IMPLEMENTATION OF NETWORK PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS FOR

MANET BY USING NS2

NUR AZIRAH BINTI AHMAD TARMIZI

BACHELOR OF COMPUTER SCIENCE (COMPUTER NETWORK

SECURITY) WITH HONOURS

UNIVERSITI SULTAN ZAINAL ABIDIN

2020

i

DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this report is based on my original work except for quotations

and citations, which have been duly acknowledged. I also declare that it has not been

previously or concurrently submitted for any other degree at University Sultan Zainal

Abidin or other institutions.

Name: NUR AZIRAH BINTI AHMAD TARMIZI

Date: …………………………………….

ii

CONFIRMATION

This is to confirm that:

The research conducted and the writing of this report was under my supervision.

Name: DR. AZNIDA HAYATI BINTI ZAKARIA @ MOHAMAD

Date: ………………………………………

iii

DEDICATION

Praise to Allah, the Most Gracious and the Most Merciful. Alhamdulillah, for

blessing me and giving me the opportunity to go through and complete this final year

project entitled Implementation of Network Performance Analysis for MANET by

Using NS2.

Firstly, my greatest appreciation to my family especially my beloved mother

and father who always gives me advices and for being supportive throughout this

project. Next, I would like to take this opportunity to express my heartiest

appreciation and gratitude to my experienced supervisor, Dr. Aznida Hayati Binti

Zakaria @ Mohamad for the encouragement, guidance, comments, motivation and

also support. Without her continuous support, this project could not be completed as

presented here. Thank you.

In addition, I would like to thank the panels during my final year project, Dr.

Wan Nor Syuhadah Binti Wan Nik, Dr. Nor Aida Binti Mahiddin and Dr Zarina for

all supportive words, guidance, advices as well as fresh ideas during the development

of this project until the end. Thank you.

To Faculty of Informatics and Computing, and all lecturers in this faculty, I

would like to thank everyone for the opportunity for me to be exposed and explore

as a degree student with this project. Last but not least, I would take this chance to

thank my fellow friends for kind and supportive words, and helping hands during the

completion of this project.

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ABSTRACT

Network performance analysis are significant in the network security and management.

Network performance analysis refers to the study on the events, taking place through

the network with the aim of maintaining a secure and firm network. Nowadays, the

breakneck growth of network size, resources and distances involved has gradually

increase the complexity of the network traffic and network behavior. The network

management has become entangled with the network congestion and to ensure IP

network smoothly and safely operated. Hence, this study is to propose an

implementation of network performance analysis for MANET by using NS2. Network

simulator tool are used to study the robust nature of network by theoretically replicate

an actual network on the computer to be studied, so as to have the prior warning of

failures or problems and to improve them. This simulator tool collects, analyze, specify

the network protocol and simulating the network environment to be tested. Apart from

that, this tool also conveys easy-to-understand visual analysis by utilize a trace file to

replay the network simulation using animation to get a precise analysis and network

traffic monitoring. Main contributions are to implement the system, which mainly

includes network flow collection, transmission, storage, analysis and the visual display

of the network traffic. Therefore, performance analysis is a great essential to network

security.

v

ABSTRAK

Analisis prestasi rangkaian adalah penting dalam keselamatan rangkaian dan

pengurusan. Analisis prestasi rangkaian merujuk kepada kajian mengenai kejadian yang

berlaku dalam rangkaian bertujuan mengekalkan rangkaian yang selamat dan kukuh.

Pada masa kini, pertumbuhan jaringan yang pesat, sumber dan jarak rangkaian yang

terlibat secara beransur-ansur meningkatkan kerumitan lalu lintas rangkaian dan

tingkah laku rangkaian. Pengurusan rangkaian telah terikat dengan kesesakan rangkaian

dan bagi memastikan rangkaian IP lancar dan selamat dikendalikan. Oleh itu, kajian ini

adalah untuk mencadangkan pelaksanaan analisis prestasi MANET dengan

menggunakan simulator NS2. Alat simulator rangkaian digunakan untuk mengkaji sifat

rangkaian yang teguh dengan secara teori meniru rangkaian sebenar pada komputer

yang akan dikaji, bagi mendapatkan amaran atau kegagalan awal dan memperbaikinya.

Alat simulator ini mengumpul, menganalisis, menentukan protokol rangkaian dan

mensimulasikan persekitaran rangkaian untuk diuji. Selain itu, alat ini juga

menyampaikan analisis visual yang mudah difahami dengan menggunakan fail jejak

untuk memainkan semula simulasi rangkaian menggunakan animasi untuk

mendapatkan analisis yang tepat dan pemantauan trafik rangkaian. Sumbangan utama

adalah untuk melaksanakan sistem ini, yang terutama termasuk pengumpulan aliran,

penghantaran, penyimpanan, analisa dan paparan visual trafik rangkaian. Oleh itu,

analisis prestasi ini adalah penting untuk keselamatan rangkaian.

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CONTENTS

DECLARATION ........................................................................................................... i

CONFIRMATION ....................................................................................................... ii

DEDICATION ............................................................................................................. iii

ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................. iv

ABSTRAK ...................................................................................................................... v

CONTENTS ................................................................................................................. vi

LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................... x

LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................... xi

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................. xiii

LIST OF APPENDICES .......................................................................................... xiv

CHAPTER 1 ................................................................................................................. 1

INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 1

1.1 Background ......................................................................................................... 1

1.1.1 MANET ................................................................................................... 3

1.1.2 MANET routing protocol ........................................................................ 3

1.2 Problem Statement .............................................................................................. 6

1.3 Objectives ........................................................................................................... 7

1.4 Scopes ................................................................................................................. 7

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1.5 Limitation of work .............................................................................................. 7

1.6 Report structure ................................................................................................... 8

CHAPTER 2 ................................................................................................................. 9

LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................................................... 9

2.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 9

2.2 Network ............................................................................................................. 10

2.3 Network performance analysis ......................................................................... 11

2.4 NS2 ................................................................................................................... 12

2.5 Linux Operating System ................................................................................... 13

2.6 Existing System ................................................................................................ 14

2.7 Comparison between routing protocols for MANET ....................................... 19

2.8 Comparison between simulation tools used in MANET .................................. 22

2.9 Overview of the Project and Research .............................................................. 24

2.10 Summary ........................................................................................................... 27

CHAPTER 3 ............................................................................................................... 28

METHODOLOGY .................................................................................................... 28

3.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 28

3.2 Framework ........................................................................................................ 29

3.3 Flowchart .......................................................................................................... 31

3.4 Performance metrics ......................................................................................... 33

viii

3.5 Proof of Concept ............................................................................................... 33

3.6 Hardware and Software requirement ................................................................ 35

3.7 Summary ........................................................................................................... 36

CHAPTER 4 ............................................................................................................... 37

