatives faired by the
ee n°09/4028 vernance in Congomy of the REDD+
ed and has not beentails in the R-PP that, Conservation de
mbre 2009 portant cgradation des Forêt
o manage the ri
at communityaw anticipate major tool fot (community
neral recommowing a U4 b
e and sugges
needs to be R
that allows mselves with rules, codes commodation – in DRC – , ethical and
•
•
•
•
ot of curren
e governing Minister (N°result of a p
anuary 2009.eting before REDD proce
ee, in charges the work ptoring, controforms of man6). The MEC consists of
from indigeno Secretary G dated 26 No
o, Corruption rules” in DRC” has beenn made public. at has been prepar la Nature et Touriscréation, compositits, « REDD » en sig
isk of corruptio
y-based forees these typor forest many forest ma
mendations24 brief on fores
sted general r
R1: Suggested r
• Environmento help loca
• The creatiohelp put Co
• Greater intestrategies problems ocommunitie
• Increased ainvolved in
t REDD+ Go
the REDD p09/41) was s
participative e. This structbeing appro
ess in DRC e
of decisionsplans of the Iol and evaluanagement an
CNT announc 14 memberous and loca
General of Enovember 200
– September 2010n conducted by co
red for REDD readisme ion et organisation igle.
on
st managempes of schemnagement witanagement a
that have bet governance
recommenda
recommendatio
ntal education anal populations baron of enabling coongo’s forest econegration of respemust conseque
of distrust, as wees. and more systeforest governanc
overnance b
preparation psigned on Noexercise conture was lateoved by decrestablished b
s and strategnter-Ministeration of the Rnd redistributced the mems, including l communitienvironment a09, from the
0 nsultants (Judicaë
iness phase in DRC
de la structure de
ment is a crucmes. The UNth an equalityactually em
een formulatee in DRC.
ation25
n
nd awareness cargain into forest gonditions to attranomy on track. ect for local logicntly take into a
ell as gender and
ematic capacity-bce.
bodies in DR
process in Dovember 26, nducted by aer debated aree by the Py the decree
gic direction. rial CommitteREDD procetion of subsidbers of the Nmembers fro
es, private seand Nature CPrime Minist
l Fétiveau and Aug
C.
mise en œuvre du
cial battle forN-REDD proy dimension,powers com
ed to addres
ampaigns about governance strateact responsible p
cs and belief sysaccount a host d generation gap
building and trai
RC26
RC is descr 2009. The inall stakeholdand slightly Prime Minist
e are notably
It defines thee and the Ness, and impdies and resNational Comom the DRCector and acaConservationter’s office pr
gustin Mpoyi) on b
u processus de Red
r the grassroocess suppor, and to avoid
mmunities in
ss the issue o
rights and respoegies. private sector pa
stems. Forest go of cleavages, ps that character
ining for all stak
ribed and illunstitutional sters during thamended fo
ter. The inst the following
e overall direNational Coorlements the ources deriv
mmittee by MC administratademia. The in the MECrovides the li
behalf of the World
duction des Emissi
16 / 58
ots and rts their d major forest
of weak
onsibilities
artners to
overnance tensions,
rize forest
keholders
ustrated tructure he UN-ollowing titutions g:
ection of rdination national
ving from inisterial
tion, civil National NT. The st of the
d Bank, the
ions Issues
Implement
14 mselecselecmeesubmques
• An decisexpethe ion 2Tourand DecewhonatuRED
• Natipartilargeassisplanfor cCoo2009ExpeNatioSecralso
• A scprov
ting REDD+ in
members of cted. Howevcted. Followi
etings betweemitted for endstion of the le
Interministesions. It alsoerts, both nanterconnecte
28 June 2010rism (presideUrban Plann
entralization; took an actre of DRC’s
DD with those
onal REDDcularly respoe, operationasts in the prning (i.e. thecoherent RErdination ent9. The entity ert, an Informonal Coordinretary Gener the focal poi cientific convide scientific
n DRC – How to
the Nationalver the decring our interven various dorsement toegitimacy of t
erial commio designates tional and inedness of for0 announced ent); Agricultning; and Fin; and the Mintive part in ths forests ande of both of th
coordinatioonsible for thal team, with roper functioe National CoEDD implemity was estab initially inclu
mation, Educanation body ral is assistedint within the
nsultancy, tec and technic
o manage the ri
l Committeeree does noviews we undNGOs platfoo the Ministrythe designate
ittee, in cha responsibilit
nternational. Trestry and ot the participaure; Energy;nance (memnistry of Infrahe preparatio
d the countryhese ministrie
on (already e implementmore than a
oning of the ommittee andentation by blished beforded a Nationation and Cois overseen
d in his dutie ministry for
echnical comal advice to t
isk of corruptio
, it also expot explain hoderstand thaorms represey of Environmed represent
arge of plany for the exeThe establisther sectors ation of the fo Mines; Lanbers). Consp
astructure, Puon of the DRy’s plans to es will be req
in operationtation of UN- dozen fully-dauthorities r
d Inter-Ministsupporting
re the Nationnal Coordinatommunication by the Sec
es by the DireREDD and fo
mmittee of nthe REDD pr
on
lains how thow the 7 not they are deentatives anment. This patives.
nning the imecution of thehment of thisin DRC. The
ollowing minisd Tenure Affpicuous by tublic Works aRC’s RPP (Mdevelop and
quired.
n) in chargeREDD and Fdedicated proresponsible fterial Commiand coordinal Committeetor, a Chief Tn Expert, andcretary Geneector of Sustor the UNFC
national and rocess.
he 7 governmon-governmeesignated onnd other stapractice is no
mplementatioese decisionss committee
e Ministerial Dstries: Enviroffairs; Planninheir absenceand ReconstMECNT: 201d to decentra
e of coordinaFCPF. The Nofessionals. for REDD ottee). As its
nating differee and the IntTechnical Add administrateral of Envirotainable DeveCC.
international
ment relatedental related the basis ofkeholders, t
ot fully transp
on of the Ns to relevant reflects an aDecree publionment, Natung; Rural Dee are the Mitruction. Thes0:9). Consid
alize, harmo
ating day-to-National RED
The Nationarientation, dename sugge
ent stakeholdter-Ministeriavisor, an Inteive and finanonment fromelopment in t
experts, is y
representat representatf a consensuhe names a
parent and po
ational Com state structuacknowledgeshed by the
ure Conservaevelopment; nistry of Intese are two m
dering the exnization of p
-day activitieDD Coordinatal Coordinatioecision-maki
ests, it also pders. The N
al Committeeernational Tencial assistanm the MECNthe MECNT,
yet to be cre
17 / 58
tives are ives are
us during are then oses the
mmittee’s ures and ement of MECNT ation and Housing
erior and ministries xpansive plans for
es, and tion is a on body ng and rovides
National in May
echnical nts. The NT. The
who is
eated to
Implement
Figu
2
Recent sThese w
UNDP doccur in also suffcorruptio• Bribe
do s• Cron
reso• Emb
posit• Exto
throu• Frau
rece
29 1) UNDP Addressing g
ting REDD+ in
ure 1: Current
2.3. Corrupt
studies29 fromwill be outlined
2.3.1
defines corru both the pubficiently broaon, accordingery refers to omething in
nyism and cources and pobezzlement ition as an ag
ortion is the uugh the use oud refers to eiving false or
Report dated Nov
governance and co
n DRC – How to
t REDD bodi
ion risks in
m U4 and UNd in this sect
1. Defining
ption as theblic and privaad to includeg to UNDP, w the act of ofreturn. Bribelientelism reositions, regas the misap
gent or guardunlawful demof force or than intentionar misleading
vember 2010 – Starruption challenges
o manage the ri
ies in DRC
REDD+
NDP have cleion of the stu
g corruption
e “misuse of ate sectors, a corruption w
which are refeffering someos can also befer to the fa
ardless of theppropriation odian. mand or rece
reat. al misrepres information.
aying on track: Tacs in schemes for RE
isk of corruptio
early mappedudy.
n
entrusted pand may invowithin and byerred to in thione money, se referred to avourable treeir objective qof property
ipt of propert
sentation whi
ckling corruption riEDD
on
d and identifie
ower for privolve corrupt iny non-governis study are dservices or o as kickbackseatment of frqualification.or funds leg
ty, money or
ich is done
sks in Climate Ch
ed corruption
vate gain”. Mnteraction benmental actodefined belowother inducems, hush moneriends and a gally entruste
r sensitive inf
to obtain an
hange. And 2) U4
n risks and c
Many agree etween the twors. The mosw: ments to persey, or protectassociates in
ed to someo
formation to
n unfair adva
report dated Febru
hallenges in
that corruptiwo. This definst common fo
suade him otion money. n the distribu
one in their
induce coop
antage by gi
uary 2011 - REDD
18 / 58
REDD.
ion can nition is orms of
r her to
ution of
formal
peration
iving or
D integrity :
Implement
• Granof go
• Nepoexplo
• Patroappo
• Pettyand deliv
• Politpers
• Stateformcorru
Several developiyears. Cactors wrules andare listed Table 2: Stage in Land pla
Harvestin
Transpor
30 More detai31 Sources: T
ting REDD+ in
nd corruptionovernment. otism is a fooits his or he
ronage refersointments to y corruption,officials and
very, such astical corruptiosonal enrichme capture is w
mation of lawuption.
2.3.2
studies and ng countries
Corruption in where financia
d regulationsd and summa
Links betwe
progress anning
ng
rtation
ils can be found in
Tacconi et al (2009)
n DRC – How to
n involves bri
orm of favouer power ands to the suppgovernment also called b generally ta
s in health caon is the mis
ment, or bothwhere the sta
ws, rules and
2. Corrupt
investigations. This has nthe forestry
al or status-rs. Some of tharized in tabl
en corruption
Corrupt actInterest groudesign and Large-scaleexchange fo
Corruption lagricultural Loggers bribwithout legaissuance of Logging opeobtain logginforestry reguLogging conover-harvesLoggers bribtransport of
the U4 report dated) and Brown (2010)
o manage the ri
ibery or the e
uritism that in authority to port or spons jobs, or to dibureaucratic
akes place wre, where pe
suse of politic. ate is held cad regulations
ion, illegal l
ns have demow been recsector is in
related incenhe main linkse below.
n and defore
tivity ups bribe publicimplementation farmers bribe p
or agricultural s
imits private invland be forestry offical permits, or to such permits erators bribe locng permits not ulatory framewoncessionaires psting is not monbe public officia illegally logged
d February 2011 - )
isk of corruptio
embezzleme
nvolves famiprocure jobssorship by aistribute cont corruption, i
where public eople use pubcal power fo
aptive by thes to serve th
ogging and
monstrated thcognized by most cases tives are offes between co
station31
c officials to sken of land use plapoliticians in ubsidies
vestment in
cials to harvest speed up the
cal officials to recognised by tork
pay bribes so thitored
als to allow d timber
REDD integrity : Ad
on
nt of huge su
ily relationshs or other favo patron (a wtracts for worinvolves low policies are blic services.r private gai
actions of inheir own priv
deforestatio
hat corruptionthe worldwidassociated w
ered (or sougorruption and
Possibleew ans
ContributallocationContributproductivattract suProtects fagriculturContributallocating
the Contributharvestin
at Contributsystem foContributfor illegal
ddressing governan
ums of mone
hips. Its mosors for relativ
wealthy or infrk. level contacbeing implem. n for preserv
ndividuals, grvate interest
on30
n is a signifide forest poliwith interactight) to deviatd deforestatio
e impact on detes to deforestan process and etes to deforestavity (farmers delubsidies) forests by limitiral land tes to deforestag harvesting rig
tes to deforestang not allowed w
tes to deforestaor monitoring lotes to deforestaly harvested tim
nce and corruption
ey by those a
st usual formves. fluential guar
cts between cmented. It is
ving or stren
roups, or firmts. This is a
cant enablercy communions betweente from an aon described
forestation ation by undermenforcement of ation by reducinliberately use la
ng investments
ation by foregoinhts
ation by facilitatwithin the legal
ation by foregoinogging activity ation through famber
challenges in sche
at the highes
m is when a
rdian), e.g. to
citizens, busi common in
gthening pow
ms who influe way of ‘leg
r of deforestaty for more tn public and greed framew
d in recent lit
mining land use land use plansng agricultural and inefficiently
s in extension o
ng legal system
ing forms of system for fore
ng the establish
cilitation of exit
emes for REDD
19 / 58
st levels
person
o make
inesses service
wer, for
nce the galizing’
ation in than 10 private work of terature
y to
of
m for
estry
hed
-routes
Implement
The samas summ Table 3: Governanlevel National
Sub-natio
Local or
And the Table 4: Type of mMeasuresregulatoryframewor
Measuresaccountabtranspare
32 Sources: T33 Sources: T
ting REDD+ in
me U4 report marized in the
Possible cor
nce Corr
AgrimecRED
PubPolitOfficdoubAgricons
onal AgriimplareaAgriof co
project REDpermREDcredLoca
possible mea
Possible nat
measures s to improve y and institutionrk
s to improve bility and
ency
Tacconi et al (2009)Tacconi et al (2009)
n DRC – How to
also summae table below
rruption risks
ruption risk
cultural or timbchanism DD project deve
lic officials or pticians and sencials responsiblble-count projeccultural or timbservation laws cultural or timbementation, or
as cultural or timbonservation lawDD project hostmanence/additioDD project hostdits al administrator
asures to add
tional anti-co
Possi
nal Land uframewstakehowner
Land uplus insysteminstitutsector
) and Brown (2010)) and Brown (2010)
o manage the ri
rizes the posw.
s and challen
er conglomerat
elopers bribe na
oliticians bribe ior officials extre for reconcilincts er conglomerat
er conglomerat weaken REDD
er conglomeratws bribes official monality of the pr intentionally in
rs extract rents
dress those r
orruption mea
ble foci use planning prwork (regulationholder participatrship or profit rig
use planning; cnstitutions); regum for non-carbotions; statutory r involvement in
) )
isk of corruptio
ssible challen
ges for RED
tes bribe nation
ational politician
technical staff tract rents from g REDD projec
tes bribe nation
tes bribe sub-naD policies, in the
tes bribe sub-na
monitors either roject creases emissi
from environme
risks in RED
asures for RE
rocess; allocations plus institutiotion (including fghts from forest
reation of REDulatory framewo
on benefits (incl oversight institn REDD projects
on
nges and cor
D32
nal politicians to
ns or senior offi
to skew nationaREDD revenue
cts with nationa
nal officials resp
ational politicianeir
ational officials
to overstate av
ons in lead-up
ental service sc
D, as summa
EDD33
on process for lons); Statutory forest communit uses.
