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Implementing Point of Entry Drinking Water Systems in Remote First Nation Communities
Candace Cook, Madjid Mohseni, Warren Brown, Grant Robertson, Rita
Manuel, Casey Neathway, Jim Brown, Ted Molyneux, Adel Hajimalayeri
Assembly of First Nations National Water Symposium and Trade Show
February 7th, 2018
Project Partners:
Drinking Water System Options
Central treatment plant
Decentralized or Point of Entry (POE)
POE
POE
POE
Conventional Alternative
Why POE?
First Nation communities, in particular, may not be large enough
to qualify for outside funding.
Reluctance to adopt POE technology has a lot to do with
perception and lack of implementation research.
Technology has been proven
effective in other markets.
Many communities are too
small for centralized treatment
to be economically feasible.
Project Overview
• Develop piloting program for point of entry (POE) systems
• Execute 12 month pilot study in Lytton First Nation
• Evaluate POE as a viable drinking water solution
Objective:
Project Overview
Methodology:
The Community Circle Model
Community Engagement
Feasibility & Design
Manufacture & Install
1-Year Pilot Monitoring
The Community Circle Model for Strategic Innovation
Method of developing drinking water solutions for small and rural communities.
Brings all relevant stakeholders to the table.
Fosters open communication and cooperation for solution generation.
Facilitates conversation,
knowledge exchange, and follow-through.
Community
(Lytton First Nation)
Government
(INAC)
Industry
(HomePlus/ VIQUA)
(Opus)
University
(RES’EAU)
Health Authority
(FNHA)
Lytton First Nation Point of Entry Project
Project Location
Fraser Canyon Region Approximately 3 hours
from Vancouver
56 Reserve Communities
Over 14,000 acres,
spanning a 100 km radius
Lytton First Nation
Project Location
Yawaucht (IR11; 3 homes)
Spintlum (IR3; 2 homes)
Long-term BWA in each
community
Separated by Fraser River
Two Communities
Community Engagement
Met with community members
(homeowners, Administration,
operators).
Knowledge sharing and opportunity
for collective discussion.
Engaged Health Authority to explain
POE verification process.
Assessed project interest and support.
Conducted field assessments at
potential install sites.
Feasibility and Design
Determine suitability of POE technology in both communities.
Based on existing raw water data, develop treatment solution.
Complete detailed POE design.
With partner collaboration, develop pilot protocol and O&M
manual.
Source Water Quality
IR11
Parameter Unit Average Value
Turbidity NTU 3.68
pH - 7.97
Alkalinity mg/L 174.23
DOC mg/L 1.44
Total Coliforms CFU/100mL 270.80
E.Coli CFU/100mL <1 to 20
IR3
Parameter Unit Average Value
Turbidity NTU 0.32
pH - 8.06
Alkalinity mg/L 136.27
DOC mg/L 1.05
Total Coliforms CFU/100mL 746.99
E.Coli CFU/100mL <1 to 5.2
Feasibility and Design
Compliant with:
• Health Canada drinking water objectives
• INAC Decentralized Protocol
• Occupational Health and Safety Requirements
Cost-effective system
Minimum operational complexity
POE Design Objectives:
Feasibility and Design
Customized and developed with
input from project partners.
Emergency response plan.
Responsibilities and
communication procedures.
Water sampling schedule.
O&M/repair/time logs for
operators.
Pilot Protocol and O&M Manual:
Manufacture and Install
Hands-on training for all operators at HomePlus/VIQUA in
Kamloops.
Pre-fabricated enclosure units customized for POE units.
Two week period to place units in homes, and fine-tune plumbing
and electrical connections.
Manufacture and Install
November 21st, 2016
Representatives from Community Circle assisted with process.
Full system disinfection in each home prior to units being brought online.
All operators given individual training and opportunity to program a unit.
Commissioning:
Sampling Protocol
Developed with input from FNHA and Community.
Weekly testing in first month of pilot. Sampling frequency exceeded annual
requirements. Protocols for additional sampling in
cases of alarms or severe environmental conditions.
Operations staff able to give regular
feedback and alter schedule as needed.