IMPLEMENTATION AND RESULT ..................................................................... 37

4.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 37

4.2 Configuration and testing .................................................................................. 37

4.2.1 Installation of Ubuntu 16.04 ...................................................................... 37

4.2.2 Installation and configuration of NS2........................................................ 39

4.2.3 Simulation environment............................................................................. 42

4.3 Simulation ......................................................................................................... 44

4.3.1 Tcl script (test.tcl) File ............................................................................... 44

4.3.2 Configuration of NS2 simulation tool. ...................................................... 45

4.3.3 Simulation of DSDV Routing Protocol ..................................................... 48

4.3.4 Simulation of AODV Routing Protocol .................................................... 49

4.3.5 Simulation of DSR Routing Protocol ........................................................ 51

4.4 Result ................................................................................................................ 53

4.4.1 Calculation of performance based on trace file ......................................... 53

4.4.1.1 Average throughput ............................................................................ 53

4.4.1.2 Packet Delivery Ratio ......................................................................... 54

4.4.1.3 Average End-to-end delay .................................................................. 56

ix

4.5 Summary ........................................................................................................... 57

CHAPTER 5 ............................................................................................................... 58

CONCLUSION .......................................................................................................... 58

5.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 58

5.2 Project Finalization and Contribution ............................................................... 58

5.3 Constraints ........................................................................................................ 59

5.4 Future work ....................................................................................................... 59

5.5 Summary ........................................................................................................... 60

REFERENCES ........................................................................................................... 61

x

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE TITLE PAGE

2.1 Comparison table of Routing Protocol used in previous studies 19

2.2 Comparison table of Simulation tools implemented in previous

project and research

22

2.3 Comparison table of project and research 24

3.1 List of hardware used 35

3.2 List of software used 35

4.1 Simulation environment and parameter 42

xi

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE TITLE PAGE

1.1 Categorization of MANET routing protocol 4

2.1 Network Management Model 12

2.2 Architecture of NS2 13

3.1 Framework of Network performance analysis of small

organization using NS2

29

3.2 Flowchart of network performance analysis 32

3.3 Install NS2 and NAM 33

3.4 Input Tcl script in NS2 34

3.5 Install and run NAM 34

4.1 Ubuntu 16.04 downloaded from website 38

4.2 Installation of Ubuntu 38

4.3 Extraction of ns-allinone-2.35.tar.gz 39

4.4 NS2 successfully installed 40

4.5 Execute command to check the installation of NS2 41

4.6 Execution of Tcl script 45

4.7 Trace file created 45

4.8 NAM file created 46

4.9 Interface of NAM 46

4.10 Network animation 47

4.11 Simulation of DSDV routing protocol for 10 nodes 48

4.12 Simulation of DSDV routing protocol for 25 nodes 48

xii

4.13 Simulation of DSDV routing protocol for 50 nodes 49

4.14 Simulation of AODV routing protocol for 10 nodes 49

4.15 Simulation of AODV routing protocol for 25 nodes 50

4.16 Simulation of AODV routing protocol for 50 nodes 50

4.17 Simulation of DSR routing protocol for 10 nodes 51

4.18 Simulation of DSR routing protocol for 25 nodes 51

4.19 Simulation of DSR routing protocol for 50 nodes 52

4.20 Graph of Average Throughput against number of nodes in

speed 5m/s

54

4.21 Graph of Packet Delivery Ratio against number of nodes in

speed 5m/s

55

4.22 Graph of Average End-to-end Delay against number of nodes

in speed 5m/s

56

xiii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

NS2 Network Simulation Version 2

NAM Network Animation

IPv4 Internet Protocol version 4

IPv6 Internet Protocol version 6

UDP User Datagram Protocol

TCP Transmission Control Protocol

FTP File Transfer Protocol

IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

QoS Quality of service

CBR Constant bit rate

WSN Wireless Sensor Network

DSDV Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector routing protocol

MANET Mobile ad hoc network

AODV Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector

PLR Packet Loss Ratio

DSR Dynamic Source Routing

xiv

LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX TITLE PAGE

A Gantt Chart (FYP 1) 65

B Gantt Chart (FYP 2) 66

1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

In this golden era of technology, the Internet has become a major part of life and

people have an increasing reliance on the Internet to carry out task in daily life. The

Internet can be defined as a massive network of networks. Network is a collection of

computers and other devices that can send and receive data from one to another, more

or less in real time (Elliotte Rusty Harold, 2013). Besides, the Internet plays a significant

role as one of the most effective and efficient medium of communication between one

individual to another individual in the world. During this dynamic technological

revolution, the Internet also plays a very vital role as a resource of education and

learning. With that being said, network usage is increasing dynamically from time to

time with an application that user can use for access. A good management of network

are necessary for smooth and efficient use as the future of Network management is

becoming more challenging every second.

Network management and security are among the most significant and exciting

technological innovations that have taken place in the last few decades. While the exact

2

pattern of future network development cannot be predicted, their development will

continue, and they will have a decisive impact on important walks of life such as

business, government, sciences, industry, the arts and entertainment. In particular,

computer networks underpin almost every aspect of corporate communications; it is

important that they are appropriately designed, operate at their optimal efficiency, and

are secure.

Next, network monitoring is an oversight of a computer network using

specialized management software tools to ensure the availability and overall

performance of computers and network services. The tool let admins monitor access,

routers, slow or failing components, firewalls, core switches, client systems, and server

performance among other network data. The International Organization for Standards

(ISO) has created a network management model which is the areas of network

management such as performance management and analysis, fault management,

configuration management, accounting management and security management (James

F. Kurose, Keith W. Ross., 1999).

Therefore, in this project, the implementation of performance analysis for

MANET was studied and focused purposefully narrow for small organization with

application of Network Simulation Version 2 (NS2). According to Michael E. Whitman

in Management of Information Security Third Edition, small organization have 10 to

100 computers and have little in the way of formal policy, planning, or security

measures. NS2 is an open-source event-driven simulator designed specifically for

research in computer communication networks. This tool imitates the working of a

computer network where in simulators, the computer network is typically modeled with

devices and traffic and the performance is analyzed. NS2 come with support for the

protocols in use today, such as IPv4, IPv6, UDP, and TCP. It is an important foundation

3

for network traffic feature summary, network security assessment, anomalous behavior

analysis, intrusion detection and protection.

1.1.1 MANET

Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) can be defined as a collection of multi-hop mobile

devices which are self-organized and self-configured that forms a communication

network. This Ad hoc network consists of host interconnected by routers without a fixed

infrastructure and can be arranged dynamically. Over the past few years, ad hoc has

rapidly grown its interest as the availability of wireless communication devices that

works in industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) bands. Core vision of MANET is to

support robust and efficient operation in wireless networks by joining routing

functionalities at each mobile node.