D baseline dataork for forests; uding field-baseutions; data ons.
rruption risks
o undermine es
cials to promote
al baseline dataes l accounting tak
ponsible for fore
ns and public o
responsible for
voided emission
to implementat
chemes aimed
arized in the
ogging concessoversight instituities, civil societ
a; developmentallocation proceed monitoring); donor support
s for REDD b
stablishment of
e fraudulent RE
a
ke bribes from p
est protection to
officials to opt ou
r forest protectio
ns or understate
tion in order to b
at benefiting lo
table below.
sions; developmutions; framewoty, private secto
t of REDD framess for logging demand-side a to REDD proje
by Governanc
national REDD
EDD schemes
project develop
o ignore violatio
ut of REDD
on to ignore vio
e problems of
benefit from hig
cal communitie
ment of REDD ork for broad or); formalisatio
ework (regulati concessions; Maccountability cts; data on pri
20 / 58
ce level
D
pers to
ons of
olations
gher
es
on of
ons MRV
vate
Implement
MeasuresenforcemMeasuresdeforesta
As stateupon the(phase 3
Figu
Based uconsiderto be mehigh-ranrelationswhere thcompaniassociateindividuaprivate g At the Ibenefit frwill be inbe entice During misapproexclusionyoung peand deny 34 More detai35 Reference
ting REDD+ in
s to improve lawent s to reduce renttion
2.3.3
d in the UNe phase being3) of REDD+.
ure 2: REDD p
upon analysired significanentioned thatking civil ser
s with logginghey operate es are also ves of politic
als or groupsgain.
mplementatrom REDD+.ncentivised toed to issue fa
the distribuopriation of n of minorityeople. REDDying the form ils and definition of : Paper from Mr M
n DRC – How to
w Capac
ts from Reformpalm p
3. Address
DP report (dg considered. The figure b
phases in DR
s35 the probnt in all of thet a number orvants, are ag companiesare in forestvying for con
cians and ths of people w
tion Phase, . Besides, proo ignore illegake logging ti
ution of RErevenues by
y groups, esD+ would themer a chance f these phases can
Muzong Kodi on this
o manage the ri
city building to s
m of national foplantations).
sing corrupt
dated Novemd, namely thebelow provide
RC34
bability that e phases abof politicians,
allegedly engs. Congoleseted areas. Inntracts to expey may the
would be kee
the above-movincial and
gal logging bitles or carbo
EDD+ reveny powerful i
specially indigen have the p to move out be found in the R-s study.
isk of corruptio
state prosecuto
restry taxation
tion risks in
mber 2010), te readiness pes an overvie
corruption wove. Grand a including tho
gaged in indue armed forcvestors are
plore oil in forefore enjoy
en to influenc
mentioned grlocal servanty industrial c
on rights.
nues and bnterest grougenous peopperverse effet of poverty.
PP spell out that ha
on
rs, formal anti-c
system; addres
REDD+ in D
the corruptiophase (phaseew of the pha
will threaten and political ose in the goustrial and arces are also also increasrested zones
y protection ce the design
roups would ts will be vulncompanies, a
benefits, theups may repple, and othect of increas
as been prepared f
corruption instit
ssing rents from
DRC?
on risks that e 0 to phaseases in DRC
the implemcorruption w
overnment cirrtisanal logg involved in ingly interes
s. Many of thfrom them.
n of the natio
continue to nerable to brartisans or lo
e current prpresent a riser vulnerablesing the gap
for REDD readines
tutions, judges a
m land uses that
may affect R 2) or the im.
entation of will be a perm
rcles and Paing. Many hamining and ted in agribu
hese investorIt is therefo
onal REDD+
bring their iribery by the ocal commun
ractices of esk. Their ime groups, su between the
s phase in DRC.
and court officia
t replace forest
REDD+ will dplementation
REDD+ in Dmanent threatarliament, as ave also kepsome of the
usiness in DRrs are also buore likely tha framework f
nfluence to same groupsnities. They w
embezzlemepact would uch as wome poor and th
21 / 58
als.
s (e.g.
depend n phase
DRC is t. It has well as pt close e mines RC. Oil usiness at such for their
bear to s. They will also
ent and be the en and he rich,
Implement
The table Table 3: Phase Readiness
Implementa
Dealing graft, thehave rec • A pe
themof thall cpersand increimpa
• Thistheirrightthenenviappr
• Therfundsyste
• All ea paadvisupcosoonadeq
36 Reference
ting REDD+ in
e below illust
Typology of
(phase 0 to phas
ation (phase 3)
with these e enduring cucommended t
ermanent diam on the long
is dialogue wconcerned tosuaded that th
the reductioeased incomact on the ca dialogue sh
r rights and rts, and effect become geronment likeroach of promre should beds for all theems for publi
efforts shouldarticular concsors of the oming implemn be submittquate measu : Paper from Mr. M
n DRC – How to
trates and su
f corruption m
se 2)
risks of coulture of imputhat the follow
alogue shoug-term benefwould be to c support thehey also wouon of corrupe for their coreers of all thould be carrresponsibilitietively take paenuine intere DRC whermoting gover a systemate stakeholdeic finance ma
d be made focern for the National REmentation of ted to the Mures have b
Muzong Kodi on this
o manage the ri
ummarizes th
more likely to
TSitoo Gvcilpf
orruption in unity in the cowing initiative
uld be maintafits of REDD+convince the smooth impuld have somption could communities. Those who supried out in paes under theart in and inflrlocutors andre there is inance can asic effort to bers involvedanagement ar the promotiNational REDD Coordina the Nationalinistry for va
been taken
s study.
isk of corruptio
he type of cor
occur per ph
Type of corruptiState capture, efindividuals and gthe military, mighorder to benefit tof ‘legalizing’ cor Grand corruptionvalue timber frocorruption, in wimplementing RElogging), or are bphase is also moflow.
REDD+ willountry and thes should be
ained with po+ for their co powerful groplementationmething to gacontribute toThis may strpport the scharallel with a e Forest Coduence the di
d informed “insufficient pssist in reducbuild up thed in the foresand procuremion of maxim
EDD Coordination, we unl REDD projealidation andto address
on
rruption that
hase of REDD
ion that us moreffected through ggroups, such as ht seek to influenheir private intereruption.
n and political coom REDD+), thiwhich the low EDD+ are bribedbribed to create ore likely to involv
be a majorhe weaknesse considered
oliticians and ommunities aoups and indi of REDD+.
ain. They sho the effectivrengthen poliheme. sustained e
de. This will piscussions on“watchdogs”political will cing graft.
e capacity anst sector. At
ment at the prmum transpar
ation team. nderstand onect registry. Ad enforcemen
corruption a
is more likely
D+ implemen
e likely to occurgrand corruption politicians, loggice the design ofests or to entren
orruption (e.g. las phase may ato mid-level pu
d to ignore routifraudulent land tve the risk of em
challenge gs of the relevato adequatel
senior publicand their ownividuals that For this to hould be convive implemenitical and soc
effort of eduput them in an the govern of the impat the highe
nd provide tttention shourovincial andrency with resBased upon
ne of the keyA manual hant. The revieand money
y to occur pe
ntation in DR
r and political corng companies, a a country’s natioch their political
rge bribes to exalso involve theublic officials wne breaches of titles or carbon ri
mbezzlement as R
given the ramant institutionly address th
c officials witn careers. Thit is in the cohappen, theyinced that imtation of REcial stability a
ucating citiza better posiance of RED
plementation est echelons
training in thuld also be pa local levels.spect to RED
n discussionsy measures as already beew of the malaundering
er phase.
RC
ruption, in whichagribusiness andonal REDD+ frampower. This can
clude large areae additional riskwho are respon
REDD+ laws (eights. The implemREDD+ revenues
mpant naturens. Some anahe risk of corr
th a view to ehe ultimate ponsidered intey would need
mproved goveEDD+ and reand have a p
zens about Rition to defen
DD+. Citizens of REDD+.s of the sta
he managemaid to strengt
DD+ in DRC.s with the tetaken so far
een drafted aanual revealrisks by me
22 / 58
h powerful d possibly mework in be a way
as of high of petty
nsible for e.g. illegal mentation s begin to
e of the alysts36 ruption:
educate purpose erest of d to be
ernance esult in positive
REDD+, nd their s would . In an te, this
ment of thening
This is echnical r is the and will ed that
eans of
REDeREge
Implement
transques• P• POth• P• A
o• E• E
• Otheleve• t• t
ce
• Tc
The tablehave bee
EGULATORY (esesign of national EDD+ frameworkenerally
ting REDD+ in
sparency. Tstionnaire etcPromotion ofProvide carber specific obPromote tranAvoid doubleof projects) Ensure the cEnsure that per tools musrage for transthe Monitorinthe MOABI icommunity fecosystems.The recent dcontracts and
e below alsoen identified
Actors InvolvNational
stablishing the r
k Parliamentariapolitical elitesinternational anational loggincompanies, inscale agribusi(palm oil, sugasoy, jatropha)multinational, corporations, developers, m
n DRC – How to
These includc. The main of environmenon credit usabjectives of t
nsparency ane counting an
contribution toprojects contst also be cosparency, the
ng, Reportingnitiative of Wfor sharing,
donor Governd concession
o provides a gin the UNDP
ved Provin
rules) ans, , and ng ndustrial iness, arcane, ), project,
military
o manage the ri
de among objectives of ntal and sociaage rights to the registry cnd provide acnd secure inv
o economic gtribute to the onsidered asese are amo
g and VerificaWWF which is
editing, and
nment “Nations, as well as
good overvieP report. Poss
ncial Loca
isk of corruptio
others: “Kn the registry aal integrity ofattract the pran be summ
ccurate reporvestments (m
growth, and c developmens opportunitieng others:
ation system s a powerfuld discussion
nal Resources revenues fr
ew / snapshosible anti-cor
Coral
Staunddesstra Pol Gra
on
now You Care : REDD projerivate sector arized as folrting minimize the
compliance wnt of the natioes to addres
following the a mapping s of issues t
e Governancrom oil and m
ot of the corrrruption meas
rruption Threats
ate capture allowdue influence to asign of REDD+ ategy
itical corruption
and corruption
Client” mea
ect in REDD lows:
risk of errors
with social anonal strategy ss corruption
e UNFCCC gsystem that that could a
ce matrix”, fomining.
uption risks asures are als
s Corrupt P
wing affect
Undue inpolitical ecompanieagribusinprepare anational Rframeworprepare athat will bpowerful
asures, anti-
s, double cou
nd environme (coordinationn risks in RE
guidelines, establishes a
affect the su
orcing the gov
associated wso suggested
Practices A
nfluence by elite, logging es, ess, etc. to
a weak REDD+ rk, or to a framework benefit interests
Cfothfraecas McodeRnaan
-money laun
unting and re
ental standarn and sharingEDD+ and u
a collaborativustainability
vernment to
with REDD+ ad in the last c
nti-Corruption m
orruption risk assollowed by a detahrough analysis oamework, possibconomic and socssessment
Multi-stakeholdersonsultations at alevelopment of naEDD+ frameworkational strategy, lnd regulations)
23 / 58
ndering
eporting
rds g)
used as
ve user of vital
publish
as they olumn.
measure/s
sessment, ailed and of proposed bly under an cial impact
s l stages of ational k (including legislation
Preinitpla(sp
Lares
Allca
Selevemlev
Dedissys
Implement
eparation of tial land use ans for REDD+ patial planning)
and and natural source tenure
ocation of rbon rights
etting reference vels / mission referencevels
esign of benefit stribution stems (BDS)
ting REDD+ in
Ministry/ Depaof Planning Ministry/ Depaof Forestry
Parliament, poelite, departments oplanning and
Parliament, poelites, powerfulogging compaproject develo
e
Ministry/depaof Forestry Political elites Powerful loggagribusiness companies
Ministry of FoMinistry of FinPolitical elites
n DRC – How to
artment
artment
Goverprovinlevel lplanne
olitical
of forestry
olitical ul anies, opers
rtment
s
ing or
restry, nance, s
Politic
o manage the ri
rnors and ncial and use ers
Locagoveplann
cal elites Polit
isk of corruptio
al ernment ners
StacorcorREresresindiothcom
Stapolresrecoland
Stacorcoran of clega
Stacorcoran onat Col
ical elites Stafavcroweama
on
ate capture, politrruption, grand rruption influencDD+ land use plaulting in failure topect rights of igenous peopleser forest-depend
mmunities
ate capture and litical corruptionulting in a failureognize customard tenure
ate capture, politrruption or grandrruption resultinginequitable allocacarbon rights undal REDD+ framew
ate capture, politrruption, grand rruption resultingover estimation oional reference le
llusion
ate capture, voritism, nepotisonyism resulting ak design of finannagement system
tical
cing ans, o
and ent
Undue inbribes tohigh valuconcessioREDD+, wpressing areas whalready bdegradedlogged) toincluded land use
n to ry
Undue inbribery toin failure competincustomartenure, so‘political etrump cusclaims and capturevenues
tical d g in ation
der work
Undue inlink carborights to Sland titlesconcessioexcludingcommunicontrol ofresourcespossibly Rrevenues
tical
g in of evels
Undue inartificiallybaseline excess ca‘skimmedofficials adate; or totimeline acircumsta
sm, in ncial m
Undue inBDS whicinfluencereceives revenuesbenefits
nfluence or o exclude e timber ons from while for other ich have
been d (selectively o be in REDD+ plans.
