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TRANSCRIPT
• Database System
• Networks, Intranet, Extranet, and Internet
• Electronic Commerce
• Enterprise Resource Planning
• Information and Decision Support System
Introduction
• Database management system (DBMS): group ofprograms that manipulate database and provide interfacebetween database and users
• Database administrator (DBA): a skilled informationsystems professional who directs all activities related toorganization’s database
Data Entities, Attributes, and Keys
• Entity: a generalized class of people, places, or things(objects) for which data is collected, stored, andmaintained
• Attribute: a characteristic of an entity
• Data item: the specific value of an attribute
• Key: a field or set of fields in a record that is used toidentify the record
• Primary key: a field or set of fields that uniquelyidentifies the record
Relationship
• In addition to the attribute values of the entities (records)that belong to those entity types, we are interested inrelationships among the entities (records).
• A relationship type R among n entity types E1, E2, … En isa set of associations among entities (records) from thesetypes.
• Each of the entity types E1, E2,… En is said to participatein the relationship type R, and similarly each of theindividual entities e1, e2, … en is said to participate in therelationship instance.
The Entity-Relationship (ER) Diagrams
EMPLOYEEEntity Type(Entity Set)
Name of Entity Type
EMPLOYEEDEPARTMENTHIRES
Relationship Type
Name of Relationship Type
BELONGS TO
Popular Database ManagementSystems
• Popular DBMSs for end users include Microsoft’s Accessand Corel’s Paradox
• The complete database management software marketincludes databases by IBM, Oracle, and Microsoft
• Examples of open-source database systems: PostgreSQLand MySQL
• Many traditional database programs are now available onopen-source operating systems
Selecting a Database ManagementSystem
• Important characteristics of databases to consider:
• Size of the database
• Number of concurrent users
• Performance
• The ability of the DBMS to be integrated with othersystems
Selecting a Database ManagementSystem (continued)
• Important characteristics of databases to consider(continued):
• Features of the DBMS
• Vendor considerations
• Cost of the system
Networks
• Network
• Used to connect computers and computer equipment in abuilding, around the country, across the world, to enableelectronic communications
• A group of two or more computer systems linked together
Types of Network
There are many types of computer networks, including:
local-area networks (LANs) : The computers are
geographically close together (that is, in the samebuilding).
wide-area networks (WANs) : The computers arefarther apart and are connected by telephone lines orradio waves.
Intranets and Extranets
• Intranet
• Internal corporate network built using Internet and WorldWide Web standards and products
• Reduces the need for paper
• Provides employees with an easy and intuitive approach toaccess information that was previously difficult to obtain
Intranets and Extranets (continued)
• Extranet: a network based on Web technologies that links selectedresources of a company’s intranet with its customers, suppliers, orother business partners
• Extranet configurations
• One company sets up a Extranet for its dealers, customers, or suppliers
• Companies within an industry set up a collaborative Extranet formutual benefit
• Several companies collaborate over an Extranet for joint venture
• Benefits include –
• Lower communication costs; better communication; improved orderentry and customer service; improvement in business effectivenes
An Introduction to ElectronicCommerce
• Business-to-consumer (B2C) e-commerce: customersdeal directly with the organization, avoiding anyintermediaries
• Business-to-business (B2B) e-commerce: participantsare organizations
• Consumer-to-consumer (C2C) e-commerce:participants are individuals, with one serving as the buyerand the other as the seller
Multistage Model for E-commerce
• Search and identification
• Selection and negotiation
• Purchasing products and services electronically
• Product and service delivery
• After-sales service
Business-to-Business (B2B) E-Commerce
• Allows manufacturers to buy at a low cost worldwide
• Enterprises can sell to a global market
• Offers great promise for developing countries
Business-to-Consumer (B2C) E-Commerce
• Convenience
• Many goods and services are cheaper when purchased viathe Web
• Comparison shopping
• Disintermediation: elimination of intermediateorganizations between the producer and the consumer
Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C) E-Commerce
• Often done through Web auction sites such as eBay
• Growth of C2C is responsible for reducing the use of theclassified pages of newspapers to advertise and sellpersonal items
Mobile Commerce
• Mobile commerce (m-commerce) relies on the use ofwireless devices, such as personal digital assistants, cellphones, and smart phones, to place orders and conductbusiness
• Issues confronting m-commerce
• User-friendliness of the wireless device
• Network speed
• Security
Technology Needed for MobileCommerce