In MANET, in order to support mobile computing, a mobile host must be able

to communicate with other mobile hosts which may not lie within its radio transmission

range. Hence routing protocols will need to perform four important functions which is

determination of network topology, maintaining network connectivity, transmission

scheduling and channel assignment, and packet routing. Routing protocols in MANETs

were developed based on the design goals of minimal control overhead, minimal

processing overhead, multi hop routing capability, dynamic topology maintenance and

loop prevention (Royer E.M., Toh C, 1999).

1.1.2 MANET routing protocol

In this part, MANET routing protocol such as DSDV, AODV and TORA will be

described briefly to be studied in our simulation. Firstly, these routing protocol can be

categorized into reactive and proactive and hybrid protocol as shown in Figure 1.1.

4

Figure 1.1: Categorization of MANET routing protocol

Reactive also known as on-demand driven reactive protocol. This protocol does not

start routing route on itself, instead it waits until a request was made when a source node

asks for finding a route. As a node wants to send packet to another node, reactive

protocols search for the route in on-demand basis and thus establish a connection for

transmission and receive of the packet. For route searching, this protocol uses flooding

strategy of request message through global broadcast to discover the destination on-

demand.

On the other hand, in proactive routing, each node continuously maintains a single

or multiple routing table that are regularly updated between pair of nodes. Each node

will send a broadcasting message to all the other nodes in the network in order to spot

the changes in their network topology. The route creation and maintenance are

established through some combination of periodic and event-triggered routing updates

derived from distance-vector and link-state method. Both of these routing protocols

have their own pros and contras that can be tested and analyzed from its performance

metrics. In this project, the focus is on DSDV as reactive routing protocol and AODV

and DSR as proactive protocol.

5

i. Destination Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV)

DSDV is a hop-by-hop distance vector routing protocol requiring each node

to periodically broadcast routing updates based on the idea of classical

Bellman-Ford Routing algorithm (Perkins C.E. and Bhagwat P, 1994). Each

node maintains a routing table listing the “next hop” for each reachable

destination, number of hops to reach destination and the sequence number

assigned by destination node. The sequence number is used to distinguish

stale routes from new ones and thus avoid loop formation. The stations

periodically transmit their routing tables to their immediate neighbors. A

station also transmits its routing table if a significant change has occurred

in its table from the last update sent. So, the update is both time-driven and

event-driven. The routing table updates can be sent in two ways: a “full

dump” or an “incremental” update.

ii. Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV)

AODV is a combination of on-demand and distance vector i.e. hop- to-hop

routing methodology (Perkins C.E. and Royer E.M, 1998). When a node

needs to know a route to a specific destination it creates a ROUTE

REQUEST which is forwarded by intermediate nodes which also create a

reverse route for itself for destination. When the request reaches a node with

route to destination it creates again a REPLY which contains the number of

hops that are require to reach the destination. All nodes that participate in

forwarding this reply to the source node create a forward route to

destination. This route created from each node from source to destination is

a hop-by-hop state and not the entire route as in source routing.

6

iii. Dynamic Source Routing (DSR)

DSR comes under the reactive routing protocol category same as AODV,

as it has the capability to discover the route from source to destination only

when it is required. This routing protocol uses a process called “Route

Discovery Mechanism” which capable of discovering the route for data

packets from source node to destination nodes by using intermediate nodes.

In proactive routing protocols such as DSDV, no separate table is

maintained, requiring each node to periodically broadcast routing updates.

However, in DSR, this process of separately sending a “Re-Request” packet

from destination to source makes it easier for the sender to send the data

packets on fixed path rather than sending it on multiple paths to check for

total distance.

1.2 Problem Statement

Problem statement of this project are:

i. The breakneck growth of network size, resources and distances involved has

gradually increase the complexity of the network traffic and network behavior.

ii. The network management become entangled with the network congestion and

to ensure IP network smoothly and safely operated.

iii. All communication network is exposed to challenges such as natural disaster,

attack and human mistake.

iv. Not all small organization has a professional and experts to provide this ability.

7

1.3 Objectives

There are three main objectives to develop this project include:

i. To study the simulation model to monitor the network performance for wireless

network in small organization.

ii. To design the simulation model that can analyze the behavior of existing and

proposed for wireless network in small organization under different scenario.

iii. To implement the simulation model that can act as framework to simulate

challenges such as natural disaster, attack and human mistake and the

corresponding effects of the network under the induced challenge.

1.4 Scopes

This propose study involve two parties which are administrator and system.

1.4.1 Scope of user

Administrator can monitor the traffic of network through performance

management in term of the capacity, traffic, throughput and response time by

using the simulation.

1.4.2 Scope of system

Configuration of NS2 tool can manage the performance of network by

quantify, measure, report, analyze and control performance.

1.5 Limitation of work

There is some limitation in this project which is:

i. This simulation work on a limited operating system such as Linux, UNIX and a

few older versions of Windows (XP, Vista). In this project, Ubuntu OS is used

with Linux-based.

8

ii. This simulation dependant to internet connection to be monitor in real-time

mode only.

1.6 Report structure

This thesis consists of five chapters. The first chapter focuses on the project background,

problem statements, objectives, scopes of project and limitation of work. Chapter two

is a review of all related study regarding to this project. In chapter three, the

methodology was discussed including the methods and techniques used for the

development of this project. In this chapter, the expected results also were discussed

through the data model and design. In the fourth chapter, implementation and testing

processes that has been run in this project were explained in detail. In the last chapter,

conclusion and final results are presented.

9

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

Before the implementation of the proposed project, a sufficient research on the

published literature related to this topic has been done. In this chapter, the

summarization of literature reviews related to this project was discussed. The literature

review is a text of a trusted paper such as journal, article and book that include current

knowledge about theoretical and methodological contribution. Main purpose of the

literature review is to identify research methods and strategies that should be apply in

this project. The information from these previous studies and research will be discussed

in this chapter. Therefore, the literature review is carried out to be used as references

and as an inspiration in developing the proposed simulation.

There are two main fields that have been investigated in this part which are

useful for the implementation of the proposed project. The main areas are to study the

Network and Network Performance Analysis. The purpose of the research will be

defined and the concepts which have been helpful in understanding technologies used

in development of proposed application, have been collected.

10

In order to find a problem and disconnections in the network for any

organizations that may disturbing the performance of network, an appropriate

administration and management will be performed. This administration of network will

capture the whole performance of the network and maintain any possible connections.

If any failure happens in the network, an urgent monitoring and maintaining will be

needed.

2.2 Network

A network is the interconnection of a set of devices capable of communication

(Behrouz A. Forouzan, 2012). Based on this definition from Data Communication and

Networking Fifth Edition book, the computers, servers, mainframes, network devices,

peripherals, or other devices connected to one another to permit the transmission of data

and information. The evolution of network through the years have been changed from

a simple connection between a few computers to a connection of computers in many

networks. An amazing example of a network is the Internet, which connects millions of

individuals all over the world. This dynamic change of complex network demanding

for having a rich of performance analysis and management. The connections can be

established through wired and wireless. Wired connection requires a copper wire or

fibre optic cable as a transmission medium to allow data sending and receiving. For

wireless transmission, data signal travels through electromagnetic waves. In this project,

a wireless network was used as a traffic scenario to be administer and analyse.