Escrplristocapo Ainmac
nfluence or o resulting to recognize g rights of ry land o that elites’ can stomary
ure REDD s
CadAsofcore
fluence to on State owner s or logging ons, thus g customary ties from f carbon s (and REDD s)
Cmofal
nfluence to y inflate so that an be d’ by corrupt at a later o set and national ances
CesbaSveba
nfluence on ch s who REDD+
s and
Imfin Pmovim
stablish objectiveriteria to guide lananning decisionssk’ factors to iden
o be covered, soilarbon sequestratotential, biodivers
ll decision makindividual decision
made publicly avaccessible format.
apacity building fdministration secssistance to NGOften assist customommunities with legistration proces
lose analysis thromultistakeholder c
f proposed carbolocation rules
lear guidance onstablishing aselines to be givBSTA, with third erification of nomaseline
mprovement of punancial managem
ublic financial repmultistakeholder b
versee design anmplementation of
24 / 58
e nd use s (e.g. ‘at ntify forests l suitability, ion sity values).
g rules and ns to be ilable in an
for land ctor. Os who mary land ss.
ough consultations on rights
n
ven by party
minated
ublic ment
porting, body to nd BDS
IMLaad
Splanexacare
Ca
Came
Implement
PLEMENTATIOand dministration
pot rezoning of nd to permit (or xclude) REDD+ ctivities in specificeas
arbon rights
arbon easurement risks
2
Money laby whichnumber The metcomplexwarning is “open high for c
As highliBank onand hasnascent "Fraud c
37 Source: htt
ting REDD+ in
N OF REDD+
c
s
2.4. Money L
aundering is h the proceeof criminal athods by wh
x. In 200937 athat the UN's to wide abuscriminal gang
ighted by Pe illegal fores not been ta forest carbocould include
tp://www.guardian.
n DRC – How to
Land adminofficia
Logginopera Carbo
Plannofficia Projecdevelo
Publicofficiaforestr
Laundering
the practiceeds of crime acts, includinghich money already, mans programmese”. Interpol,gs to seek to
eter Youngertry:"Alarm be
aken into accon market. I e claiming cre
co.uk/environment
o manage the ri
nistration ls
Landadmoffici
ng tors
on brokers
Locapubliloggiopercarbo
ing ls,
ct opers
Locaplannoffici
c sector ls in ry sector
Locapublioffici
risks in RED
of disguising are made tog drug dealinmay be laun
ny experts, ine to cut carbo, the world's take advant
, Interpol envells are ringincount by the will report toedits for fore
t/2009/oct/05/un-for
isk of corruptio
d inistration ials
Bricordev
al level ic officials, ing rators, on brokers
Bri
al level ning ials
Briactorescarindiothcom
al level ic sector ials
Petdevnat
DD+
g the originso appear legng, corruptionndered are vncluding inteon emissionsleading polic
tage of REDD
vironment crng. It is simp people whoo the bank thsts that do n
rest-protection
on
bery by multinatiporations, projecvelopers
bery
bery by corrupt ors of public officulting in the loss bon rights for igenous peopleser forest-depend
mmunities
tty bribery by projveloper or at sub-ional level
s of illegally-ogitimate. Then, accountingvaried and c
ernational pos by paying pcing agency,D schemes.
imes specialply too big too set it up… that REDD snot exist or w
ional ct
Bribery oadministrofficials tocompetinclaims toto create land titles
Bribery osector offchange than area toexclude R
cials of
and ent
Bribery tcompetincarbon rigfraudulenregister c
ject -
Public seoverestimamount oemissionor carbonsequeste
obtained mone money invog and other tcan range inlice, politiciapoor countrie said at the t
list and autho monitor. Th Organized cschemes arewere not prot
of land ration o overlook g customary land title, or fraudulent s
Ctraad R
of public ficials to he zoning of o allow or REDD+
Ppurere
to overlooks g claims to ghts or to ntly create or carbon rights
Cad Acarepu R
ector officials mating the of carbon reductions n ered
C
ney. Ultimateolved can betypes of fraun sophisticatns and cons
es to preservetime that the
or of a new re potential fo
crime syndica open to widtected or by
apacity building aansparency in landministration sec
ecourse mechan
ublic notification ublic submissionsezoning applicatioezoning decisions
apacity building fdministration sec
ll applications to arbon rights and egister rights to bublicly available
ecourse mechan
-MRV procedure
ely, it is the pe generated ud, and tax etion from simservationists e their forest chances we
report for theor criminalityates are eyede abuse," hland grabs. I
25 / 58
and nd
ctor
nisms.
and call for s for all ons and s
for land ctor
register decision to e made
nisms
es
process by any
evasion. mple to started
ts was / ere very
e World y is vast eing the he said. It starts
Implement
with bribdocumenplanning
Fragile claunderinare coveresponseinvestmedormantinadequabanking suscepti
There arYears ofCorruptio
It is absoaccreditaThis shoexperts would ha
ting REDD+ in
bery or intimints too… Ca
g REDD."
countries witng risks. DRered by threee to internatent. The Act since it waate training asector, a dy
ble to money
re numerousf fighting haon at all leve
olutely vital thation and homould include from the Fin
ave to be doc
n DRC – How to
idation of offarbon trading
th poor instiRC’s controls e main piecetional pressu criminalizesas passed aand a lack oysfunctional y laundering.
s opportunitieave exacerbals of society
hat Anti Monemologation psome form o
nancial Intellcumented rig
o manage the ri
ficials, then t transcends
itutional capa for anti mons of legislatiure and in
s money launand supervisof political wjudicial syst
es for econoated the crois extensive
ey Launderinprocedures thof robust Knigence Unit.
gorously and
isk of corruptio
there's threa borders. I do
acities like Dney launderinon. These inan effort todering and th
sion has beewill have all ctem, and ina
omic gain thrss-border traand is comm
ng (AML) chehat are beingow Your Cli Evidence o in full transp
on
ts and violeno not see any
DRC are mong and counnclude the A make DRChe financing en extremelcontributed tadequate en
rough the illiade in arms
monly accepte
ecks and prog developed ent (KYC) q
of backgrounarency.
nce against y input from
ore exposedntering the finAnti-Money LC a more at of terrorism.y poor. A to this. Poroforcement, a
cit trade of s, drugs, diaed as norma
cedures be iby the Nationuestionnaired checks by
those people any law enfo
d and vulnernancing of teaundering Attractive des Much of thecash-based
ous borders,all make the
DRC’s vast monds and l business pr
mplementednal REDD Co that should
y the Financ
e. There areforcement ag
rable to the errorism (AM
Act 2004, enastination for e legislation h
economy, p a poorly reg
e country ext
mineral resoother illicit g
ractice.
and includedoordination in be developeial Intelligen
26 / 58
forged gency in
money ML/CFT) acted in foreign
has lain poverty, gulated tremely
ources. goods.
d in the n DRC. ed with ce Unit
Implement
3. POL
3
In order ratified tSADC PCombation 24 ACulture oMemoraGovernmDecemb• Outl• To p
as aAt the etook partthat was
Followingdiscussiocorruptiocan servgood stastrengthe• A pro• A dr
requ• Draf• Draf
Lutte• Draf
la CoThe strata draft ac• Just
ting REDD+ in
LICY FRAME
3.1. Current
3.1.1
to counter ththe 8th Uniterotocol againng Corruptio
August 2004,of Asset Discndum of Und
ments as weer 2009, withine and prop
provide the D National Cond of this Fot, participants submitted to
3.1.2
g our reviewon with varioon effective ive as the basarting point, ened / backeoposed logicraft impleme
uired for this)ft bill on the pft bill on the ce contre la Cft bill on the corruption) – Gtegy documection plan in ice and secu
n DRC – How to
EWORK, IMP
status of th
1. The beg
he spread of ed Nations Cnst Corruptioon which it ha a General closure. In orderstanding ell as UNODh the followinpose an Anti -Democratic Rordination
orum, in whics formulatedo the Congole
2. Policy g
w of the lateous interviewn the countr
sis for the wa although m
ed up by sevecal and strateentation plan prevention ancreation, orgaorruption) – creation, orgaGovernment ent has also t the following
urity systems
o manage the ri
PLEMENTAT
he national s
ginnings of a
corruption anConvention An in 2007 anas already siCooperationrder to carry (MoU), was
DC. A Nationng key object- Corruption
Republic of C
ch more than 104 resolutiese governm
gaps and sug
est draft of wees, it is recry. It should ay forward. Tmany analysteral in depth egic framewo (2011 to 2
nd repressionanization andIndependentanization and Agency for ttried to identig key streams (justice, poli
isk of corruptio
TION MECHA
strategies an
a National A
nd to restrictAgainst Corrd is preparingned. The H Agreement out the visio signed on 1nal Anti – Cives: UndersLegal and In
Congo with ef
n 450 delegaons which le
ment in Octob
ggested rec
the Nationacognized thathowever be he National Ats consider studies, by p
ork 013) that st
n of the corrud functioning t Commissiond functioninghe Fight agaify and assess: ce, army etc
on
ANISMS & A
nd initiatives
Anti-Corrupti
the damageuption (UNC
ng to join the Head of State emphasizin
on of the two18 February Corruption Fstand the currstitutional Frffective and e
ates from Bued to the drafber 2010.
commendatio
l Anti-Corrupt there is stilmentioned tAnti-Corruptithat it has
providing the
till need to b
uption in the c of CIELC (Cn of Ethics an of the AGLC
ainst Corruptiss the state o
.)
ACTORS AGA
s to fight co
ion strategy
e it can causeCAC), includi African Unioe signed, withg the Promo Heads of St2008 betweorum coordirent status ofamework in Defficient Anti
usiness, Civifting of a Nat
ons
ption strategl a long waythat a significon Strategy to be revisi following:
be finalized
country Commission Innd the Fight aC (Agence Gon
of corruption,
AINST COR
rruption in D
y
e, many Stating DRC. DR
on conventionh his South Aotion of Ethictate, a trilateren the DRCnated by Of corruption iDRC ; – Corruption
l Society andtional Anti –
gy document to go to macant effort haDocument isited by a po
and revised
ndépendanteagainst Corruouvernemen
, and propose
RRUPTION
DRC
es have signRC also joinn on PreventAfrican Councal Values aral Anti - Cor
C and South CEP took pn the country
n Structures
d Public InstCorruption S
t and followake the fight as been mads considered ool of exper
(but assista
e d’Ethique euption
ntale de Lutte
ed the priorit
27 / 58
ned and ned the ing and
nterpart, and the rruption African
place in y
as well
titutions Strategy
ing our against de, and to be a rts and
ance is
et de
e contre
ties and
Implement
• PolitPubl
• Econspendebt
• Soci As identi• The • Ther
that • Ther
mancorruDRC
• The rema
3
In perfocorruptio“Corruptvery deta
The CouFebruary • To in• To a• To m• To a• To a
The Conmembersannual reis also rmanagem
38 Source: “C
ting REDD+ in
tical sector, lic Administranomy, Financnding, Publict managemeno-Cultural se
ified and men legal framewre is an urgeare involvedre is a need tdate to fightuption body t
C; national straains a challen
3.2. Key acto
rming our aon and we haion and Goveailed descrip
3.2.1
urt of Auditoy 1987. Its m
ndependentlyaudit the accomonitor the reaudit public paudit tax colle
nstitution alss be appointeports submrequired to ment of fund
Corruption and Gov
n DRC – How to
Public Admiation etc.) ce and Natur
c oversight, bnt, Public finaector (Educat
ntioned abovwork to fight cent need to p in the fight ato implement corruption, wthat has the c
ategy shouldnge.
ors against
assignment wave conducteernance in thtion of the in
1. The Cou
ors, the suprandate is:
y audit the geounts and maeimbursemenrocurement p
ection and ex
o provided tted by the pitted to the preport to thes and budge
vernance in the DR
o manage the ri
nistration an
ral Resourcebusiness climance, Naturation, Media, P
ve, the key prcorruption (derform a ma
against corrut a centralizewhich causecentralized m
be prepared
corruption,
we have reved various inthe DRC duristitutional rol
urt of Audito
reme auditin
eneral publicanagement ont of loans duprocedures axpenses incu
that the Couresident bas
president ande relevant mt.
RC during the transi
isk of corruptio
nd Internation
es (Public promate improveal resources mPublic Heath
riorities to adraft bills) shopping of all eption;
ed approach.s the issue o
mandate, acc
d and enforc
what role ar
viewed the cterviews to cng the transile of each org
ors
ng institution
c finances andof public enteue to the statand contractsrred on the g
urt of Auditored on the re
d the Nationaministries, th
ition period (2003-2
on
nal Aid (illici
ocurement, Sement, monemanagementh, Civil Societ
ddress the poould be clarifientities, gove
Currently, mof diluting thecountability a
ced in the co
re they play
current rolesconfirm our ution period (2gan tasked to
of the coun
d the executierprises te s government g
rs should reecommendatal Assembly he prime min
2006)” by Muzong K
t enrichmen
State revenueey launderingt, land tenurety etc.)
olicy gaps caned and enfor
ernmental ag
many institutioe overall respnd responsib
ontext of the
ing38?
s of the instnderstanding2003-2006)”o fight corrup
ntry, was cre
ion of the gov
general budg
port to the Nion of the Naon the auditsnister and th
Kodi
t, corruption
es and budgeg, civil servae etc.)
n be summarced as soongencies, and
ons have porponsibility, ability to fight c
decentraliza
titutions taskg. The report by Muzong ption in the co
eated by La
vernment bu
get
National Assational Asses of public inhe National
and bribery
et executionnts’ salaries,
rized below: n as possible other stakeh
rtions / pieceslso there is ncorruption to
tion process
ked with comt from AugusKodi also prountry.
aw no 87–00
dget
sembly, and mbly. In addstitutions, theAssembly o
28 / 58
y in the
, Public , Public
; holders,
s of the no anti- date in
s, which
mbating st 2008: ovide a
05 of 6
that its dition to e Court
on their
Implement
The Coube “toothunderfun • Lack• Poor• Lack• Lack• Ove• An o
fund• An a The UNDactive onunderstarecommeand NatUNDP G
The Inspbe a speexpectedcould inpresiden • Cont
adm• Ensu• Audi
the s• Cont
the F• Ensu
lega In an envnecessa As mentbut is als • Lack 39 A snapsho
ting REDD+ in
urt of Auditorshless”. It lacnded and und
k of resourcer and limited k of political wk of opportunrdependence
outdated legaamental prin
ageing group
DP Governann this groundand that theyend this initiaural Resourc
Governance P
3.2.2
pectorate is recial unit. It hd to undertakitiate a miss
nt’s office (for
trol the implinistrative boure that the init the financistate or of whtrol tax, custoFinance miniure that all thl and regulat
vironment thary resources
ioned aboveso considered
k of resource
ot of the UNDP Gov
n DRC – How to
s is supposeks independderstaffed. In
s (both finan access to infwill : all repornities for perse on externalal frameworknciple for any of judges th
nce Programd39, we havey are also wative to contince ManagemProgram in D
2. The Gen
responsible fhas recently ke audit assigsion on its ormerly by the
ementation odies nternal audital operationshich the stateoms and accster or the Phe units in chtory provision
at is deeply as to play its ro
this institutiod to be “tooth
s (both finan vernance Program
o manage the ri
ed to play anence vis-à-v
n practice the
ncial and humformation rts and casessonnel for furtl sources of f that does no
y mechanismat needs ren
m 2008 – 201e met the UNworking hardnue. We wou
ment be incluDRC.
neral Inspec
for auditing a(2010) beengnments at town. Howev
e Ministry of F
on a day-to-
units in minis of state ene was a stakecounting situaresident harge of collns as well as
averse to anyole fully.