Installation 2016-11-21 ∆ ∆ ∆ ∆ ∆
Week 1 2016-11-23 ∆ ∆ ∆ ∆ ∆
Week 2 2016-11-30 ∆ ∆ ∆ ∆ ∆
Week 3 2016-12-07 ∆ ● ∆ ● ∆ ● ∆
Week 4 2016-12-14
Week 5 2017-01-04 ∆ ∆ ∆ ∆ ∆
Week 6 2017-01-11 ∆ ● ●
Week 7 2017-01-18
Week 8 2017-01-25
Week 9 2017-02-01 ∆
Week 10 2017-02-08
Week 11 2017-02-15
Week 12 2017-02-22 ∆
Week 13 2017-03-01
Week 14 2017-03-08
Week 15 2017-03-15
Week 16 2017-03-22
Week 17 2017-03-29 ∆ ∆ ∆ ∆ ∆
Week 18 2017-04-05
Week 19 2017-04-12
Week 20 2017-04-19 ∆ ∆ ∆
Week 21 2017-04-26
Week 22 2017-05-03
Week 23 2017-05-10 ∆ ∆
Week 24 2017-05-17
Week 25 2017-05-24 ● ● ● ● ●
Week 26 2017-05-31
Week 27 2017-06-07
Week 28 2017-06-14
Week 29 2017-06-21 ∆ ∆
Week 30 2017-06-28
Week 31 2017-07-05
Week 32 2017-07-12 ∆ ∆ ∆
Week 33 2017-07-19
Week 34 2017-07-26 ∆ ∆
Week 35 2017-08-02
Week 36 2017-08-09
Week 37 2017-08-16
Week 38 2017-08-23
Week 39 2017-08-30
Week 40 2017-09-06 ∆ ∆ ∆
Week 41 2017-09-13
Week 42 2017-09-20
Week 43 2017-09-27
Week 44 2017-10-04 ∆ ∆
Week 45 2017-10-11
Week 46 2017-10-18
Week 47 2017-10-25
Week 48 2017-11-01 ∆ ∆ ∆
Week 49 2017-11-08
Week 50 2017-11-15
Week 51 2017-11-22 ● ● ● ● ●
Week 52 2017-11-29
Lytton POE Sampling Schedule
House 1 -
Bryan Phillips
House 2 -
Perry Johnny
House 3 -
Ted Phillips
House 4 -
Curtis Johnny
House 5 -
Elvis Paul
Date/
Week Of
Installation 2016-11-21 ∆ ∆ ∆ ∆ ∆
Week 1 2016-11-23 ∆ ∆ ∆ ∆ ∆
Week 2 2016-11-30 ∆ ∆ ∆ ∆ ∆
Week 3 2016-12-07 ∆ ● ∆ ● ∆ ● ∆
Week 4 2016-12-14
Week 5 2017-01-04 ∆ ∆ ∆ ∆ ∆
Week 6 2017-01-11 ∆ ● ●
Week 7 2017-01-18
Week 8 2017-01-25
Week 9 2017-02-01 ∆
Week 10 2017-02-08
Week 11 2017-02-15
Week 12 2017-02-22 ∆
Week 13 2017-03-01
Week 14 2017-03-08
Week 15 2017-03-15
Week 16 2017-03-22
Week 17 2017-03-29 ∆ ∆ ∆ ∆ ∆
Week 18 2017-04-05
Week 19 2017-04-12
Week 20 2017-04-19 ∆ ∆ ∆
Week 21 2017-04-26
Week 22 2017-05-03
Week 23 2017-05-10 ∆ ∆
Week 24 2017-05-17
Week 25 2017-05-24 ● ● ● ● ●
Week 26 2017-05-31
Week 27 2017-06-07
Week 28 2017-06-14
Week 29 2017-06-21 ∆ ∆
Week 30 2017-06-28
Week 31 2017-07-05
Week 32 2017-07-12 ∆ ∆ ∆
Week 33 2017-07-19
Week 34 2017-07-26 ∆ ∆
Week 35 2017-08-02
Week 36 2017-08-09
Week 37 2017-08-16
Week 38 2017-08-23
Week 39 2017-08-30
Week 40 2017-09-06 ∆ ∆ ∆
Week 41 2017-09-13
Week 42 2017-09-20
Week 43 2017-09-27
Week 44 2017-10-04 ∆ ∆
Week 45 2017-10-11
Week 46 2017-10-18
Week 47 2017-10-25
Week 48 2017-11-01 ∆ ∆ ∆
Week 49 2017-11-08
Week 50 2017-11-15
Week 51 2017-11-22 ● ● ● ● ●
Week 52 2017-11-29
Lytton POE Sampling Schedule
House 1 -
Bryan Phillips
House 2 -
Perry Johnny
House 3 -
Ted Phillips
House 4 -
Curtis Johnny
House 5 -
Elvis Paul
Date/
Week Of
Installation 2016-11-21 ∆ ∆ ∆ ∆ ∆
Week 1 2016-11-23 ∆ ∆ ∆ ∆ ∆
Week 2 2016-11-30 ∆ ∆ ∆ ∆ ∆
Week 3 2016-12-07 ∆ ● ∆ ● ∆ ● ∆
Week 4 2016-12-14
Week 5 2017-01-04 ∆ ∆ ∆ ∆ ∆
Week 6 2017-01-11 ∆ ● ●
Week 7 2017-01-18
Week 8 2017-01-25
Week 9 2017-02-01 ∆
Week 10 2017-02-08
Week 11 2017-02-15
Week 12 2017-02-22 ∆
Week 13 2017-03-01
Week 14 2017-03-08
Week 15 2017-03-15
Week 16 2017-03-22