The IEEE 802.11 standards specify two operating modes which is infrastructure

mode and ad hoc mode. Infrastructure mode is used to connect computers with wireless

network adapters, also known as wireless clients, to an existing wired network with the

help from wireless router or access point. Ad hoc mode is used to connect wireless

clients directly together, without the need for a wireless router or access point. An ad

11

hoc network consists of up to 9 wireless clients, which send their data directly to each

other.

2.3 Network performance analysis

In this part, some previous proposed model for performance analysis will be

discussed. Network performance can be defined as the overall quality of service (QoS)

provided by a network while the network performance analysis is a complete set of

processes and tools that can be used to quantitatively and qualitatively analyse network

performance. Basically, it is the use of network data to unpack performance trends. By

conducting a performance analysis, we can understand why the network is performing

the way it is. The network performance can be analysed by measuring a few parameters

such as bandwidth usage, throughput, latency and jitter.

Bandwidth can be defined as arrange of frequencies that can be transmitted by

a particular system or medium (Jorge L. Olenewa,2012). Throughput is the rate of data

that can be transferred from one place to another in a period of time. Next, latency is

the delay between the sender and the receiver decoding it, this is mainly a function of

the signals travel time, and processing time at any nodes the information traverses while

jitter is variation in packet delay at the receiving end of the information. Each of these

types of parameters behaves differently on different conditions of the network. Hence

the performance analysis is a must task to know its behaviour and work in that

environment accordingly. The factors like node mobility, network size, control

overhead and traffic intensity along with inherent characteristics of networks may result

in unpredictable variations in the overall network performance.

In the previous project, Morris Sloman have proposed a new model for network

monitoring which modifies the event management. In the mentioned model, event and

12

status have been produced for the administrator to be able to analyse the network

performance. Figure 2.1, presents the design of the proposed network.

Figure 2.1: Network Management Model

2.4 NS2

NS-2 is an open source network simulator which runs on different platforms that are

UNIX (or Linux), Windows, and Mac systems. NS-2 is widely exploited to simulate the

various network components and protocols such as routing, TCP, UDP, FTP and traffic

sources like CBR over wired and wireless networks. Principally, NS2 provides a way

to specify such network protocols, and also simulate their corresponding behaviours.

Owing to its flexibility and modular nature, the NS-2 has gained profound admiration

in the networking research community areas. The most recent version of NS-2 is NS-

2.35.

NS-2 simulator facilitates integration of the different types of technologies and

tools. NS-2 is implemented using both the oTCL (object Tool Command Language) and

C++ languages. It exploits TCL/C++ interface, called as TclCl to allow interaction

between the oTCL and C++. By Employing NS-2 simulator the AWK script can be

13

exploited to process the trace files. The Ns-2 simulator incorporates diverse tools such

as Network Animator (NAM) and X-Graph. The architecture of NS2 are as shown in

Figure 2.2.

Figure 2.2: Architecture of NS2

2.5 Linux Operating System

Linux is an open source operating system that is distributed by Red Hat

Enterprise under GNU General Public Licence. This operating system gives freedom to

user to run the program for any purpose, to study how the program works, and change

it to make it do what you wish. It also allows the redistribution of copies or distribute

copies of own modified versions to others. The advantage is security characteristic of

Linux much stronger than Windows (Nandhini, U., Nivetha, B. and Shobana, D., 2016).

Moreover, this operating system is more powerful and unique compared with

other operating system such as Windows and Macintosh (Hussain A. Alhassan and Dr

Christian Bach, 2014). Linux is user-friendly when it comes to application codes writing

14

through an accessing network which make it suit this project. NS2 are the most

compatible in Ubuntu Linux operating system. Ubuntu consist of two different versions

which is the server and desktop. Desktop version are mostly used in this project since it

has better performer for network performance analysis.

2.6 Existing System

In this part of the chapter, the previously researches to the proposed network

performance analysis was studied and will be discussed. For every mentioned paper,

some explanations along with its advantages and disadvantages will be discussed in

order to providing some familiarities and understanding regarding these previous

studies.

2.6.1 Design and Simulation of Wireless Sensor Network in NS2

This paper presented a study of how to design and implement Wireless Sensor Network

(WSN) in NS2. WSN consists of spatially distributed autonomous sensors to monitor

physical or environmental conditions such as temperature, sound, vibration, pressure

and humidity. The capabilities of sensor nodes in WSN are so wide and can be different

as the simple sensor nodes may monitor a single physical phenomenon while more

complicated devices might combine many different sensing techniques. The diversity

of application in WSN makes it important for the simulation to study the dynamic nature

of this network. NS2 were used in this research paper by implementing the sensing and

tracing techniques on 20 nodes with DSDV routing protocol. Sensing technique was

used to gather information about a physical object or process, including the occurrence

of events. Tracing is done to capture all packets that are receive, dropped and sent in

the network. The advantage of this study is the nature and variety behaviour of WSN

can be study and analysed as the calculation of average end-to-end delay and total

15

energy consumed was recorded. However, this study is complicated to any novice and

students since the information recorded was not represented with any visual

representation. Thus, it is hard for nonprofessional to understand and conduct this

project.

2.6.2 Analysis of Node Velocity Effects in MANET Routing Protocols using

Network Simulator (NS3)

In this paper, Lakshman Naik L., R. U. Khan and R. B. Mishra proposed a study to

make an analysis of MANET routing protocols in the aspect of node velocity effects by

using Network Simulator version 3 (NS3). Based on their research, in ad-hoc networks,

routing protocols suggest communication between routers and prompt them to select

routes between a source and a destination. For choosing a router, it is performed by the

routing algorithms. In this paper, the researchers used network simulator-3 to simulate

comparative performance analysis of three MANET routing protocols. The routing

protocols tested are AODV (Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing), DSDV

(Destination Sequenced Distance Vector Routing) and OLSR (Optimized Link State

Routing). In this study, they analysed performance comparisons of these routing

protocols using different performance metrics such as throughput, packet delivery ratio,

end to end delay and packet loss. However, performance of the routing protocols

depends on various factors like, size of the network, no. of source connections,

transmission power, node speed and Wi-Fi rate. Thus, the researcher stated that for

additional experiments, it could be carried out by increasing higher node speeds along

with increasing of related factors.