on is also exphless”. In pra
ncial and hum is available on http
isk of corruptio
important rovis the execue institutions s
man): the inst
s that are subther training,funding evenot guarantee to promote sewal
2 includes aNDP person d to buildinguld also sugguded in the
ctorate of Fin
all public bod placed undehe request o
ver, it is reqFinance). The
-day basis o
istries and denterprises, oreholder ation of any p
ecting taxes instructions
y kind of con
pected to plaactice the inst
man):
p://www.cd.undp.org
on
ole in reducinutive branch suffers from:
titution only r
bmitted to the for the oper its administrsound govern
pillar related in charge of the capacit
gest and recoprogram. Ap
nance
ies, includinger the aegis of the financeuired to have Inspectorat
of the budge
ecentralized rgans and pr
person or bo
and spendin relating to th
ntrol, the Insp
ay an importatitutions suffe
g/mediafile/PNUD_
ng corruptionof the gover
receives 10%
e National As
rating budgetrative and finnance
d to Judicial f the technicties of the Commend thatppendix 7 al
g the Ministryof the presid
e minister, thve its annuate is mandate
ets of the go
administrativrivate enterp
dy that is lia
ng state revehe posting of
pectorate is m
ant role in reder from:
_D_pliant_Program
n in the countrnment and
% of its alloca
ssembly go u
t ancial indepe
and Securitycal assistancCourt of Audt a specializelso provides
y of Financedent’s office. e president o
al programmed to:
overnment an
ve bodies arerises which w
able to taxatio
enue comply operations
marginalized
ducing corrup
mme_Gouvernance.
try, is considis poorly eq
ted budget
unheeded
endence, wh
y governancece for this pilditors. We caed training on a snapshot
, of which it uThe Inspectoor any ministe approved
nd of decen
e well organizwere subsid
on, at the req
y with and ap
and deprived
ption in the c
29 / 58
dered to uipped,
hich is a
e that is lar and an only n REDD t of the
used to orate is try, or it by the
tralized
zed ized by
quest of
pply the
d of the
country,
Implement
• Poor• Lack• An a• The
from• The
of th The factan opposerve anformer pit was ce
The Concontrols and secu • Ask • Ask • Sum• Esta
In practichold thereports texplaineand infoconduct d'Ethiquetheir ass There arEconomand Seccommisscommisstranspare In practicto: • Polit• Poor• Lack
ting REDD+ in
r and limited k of political wageing group Inspectorate
m various Min institutional e institution p
that the Genrtunity as wend fight corruresident Féli
entralized at t
3.2.3
nstitution proits implemen
ure informatio
to any one ofor informatio
mmon a minisablish investig
ce the Parlia Executive tohat the goved earlier, thermation, andfor public o
e Professionsets and inter
re 7 permaneic and Financurity commsion. There ision sits onency by impl
ce, as mentio
tical gaming r and limited k of political w
n DRC – How to
access to infwill of Inspector
e has no planistries and frpositioning opotentially be
neral Inspectell as a threauption. We cx Houphouetthe level of th
3. The Nat
ovides that tntation by theon, the Cons
of these institon on a topicster or the hegation comm
ament does no account fo
ernment subme Court of Aud when someofficials, the nnel - Observrests. Unfortu
ent commissncial commis
mission; Envis a key opp the Nationementing a r
oned earlier,
access to infwill
o manage the ri
formation
rs that needsnning tool or rom the Admof the Inspecteing influence
torate of Finat. It can be m
can take thet-Boigny whiche Presidenc
ional Assem
the two-chame governmen
stitution provi
utions an oracal issue ad of one of
missions.
not fully playor its managemits to it, anduditors does e reports are implementavatory of theunately, these
sions in the Nssion, Socialironment anportunity to eal REDD Creporting sys
the Parliame
formation
isk of corruptio
renewal annual approinistration. torate in the ed by the exe
ance has beemanipulated example ofch was conscy.
mbly and the
mber Parliamnt and state des that both
al or written q
the state ent
y its oversighement of thed the advicenot have the
e produced tation of whic Code of Proe provisions
National Ass and Culturand Natural Rensure that
Committee. Tstem to the co
ent is not able
on
oved program
Office of theecutive powe
en recently afor political pf the ‘State Iidered to be
e Senate
ment not onenterprises a
h the Senate
question
terprises to b
ht role over te country’s e that it receiv
e capacity to these are noch is monitoofessional Et have not bee
sembly: Politial CommissioResources ca member o
This is an oommission a
e to play its o
m, and works
President iser in the curre
attached to Ppurposes, buInspection’ in an effective
nly votes theand organs. and the Nat
be questioned
he executiveeconomy is dves from the provide on aot followed uored by the thics), requiren enforced.
ical, adminison; Foreign Rcommission;of the Enviroopportunity nd the Nation
oversight role
s solely on th
subject to dent configura
resident’s offt it could alsn Ivory Coas tool to fight c
e governmenIn order to eional Assem
d by Parliam
e. The capacdependent o Court of Aua regular basp. The proviOCEP (Obs
res Parliame
strative and jRelations co and Land onment and to promote nal Assembly
e over the ex
he basis of re
ebate given ation.
ffice can be so be empowst under the corruption, a
nt budget, bexercise this bly could:
ent
city of Parliamn the qualityditors. Howe
sis expected sion of the c
servatoire duntarians to d
udicial commommission; D and infrastNatural Resaccountabil
y.
xecutive, mai
30 / 58
equests
the risk
seen as wered to rule of lthough
but also control
ment to y of the ever, as reports code of u Code disclose
mission; Defense tructure sources ity and
nly due
Implement
The recemany asother keythe policinvestiga
The roleof profesto criticaprimarily • Low• Poor• Gap• The • Limit• Ram The medRecentlyProgramprofessioand the fand spokis one ofsound greport, tjournalis These efcorruptioissues sinvestiga
Some civenvironmdemonstsociety rwith the “watchdo 40 Source: htt
ting REDD+ in
ent amendmes an opportuny decisions fcy if electedative capacity
3.2.4
of the mediassionalizationally monitor py for the follow
level of profer quality and s in the orga viability and ted publicly a
mpant corrupt
dia are alsoy, it organized
m Coordinatoonalization bfight againstkesman of thf the main saovernance." the CN-REDm. These eff
fforts are criton in REDD.such as job ative journalis
3.2.5
vil society orment specifictrated the fraremains invo local commogs” and in te
tp://www.cd.undp.o
n DRC – How to
ent of the connity that will rom the Stated president y in the Secre
4. The role
a in the fight n. Despite thepublic policieswing reasons
essionalizatio poor diversitnization of m independencavailable infotion.
o widely mad a workshop
or of the Uy means of t corruption inhe Congolesafeguards ag He also und
DD reported forts need to
tical and con However soinsecurity fosts is to be ta
5. The civi
rganizations cally, in theagility of the olved in all m
unity in the erms of mobi
org/news
o manage the ri
nstitution anddecrease thee. Indeed thienjoys a p
etariat of the
e of the med
against corrue recent ands through thes:
on of actors ty of content
media professce of media c
ormation and
nipulated fop on "InvestiNDP Govertraining is hon the DRC.” Ae Governmegainst the abderlined its u
that contac be pursued
ntribute to reome analyser journalists
aken very ser
l society (CS
and non-gove anti-corrup civil society
matters relateprovinces ailization.
isk of corruptio
d the electione weight of ps would redu
parliamentary National Ass
dia40
uption is univd rapid growte media rem
in the media which does sionals and incompanies re lack of critic
r political pugative Journ
rnance progrow UNDP hoAs far as he
ent, Mr. Lambbuse of poweundoubted imcts have beand to be es
inforcing thees and conc and their loriously when
SOs and NG
vernmental option arena.
y (undermined to governand remote lo
on
n law, establipolitical allianuce political gy majority, tsembly.
versally recoh of actors in
mains weak. T
sector; not promote n the standaremains fragilal debate on
urposes. UNalism in the ramme: "Su
opes to contr is concernedbert Mende Oer. It is the mmportance "inen initiated
scalated to th
e role of the mcrete actionsow salary lev investigation
GOs)
organizations. However d by rivalry
ance and corocations. The
shing the onnces over thegaming, and this could b
ognized. In Dn the media The function
the culture ords for pressle; public polici
NDP is engaDRC". Accor
upporting theibute to the pd, the MinisteOmalanga be
most effectiven the fight agto support e level of the
media in the should also
vels. The phyns are carried
are doing exhistory (sinof egos). It rruption for Rey are also
e-round elece managemecould bring s
be an oppor
RC the medilandscape in has been a
of investigativ freedom and
es.
aging in suprding to Mr. Je media notpromotion ofer of Commuelieves "Invee journalisticgainst corruptraining to
e whole coun
framework fo be conducysical and ind out on abu
xcellent workce the tranis however c
REDD+ as ththe ones to
ction is also sent of the Stasome consistrtunity to es
ia suffer fromn DRC, the cnd is poorly
ve journalismd ethics;
pport to the Jean Lavoie,tably througf sound goveunication andestigative jou style for proption." In its foster indep
ntry.
for the fight ted to addrentegrity risksses and crim
k in a rather nsition periocrucial that they are the k play a key
31 / 58
seen by ate and tency in stablish
m a lack capacity fulfilled
m;
media. Senior
gh their ernance d Media rnalism
omoting annual pendent
against ess key s facing mes,
difficult d) has the civil key link role as
Implement
A very rapproachNGOs mchecks pDRC theelected o We can NORAD involvedway RFNextraordproceedithe stand Concerncommunand limita veil of It shouldThe Cathgrassroo
Auditing the receThis willThese fiThey casafeguar
Certificatin the foagreemesupply cprovisionexploitatan integrpurpose internatio 41 Full report
ting REDD+ in
recent paperhes41” demo
might be invoprior engaginere is a certaor designated
refer for exa and implem in alleged mN managed tinary generaings against dards in prac
s have alsonity representted communisuspicion ov
d also be meholic Churchots level, is al
3.2.6
has a key ront ratification reinforce therms can alson also be prds are in pla
3.2.7
tion firms likeorestry sectorent has beenchains in then a softwaretion of wood rated system of the projeonal requirem
is available on ww
n DRC – How to
r from U4 danstrates that
olved in corrung with CSOain opacity ad.
mple to the cented by the
misappropriatthis case shoal assembly the alleged ctice for what
o been exprtatives. The cation aroun
ver the proced
entioned that, which has slso raising aw
6. Auditing
ole to play inn of the OHAe role of theo play an imrovided with
ace.
7. Certifica
e SGS (Socir and REDD
n signed by Se forestry see platform, dand wood pr
m for mappingect is to pro
ments under
ww.U4.no
o manage the ri
ated Februat NGOs themuption is also
Os / NGOs. Tnd lack of tra
case of a repe Rainforest Ftion of fundsould serve asto bring the perpetrator at zero toleran
ressed by lolocal NGO r
nd for exampdures used b
a lot work issigned a MoUwareness of
g firms
n the overall ADA (Organi auditing firmportant role a preventiv
ation compa
iété Générale+ activity, in
SGS with Heector. It includeployment roducts in DRg, inventory, ovide DRC the FLEGT (
isk of corruptio
ry 2011: “Comselves are no effective. TThe issue ofansparency
presentative Foundation N in 2010. Ans “best pract case publicand brought tnce means in
ocal NGOs orepresentativle the overal
by the Gover
s being doneU with the MCatholic poli
Anti-Corruptiisation pour lms in an oveas “watchdo
ve role and r
anies
e de Surveill line with the
elveta Ltd., thudes an exclservices andRC. The techmonitoring awith a robu
(Forest Law E
on
ountering NGnot immune fThere is a nef CSOs repreon how the
of civil socieNorway (RFN audit reporttice”. Indeed and to infothe case to t
n DRC.
over the limes we have ll forest concnment.
e by CSO neinistry of Finticians on the
ion approachl’Harmonisatrall improvem
ogs” and be ireview REDD
lance) may pe EU FLEGThe global leadlusive supplyd technical hnology promnd traceabilitst system foEnforcement
GO corruptiofrom the scoeed to be caesentatives irepresentativ
ety who was iN), it was det clearly show, the organizrm all stakehthe court. Th
ited involvemspoken to m
cessions revie
etworks on bance to jointe ills of corru
h in the countion en Afriqument of the binvolved in aD related me
play a centraT initiative. der in asset y agreementassistance t
moted by Helty of wood pror checking t Governance
on: Rethinkinurge of corruutious and ps also to beves of civil so
in charge of monstrated tws the allegezation immedholders. RFA
his is an exce
ment of civimention the laew process t
budget monitoly promote a
uption.
ntry. This is pue du Droit dbusiness climaudits or foreechanisms t
l role in imprIntervieweesmanagement for 5 yearsto oversee tlveta, namedroducts. We the legality
e and Trade)
ng the conveuption. The rperform back taken serioociety are se
a project funthat the persed wrongdoindiately organA also starteellent way of
l society anack of transpthat inevitabl
oring. For exanti-corruption
particularly trdes Affaires)mate in the censic investigo ensure ad
roving transps mentioned nt and monitos with SGS the entire c
d IC World, inunderstand t of timber to.
32 / 58
entional risk that kground usly, in elected,
nded by on was ng. The ized an
ed legal setting
nd local parency ly casts
xample, n at the
rue with ) treaty. country. gations. dequate
parency that an oring of for the hain of ncludes that the o meet
Implement
Howeversurroundis also cmultilateby the pThereforat this st
3
Althoughanother dsource o
The repoin KenyaCommissimportanoptimal uleadersh Tipping tbeen disother abdependsinstalledwith info The expquality oenforcemreportingaccess, a Potentiareportintechnolostrategycorrupt It shouldrecent inAppendix 42 Full report
ting REDD+ in
r, it should ading the awarcriticized as wral donors an
proceeds earre, although tage it suffers
3.3. Lessons
h it remains due to the co
of information
3.3.1
ort from U4 da” provides sion (KACC)
nt channel fouse of techn
hip, capacity,
the authoritiesmissed, harauses of powe
s heavily on an online tormants anon
erience in Kof anti-corruptment. Howevg should notand interest f
al learning png culture” aogy, implemy. It also sh environmen
d however benitiative fromx 6 the releva is available on ww
n DRC – How to
also be menrd of this conwe understannd the Worldrned by SGSthis initiative s from a nega
s from other
a challenge omplexity andn and highly r
1. The Ken
dated 2010: “an interestin) to improve
or leads on gical solutions and effective
es about corassed, drivener. At the sam reports from
ool to improveymously.
Kenya with ation efforts aer, the legal, be underesfrom all relev
point for DRand whistlebmentation ohows how ant.
e noted that sm the Ministrant recent co
ww.U4.no
o manage the ri
ntioned that ntract which hnd that the ind Bank, wherS. These pro is an opportative percept
r countries (
to benchmad contextual relevant for a
nya case42: W
“Reducing risng approach the quality agrand corrupts depends oe integration
rruption in Kn from their hme time, owim the publice the quality
n online repas well as com cultural, eco
stimated. As vant actors.
