implementation of optical response of thin film transistor
TRANSCRIPT
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1Mobile Display Division
Implementation of Optical Response of
Thin Film Transistor with Verilog-A
for Mobile LCD Applications
Keiichiro Ishihara, Yasuhiko Iguchi, Makoto Watanabe,
Takeyuki Tsuruma, Takeshi Sawada, Yasuhito Maki
Product Design Dept. Mobile Display Div.
Electronic Devices Business Group
Sony Corporation, Japan
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2Mobile Display Division
OutlineOutline
�Background
�Model
�Model Evaluation
�Application
�Conclusion
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3Mobile Display Division
Background
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4Mobile Display Division
Portable
Music Player
BackgroundBackground
Digital Video
Camera (DVC)
Digital Still
Camera (DSC)
Mobile Phone (MBL)Personal Digital
Assistance (PDA)
Portable Game
T V
Portable
DVD Player
Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs) have become
widely used in our daily life
Personal Computer (PC)
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5Mobile Display Division
BackgroundBackground
More accurate and fast simulation
is in demand
�Expectations for LCDs
� High Image Quality� High contrast
� Fast response
� Low power consumption
� Image uniformity, etc…
� Compact in Design� Narrow Frame
� Thinner profile, etc…
� Inexpensive in Price
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6Mobile Display Division
BackgroundBackground
�Operation of general LCDs
Block diagram of typical LCD
Equivalent circuit of a pixel
Cross sectional view of LC cell
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7Mobile Display Division
BackgroundBackground
�Operation of general LCDs
Block diagram of typical LCD
Equivalent circuit of a pixel
Cross sectional view of LC cell
VERY IMPORTANT!!
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8Mobile Display Division
BackgroundBackground
Possible defects of display quality
�Issues for the display quality in LCDs (1)
Cause of the malfunctions
“Photo-Leakage Current”
Frame1
Frame2
Frame1’
Frame2’
time
Flicker Vertical Cross-talk Un-uniformity
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9Mobile Display Division
BackgroundBackground
Circuit analysis considering the effect of the light is strongly in demand.
� TFTs are constantly
under the influence of
the light.
� They are required to
maintain voltage for a
long time.
� The effect of photo-
leakage is significant.
�Issues for the display quality in LCDs (2)
Cross sectional view of a pixel
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10Mobile Display Division
BackgroundBackground
� Popular TFT device model
� Accurately expresses TFT
device characteristics
An equivalent circuit for RPI model
B. Iniguez et al. Unied model for short-channel poly-si tfts. Solid-StateElectronics, 43:1821-1831, 1999.
�Device model for TFT
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI) model
Ways to include an optical response
� Modify a proven device model
models provided by EDA venders are not opened for
modification
� Develop an original device model
takes too much time!!
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11Mobile Display Division
BackgroundBackground
� Popular TFT device model
� Accurately expresses TFT
device characteristics
An equivalent circuit for RPI model
B. Iniguez et al. Unied model for short-channel poly-si tfts. Solid-StateElectronics, 43:1821-1831, 1999.
�Device model for TFT
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI) model
Ways to include an optical response
� Modify a proven device model
models provided by EDA venders are not opened for
modification
� Develop an original device model
takes too much time!!
Use Verilog-A to model ONLY
an optical response of TFT
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12Mobile Display Division
Model
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13Mobile Display Division
ModelModel
�Proposed method
Photo-leakage current needs to be modeled as independent of characteristics calculated by the RPI model
Connect photo-current module as
an EXTERNAL instance of the RPI model
Transistor model and
Photo-Current Module are
connected in parallel.
Condition to be met
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14Mobile Display Division
ModelModel
① Inside the depletion
region.
� Carriers separated by
the field.
Drift component.
� Not in the RPI model.
� Empirically known to
be dominant.
�Two generation paths of photo-carriers
② Outside edge of the
depletion region.
� Originated from the
diffusion.
Diffusion component.
� Empirically known to
be less dominant.
Ec
EvEf
Ec
EvEf
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15Mobile Display Division
ModelModel
① Inside the depletion
region.
� Carriers separated by
the field.
Drift component.