16

2.6.3 To Analyse & Compare AODV, DSR and DSDV Routing Protocol for

MANET

The main purpose of this study is to carry out the performance analysis to make a

comparative evaluation for AODV, DSR and DSDV routing protocol for MANET

environment. The common measures were used for the comparison of performance for

these protocols such as the throughput, delay and packet loss. The advantage of this

studies is the evaluation of performance and behaviour of each of these routing

protocols was conducted with NS2 simulation tool which can visually presents the

overall performance. This simulation study helps to understand the behaviour of AODV,

DSR and DSDV routing protocols setup over NS2 simulator using application traffic

CBR analysing their actions with respect to the parameters of quality of services.

2.6.4 Application and Performance Analysis of DSDV Routing Protocol in Ad-

Hoc Wireless Sensor Network with Help of NS2 Knowledge

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate performance of DSDV routing protocol in

wireless sensor network (WSN) scales regarding the End-to-End delay and throughput

PDR with mobility factor. Routing protocols are a critical aspect to performance in

mobile wireless networks and play crucial role in determining network performance in

terms of packet delivery fraction, end-to-end delay and packet loss. Destination-

sequenced distance vector (DSDV) protocol is a proactive protocol depending n routing

tables which are maintained at each node. The routing protocol should detect and

maintain optimal route(s) between source and destination nodes. In this paper, they

presented the application of DSDV in WSN as extend to their previous study to the

design and implementation the details of the DSDV routing protocol in MANET using

the NS2 network simulator.

17

2.6.5 Performance Analysis of Wired, Wireless and Optical Network using NS2

In this paper, wired, wireless and optical networks have been analysed and implemented

using network simulator tool NS2. A systematic simulation-based performance analysis

of wired, wireless and optical networks using distance vector routing protocol has been

carried out. Analysis of the performance of these networks on the basis of three metrics

which are the Packet delivery ratio, end to end delay, throughput using NS2 simulation

has been undertaken.

2.6.6 Simulation Analysis of Routing Protocols in Hybrid wireless network

In this paper, a simulation Analysis of Routing Protocols in Hybrid wireless network

was carried out. A wireless hybrid network which are the integration of wireless ad hoc

network and wireless infrastructure network is recognized as superior option for next

generation wireless networks. Such network focuses to support of continuous

transmission with strong Quality of Service (QoS). In hybrid networks, the way to

guarantee quality of service (QoS) remains a hot problem, where it is observed that due

to the direct adoption of QoS based reservation resource routing for MANET, hybrid

networks inherit problems of resource reservation and invalid racing conditions. The

article presents the working of two Ad-Hoc routing protocols (DSDV and AODV+) in

hybrid systems in relation with different network complexities. It is observed that both

protocols performed indistinguishably to the extent of the throughput. For jitter, PLR

and PDR, the AODV+ performed superior to DSDV; except for the intricacy situation

of system, while DSDV performed ineffectively.

18

2.6.7 Performance analysis and comparison of the DSDV, AODV and OLSR

routing protocols under VANETs

In this paper, the researcher investigate on how three state-of-the-art Mobile Ad-Hoc

Network (MANET) routing protocols which is Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector

(AODV), Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) and Destination-Sequenced Distance-

Vector (DSDV) behave over the IEEE 802.11p/WAVE stack, which has recently been

specified for Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs). This research was based on

Network Simulation version 3 (NS3) and BonnMotion simulations to evaluate Packet

Delivery Rate, Goodput, Routing Overhead and End-to-End Delay for different

trajectories, average speeds, and network densities. The advantage of this paper is that

the researcher focusing on assessing and readapting the service routing protocols used

in MANETs (Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks) for VANETs, showing reasonable

performance under certain network density and nodes speed conditions.

2.6.8 MANET Routing Protocols Evaluation: AODV, DSR and DSDV

Perspective

This paper presents the performance comparison between Dynamic Source Routing

(DSR), Ad hoc on demand distance Vector Routing (AODV) as reactive routing

protocols and Destination Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV) as a proactive routing

protocol to precisely determine which protocol is more effective. Network Simulator

(NS) version 2.35 was used to simulate and evaluate the performance of these protocols

in terms of the packet delivery ratio, average throughput, average end-to-end delay, and

packet loss ratio with respect to the variable number of nodes.

19

2.7 Comparison between routing protocols for MANET

Table 2.1: Comparison table of routing protocols used in previous studies

Parameters TORA

(Temporally

Ordered

Routing

Algorithms)

AODV (Ad-hoc

on-demand

distance vector)

DSR (Dynamic Source

Routing)

DSDV

(Destination

Sequence

Distance

Vector)

DYMO

(Dynamic

MANET On-

Demand)

CSGR (Cluster

Switch

Gateway

Routing)

Routing

approaches

Reactive Reactive Reactive Proactive Reactive Proactive

Route

selection/

Protocol

Type

Link Reversal Shortest and

updated path

Shortest and updated path Link State Unicast multipath

routes

Shortest path

20

Routing table Directed

Acyclic Graph

(DAG)

Maintain a node

table which is

the next hop

routing

information for

the destination

nodes is stored

The route is created only when

it is required and the nodes

utilize the route cache

information efficiently to

reduce the overhead and

collision.

Node maintain

a complete

address to

each

destination

Route address,

Route Prefix,

Route Sequence

Number, Route

NextHop

Interface/

Address, Route

Forwarding,

Route Broken

Maintain a

routing table that

used to

determine the

next hop to

reach the

destination

Route Single Multiple Multiple Single Multipath Simple and

multiple route

Routing

structure

Flat Flat Flat Flat Flat Hierarchical

21

Route

maintenance

Link reversal

and Route

repair

Nodes maintain

Sequence

Number and

Broadcast ID

Process

1. Hop by hop

acknowledgement

2. End to end

acknowledgement

Nodes

maintain a

routing table

Performs route

discovery for the

destination when

receive RERR

message

Nodes maintain

a routing table

which is used to

determine the

next hop to

reach the

destinations

Limitations Overhead in

large network

consume a

large

bandwidth

Multiple Route

Reply packets in

response to a

single Route

Request packet

can lead to eavy

control overhead

Scalability problems due to the

source routing and flooding

High

overhead, does

not support

multipath

routing

Increasing the

size of the routing

packets

Nodes will

spending a lot of

time converging

to a cluster head

if the cluster

head is changed

frequently

22

2.8 Comparison between simulation tools used in MANET

Table 2.2: Comparison table of simulation tools implemented in previous project and research

Simulator Ns2 Ns3 OMNeT++ OPNET

Type Open Source Open Source Open Source Commercial Network

Simulator

Language C++, OTCl C++, Python C++ C(C++)

Environment

• Discrete event

simulator that provides

substantial support

for simulation of TCP,

routing and multicast

protocol over wired

and wireless networks.

• Discrete- event

network

simulator

• Support

parallel

simulations

• Eclipse based simulation

IDE used for designing,

running and evaluating

simulations.