RC: This repblowing thaof adequatean anonymo
some progrery of Financommunication
isk of corruptio
many of ouhas not beennvestments freas the inveoceeds will unity to promtion due to do
(Benchmark
ark a topic s specificities a country like
Whistleblow
sks of reportin and describand quantity tion cases es
on a host of into an orga
enya – as inhomes and eng to the inh
c. To overco and quantity
orts system mpensate, atonomic and iwith any IT
ort providesat are comme legal framous reportin
ess in this arece to implemn dated 25 A
on
r intervieween made publifor the first 2estments for tbe calculate
mote transparoubts about t
king) : the ca
uch as the aof each coun
e DRC.
wing as a key
ng corruptionbes an onlin of reports itspecially, thehuman, politnization’s ex
n many placeeven murdereerently coverme the chaly of reports i
illustrates hot least in parnstitutional faintervention
s a very goomon for manmework andng mechanis
ea is being mment a whistApril 2011.
es have criticly available
2 years of thethe other 3 yd based on rency in the fthe process w
ases of Keny
anti-corruptiontry, we belie
y tool to figh
n: Lessons frone tool adop receives abe implementatical, and insxisting work fl
es – is a higed for daringrt nature of cllenge of infot receives, w
ow informatirt, for the gapactors that im, the usefuln
od overviewny African cod strong csm can ma
made in DRCtleblowing m
icized the la. The underlye contract aryears are exp the volumeforestry govewhereby it ha
ya and Indo
on strategy feve this can r
ht corruption
rom an onlineted by Keny
bout corruptioation experie
stitutional facow.
gh-risk endeag to speak oucorruption, effformation cowhich enables
on technologps in laws anmpact the effeness of the s
w on how chountries can
communicatike the diffe
C; we can namechanism. W
ack of transpying financiare been finanpected to be of exportedernance and as been gran
nesia
rom one couremain an im
n
e complaints ya’s Anti-Coron. While cleence illustratctors. These
avour. Peoplut about bribeffective enforllection, KACs it to comm
gy can imprond policy thatectiveness osystem depe
hallenges ofn be overco
tion and puerence in a
me for examWe have pa
33 / 58
parency l model
nced by funded
d wood. REDD, nted.
untry to mportant
system rruption early an es how include
le have ery and cement CC has unicate
ove the t hinder f online
ends on
f “weak ome by ublicity highly
mple the asted in
Implement
This initiwhich isPubliquecorruptiogive a gorganisa2011 budimplemethe stagecitizens,
The repowhere othow an A Anti-corrUnfortunhoweverA compaof the PhWhy wabranches20-year the Philiefficient which coanti-corr The expAnti-Cormeans to Potentia(financiadecentra
43 Full report
ting REDD+ in
iative is in li being coord
es”, COREF)on in the mangreater voiceations, in coldget which w
entation. For es of the dev which could
3.3.2
ort from U4 dthers don't - Anti-corruptio
ruption agencnately, few ofr, the Corruptarison with ahilippines – ilas the KPK, s of the Indohistory? Partippine Ombuanti-corruptio
oncludes withuption agenc
erience in Inruption Strato meet expec
al learning ally and poalization cha
is available on ww
n DRC – How to
ne with the dinated by th). The aims nagement ofe to citizens laboration w
will enable citthe next budvelopment o be used in th
2. The Indbody
dated 2010: “a compariso
on agency ca
cies have bef them have ption Eradicatnother such lustrates thein just five nesian govet of this succudsman doeon court conh recommencies.
ndonesia strotegy is compctations.
point for Dolitically) andallenges in a
ww.U4.no
o manage the ri
Governmenthe Committee
of the stratef public finan in the mon
with COREF, tizens to unddget, the govf the state bhe monitoring
onesian cas
An exceptionon with the Pan fail.
en for a longproduced evition Commiss institution in KPK’s succeyears, able rnment, whilecess can be es not hold.
tribute to KPdations for d
ongly demonpounded by
DRC: A sucd be provida large coun
isk of corruptio
t’s Strategic e on Public egy include
nces. Within titoring and t have producerstand the b
vernment intebudget. In theg and trackin
se43: The ne
n to the rule?Philippines' O
g time a key sdent results sion of Indon a very similess especiallto reach a
e the Philippexplained byMoreover, r
PK’s successdonors and g
nstrates that a strong po
ccessful Antded with adntry like DRC
on
Plan for PubFinance Refimproving trthe framewotracking of tced a citizenbudget and dends to provie process, neng of REDD+
eed for a po
? Why IndoneOmbudsman”
strategy to figand many ar
nesia (KPK) sar neighbourly in investiga100% conviine Ombudsy considerabrigorous pre-s. These andgovernments
success of aolitical will to
ti-Corruptiondequate humC.
blic Financeform (“Comitransparency
ork of this refthe state bun’s budget, ademand that de room for ew skills and
+ revenues as
owerful and
esia's Anti-Co provides an
ght corruptiore seen as beseems to havring country –ating and proiction rate aman has scole investigati-testing of e other factor
s on the esta
an Anti-corruo provide the
n body muman resourc
Reform, theé sur la Réf and reducinform, the govdget. To thia plain langu the governm citizens to fud knowledges well.
d independe
orruption Co excellent ov
n in many deeing rather inve emerged a– the Office
osecuting corgainst top o
ored only a feive powers g
every prosecrs are analyzablishment a
uption agencyese with ade
ust be poweces to be a
e implementaforme des Fing opportunivernment intes end, civil uage version
ment accountully participat will be impa
ent anti-corr
mmission suverview on w
eveloping coneffective. Reas a good exof the Omburrupt public oofficials in alew convictiongiven to KPKcution and azed in the U4nd strengthe
y and of a Nequate powe
erful, indepable to hand
34 / 58
ation of nances ties for ends to society
n of the s for its te in all arted to
ruption
ucceeds why and
untries. ecently, xample. udsman officials. l major ns in its
K, which a highly 4 Issue, ening of
National ers and
endent dle the
Implement
4. OVE
This secand obst The absstrategy Followingcentralizand areObservaPubliqueCorruptiovision an"zero toPubliquereal politPrime MToleranccorruptiopresiden Public fin The IMFgrants thInitiativeRelief In “Reachithe past long devreachingefforts togovernanadvancin Some pfinancesInspectoundersta 44 Source: htt
ting REDD+ in
ERVIEW AND
ction of the retacles - of ini
ence of coor to fight corru
g our discused mechanis being take
atory of the Ce) and the oon Forum), tnd coordinatlerance" cam
e) and the Mtical and / or
Minister’s Office” initiative on. Some obnt to reverse t
nance manag
F and the Wohe debt relie’s final stageitiative (MDRing the HIPC several yearvastating cong the HIPC coo enhance mnce, and refng the countr
rogress is b is still long
orate of Finaand that the f
tp://www.imf.org/ex
n DRC – How to
D EXPERIEN
eport providetiatives that a
rdination anduption and pr
ssions, it appsm to fight cn, including Code of Profrganization othere seemstion / centralmpaign / sloinistry of Jus financial supice), which mfrom the Heservers consthe trend. .
gement refor
orld Bank deef under thee, or comple
RI). AccordingC completion rs in strengthnflict that desompletion po
macroeconomform the socry’s developm
being made g. A reviewance, but wefull report has
xternal/pubs/ft/surv
o manage the ri
NCE FROM G
es a descriptaim to improv
d lack of « leromote good
pears that thcorruption an the creationfessional Ethof FONALC to be a genization. The
ogan is promstice and Hupport from thmakes the taad of State sider the upc
rm efforts of t
ecided in 20 Heavily Ind
etion point, tg to IMF’s mi point demonhening macrostroyed the oint providedmic stability, acial sectors. ment agenda
in this area,w of the Pube understands not been sh
ey/so/2010/car070
isk of corruptio
GOVERNAN
ion of the cuve governanc
adership » a governance
here is a lacnd promote sn of the OChics) within t(Forum Nat
neral agreem effort of de
moted by theuman Rights e higher leveask of theseis seen by m
coming elect
the Governm
10, to suppodebted Poor he country assion chief fo
nstrates the oeconomic pcountry’s ec
d the authoritaddress wea Progress in going forwa
, but the roablic Expendid that its rehared with th
0110a.htm
on
NCE AND AN
urrent status ce, including
at the nationa
k of leaderssound governCEP (Observthe Ministry tional sur la ment that theveloping a ne Ministry o(Ministère d
els of the stae Ministries vmany as a “sion in Novem
ment supporte
ort debt relie Countries Ialso qualifiesor the Democsignificant pr
policy manageonomic and ties with a poaknesses in n each of thrd”.
ad to a sustiture Cycle
ecommendate Ministries i
NTI-CORRUP
and relevant the manage
al level to eff
hip at the nanance. Althovatoire du Cof Public Se
Lutte contreese initiativesnational stratf Public Sere la Justice te (Office of very difficult slogan” rathember 2011 a
ed by the Wo
f worth $12.nitiative (HIPs for debt recratic Repubrogress that ement and p social infrasolicy and refopublic financese areas a
tainable andwas performions are yetinvolved (Fin
PTION INITIA
t experiencesement of corr
ficiently imple
ational level ugh some in
Code d'Ethiqervice (Minise la Corruptis suffer fromtegy to fight rvice (Ministèet des Droitsthe Presidenor even imp
er than an es an opportu
orld Bank and
3 billion for PC). Having elief under thblic of the Con the authoritiperformance structure,” …orm framewocial managemalso sets a s
d sound manmed last yet to be impl
nance and Bu
ATIVES
s - including ruption risks.
ement a cen
to put into pnitiatives havque Professiotère de la Fon – Nationa
m a lack of st corruption aère de la Fs Humains) wnt of the Reppossible. Theffective tool
unity for the
d the IMF44;
DRC. The d reached thehe Multilaterango, Brian Amies have mad following a d
…“The conditiork that guidement and ecsolid founda
nagement ofar by the Glemented. Wudget).
35 / 58
drivers
tralized
place a ve been onnel - onction al Anti-trategic and the onction with no ublic or e “Zero to fight elected
decision e HIPC al Debt mes: de over decade-ions for ed their
conomic tion for
f public General
We also
Implement
EITI in D The GovConferenstrengthethe counas an EIT After somDRC gaaccompl This exeadvisable It shouldlack of p• Limit• The
relat FLEGT i In light opublisherecognizin the forwood intmanagedAction P• Supp
prob• Activ
Agre• Prom
lega• Supp
in th• Safe
inves• Use
Timb 45 Source: htt46 http://www47 Source: htt
ting REDD+ in
DRC45
vernment of nce held in Len transpare
ntry embarkedTI Candidate
me initial diffained momeished includi
ercise shoulde that forestr
d however beolitical will, foted involvem scope shouted companie
in DRC47
of the serioud the EU Fo
zes that the Erestry sectorto the EU, to d forests. Thlan focus onport to timbe
blem vities to promeements betwmoting publiclity when speport for privae forest sect
eguards for fsting in the fo of existing lber Regulatio tp://eiti.org/DRCon
w.digitalcongo.net/atp://www.euflegt.ef
n DRC – How to
DRC early London on 17ency and good on the imp
e Country at t
fficulties folloentum. Thanng the public
d be taken ary be include
e noted that tollowing the p
ment of the civld be expandes.
s environmerest Law EnfEU is an imp are most se improve thehe long-term the followinger exporting
mote trade inween the EUc procuremenecifying timbeate sector initor, such as tfinancing anorest sector tegislative ins
on go rticle/65663
fi.int/portal/news/ne
o manage the ri
on identified7 March 2005od governanclementation the Board me
owing the nanks to the cation of 200
as an opportd in the scop
the entire propublication avil society anded, both in
ental, economforcement, Gportant exporerious. The E supply of leg aim of the Ag broad areascountries, in
n legal timbe and timber ent policies, iner in procuretiatives, incluhe use of vo
nd investmento develop dustruments or
ews_from_africa/ne
isk of corruptio
d the EITI a5, DRC officce of the extof the initiativeeting in Acc
ational electiocommitment7 EITI recon
tunity to imppe as soon as
ocess has beand review ofd local commterms of cat
mic and sociaGovernance art market for
EU FLEGT Acgal timber anAction Plan is:
ncluding actio
r, including aexporting councluding actioment proced
uding actionsluntary codesnt, includingue care procr adoption of
ews_from_drc
on
as a tool to ially announctractive indusve. The Demcra 22 Februa
ons in Marcht of all locciliation repo
prove transpas possible.
een strongly f the 2007 repmunities in thtegories of re
al consequeand Trade (Fcountries wh
ction Plan send to increases sustainable
ons to promo
actions to deuntries ons to guide
dures s to encourags of conduct actions to edures whenf new legisla
resolve the ced its endorstries sector.
mocratic Repuary 2008.
h 2007, the cal stakeholdorts.
arency in the
criticized byports, but als
he process sievenues, and
nces of illegLEGT) Actiohere levels oets out actione demand foe forest man
ote equitable
evelop and im
e contracting
ge private se for private coencourage b
n granting cretion to suppo
paradox of rsement of th Following th
ublic of the C
EITI implemders, some
e forestry se
the civil socso the followince inceptiond in terms of
al logging, thn Plan in 200
of illegality anns to preventr wood comi
nagement. Th
e solutions to
mplement Vo
authorities o
ector initiativeompanies to banks and fedits ort the Plan,
plenty. At thhe EITI princhis public sta
Congo was ac
entation protasks have
ector. It is th
ciety46 denoung main issun in 2005 f extractive i
he European03. The Actiond poor gove the import ong from resphe measures
o the illegal
oluntary Part
on how to de
es for good p source legalfinancial inst
, e.g. the EU
36 / 58
he EITI ciples to atement ccepted
cess in e been
herefore
ncing a ues:
ndustry
n Union on Plan ernance of illegal ponsibly s of the
logging
nership
eal with
practice l timber titutions
U Illegal
Implement
• AddrThe FLElogging session Februarypart of th In 2010,developiEuropeadevelopiREDD o
The EUprogramforestry s
ting REDD+ in
ressing the pEGT Action Pin the worldbetween DRy 14-17, 201he country in
European Fong countries
an Commissing countriesbjectives.
FLEGT andme and REDsector. This i
n DRC – How to
problem of coPlan sets outd’s forests. TRC and the E1 have been its commitm
orest Institutes by providinon and EU
s in building t
d REDD facDD, the keyis an opportu
o manage the ri
onflict timber a range of mThe summarEU and the V made public
ment to promo
e was appoinng effective Member Sttheir capacity
cilities will as internationa
unity that des
isk of corruptio
measures avry of the firsVPA Roadmacly available ote transpare
nted as host support to tates in provy and in imp
ssess linkagal programmeserves close
on
vailable to thest VPA (Volap created don line. This
ency in the fo
of the newlyhe emergen
viding such proving fores
es and stree under devmonitoring.
e EU and itsuntary Partnuring the ne
s demonstraterestry sector
y founded EUce of REDDan effective t governance
ngthen synevelopment to
Member Stanership Agregotiations ines goodwill ar.