� Not in the RPI model.
� Empirically known to
be dominant.
② Outside edge of the
depletion region.
� Originated from
diffusion.
Diffusion component.
� Empirically known to
be less dominant.
Can be ignoredNeed to be considered
Photo-leakage current is assumed as
an independent current of the RPI
�Two generation paths of photo-carriers
IGNORED
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16Mobile Display Division
ModelModel
� Photo-generation rate G (s-1cm-3)
� Photo-leakage current in the
depletion region Iphoto (A)
ναh
PG in=
GwlqtI depSiphoto =
( )( )da
dsbidaSidep
NqN
VNNl
++=
φε2
�Generation inside the depletion region
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
∫ ∫Φ=−max
min
0,
,,λ
λ
λαλλλα dexxxG
x
dxx
assumptions…
P N
ldep
Ec
EvEf
C. Amano et al., Fabrication and numerical analysis of algaas/gaas tandem solar
cells with tunnel interconnections. IEEE Trans. Electron Devices, 36:1026-1035, 1989.
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17Mobile Display Division
ModelModel
( )dsphotophoto VII mod
2tanh
modα=
Convergence is greatly improved by introducing tanh
�Convergence issues
tanh2(αmod x Vds)
When Vds is 0 V,
Ids should be 0 A.
SPICE is based on Ohm’s Law
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18Mobile Display Division
Coding in Coding in VerilogVerilog--AA
�Excerption of the code
Iphotos d
iphoto
V(d,s)
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19Mobile Display Division
Model Evaluation
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20Mobile Display Division
Model EvaluationModel Evaluation
4.40 %3.11 %9.43 %Intensity 2
5.33 %5.68 %1.23 %Intensity 1
Avg. ErrorTFT 2TFT 1Intensity
Good agreement with the experiment data
�Validity
(1) TFT 1 (2) TFT 2
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21Mobile Display Division
Simulation runtime comparison
Model EvaluationModel Evaluation
�Simulation runtime� 1001 pixels in series.
� Tran. analysis of 40 msec.
Only 1.06 times more simulation runtime is consumed
Built-in Model w/ photo-current module
Built-in Model
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22Mobile Display Division
Application
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23Mobile Display Division
ApplicationApplication
M. Watanabe et al. Macro-modeling of liquid crystal cell with veriloga. Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE International Behavioral Modeling and Simulation Workshop, pages 132-137, 2007.
Schematic diagram of LCD panel A typical pixel circuit of LCD
Photo-leakage current model and liquid crystal model described in Verilog-A are used
�Application to the LCD design
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24Mobile Display Division
ApplicationApplication
M. Watanabe et al. Macro-modeling of liquid crystal cell with veriloga. Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE International Behavioral Modeling and Simulation Workshop, pages 132-137, 2007.
Schematic diagram of LCD panel A typical pixel circuit of LCD
Photo-leakage current model and liquid crystal model described in Verilog-A are used
�Application to the LCD design
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25Mobile Display Division
Transient characteristics of Vpix Transmittance curve
ApplicationApplication
Following optimizations should be applied
during LCD design processes
1. Vcom optimization 2. Csc optimization
positive
frame time
negative
frame time
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26Mobile Display Division
ApplicationApplication
�Optimization 1: Vcom
Designers can estimate the optimal Vcom for
supposed light intensities
Vcom should be ~-0.35 V
� Flicker level increases with
light exposure.
� Optimal Vcom shifts with light
intensities.
� Failure to optimize Vcom may
lead to flicker image.
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27Mobile Display Division
ApplicationApplication
�Optimization 2: Csc
Designers can estimate the optimal Csc for
supposed light intensities with given specification
� As Csc is increased
flicker level is
decreased
BUT…
less aperture ratio
hard to accumulate
the charge during switch-
on timeChoose max Csc that fulfills customer's specification
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28Mobile Display Division
Conclusion
�Realized accurate and fast simulation
considering optical illumination.
�Enabled detection of possible
malfunctioning in the LCD property during
designing process.
�Verilog-A is suitable for this plug-in
approach modeling.
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29Mobile Display Division
Thank you
for your attention