• Can be used for modeling

of multiprocessors,

distributed hardware

• Support the modeling

of communication

networks and

distributed systems

• Both behavior and

performance of

modeled systems can

23

systems and performance

evaluation of complex

software systems.

be analyzed by

performing discrete

event simulations

Platforms Windows, Linux Windows, Linux, Mac

OS

Windows, Unix-based, Mac OS Hewlett-Packard, Solaris

Network

Support Type

Wired Network, Wireless Ad-

Hoc mode, Wireless Sensor

Network

Wired Network,

Wireless Network,

Wireless Sensor

Network

Wired Network, Wireless

Managed mode

Simulate entire heterogeneous

network with various protocols

24

2.9 Overview of the Project and Research

Table 2.3: Comparison table of project and research

Author/Year Project Name Simulation

tools

Routing

protocol

Disadvantage of studies

Genita G. and Biswaraj S.

(2015)

Design and Simulation of

Wireless Sensor Network in

NS2

NS2 DSDV The calculation of average energy consumption

and average end-to-end delay was not

represented with any visual representation.

Thus, it is hard for nonprofessional to

understand and conduct this project.

Lakshman Naik L., R. U.

Khan and R. B. Mishra

(2016)

Analysis of Node Velocity

Effects in MANET Routing

Protocols using Network

Simulator (NS3)

NS3 AODV,

DSDV and

OLSR

The experiments were not carried out by

increasing higher node speeds along with

increasing of associated factors.

25

Sonia and Joy K. S.

(2016)

To Analyse & Compare AODV,

DSR and DSDV Routing

Protocol for MANET

NS2 AODV,

DSR and

DSDV

The experiments were carried out specifically

for 23 nodes in MANET only. The simulation

might not be suitable for scalable network.

Mohammed Zaid Ghawy

and Dr. Maher Ali Al –

Sanabani

(2017)

Application and Performance

Analysis of DSDV Routing

Protocol in Ad-Hoc Wireless

Sensor Network with Help of

NS2 Knowledge

NS2 DSDV Many packets dropped occur because IEEE

802.15.4 not enabled large packets transmission

as the routing protocol DSDV cause full dump

packets to routes update,

Jyoti and Himanshi Saini

(2017)

Performance Analysis of Wired,

Wireless and Optical Network

using NS2

NS2 DSDV Parameter tested and compared for each

network is limited and need to be done for a

large range of applications in different

scenarios.

K. H. Mohammadani, S.

Abbasi, N. A. Memon,, Z.

Simulation Analysis of Routing

Protocols in Hybrid wireless

network

NS2 DSDV,

AODV+

There is no selection of homogenous routing

protocols and heterogeneous routing protocols

for hybrid network.

26

A. Bhutto, I. R. Memon

(2018)

Eduardo E. A. S.,

Guilherme dos S., Mario

A and Max M. S.

(2018)

Performance analysis and

comparison of the DSDV,

AODV and OLSR routing

protocols under VANETs

NS3 and

BonnMotion

DSDV,

AODV and

OLSR

The analyse of performance of these protocols

was not tested for more realistic vehicular

communication scenarios with traffic lights,

stop signs, double tracks, roundabouts, speed

bumps, and divided highways.

Fahad Taha AL-Dhief,

Naseer Sabri, M.S. Salim,

S. Fouad, S. A. Aljunid

(2018)

MANET Routing Protocols

Evaluation: AODV, DSR and

DSDV Perspective

NS2.35 AODV,

DSR and

DSDV

The performance analysis tested is not suitable

for hybrid wireless network.

27

2.10 Summary

This chapter provides an overview related to the concept of the existing system.

Literature review helps in determining whether the technology has been studied before

or not. The various approach and techniques used helps in generate a better of project

research in the future. The research in this literature review is done to avoid identical

production of idea.

28

CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction

This chapter reports the approach or model development and application of a

comprehensive framework taken in the development of project, application or

implementation of the study. Methodology is a systematic way to solve the research

problem by applying technique, algorithm or method. This chapter contains specific

procedures or techniques used to identify, select, process, and analyze information

about network performance analysis in small organization by using NS2. The selection

of the most suitable as suitable methodology for methodology is chaotic enough because

the project might not complete on the right schedule or the project might completely

fail because the developer might be lost guidance in order to complete the project

development. All the phases involved during this project will be detailed.

According to the project, methodology shown in this chapter are the flowchart

and framework that was build referring to the objectives stated in 1.3. Firstly, to study

the simulation to monitor the network performance for DSDV, AODV and DSR routing

protocol in small organization. Secondly, to design the simulation that can analyze the

29

behavior of existing and proposed network for DSDV, AODV and DSR routing

protocol in small organization under different scenario. Lastly, to implement the

simulation that can act as framework to simulate challenges such as natural disaster,

attack and human mistake and the corresponding effects of the network under the

induced challenge. This project will be focused on network performance analysis.

3.2 Framework

This part will be discussed and focused on simulation of framework. Simulation is the

operation of modelling a process or system from the real-world situation over a period

of time. Thus, in this project, network for small organization was simulate and can be

shown in Figure 3.1.

Figure 3.1: Framework of Network performance analysis of small organization using

NS2

Model a network

traffic of small

organization

Develop network

simulation model

using NS2

Performance

analysis and

evaluate the

simulation

Satisfy? Communicate

Result and

discussion

Network performance analysis of small organization using NS2

No

Yes

30

Figure 3.1 shows the framework of this project. Firstly, a network for network traffic

that suit for small organization are modelled and was scripted with Tcl script. Next, a

network simulation model was develop using NS2. The simulation was tested and

evaluate to see if the user is satisfied enough with the performance analyse from the

simulation. If the user is satisfied, a result and discussion can be done. If not, a

communication session needed to make an improvement in the network model. The

simulation can be done again until the user is satisfied with the performance analyse in

this project.

31

3.3 Flowchart

Flowchart is a type of diagram that represents a workflow or process. In this part,

flowchart can also be defined as a diagrammatic representation of an algorithm, a step-

by-step approach in network performance analysis in small organization by using NS2.

Figure 3.1 shows the flowchart for network performance analysis in small

organization using NS2. This simulation involved user as the client and the NS2 server

itself. In this project, NS2 and NAM was installed in Ubuntu Linux operating system

before start the simulation. Firstly, after the installation complete, Tcl script was

uploaded to be read and simulate in NS2. The Tcl script uploaded was edited according

to the requirement of the network to be tested. Secondly, the Tcl script will be executed

and network was scanned in NS2. Thirdly, a trace file will be automatically saved as

the output after being simulated in NS2. Next, the NAM will present a visual simulation

of traffic in the network tested. After that, the trace file produced was analyse in an

analyser such as Perl. Then, the analysed result was output to be studied and a graph

was plotted from the result. Lastly, the evaluation of result from simulation was done

by the user and to decide if the user is satisfied with the current network performance

analysis. If the user is satisfied, the final report can be written. If not, the work will be

repeat by input the modified Tcl script for improvement of network performance until

the user is satisfied.