• Handheld devices used for m-commerce have limitationsthat complicate their use
• Wireless application protocol (WAP): a standard set ofspecifications for Internet applications that run onhandheld, wireless devices
Threats to E-Commerce
• E- and m-commerce incidents
• Theft of intellectual property
• Intellectual property: music, books, inventions, paintings,and other special items protected by patents, copyrights, ortrademarks
• Patents on business processes
Enterprise Resource Planning: AnOverview
• Enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems are used inlarge, midsized, and small companies
• Real-time monitoring of business functions
• Timely analysis of key issues such as quality, availability,customer satisfaction, performance, and profitability
An Overview of Enterprise ResourcePlanning (continued)
• Steps in running a manufacturing organization using anERP system
• Develop demand forecast
• Deduct demand forecast from inventory
• Determine what is needed for production
• Check inventory for needed raw materials
An Overview of Enterprise ResourcePlanning (continued)
• Steps in running a manufacturing organization using anERP system (continued)
• Schedule production
• Assess need for additional production resources
• Financial forecasting
Advantages and Disadvantages of ERP
• Elimination of costly, inflexible legacy systems
• Improvement of work processes
• Increase in access to data for operational decision making
• Upgrade of technology infrastructure
• Expense and time in implementation
Advantages and Disadvantages of ERP(continued)
• Difficulty implementing change
• Difficulty integrating with other systems
• Risks in using one vendor
• Risk of implementation failure
IS Strategy
THREE DOMAINS
Information SystemRequirements
Information TechnologySupply
Information ManagementStrategy
STRATEGIC PLANNING
List of Scenarios
Risk Management
Cost/Benefit Analysis
Technical Design
Project Management
Priorities Level and Schedule
Implementation Plan
Human Resource Skills andCompetenciesRequirements
Change Management
INTERNAL
Corporate History
Business Plan
Existing InformationTechnology
Constraints and Opportunities
Strength and Weakness
Approach and Methodology
EXTERNAL
Industry Trend
Information TechnologyDevelopment
Competitor Analysis
Benchmarking
Best Practice
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BUSINESSPROCESS
PROCEDURES
STANDARD
PEOPLE
CULTURE
POLICIES
LEGALASPECT
TECHNOLOGYINFRASTRUCTURE
COMPANYASSETS
FINANCIALRESOURCES
ORGANIZATIONSTRUCTURE
COMPANYGEOGRAPHICAL
TOPOLOGY
BLUE PRINTINPUT
VALUE
VISIONMISSION
CSFsKPIs
STRATEGY
Ideology, Political Agenda, Economic Environment, Socialand Culture, International Relationship, National
Defense, Religion, Behaviors,
Macro Environment
ANALYSIS PROCESS
THREE DOMAINS
Information SystemRequirements
Information TechnologySupply
Information ManagementStrategy
STRATEGIC PLANNING
List of Scenarios
Risk Management
Cost/Benefit Analysis
Technical Design
Project Management
Priorities Level and Schedule
Implementation Plan
Human Resource Skills andCompetenciesRequirements
Change Management
INTERNAL
Corporate History
Business Plan
Existing InformationTechnology
Constraints and Opportunities
Strength and Weakness
Approach and Methodology
EXTERNAL
Industry Trend
Information TechnologyDevelopment
Competitor Analysis
Benchmarking
Best Practice
S
HA
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HO
LD
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S
HA
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HO
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W
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K& P
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BUSINESSPROCESS
PROCEDURES
STANDARD
PEOPLE
CULTURE
POLICIES
LEGALASPECT
TECHNOLOGYINFRASTRUCTURE
COMPANYASSETS
FINANCIALRESOURCES
ORGANIZATIONSTRUCTURE
COMPANYGEOGRAPHICAL
TOPOLOGY
BLUE PRINTINPUT
VALUE
VISIONMISSION
CSFsKPIs
STRATEGY
Ideology, Political Agenda, Economic Environment, Socialand Culture, International Relationship, National
Defense, Religion, Behaviors,
Macro Environment
ANALYSIS PROCESS
Character of Information
UnstructuredUnstructured StructuredStructured HighlyStructured
HighlyStructured
UnconstrainedUnconstrained ConstrainedConstrained HighlyConstrained
HighlyConstrained
FutureFuture Future andHistorical
Future andHistorical HistoricalHistorical
LongYears
LongYears
Medium,Weeks/Months
Medium,Weeks/Months
Short,Days/Hours
Short,Days/Hours
InfrequentInfrequent FrequentFrequent VeryFrequent
VeryFrequent
ExternalExternal Internal andExternal
Internal andExternal InternalInternal
TOPMANAGER
LOWERMANAGER
MIDDLEMANAGER
InformationSources
Frequencyof use
TimeScale
TimeHorizon
Scope
Nature ofDecision UnstructuredUnstructured StructuredStructured Highly
Structured
HighlyStructured
UnconstrainedUnconstrained ConstrainedConstrained HighlyConstrained
HighlyConstrained
FutureFuture Future andHistorical
Future andHistorical HistoricalHistorical
LongYears
LongYears
Medium,Weeks/Months
Medium,Weeks/Months
Short,Days/Hours
Short,Days/Hours
InfrequentInfrequent FrequentFrequent VeryFrequent
VeryFrequent
ExternalExternal Internal andExternal
Internal andExternal InternalInternal