U REDD FaciD national fra support. The so as to he
ergies betwe combat clim
ates to tackleeement) neg Kinshasa, Dand progress
lity. It aims toameworks, ahe Facility welp them me
een the EU mate change
37 / 58
e illegal otiation
DRC on s on the
o assist and the will help eet their
FLEGT e in the
Implement
5. SUM
As alrearampantinstitutioto fit in th • Main
longpoweimple
• Thisrespeffecbeco
• Therfor a
• The MOAinforeditibaseprojesusta
Althoughstate is uneed forto designoppositewhile (ii)a strategalso oppcommun This secrecommeit will alsprovided(LT), me
ting REDD+ in
MMARY OF C
ady mentione nature of thns. It is also he following p
ntain a perma-term benefiterful groups ementation o should go o
ponsibilities uctively partakome informedre should be
all the stakeh promotion oABI project rmation in spng, and disce of civil socect holder isainable use o
h, as proposeunder constrr a two-foldedn and implem
e, but comple is more mangic approachportunities tonities.
ction of the reendations to o be indicate
d our appreciaedium term (M
n DRC – How to
CORRUPTIO
ed above, dehe disease, th important topriorities (as
anent dialogts of REDD+ and individuof REDD+. out in paralleunder the Foke in and ind “watchdogs a systematiolders involv
of transparen(http://rdc.m
pace. It is acussion of isciety workings to establisof resources
ed, there is ruction and thd approach oment REDD-ementary. Plenageable and
h that combino tackle corr
eport also pro mitigate bothed at what levation on the t
MT) and shor
o manage the ri
ON RISKS AN
ealing with rishe enduring
o mention tha reported und
ue with polit+ for their couals that it is
el with a sustorest Code. nfluence thes” of the implc effort to bu
ved in the forency is a key moabi.org/fr/p
mapping sysues that co
g in the fieldh an interna in critical eco
need for an he REDD/Clion anti-corrup-specific (or ease note thd will allow thnes both actiruption, espe
ovides a sumh general govvel the actiontimeline for trt term (ST) a
isk of corruptio
ND PROPOS
sks of corrup culture of imat any recomder section 2
icians and semmunities as in the cons
tained effort This will pu
e discussionsementation o
uild up the caest sector anelement to b
propos-du-moystem that eould affect th with internaational commosystems.
anti-corruptiimate Financption: (i) to sclimate fina
hat (i) it is likhe country toions simultanecially throug
mmary of corruvernance issn should be dhe implemenas follows.
on
SED RECOM
ption in REDmpunity in themendation to
2.3 of this rep
enior public nd their ownsidered inter
of educatingut them in as on the goof REDD+. apacity and pnd REDD. be considereoabi). Moabestablishes ahe sustainabational organmunity that m
ion body thace domain hasupport overance specific)
kely to take loo access andneously. REDgh its partici
uption risks asues and REDdeployed: nantation of the
MMENDATIO
DD+ will remae country ano mitigate the
port):
officials withn careers. Threst of all co
g the citizens better posit
overnance of
provide traini
ed as well. Wbi is a powa collaborativbility of vital e
izations basmakes the p
at is credible,as a huge poall anti-corrup) anti-corruptots of time ad duly use cliDD+ does noipatory natur
and findings DD+ specifictional, provin suggested r
ONS FOR RE
ain a major cnd the weakne risks of cor
a view to edhe aim of thisncerned to s
s about REDtion to defenf REDD+. C
ing in the ma
We can for ewerful onlineve user comecosystems.ed worldwidpromotion of
, in a case lotential to alsption efforts ntion mechan
and needs a imate financeot solely brinre that need
together withc issues. To tncial and/or lorecommenda
EDD+
challenge givness of the rrruption wou
ducate thems is to convinsupport the s
D+, their righnd their righ
Citizens wou
anagement o
xample refere tool for t
mmunity for s By connecte, the visionf transparen
ike DRC whso develop, tnation-wide; isms. They massive ende. There is nngs about risds to involve
h the proposehe extent poocal. We hav
ations: long te
38 / 58
ven the relevant ld have
on the nce the smooth
hts and ts, and ld then
of funds
r to the tracking sharing, ting the n of the cy and
ere the there is and (ii) are not deavor,
need for sks, but ed local
ed ssible
ve also erm
Implement
General gFindings /Poor govframeworktransparenlevel, lacmanipulatiprecariousadministraand justice A certain and negalayers of th National sDRC curre
Lack of pthe recenauthoritiesthe Repubabsence oappear thgovernmerarely folloSome of governmethat led ministers propagandappears th
ting REDD+ in
Long TerMedium Short Te
governance iss/ Risks vernance : amk, dysfunctionancy and accock of freedomion of the ps and low sation in generae system;
degree of tolative values, nhe population;
strategies and ently suffer from
political will annt initiatives ts (Prime Ministblic), most of ouof real political what most of tnt are either adowed up by co
our interviewent actions (Phato the dismishad been ca
da purposes inhat impunity is
n DRC – How to
rm Term erm
sues
mbiguous and al judicial syuntability at t
m of the preress for polit
salary levels l, in the armed
lerance towarnotably in the
policies to fighm a number of g
nd general impaken by the ter's Office anur intervieweeswill to fight corrthe initiatives d hoc or go unhoncrete action ees argued thase 2 of the "zssal of severaarried out for a pre-election a major underl
o manage the ri
outdated legastem, lack ohe institutiona
ess and / otical purposesin the public
d forces, police
rds corruptionmost destitute
ht corruption ingaps.
punity. Despitehighest State
nd President os mentioned theruption. It would
taken by theheeded, and areon the groundhat the recenzero tolerance")al judges andr political and context. It alsoying reason fo
isk of corruptio
Proposed ral f
al r , c e
n e
n
OveraUNDPleveragweak g
The vacorrup(“zero Financcoordiaddrescountr
The laa key soon a
The NOCEPneedsstrengstudieshas be2011-2nationaenforcproces
An awlevel, s“code paper OCEPcountr
In termfight cand en
e e f
e d e e . t ) d d o r
This isand if all effoto figgovern
It is imstate omust from (PresidimplemSeptemprovidemeasu
on
recommendatill capacity bu
P Governanceged to addressgovernance. arious initiative
ption and prom tolerance”, Sce Reform, Enated, streamss the overall ry. ack of resources
barrier that neas possible. National Anti-CoP should be ba to revisited bthen / backeds), as significaneen done (a d2013 has beenal strategy sh
ced in the contess, which remaiwareness raisinshould be impleof conduct” of tto fight “anti-v
P has no fundsry. ms of Policy gacorruption (draftnforced as soon
ssue concerns tnot properly adorts and investght corruptionnance.
mportant to raiseofficials and civbe supported the highest adent of tmentation of tmber 2010, cae a frameworkures to be con
ions uilding progra
e program s the cross-cutti
es in the countmote sound g
Strategic Plan ITI, FLEGT) lined and levgovernance is
s (human and feeds to be add
orruption Strateacked up (the
by a pool of ex up by severant amount of qdraft implementn produced) sohould be prepext of the deceins a challengeng campaign, aemented, for exthe public servaalues” are read to distribute th
ps the legal frat bills) should bn as possible.
the higher levelddressed, it cantments that can and promo
e the awarenesvil servants. Thby a very stro
authorities of the Republithe UNCAC, n be a startingk to guide antisidered in the
N
ms under should be ng issue of
try to fight governance
for Public should be
veraged to sue in the
financial) is dressed as
egy led by document xperts and al in depth uality work tation plan o far. The pared and ntralization . at national xample the ant and the dy, but the hem in the
amework to be clarified
ls of power n annihilate n be made ote sound
ss of senior is exercise ong signal the State c). The ratified in
g point and -corruption context of
National Prov
x x
x
39 / 58
incial Local
x
Implement
the prolifer The abs« leadershimplemencorruptionFollowing lack of leaa centralipromote shave beenof the OC(Ministèreorganizatioagreemenstrategic vKey accoOversight
The weakthe major DRC. Oumatter. Thof decadinstability and goverfacilitates underminecreates aNational A(Cour desmonitoringaccountabsound goInspectora
ting REDD+ in
ration of corrup
sence of cohip » at the nnt a centran and promour discussion
adership at the ized mechanis
sound governann and are beingCEP within the de la Foon of FONALCt that these in
vision and coordountable institu are not fully aw
kness of statecauses of the
ur intervieweeshe weakness ofes of conflictthat have destrnance. The wthe developme
es confidence vicious circle.Assembly and s Comptes) ag the use bility (critical toovernance). ate of Finance is
n DRC – How to
ption in the coun
oordination anational levelalized strategmote sound ns, it appears national level tosm to fight cnce. Although sg taken, includie Ministry of nction Publiq, there seems titiatives suffer
dination / centrautions in cha
ware of the statu
e institutions. current extent s were unanif state institutiots and periodtroyed the stat
weakness of stent of corruptionin these institu. It appears nthe Supreme Are not fulfilling
of public o any strategy
The role ofs also currently
o manage the ri
ntry.
and lack of to efficientlygy to fight
governancethat there is ao put into placecorruption andsome initiativesng the creationPublic Serviceue) and theto be a generafrom a lack o
alization. arge of Publicus of this work.
This is one oof corruption inmous on this
ons is the resulds of politicae infrastructuretate institutionsn, which in turnutions, and thisotably that theAudit Institutiong their role infinances and
y for promotingf the Generay limited.
isk of corruptio
f y t . a e d s n e e al f
c
REDD
Raisinnecesseffortssustainfrom (PresidDRC corrupaccounbe amotiva
There amonginstitutfinalizeThe stCoordparticip
There of all other fight ag
There approaoveralcorrupdilutedinstitutcorrup
f n s t
al e s n s e n n d g al
This gbuildindonorspublic directioparticu(MECNwould propertranspstrengdonorsimplemexampbudge
There clarify mandamappinaturaavoid state iunder leverag
on
D+ implementati
g awareness sary prerequisi at national levned and suppothe highest adent of the Repadopts a na
ption and puts intable for this.
adequately funated and compe is a need tog key accountions and a pe the National tructure of theination also npatory approac is an urgent ne
bodies, govestakeholders, gainst corruptio is a need to ach as no antil mandate an
ption to date ind and fragmentions. A strong
ption agency is ngeneral finding
ng framework s are engaged administrationon should bular attention NT, provincial also recommerly and bettarent mannethening of cs appears crucimenting some ple) which couting etc. is a need to p what governmate in terms ong should be
ally promote athe dilution o
institutions. CaUNDP Governged to reinfo
on.
of senior offiite to ensure cvel. This procesorted by a strauthorities of public). It is impational strategyinstitutions in c These institutionded and setent personnelo get a bettentable Public participatory ap
Anti-Corruption Anti-Corruptioneeds to inco
ch. eed to perform ernmental agenthat are involv
on. implement a -corruption bod
nd responsibilitn DRC. The mnted among mg and indepenneeded. g fits within ain which a n
at different levn in DRC. Effobe maintainedto forestry anadministration,
end that theseter coordinateer. Improvemcoordination amial. This could bsort of comm
uld work on i
promote transpament institutionof fighting cor
e performed. Tccountability in
of responsibilitiapacity buildingnance programorce the role
icials is a coordinated ss must be ong signal the State
portant that y to fight charge and ons should
staffed by . r dialogue Oversight
pproach to n Strategy. on National orporate a
a mapping ncies, and ved in the
centralized dy has the ty to fight mandate is many state ndent anti-
a capacity number of vels of the orts in this d with a nd REDD+ , etc.); we efforts be ed in a
ment and mong the be done by
mittees (for ssues like
arency and has what rruption. A These will n order to es among
g programs should be
of public
x x
40 / 58
x
Implement
The lack donors leassistancunanimousat the natimentionedadequate for the asthe coumechanism This coorefficiencyspendingfor a draftthe variouprovided benvironmeactual lacduplicationassistance
REDD+ anFindings /Money laincluding conservatiprogrammcountries wide abuagency, shigh that cof REDD s“Fragile” clike DRC
ting REDD+ in
of consultatioevel in the mce and fight agsly agreed thatonal level. How
d that it was cconsultation a
ssistance (technuntry, includms.
rdination is ney and rationali being allocate organizationalus levels of teby donors and ental sector. Thk of effectivenn of resources e.
nd forest gove/ Risks
aundering riskinternational
ionists startedme to cut carbo
to preserve thse”. Interpol, aid at the timecriminal gangs wschemes. countries with p are more exp
n DRC – How to
on and coordechanisms of
gainst corrupti there is a lack
wever, some intcritical that donand coordinationical or financiding operatio
ecessary in orzation of the red. Please refe chart of the M
echnical and f development ahis situation deess that couldor gaps in the
ernance specif
ks in REDD+. police, pod warning thon emissions bheir forests was
the world's lee that the chanwould seek to t
poor institutionaposed and vul
o manage the ri
dination at thef developmenton Indeed, it is of coordinationterviewees alsonors implemenon mechanismsial) provided toonal suppor
rder to ensureresources and
er to Appendix 3MECNT showing
inance supporagencies in the
emonstrates thed lead to eithee deployment o
fic issues
Many expertsoliticians andhat the UN'sby paying poos / is “open toeading policingnces were verytake advantage
al capacities arelnerable to the
isk of corruptio
oversigAudit Financ
e t s n o t s o rt
e d 3 g rt e e r f
Consuand recan becoordiprovidepercepdilutiongoverncoordiinterpropacityThe inwith cipour laby DFI
Develohighescorrup
ThemaGroup(GIBSconsulbetweegovern
ReinfosynergUNDPvariousthe figsoundsuppobudgethe Su
We wmatrixpreparassista
Suggested, d s r o g y e
e e
It is Laundimplemand hdeveloin DRrobustbe debackgrrigorou
on
ght InstitutionsInstitution, G
ce and the Natioultation mechaneinforced (the ve a good starnate technical ed to DRC, iption of this n of effort. Indenment and at thnation amongretated as a cy of operations nitiative of coorvil society by tha Société CivilID can also be opment partnest level should ption issues withatic Groups ae Inter-bailleuOC) could plaltation and en donors bunment and civil orce the operagies among allP Governances government i
ght against cor governance, nrt to investigt monitoring, an
upreme Audit Inwould recomm to improve red showing ance and level o
d mitigating meabsolutely v
ering checksmented in incluhomologation poped by the Nat
RC. This shoult Know Your Ceveloped withround checksusly and transp
s namely: theGeneral Inspeconal Assembly nisms should various Themarting point) by and financial n order to imissue and to
eed at the level he civil society, g donors is contributing fac and lack of tranrdination of dohe “Groupe Intele (GIBSOC) ca good starting
ers and dono continuously eh the governmend forums sucrs sur la socay an importacoordination, t also betwee society membeational coordin REDD mecha Programme nitiatives in theruption and pronotably as regaative journalisnd building the nstitution end that a m
forest goverthe objective
of effort provide
easures vital that An and proceuded in the acprocedures thational REDD Cod include som
Client controls t experts. Ev
s would havarently docume
Supreme ctorate of be set up
atic groups donors to assistance
mprove the o minimize
of both the the lack of seen and
ctor to the nsparency.
onors’ work er-bailleurs coordinated g point. ors at the engage on
ent. ch as the
ciété Civile ant role of
not only en donors, ers. nation and anisms, the
and the e context of omotion of ards to the sm, public capacity of
multi-donor rnance be es of the ed,
N
nti Money dures be
ccreditation at is being oordination
me form of that should vidence of ve to be ented.
x x
National Prov
x x
41 / 58
x
incial Local
x X
Implement
money lau The needa need to any furthe
Weak forbusiness accommodConstantlynorms gEnvironmea technicathat has awarenesspublicity a
ting REDD+ in
undering risks.
for an anti-co get an anti-corr REDD related
est governancthat allows
date themselvy renegotiatedgovern this ental governancal issue; it is ato be dealt ws programmesctivities.
n DRC – How to
orruption specrruption specia
d activity and / o
ce: Forestry is unscrupulouves with co rules, codes
accommodatce is not – in D political and swith through m as well as e
o manage the ri
cialist. There islist involved foor mechanisms
s a high-stakesus actors torrupt officials and practication processDRC – primarilysocial challengemassive raisingeducational and
isk of corruptio
s r .