32

Figure 3.2: Flowchart of network performance analysis

33

3.4 Performance metrics

The performance metrics used in this proposed project are as follows:

1. Average Throughput (TP): It is the measure of total information conveyed in a unit

of time (Nayak and Sinha, 2016).

𝑇𝑃 = 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑦𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑑 ∗ 8 ∗ 𝑆𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 ∗ 1000𝑘𝑏𝑝𝑠

2. Packet delivery ratio (PDR): It is the percentage of application layer packets

successfully received to the aggregate sent (Chaubey et al. 2015).

𝑃𝐷𝑅 (%) = ∑ 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑑

∑ 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡∗ 100

3. End-to-end delay (e2e delay)

𝑒2𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑦 = ∑(𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑡 𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 − 𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒)

∑ 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

3.5 Proof of Concept

Figure 3.3: Install NS2 and NAM

34

Figure 3.4: Input Tcl script in NS2

Figure 3.5: Install and run NAM

35

3.6 Hardware and Software requirement

Hardware and software are important things to ensure the successful of this project.

Thus, these hardware and software has its own role and function in the completion of

each steps. The details on hardware and software are as shown in Table 3.1 and 3.2

below.

Hardware Description

Laptop Processor: Intel® Core™ i5-6200U CPU @ 2.30

GHz

RAM: 8 GB

Operating system: Ubuntu 16.04

Table 3.1: List of hardware used

Software Description

Ubuntu 16.04 Mainly used operating system and act as server

Windows 2010 Used operating system for documentation of report

NS2 Simulation used to simulate network tested

NAM An animation tool which is employed to view the network

simulation trace data. It supports topology layout, level

packet animation, and various data inspection tools.

awk Analyser of trace file produced by NS2

XGraph, MATLAB Plot graph for better understanding and pattern observation

in performance analysis

Microsoft Office 2016 Platform for documentation and presentation slides

Google Chrome and

Mozilla Firefox

Browser to run system and do research and related studies

about project

Table 3.2: List of software used

36

3.7 Summary

In this chapter, the methodology of this project is explained. The flow of this project is

being shown in the framework and detailed view of how the whole system works is

display on the data model. Therefore, the requirements of the project are being shown

in perfect order and can carry out the minimum error.

37

CHAPTER 4

IMPLEMENTATION AND RESULT

4.1 Introduction

Implementation and result are one of the most important phases to simulate the

configuration of network in this project. This phase must be done before a project is

fully utilized. In this chapter, the step by step configurations and installation will be

covered thoroughly to accomplish the objective of this project. The operating system

which is Ubuntu 16.04 are specifically used in this implementation and testing phased.

Besides, this chapter will discuss and shows the result generated by NS2.

4.2 Configuration and testing

4.2.1 Installation of Ubuntu 16.04

The operating system that is best for NS2 is Ubuntu 16.04 compared to

Windows 10. Thus, the steps below show the installation of Ubuntu 16.04.

38

Figure 4.1 shows the first step which is to download Ubuntu 16.04.6 LTS 64-bit

PC (AMD64) desktop image version from the link. Ubuntu 16.04 is the most compatible

version for NS2.

Link: https://releases.ubuntu.com/16.04/

Figure 4.1: Ubuntu 16.04 downloaded from website

Figure 4.2 shows the second step which is to install Ubuntu 16.04 LTS to work

dually boot with Windows 10. Set up server name and other information

Figure 4.2: Installation of Ubuntu 16.04

39

4.2.2 Installation and configuration of NS2

In this section, the installation and configuration of NS2 in Ubuntu 16.04. the

first step is to download NS2.35 by downloading folder ns-allinone-2.35 from the link

Link: https://sourceforge.net/projects/nsnam/files/allinone/ns-allinone-2.35/ns-

allinone-2.35.tar.gz/download

Figure 4.3 shows the second step which is the process of how the extraction of

the downloaded file ns-allinone-2.35.tar.gz in terminal to desktop

Figure 4.3: Extraction of ns-allinone-2.35.tar.gz

Thirdly, download essential packages for NS2 by using these commands in terminal

window

i. sudo apt-get update

ii. sudo apt-get dist-upgrade

iii. sudo apt-get update

iv. sudo apt-get gcc

v. sudo apt-get install build-essential autoconf automake

vi. sudo apt-get install tcl8.5-dev

vii. sudo apt-get install perl xgraph libxt-dev libx11-dev libxmu-dev

40

Next, enter directory of the extracted file previously and install NS2 with command

below

i. cd Desktop/ns-allinone-2.35

ii. ./install

The following lines will show that the NS2 are successfully installed as shown in Figure

4.4 below.

Figure 4.4: NS2 successfully installed

After the installation are completed, type the following command in terminal to

open a text editor.

gedit ~/.bashrc

41

Then save and close the text editor with the following command.

source ~/.bashrc

Next step is to close the previous terminal window and start a new one. Change directory

to ns2.35 and validate ns2.35 by executing the following command.

i. cd ns-2.35

ii. ./validate

The eighth step is check if the installation is successful and NS2 is working right by

using the following command as shown in Figure 4.5. If it shows % after the execution,

thus the installation is successful.

Figure 4.5: Execute command to check the installation of NS2

42

4.2.3 Simulation environment

In order to evaluate the three MANET routing protocol, we can compare the

quantitative performance metrics while conducting these experimental evaluations.

These performance metrics must measure the fitness and performance of the routing

protocol. Some of the metrics are included and explained in section 3.4 in Chapter 3. In

this project, NS2 is used as the simulation tool to compare these mobile adhoc routing

protocols. The parameters are utilized for simulation scenario and can be summarized

as shown in Table 4.1 below.

Parameter Value

Topology Random

Number of nodes 10,25,50

PAN coordinator location Random

Area of simulation 500m x 500m wide

Simulation time 300s

Speed 5ms

Pause time 0s

Mobility Model RWP

Traffic type Constant Bit Rate (CBR)

Connection rate 0.05 to 4 packets per second

Routing protocol DSDV, AODV, DSR

Radio-propagation model TwoRayGround

Interface queue type DropTail/PriQueue

Maximum packet in queue 150

Network interface type Phy/WirelessPhy/802_15_4

43

MAC type Mac/802_15_4

Antenna type OmniAntenna

Bandwidth 10 Mbps

Table 4.1 Simulation environment and parameter

Table 4.1 shows the parameter of the simulation carried out in this project. In

this simulation, nodes are divided into three types which is 10, 25 and 50 (human,

vehicle and helicopter respectively) and each type of these nodes have different speed.

These heterogenous nodes move randomly on 500m x 500m area of field. The reason

for using an area of 500m x 500m is because the area simulation the actual size of real

MANET environment. For the mobility model set in this simulation, the Random

Waypoint Mobility Model (RWP) is used. It is a popular model for simulations, because

of its varied availability and simplicity. According to this model, a node stays at one

location or point for certain periods (pause time). This pause time is induced whenever

the node changes either speed or direction.