Week 17 2017-03-29 ∆ ∆ ∆ ∆ ∆
Week 18 2017-04-05
Week 19 2017-04-12
Week 20 2017-04-19 ∆ ∆ ∆
Week 21 2017-04-26
Week 22 2017-05-03
Week 23 2017-05-10 ∆ ∆
Week 24 2017-05-17
Week 25 2017-05-24 ● ● ● ● ●
Week 26 2017-05-31
Week 27 2017-06-07
Week 28 2017-06-14
Week 29 2017-06-21 ∆ ∆
Week 30 2017-06-28
Week 31 2017-07-05
Week 32 2017-07-12 ∆ ∆ ∆
Week 33 2017-07-19
Week 34 2017-07-26 ∆ ∆
Week 35 2017-08-02
Week 36 2017-08-09
Week 37 2017-08-16
Week 38 2017-08-23
Week 39 2017-08-30
Week 40 2017-09-06 ∆ ∆ ∆
Week 41 2017-09-13
Week 42 2017-09-20
Week 43 2017-09-27
Week 44 2017-10-04 ∆ ∆
Week 45 2017-10-11
Week 46 2017-10-18
Week 47 2017-10-25
Week 48 2017-11-01 ∆ ∆ ∆
Week 49 2017-11-08
Week 50 2017-11-15
Week 51 2017-11-22 ● ● ● ● ●
Week 52 2017-11-29
Lytton POE Sampling Schedule
House 1 -
Bryan Phillips
House 2 -
Perry Johnny
House 3 -
Ted Phillips
House 4 -
Curtis Johnny
House 5 -
Elvis Paul
Date/
Week Of
1-Year Pilot Monitoring
Between December 2016 and January 2017 IR3 and IR11 were lifted off of their long-standing Boil Water Advisories.
E. Coli and Total Coliform counts have been eliminated since POE units commissioned.
Units performing to expectations, with no major alarms or repairs needed, outside of initial commissioning.
1-Year Pilot Monitoring
Date Sample Turbidity pH Alkalinity DOC Abs UVTTotal
Coliform E.Coli
Mar 29, 2017 Raw 0.14 8.01 209.00 0.85 0.01 98.17 55.2 2
Mar 29, 2017 Treated 0.06 7.99 209.00 0.73 0.01 98.40 <1 <1
Mar 29, 2017 Raw 0.23 7.95 211.00 0.76 0.01 97.05 180.7 20
Mar 29, 2017 Treated 0.06 7.97 210.00 0.74 0.01 97.77 <1 <1
Mar 29, 2017 Raw 0.42 8.00 210.00 0.74 0.01 96.98 185.5 7.5
Mar 29, 2017 Treated 0.07 8.00 211.00 0.72 0.01 98.06 <1 <1
Mar 29, 2017 Raw 0.26 8.01 141.00 0.50 0.01 98.17 3076 <1
Mar 29, 2017 Treated 0.11 8.08 142.00 0.50 0.01 98.40 <1 <1
Mar 29, 2017 Raw 0.20 8.03 136.00 0.50 0.01 98.58 789.55 <1
Mar 29, 2017 Treated 0.08 8.01 141.00 0.48 0.01 98.61 <1 <1
Apr 19,2017 Raw 0.15 7.93 209.00 1.12 0.02 95.28 68.7 <1
Apr 19,2017 Treated 0.10 7.98 208.00 1.01 0.02 95.94 <1 <1
Apr 19,2017 Raw 0.13 7.97 210.00 0.96 0.02 95.94 156.7 <1
Apr 19,2017 Treated 0.15 7.90 207.00 0.96 0.02 96.38 <1 <1
Apr 19,2017 Raw 0.33 7.99 210.00 1.12 0.02 95.50 161.3 <1
Apr 19,2017 Treated 0.08 8..02 210.00 1.38 0.02 95.50 <1 <1
May 10, 2017 Raw 0.73 8.00 131.00 1.52 0.03 92.51 159.9 <1
May 10, 2017 Treated 0.07 8.00 135.00 0.89 0.02 94.93 <1 <1
May 10, 2017 Raw 1.19 8.03 132.00 1.51 0.04 92.13 187.8 <1
May 10, 2017 Treated 0.22 8.05 131.00 0.94 0.02 95.10 <1 <1
Jun 21, 2017 Raw 1.26 7.81 133.00 1.18 0.02 94.62 545.7 <1
Jun 21, 2017 Treated 0.20 7.82 132.00 1.05 0.02 96.61 <1 <1
Jun 21, 2017 Raw 0.18 7.91 131.00 0.84 0.02 96.16 542.7 <1
Jun 21, 2017 Treated 0.07 7.86 132.00 1.25 0.01 97.05 <1 <1
Jul 12, 2017 Raw 4.11 8.14 193.00 0.55 0.03 94.36 694.7 <1
Jul 12, 2017 Treated 0.08 8.11 193.00 0.56 0.02 95.65 <1 <1
Jul 12, 2017 Raw 0.98 8.18 193.00 0.57 0.02 95.39 479.3 <1
Jul 12, 2017 Treated 0.58 8.19 192.00 0.65 0.02 95.72 <1 <1