Ensuresystemestablito be regardREDDthemaNationcorrup
s o .
al . y e g d
Envirocampahelp govern
The crresponCongo
Greateand strategaccounproblegeneracommmentioshouldeffort o
Increabuildininvolve
In the OCEPPublic"handbcontainthe rurisks, occurr
Fund and coThesestudenNGOsthose also rea praccorrupother toperatREDDwhat tunder instrumGeopo
on
e that an antimatically invoishment of mec created for Rds the establisD Fund, reve
tic coordinationnal REDD ption, etc. onmental educaigns about righlocal populationance strategiereation of enabnsible private so’s forest econoer integration obelief system
gies must cnt a host oms of distrust,ation gaps tunities. In thoned above d be maintainedon educating thsed and mo
ng and trainined in forest gov same vein as
P with the Code de l’Etat, it wobook" on REDDn among otheles and regula
existing toorence, reportingeducational p
orruption risks programs c
nts at Universiti, officials and cof MECNT) anecommend editctical “field han
ption risks, thistopics: a desctional modaliti
D+, the potentiato look for, a d
preparation ments (Interaoll etc.), the su
i-corruption splved for an
chanisms or orgREDD+, in pashment of thenue sharing, n group facilitaCoordination
cation and hts and responons bargain is. bling conditionsector partners
omy on track. of respect for loms. Forest gconsequently of cleavages, , as well as ghat charactere context of a permanent
d in parallel withhe citizens. re systematic ng for all stavernance. it has been doe de Conduite ould be useful toD+ and corruptiors: a brief des
ations relating tols to prev
g mechanisms. rograms on g in forestry an
could be addies, to local cocivil servants (
nd magistrates.ting and dissemndbook” on REs would includription of basicies and regual corruption rescription of ex
monitoring tactive Atlas, uggested “whis
ecialist be ny further ganizations articular as e National
and the ated by the
on anti
awareness nsibilities to into forest
s to attract to help put
ocal logics governance take into
tensions, ender and
rize forest DRC as dialogue
h sustained
capacity-akeholders
one by the de l’Agent
o publish a on. It could scription of to REDD+, vent their
governance d REDD+. ressed to mmunities, particularly We would mination of EDD+ and de among c rules for/ ulation of risks / and xisting and tools and
Moadbi, stleblowing’
x x
42 / 58
x X
Implement
The typolcorruptionREDD+ imthe readinthrough goccur (refehand duricorruptioncorruptionphase is embezzlem
Lack of prpromote mechaniswith membrights defeof insecurimpedes “whistleblogeneral clemergencaccountabstate; the absence o
ting REDD+ in
ogy of corruptn etc.) varies mplementationess phase (0 arand corruptioner to section 2.3ng implementa and political are more likelyalso more li
ment as REDD+
rotection scheand enc
sms. From oubers of civil socense groups, wity that is main
the appearowing” mechanlimate of impue of some form
bility and trans lack of free aof a strong lega
n DRC – How to
tion (petty cor according to
n: It is more likand 1), state can and political 3.3 of the reporation phase (2corruption, as
y to occur. The kely to involv+ revenues beg
emes and legacourage “wr discussions ciety organizatio
we noted that a ntained in the crance of anism and cultunity strongly d
m of denunciatisparency at alaccess to informal framework als
o manage the ri
rruption, grando the phase ofkely that duringapture, effectedcorruption, wil
rt). On the othe2 to 5), grands well as pettyimplementation
ve the risk ogin to flow.
l framework tohistleblowing”and interviewsons and human there is feelingcountry and thisany form ore. Indeed, the
discourages theon. The lack ol levels of themation and theso contribute to
isk of corruptio
mechaetc. Aassoci
Fund amateriincludistudenorganiGas Gpreparcorrupdesignnot becould b
We wogovernattacheattacheCoordlater inmanagsimilarBody).ought coordithe UGoverand in
d f g d l r d y n f
When mechaperformconsidmitigatagent embedBearinto be ptaken corrupof pruplace, lead to
o ” s n g s f e e f e e o
The rostrengimpunof pro“whistl
The su4.3.1 ohow cand “wAfricantechnoframewpublici
on
anism (How anAn anti-corruptiated to this exeand sponsor thals on REDD+ng anti corrup
nts (A similar anzed in Angola Governance). Sred by OCEP
ption issues, soned for primaryeen distributed dbe a good startould also strongnance / anti coed to the REed to eitherination or UNn medium termgement of a “r local “think tan. The immed
to be to strenation between
UNDP Governanment anti coritiative. setting up anism, integraming a risk ader appropriate ting measures or segregated
d these alreadng in mind thatperformance-bato balance the
ption which accudence of the as an over-cono a blockage of ole of the judthened in this ity is a prerequ
otection schemeblowing” mecuccess of the of the study) ischallenges of whistleblowing” n countries ology, implemework and stroty strategy. I
nd to whom to ion specialist ercice. he production o+ and Forest Gption issues fornd successful awith respect toSome flyers h to raise awaome of these hy schools, but due to lack of fting point. gly recommendorruption advisoEDD+ structurer the Nation
NDP Governanm based and ad“Pole d’ Excenk” entity (Anti
diate task of thengthen the on the REDD proance programrruption progra
any REDD+ate this typoloassessment in preventative o (e.g. use of d bank accoundy at the dest REDD+ fundinased, care will e level of inherepted, versus tcountermeasu
nservative appro all funding. icial power ne area. The figisite for the est
mes that may hanisms. Kenya case (s a very good e“weak reportin that is commocan be overntation of adeq
ong communicIt also shows
report to), should be
of teaching Governance r university activity was o the Oil & have been areness on have been they have
funds. This
d to have a or / officer es, initially nal REDD nce Team, dvising the llence”, or Corruption he advisor operational ogram and and the m / efforts
+ funding ogy when
n order to or detective a fiduciary
nts) and to sign stage. ng is likely need to be rent risk of the degree res put in oach could
eeds to be ght against ablishment encourage
see section example on ng culture” on to many rcome by quate legal cation and s how an
x x
x x
43 / 58
x x
x X
Implement
this situati
Reinforceprocess imBased on civil societa reinforcpreparatiosociety mcontinue tpreparing that the cright from sound baperformanIndeed, systematicregarding National Rembrace aand consuthe Ministe The rolecorruptionThe role ouniversallylack of prapid growthe capacithe mediapoorly fulfi• Low
media• Poor
does journa
• Gapsand ethics
• The comp
ting REDD+ in
on.
e the involvemmplementationour various disty, we understa
cement of theirn and implem
members belieto promote trathe implement
civil society cathe preparation
asis for the nce-based RE
civil society cally involved REDD+.They
REDD Commitactively its roleultative body, deer of Environme
e of the men in DRC and iof the media in y recognized. Inrofessionalizati
wth of actors in ity to critically m remains weak.illed primarily folevel of profesa sector; quality and po not promote alism;
s in the organizin the standas;
viability andpanies remains
n DRC – How to
ent of the civiln of REDD+ scussions with mand that they wr role in the mmentation of ve that it is
ansparency in tation of REDDn be adequate
n phase, which future implem
EDD paymentmembers
in the upstreaalso regret th
ttee has not ree as a leadershespite being urgent himself.
edia in the in REDD+ the fight againn DRC the medion. Despite th the media landmonitor public p. The function hor the following ssionalization o
oor diversity of the culture o
zation of mediaards for press
d independenc fragile;
o manage the ri
l society in the
members of thewould like to seemechanisms oREDD+. Civi
necessary tothe process oD+ in DRC, soely representedwould ensure a
mentation of at mechanismdo not fee
am negotiationse fact that theeally started tohip, supervisoryged to do so by
fight against
nst corruption isdia suffer from ahe recent anddscape in DRCpolicies throughhas been and is reasons: of actors in the
f content whichof investigative
a professionalss freedom and
ce of media
isk of corruptio
anonythe diff
We wany “whistlintegramitigatpromosuch a(see or as (refer basis also bensure
e
e e f l
o f o d a a .
el s e o y y
It appethat thbetter involveextent
There to ensof the(transpselectiensure
It is nmappigenuinhave precord
t
s a d ,
h s
e
h e
s d
a
Althoubeing organisuppolevel o
In addmechajournasuch organicrucialworthwany workshsumm
on
mous reportingference in a higould recommeREDD+ fundeblowing” m
ated as a prting measure,
ote transparencas the Interactiv
http://geopoll.mpromoted by to appendix 6to design this.
be coordinated e efficiency. ears important the civil society
communicatioement in the feasible. is also a needure a higher vae civil societyparency of on procedure
e a more constrnecessary to cng of civil socienely active in proven operatios in this area.
ugh significant emade in th
zed by UNDrted, sustained
of the whole coudition there shoanisms to lism and traininas REDD+. zed for journall role as “watcwhile also inviti
upcoming ahop taking plit).
g mechanism ghly corrupt envnd that when ding mechan
mechanism shreventative or
the current incy in the foresve Atlas, Moabimobileaccord.co
the Ministry o6) can serve a These initiativ and widely pr
to improve the has of this issun, and to reinoverall proces
d to promote malue-added repry members ieligibility crit
es, capacity-bructive role, etccarry out an ety organizationthe field of RE
onal capabilities
efforts have beehis direction DP), these sd and escalatuntry. ould be financia
promote inng on very spe
Workshops slists to remind chdogs” in this ng selected jounti-corruption lace in DRC
can make vironment. setting up
nism, the hould be detective nitiative to
stry sector, or Geopoll om/congo), of Finance as a good ves should romoted to
perception ue through
nforce their ss, to the
echanisms resentation n REDD+ teria and uilding to
c.). exhaustive ns that are EDD+ and s and track
en and are (workshop
should be ted to the
al incentive nvestigative ecific topics should be them their
area. It is urnalists to
event / (i.e.: U4
x x
x x
44 / 58
x X
x X
Implement
• Limitecritica
It is particfulfill the gREDD+ re“watchdogcontributeframeworkgovernancPreparatiocommunimade avaFollowing raised by cregarding communicmanagempreparatioimportant manner aprotocol cfunds. Thspeculatio
Promotionthe operaREDD mecross-cuttiinterviewethis areainitiatives Moabi proreporting tof projecprocedurecontext are
ting REDD+ in
ed publicly avaal debate on pucular crucial forgaps of knowleelated matters g” role as well. to reinforcing k for the fightce and REDD+.on of REDcation regard
ailable for CN-Rour interviews
civil society methe repo
cation from the ent of the reson phase for Rthat the CN-R
a transparent ccovering its mahis is importaon about transpa
n of transparational coordinechanisms anding issue me
ees. Efforts sho. Although sihave taken p
ojects, the Intertool, the Nationcts and accs. Other initiate FLEGT and E
n DRC – How to
ailable informatublic policies. r the Media in edge and com so they can These efforts the role of the against corru. DD+: Transping resourcesREDD s, we noted s
embers and othorting mech CN-REDD witources made aREDD+ in DR
REDD put in placommunicationanagement of ant in order arency in this a
rency in REDnation and synd other initiatentioned by uld continue tognificant imprplace already, ractif Atlas (WRal REDD Coordcreditation / tives worth con
EITI.
o manage the ri
ion and lack o
DRC to quicklympetence in the
fully play theiare critical ande media in the
uption in fores
parency ands management
some concernser stakeholders
hanisms andh regard to the
available for theRC. It appearsace in a timely and reportingresources andto avoid any
area.
D+. Reinforcenergies amongtives. This is a
most of ouo be invested inrovements and namely : the
RI), the GeoPoldination registry
homologationnsidering in this
isk of corruptio
f
y e r d e t
d t
s s d e e s y g d y
As alcoordiinterpropacityIt appeand cfunds enhanspecul
Prioritioverviefinancisectorsreportiof thesoon athat aand at
e g a r n d e l y n s
EffortstechnosustainmanagKenyathe vavery e
ReinfosynergUNDPvariousthe figsoundsuppobudgethe Su
on
ready mentionnation amongreted as a coy of operations ears important tcommunication
and resourceced to avoid anlation on this mze obtaining aew and transpaing of activities, starting withng mechanism
e MECNT shoas possible. Weudits be perfort least yearly. s should contology orientednable and gement and goa (section 4.3.1arious initiativesncouraging.
orce the operagies among allP Governances government i
ght against cor governance, rt to investigt monitoring, an
upreme Audit In
ned above, thg donors is ontributing fact and lack of tranthat the reportinon the mana
es, regarding Rny potential con
matter. a comprehensivarency with ress in the REDDh MECNT. A t
m for the budgetould be impleme would also rermed on a reg
inue to be ind solutions to
transparentovernance. The of the study)
s in DRC in thi
ational coordin REDD mecha Programme nitiatives in theruption and pronotably as reative journalisnd building the nstitution.