TOPMANAGER
LOWERMANAGER
MIDDLEMANAGER
InformationSources
Frequencyof use
TimeScale
TimeHorizon
Scope
Nature ofDecision
Macro and Micro Assessment
Structure
BUSINESS INFORMATION SYSTEM
INTERNAL
EXTERNAL
Process
Resources
People
Infrastructure
Hardware
Software
Applications
Market
Customers
Government
Competitors
R&D
Silicon Valley
Science
Technology
Structure
BUSINESS INFORMATION SYSTEM
INTERNAL
EXTERNAL
Process
Resources
People
Infrastructure
Hardware
Software
Applications
Market
Customers
Government
Competitors
R&D
Silicon Valley
Science
Technology
Decision Making and Problem Solving:Decision Making as a Component of
Problem Solving
• Decision-making phase: first part of problem-solvingprocess
• Intelligence stage: potential problems or opportunities areidentified and defined
• Design stage: alternative solutions to the problem aredeveloped
• Choice stage: requires selecting a course of action
Decision Making as a Component ofProblem Solving (continued)
• Problem solving: a process that goes beyond decisionmaking to include the implementation stage
• Implementation stage: a solution is put into effect
• Monitoring stage: decision makers evaluate theimplementation
An Overview of ManagementInformation Systems: ManagementInformation Systems in Perspective
• A management information system (MIS) providesmanagers with information that supports effectivedecision making and provides feedback on dailyoperations
• The use of MISs spans all levels of management
Inputs to a Management InformationSystem
• Internal data sources (TPSs and ERP systems and relateddatabases; data warehouses and data marts; specificfunctional areas throughout the firm)
• External data sources (Customers, suppliers, competitors,and stockholders whose data is not already captured bythe TPS; the Internet; extranets)
Outputs of a Management InformationSystem
• Scheduled report: produced periodically, or on aschedule
• Key-indicator report: summary of the previous day’scritical activities
• Demand report: developed to give certain information atsomeone’s request
• Exception report: automatically produced when asituation is unusual or requires management action
• Drill-down reports: provide increasingly detailed dataabout a situation
Characteristics of a ManagementInformation System
• Fixed format, standard reports
• Hard-copy and soft-copy reports
• Uses internal data
• User-developed reports
• Users must request formal reports from IS department
Functional Aspects of the MIS
• Most organizations are structured along functional linesor areas
• MIS can be divided along functional lines to producereports tailored to individual functions
Financial Management InformationSystems
• Financial MIS: provides financial information to allfinancial managers within an organization
• Profit/loss and cost systems
• Auditing
• Uses and management of funds
Manufacturing ManagementInformation Systems
• The manufacturing MIS subsystems and outputs monitorand control the flow of materials, products, and servicesthrough the organization
• Design and engineering
• Master production scheduling and inventory control
• Process control
• Quality control and testing
Marketing Management InformationSystems
• Marketing MIS: supports managerial activities inproduct development, distribution, pricing decisions, andpromotional effectiveness
• Marketing research
• Product development
• Promotion and advertising
• Product pricing
Human Resource ManagementInformation Systems
• Human resource MIS: concerned with activities relatedto employees and potential employees of an organization
• Human resource planning
• Personnel selection and recruiting
Human Resource ManagementInformation Systems (continued)
• Training and skills inventory
• Scheduling and job placement
• Wage and salary administration
• Outplacement
Other Management InformationSystems
• Accounting MIS: provides aggregate information onaccounts payable, accounts receivable, payroll, and manyother applications
• Geographic information system (GIS): capable ofassembling, storing, manipulating, and displayinggeographic information
An Overview Of Decision SupportSystems
• A DSS is an organized collection of people, procedures,software, databases, and devices used to support problem-specific decision making and problem solving
• The focus of a DSS is on decision-making effectivenesswhen faced with unstructured or semistructured businessproblems
Characteristics of Decision SupportSystems
• Handle large amounts of data from different sources
• Provide report and presentation flexibility
• Offer both textual and graphical orientation
• Support drill-down analysis
Capabilities of a Decision SupportSystem
• Support all problem-solving phases
• Support different decision frequencies
• Support different problem structures
• Support various decision-making levels
Components of a Decision SupportSystem
• Model base: provides decision makers access to a varietyof models and assists them in decision making
• Database
• External database access
• Access to the Internet and corporate intranet, networks,and other computer systems
• Dialogue manager: allows decision makers to easilyaccess and manipulate the DSS and to use commonbusiness terms and phrases