Jul 12, 2017 Raw 2.89 8.13 193.00 0.54 0.02 95.35 213.9 <1
Jul 12, 2017 Treated 0.07 8.16 193.00 0.53 0.02 96.01 <1 <1
Water quality testing results, including Spring Freshet.
Date Sample Turbidity pH Alkalinity DOC Abs UVTTotal
Coliform E.Coli
Jun 21, 2017 Raw 1.26 7.81 133.00 1.18 0.02 94.62 545.7 <1
Jun 21, 2017 Treated 0.20 7.82 132.00 1.05 0.02 96.61 <1 <1
Jun 21, 2017 Raw 0.18 7.91 131.00 0.84 0.02 96.16 542.7 <1
Jun 21, 2017 Treated 0.07 7.86 132.00 1.25 0.01 97.05 <1 <1
A Collaborative Approach
Community meetings with project partners and homeowners.
Ongoing and open communication.
Collaborative problem solving and success sharing.
Community Response and Project Success
Response from residents has
been favorable. Operators able to
accommodate additional duties through flexible scheduling and policy of back-up training.
Neighboring communities
expressing interest in project.
Support of Chief and Administration for POE as a long
term solution.
Financial Investment
Is this a viable solution for drinking
water treatment?
Financial Investment
Items $/home
Capital and Pilot Costs:
1. Capital Cost and Pilot Phase Operations1. 1.1 Equipment Installation
2. 1.2 Community Engagement
3. 1.3 Water Quality Monitoring and Operations
Total Capital Costs
1. Capital Cost and Pilot Phase Operations1. 1.1 Equipment Installation 6247
2. 1.2 Community Engagement 2665
3. 1.3 Water Quality Monitoring and Operations 3114
Total Capital Costs $12,026
Financial Investment
Items $/home
Year 2 O&M Cost Projection:
2. Operation and Maintenance (O&M) 2.1 Equipment Maintenance and Replacements
2.2 Community Engagement
2.3 Monitoring
Total O&M Costs
2. Operation and Maintenance (O&M) 2.1 Equipment Maintenance and Replacements 670
2.2 Community Engagment 100
2.3 Monitoring 1265
Total O&M Costs $2,035
Financial Investment
Long Term O&M Costs:
Operations and Maintenance
Equipment Upkeep and Replacement Parts
Education, Training, and Community Engagement
Water Quality Monitoring and Operations Cost
Funding
Lytton First Nation will continue to allocate resources for ongoing training and outreach.
The Community Circle Partners, including Indigenous Services Canada (ISC) and FNHA, are currently working to identify long term funding strategies.
Framework for Future Implementation
• Access and Logistics
• Management and Accountability
Barrier
• Perceived issues with scheduling and safety
• Breakdown of monitoring protocols
Effect • Engagement of community and residents
• Communication plan
Strategy
Next Steps
Support from Lytton First Nation has been favorable. Support of Chief and Administration has been vocalized, with
discussions beginning around long-term planning.
Neighboring communities expressing interest in project.
Ongoing collaboration and consultation with community.
Continued water quality monitoring Fine tuning operations protocol, for
long-term sustainability.
Sharing project findings for future implementation of POE.
Thank You