he lack of seen and tor to the nsparency. ng process gement of REDD, be ncerns and
ve financial pect to the D+ related transparent t execution mented as ecommend gular basis
nvested in o promote t forest e cases of as well as s area are
nation and anisms, the
and the e context of omotion of egards the sm, public capacity of
x x
x x
45 / 58
x X
x
2
3
4
567
8
9
2222
2
222
2
Implement
APPEND
APPEND
Name NGO - CIVIL1 BOBIA BON2 ADEBU
3 BAMONGOY
4 BOUNDAWA
5 KAIGAMA 6 KETENDE 7 LIYOFO
8 LOKOKA
9 MAKANA 10 MBWES 11 MPOYI 12 MUCHUBA 13 MULUMBA T14 NGONGO 15 SABONGO 16 TEGTMEYE
GOVERNME17 BATUBENG18 ESUKA
19 KALALA 20 KAMITATU 21 KANU MBIZ22 KITAMBALA23 LABILA
24 LIFENDI
25 MAGO 26 MUTEBA 27 MWENDAM
28 NKULU
ting REDD+ in
DICES
DIX 1: List o
L SOCIETY NKAW
YA
ANA
BUHEREKO TSHIMBUMBA
ER ENT BODIES AN
GA MBAYI
ZI A
BALI
n DRC – How to
f interviewe
First Name
Joseph Cyrille
Célestin Raoul
Marie
Yaouba Jean Paul Félicien
Richard
Jean Rémi Pius Augustin Roger Jean Marie René Prosper Reiner
ND INSTITUTIONVictor NC
Léopold Olivier Léon Joseph Jean Marie
Samuel
Jean Marie Florimont Saint Augustin Marie Claude
o manage the ri
ees
Organization
RRN / Civil SRéseau Ress
CDPE (ONGREDD Mamb
OSAPY (ONREDD Mamb
SNV ASADHO / CILEXA BOIS du Bois de la
OSAPY (ONREDD Mamb
WCS DRC RECIC CODELT Groupe de T
OLCAC Greenpeace Projet REFO
Global WitneNS
IGF Ministère PrAffaires Fonc
MECNT / Ce
Ministry of PlCN-REDD / MCour des Co
CIABG / CoBonne Gouve
Ministère Pro
Cabinet du G
ITIE OCEP / Minis
Ministry of JuBonne Gouve
isk of corruptio
n
Society sources Naturelle
G congolaise, pabassa, Province O
G congolaise, pabassa, Province O
Congolese Associ (Initiative Locale
a Province Orient
G congolaise, pabassa, Province O
Travail Climat RED
Africa ORCO, Université
ess
rovincial en charcières
ellule Environnem
lanning MECNT mptes
ommission Interernance
ovincial en Charg
Gouverneur la Pro
stère de la Fonct
ustice / Ethique, Lernance
on
es
artenaire pour le pOrientale)
artenaire pour le Orientale)
iation of Human e des Exploitantstale)
artenaire pour le Orientale)
DD / Société Civi
de Kisangani
rge de l’Agricult
ment
rministerielle d'A
ge de l'Environne
ovince Orientale
tion Publique
Lutte contre la C
Gr
NaCoPro
projet pilote Co
projet pilote Ch
CoRights Hes Artisanaux Pre
projet pilote De
FoNaDir
ile NaPreFoAnInt
Ins
ture et des Min
LegMinNaGe
Audit et de DeAdj
ment Col’En
Co
NaDir
Corruption et SuPro
rade
ational Coordinatooordonnateur Oovince Orientale
oordinator
hargé du genre
ountry Representead of the Organiesident
eputy Coordinator
restery Coordinaational Coordinatorector / WB Consational Coordinatoesident restry Expert
nalyst ernational Forest
specteur Général
nistre
gal Expert nistry
ational Coordinatoeneral Secretary eputy Coordinadjoint
oordonnateur Environnement onseiller en charg
ational Coordinatorector
ubstitute Prosecocureur de la Ré
or OCEAN, Point
ative zation
r
ator or sultant or
try Expert
l des Finances
or
ator / Coordo
Provincial
ge de l’Environne
or
cutor / Substitpublique
46 / 58
Focal
odnateur
de
ement
ut deu
2333 33
333334444 44444455555555556
666
Implement
29 PEMBE 30 SOMWE 31 TOFENDO 32 WELBY PRIVATE S33 DIAGOLA 34 KALENGAY
35 LUKIMUENA36 M'BODI ASS37 MDADU 38 ODENT 39 OSUNDJA 40 REEKMANS41 SEKANA PE42 VAN DE VE43 VERNEY DONORS A44 AHO 45 DE AQUINO46 DIHN 47 EKMAN 48 FACH 49 FETIVEAU 50 GUAY 51 HANANO 52 HEUZE 53 KALALA TS54 KESSOUS 55 LILLEHAMM56 MABAYA 57 MONTEILS 58 MUHINDO V59 MULLER 60 NYAKABING
61 RAKOTONIA62 SEYMOUR 63 WASIKAMA
ting REDD+ in
ECTOR
Y
A SOMA
S ENE-PAPA N
AND DEVELOPM
O RODRIGUES
HIMPAKA
MER
VALIVAMBENE
GU WANCESIAS
AINA
A
n DRC – How to
Didace Joseph Patrick
Samba William Albert Samuelson Paul Dieudonné Philippe Robert Tony Jérôme Françoise Alain
MENT PARTNERSGilbert André Van Lars Estelle Judicaël Bruno Jouaida Emmanuel Frédéric Jean ClaudeGiske Jean-Paul Fabien Alphonse Ueli
S Yves
Pierrot Vicky Charles
o manage the ri
PECO / Parti
Fond Foresti
Cabinet du G
MECNT / Ce
KPMG GEOPOLIS
KPMG KPMG DELOITTE DELOITTE Fédération d
IndependantAgence GalaFIB SGS
S UNDP / Unité
World Bank UNODC / ImRoyal EmbasUNDP / Grou
World Bank UN-REDD / UUNODC / ImFLEGT / Coo
UNDP / NIM-e UNDP / Gou
NORAD DFID UN-REDD / URéseau CREGIZ / Biodive
UNDP / East
UN-REDD - UDFID / Infras
UNDP / Envi
isk of corruptio
i de l'Ecologiste C
ier National
Gouverneur la Pro
ellule Environnem
Magazine
des Entreprises du
Consultant axie Medias
é de lutte contre
plementation supssy of Norway upe Environneme
UNDP / Unité de
plementation supopération Techniq
-DIM vernance / Judici
UNDP / Unité de
EF / Société Civileersity and Forest
tern Province
UNDP / Unité de
structure and Env
ironnement et Ch
on
Congolais
ovince Orientale
ment
u Congo
la pauvreté
pport section
ent et Energie
lutte contre la pa
pport section que Belge
iaire et Sécurité
lutte contre la pa
e section
lutte contre la pa
vironment hangement Clima
PaCh
Co
Ind
DirMa
MaPaPaPaDir
IndMaGeMa
TeCaAnCoProCo
auvreté TeAnProNaAnSeGo
auvreté PriGeCoExcap
auvreté IntAd
atique Pro
arty leader (Politichef de l’Antenne P
onseiller juridique
dependant Consu
rector (Audit Depanaging Director
anager (Audit Deartner artner artner recteur Provincia
dependant Consuanaging Director eneral Secretary anaging Director
am Leader arbon Specialist nalyst ounsellor ogram Analyst
onsultant chnical Advisor
nalyst oject leader
ational Expert nticorruption specenior Advisor overnance Adviseincipal Technicaleneral Secretary oordinator xpert National pacités ernational Consu
dviser ogram Analyst
cal) Provincial
e
ultant
partment)
partment)
al
ultant
cialist
er Advisor
en renforceme
ultant
47 / 58
ent des
Implement
APPEND
1. Chri(www
2. Fétiv
Wor 3. FON
La L 4. FON
Stra 5. Gree 6. Gree
Rep 7. Joha
of GInsti
8. Kod
Mon 9. Male
case 10. Prun
Cata 11. Putz
Rise 12. Tref
16. CerurelatFore
17. Cha
24-2
ting REDD+ in
DIX 2: Relev
stensen, B. w.cgdev.org)
veau, Judicarld Bank, Kins
NALC ForumLutte Contre l
NALC (2010)tégique d’inte
enpeace (20
enpeace (20ublic of Cong
anna JanssoGabon & the
tute by Centr
i, Muzong (2nograph Serie
ele Mbala, Se study comm
nier, G (2009astrophe
zel, J ; Lindeme and Decline
lon T. (2010)
utti, P.O.; Leted monetaryestry Review
tham House25th of May 2
n DRC – How to
vant docume
V.,(2010) C)
aël and Mpoyshasa
National Sula Corruption
): “Documenervention Min
10): Forest R
010): Stop Fgo
n, Christophe DRC: Percere for Chines
2008): Corrues No 148, P
Sebastian (20missioned for
9) : Africa’s
mann S. ; Sce of the State
): Forest gove
scuyer, G.; Ay benefits to Vol.12(2) pp
UNREDD+(2010
o manage the ri
entation con
China in Afri
yi Mbunga, A
ur La Lutte Cn en RDC, Ed
t de Stratéginistère de la
Reform in the
Forest Crime
er Burke & Weptions of Trse Studies Un
uption and GPretoria
010) Analysisr the United N
World War,
chouten, C. (e and Challen
ernance in C
Assembe Mvo local goverp 130-138
(2010) Meeti
isk of corruptio
nsulted for th
ica A Macro
Augustin (200
ontre la Corrditions C.H.IC
e Nationale d Fonction Pu
e DRC Leavin
e! Impunity
Wenran Jiangransparency niversity of S
Governance i
s of Forest FNations Foru
Congo The
2008) : Drivenges For Rec
Congo: Corru
vondo, S.; Tarnments: a d
ng Report M
on
he purpose
oeconomic P
09): L’econo
ruption (2009C. Kinshasa
de Lutte conblique Kinsh
ng the People
still prevails
g (2009): Chi A research
Stellenbosch
n the DRC
Financing in m on Forests
Rwandan G
ers of Changconstruction,
ption rules?
acconi, L (20decade of lo
Monitoring Go
of the study
erspective, C
mie Politique
9) Rapport S
ntre la corrupasa
e Out
s in logging
nese Compah undertaking
during the tr
the Democras
Genocide an
e in the Dem Crisis State
U4 BRIEF Se
010) :The chogging area f
overnance Sa
y
Center for G
e du Secteur
Synthese du
tion en RDC
operations
anies in the Eg for EITI an
ransition per
atic Republic
nd the Makin
mocratic Repes Research
eptember 20
allenges of rfees in Cam
afeguards in
Global Develo
r Forestier en
Forum Natio
C –Cadre Log
in the Dem
Extractive Indnd Revenue
riod 2003-20
c of Congo C
ng of a Con
ublic of Cong Centre, Lond
010 No 5 (2nd
redistributingmeroon Intern
REDD+ wo
48 / 58
opment
n RDC,
nal Sur
gique et
mocratic
dustries Watch
006 ISS
Country
tinental
go: The don
d ed)
forest-national
orkshop
Implement
18. CIFOInfob
19. CIFO
Dece 20. CIFO 21. Dav
UN-workMay
22. Dav
GovFCPREDWitn
23. Hay 24. Holm
PowCha
25. Murd
tech 26. Sau
BackCha
27. Søre
Berg 28. True
Mich
29. Risqhttp:
ting REDD+ in
OR (2009) Rbrief No 22 D
OR (2009) Inember 2009
OR (2008) D
iet, FlorenceREDD Progkshop arrangy 2010.
is, Chrystal wernance in R
PF and the UDD+ Expertness
man, G ( 200
mgren, PeterwerPoint pres
tham House
doch, Gillianniques in Th
nders, Jadekground paptham House
eide, T. (200gen
ex, R; Søreidhelsen Institu
ques de corru://www.unred
n DRC – How to
RecognizingDecember 20
ncentives +
o Trees Grow
, WRI, (2010ramme Powged by Chath
with contribuREDD+ takN-REDD Pro workshop a
09?): Lesson
r, FAO, (201sented at M, UNREDD, W
n (2010): Fhinking beyon
e and Reeveer presented, UNREDD, W
07): Forest c
e, T. (2010):ute
uption dans ledd.net/index.p
o manage the ri
Community009
How can R
w on Money?
0) Taking Stower Point preham House,
utions from Fing stock of ogramme, Baarranged by
ns from EITI f
10): ProposeMonitoring GoWorld Resou
Following thend the Canop
e, Rosalind d at MonitorinWorld Resou
concessions
Why Multi-S
e changemephp?option=
isk of corruptio
y Rights the
REDD+ impro
? Infobrief N
ock of Governesented at M UNREDD, W
Fach, Estelle; governanceackground pa Chatham H
for REDD+ P
ed frameworovernance Surce Institute
e money: Ppy, Cifor
(2010): Mong Governanurce Institute
and corrup
Stakeholder G
nt climatiquecom_docma
on
potential a
ove well-bein
o 14 Novem
nance in ReaMonitoring GWorld Resou
; Namubiru-Me issues raiseaper present
House, UNRE
Power point p
rk parameterSafeguards i and Global W
Protecting th
onitoring Goce Safeguar and Global W
tion Chr. Mi
Groups Succ
e, chapitre REn&task=doc_
and challeng
ng of Forest
ber 2008
adiness PropGovernance Surce Institute
Mwaura, Eveed in readinted at MonitoEDD, World
presentation
rs for moniton REDD+ Witness in Lo
he forests t
vernance fords in REDD+Witness
ichelsen Inst
ceed and Fai
EDD – Appen_download&g
e of Forest
Communitie
posals SubmSafeguards and Global
elyn and Jacoess proposa
oring Govern Resource I
oring governExpert work
ondon May 2
hrough anti
or Implemen+ Expert wo
titute (U4 Is
l, mimeo, Ya
ndix E gid=5084&Ite
ry Tenure R
es Infobrief
mitted to the Fin REDD+ Witness in L
obsen, Rick als submittedance Safegunstitute and
nance – Thekshop arrang
2010.
-money laun
tation of Rrkshop arran
ssue Paper 3
ale University
emid=53
49 / 58
Reform,
No 21
FCPF & Expert London
(2010): d to the uards in Global
e What; ged by
ndering
REDD+ nged by
3:2007,
y & Chr
Implement
APPEND
ting REDD+ in
DIX 3: MECN
n DRC – How to
NT Organiza
o manage the ri
tional chart
isk of corruptio
(showing A
on
Aid assistancce in Forest
try)
50 / 58
Implement
APPEND
ting REDD+ in
DIX 4: DRC n
n DRC – How to
national pro
o manage the ri
ocess roadm
isk of corruptio
map from 201
on
10 to 2012
51 / 58
Implement
APPEND
ting REDD+ in
DIX 5: Map o
n DRC – How to
of corruption
o manage the ri
n risks in Cl
isk of corruptio
imate Chang
on
ge Adaptatioon to Count
try Level
52 / 58
Implement
ting REDD+ in
n DRC – How to
o manage the ri
isk of corruptio
on
53 / 58
Implement
ting REDD+ in
n DRC – How to
o manage the riisk of corruptio
on
54 / 58
Implement
ting REDD+ in
n DRC – How to
o manage the ri
isk of corruptio
on
55 / 58
Implement
APPEND
ting REDD+ in
DIX 6: Comm
n DRC – How to
munication f
o manage the ri
from the Min
isk of corruptio
nistry of Fina
on
ance regardding a whistl
leblowing m
mechanism
56 / 58
Implement
APPEND
ting REDD+ in
DIX 7: UNDP
n DRC – How to
P Governanc
o manage the ri
ce Program
isk of corruptio
in DRC
on
57 / 58
Implement
ting REDD+ in
n DRC – How to
o manage the riisk of corruptio
on
58 / 58