44

4.3 Simulation

4.3.1 Tcl script (test.tcl) File

test.tcl is a Tcl script used to execute the simulation in NS2 and this file is the

most crucial in the configuration of MANET routing protocol in NS2. This test.tcl file

represents the main function of the simulations that consist of channel type used, radio-

propagation model and network interface used, MAC type, interface queue type,

simulation time, declaration of number of nodes, speed of mobility and set the area of

the simulation area.

Algorithm 1: Simulation Environment

The declaration can be changed according to simulation environment. As an

example, the number of nodes can be adjusted to 10, 25 and 50 nodes as mentioned in

the simulation parameter in section 4.2.3 previously. The simulation time limit and area

are fixed during the whole simulation.

45

4.3.2 Configuration of NS2 simulation tool.

The step below shows the configuration of NS2 and MANET routing protocol

in NS2.

Figure 4.6 shows the first step which is to execute the Tcl script test.tcl as

mentioned in previous section by using the following command

ns test.tcl

Figure 4.6: Execution of Tcl script

Figure 4.7 and Figure 4.8 shows the trace file and NAM file created respectively.

After the Tcl script is executed in NS2, trace file (test.tr) and NAM file (test.nam) will

be created in the same directory.

Figure 4.7: Trace file created

46

Figure 4.8: NAM file created

Thirdly, simulate the network by using NAM. Change directory to NAM file

and type the following command to run .nam file created before.

i. cd nam-1.15

ii. ./nam /home/azirah/Download/test

The following interface windows will pop up and show the simulation of

MANET routing protocols in NS2 with the help of NAM. Figure 4.9 shows the

interface of NAM after the created NAM file is executed. At the same time, the

animation of network as shown in Figure 4.10 will be produced.

Figure 4.9: Interface of NAM

47

Figure 4.10: Network animation

48

4.3.3 Simulation of DSDV Routing Protocol

Figure 4.11: Simulation of DSDV routing protocol for 10 nodes

Figure 4.12: Simulation of DSDV routing protocol for 25 nodes

49

Figure 4.13: Simulation of DSDV routing protocol for 50 nodes

4.3.4 Simulation of AODV Routing Protocol

Figure 4.14: Simulation of AODV routing protocol for 10 nodes

50

Figure 4.15: Simulation of AODV routing protocol for 25 nodes

Figure 4.16: Simulation of AODV routing protocol for 50 nodes

51

4.3.5 Simulation of DSR Routing Protocol

Figure 4.17: Simulation of DSR routing protocol for 10 nodes

Figure 4.18: Simulation of DSR routing protocol for 25 nodes

52

Figure 4.19: Simulation of DSR routing protocol for 50 nodes

53

4.4 Result

The suitability of the MANET routing protocol is decided on the basis of the

performance parameters. In this project, three parameters are used for analyzing the

performance of MANET routing protocol; Packet Delivery Ratio, Average End to End

Delay and Throughput. For evaluated the results, there is a formula that gives the

specific answer as mentioned in Chapter 3.

4.4.1 Calculation of performance based on trace file

The main goal of this study is to evaluate the performance and behavior of each

routing protocol. After the execution of Tcl file in NS2, the trace file and NAM file are

produced for each test. By using the produced trace file, analyze it with AWK file to

calculate the parameters such as average throughput, Packet delivery ratio and average

end-to- end delay. Thus, the data calculated can be used to create a graph to give better

understanding of this project.

4.4.1.1 Average throughput

It is defined as the total number of the packet delivered over the total simulation

time. In this project, the throughput is compared to the number of nodes in speed 5 m/s.

Figure 4.20 shows the graph of Average Throughput against number of nodes in speed

5 m/s. After the data is calculated and recorded, the graph is plotted.

54

Figure 4.20: Graph of Average Throughput against number of nodes in speed 5 m/s

According to the simulation results obtained, Figure 4.20 shows the

performance results of the routing protocol in the average throughput. The performance

of DSDV is the highest in term of average throughput followed by AODV and DSR.

From Figure 4.20, we can see that the average throughput increases from the 10 nodes

to 25 nodes, however the performance for DSDV and DSR routing protocol decreases

as the nodes increase to 50. In network with high density, the performance is low

because many links break due to mobility, jeopardizing the maintenance of routing

table. As for AODV routing protocol, no significance difference recorded between the

performance as the number of nodes increases.

4.4.1.2 Packet Delivery Ratio

Packet delivery ratio is defined as the ratio of data packets received by the

destinations to those generated by the sources. In this project, the ratio is compared to

the number of nodes 10, 25 and 50 with speed 5 m/s.

635

640

645

650

655

660

665

670

675

680

685

690

10 25 50

Ave

rage

Th

rou

ghp

ut

(kb

ps)

Number of nodes

DSDV AODV DSR

55

Figure 4.21: Graph of Packet Delivery Ratio against number of nodes in speed 5 m/s

According to the simulation results obtained, Figure 4.20 shows the

performance results of the routing protocol in the packet delivery ratio where AODV

recorded much better performance than DSDV and DSR. It can be seen that AODV

routing protocol has received higher amount of data compared to DSDV and DSR as

the number of nodes increases from 10, 25 and 50. DSR obtained a slightly lower

percentage in Packet Delivery Ratio than AODV when the number of nodes increases.

However, DSDV has obtained the lowest percentage of Packet Delivery Ratio in speed

5 m/s. Thus, in term of percentage of Packet Delivery Ratio, AODV has obtained the

best performance.

95

95.5

96

96.5

97

97.5

98

98.5

99

99.5

100

10 25 50

Pac

ket

Del

iver

y R

atio

(%

)

Number of nodes

DSDV AODV DSR

56

4.4.1.3 Average End-to-end delay

Average End to End Delay is the average time taken by a data packet to reach

from source node to a destination node. It is the ratio of total delay to the number of

packets received.

Figure 4.22: Graph of Average End-to-end Delay against number of nodes in speed 5

m/s

According to the simulation results obtained, Figure 4.20 shows the

performance results of the routing protocol in the average end-to-end delay. The lower

the average end-to-end delay, the better the performance of routing protocol as the

number of node increase. The performance of DSDV is the highest after DSR in node

10 and 25. However, as the node is increase to 50, the average end-to-end delay has

increase rapidly from 267.5 m/s to 276.615 m/s for DSDV due to link breaks which

may increase the average end-to-end delay for the packets to transmit from source to

destination. In this simulation, DSR shows an opposite performance compared to

DSDV as it has lower average end-to-end delay compared to DSDV. However, as the

260

262

264

266

268

270

272

274

276

278

10 25 50

Ave

rage

En

d-t

o-e

nd

Del

ay (

m/s

)

Number of nodes

DSDV AODV DSR

57

node increased to 50, the average end-to-end delay for DSR decreased. AODV shows

the best performance as it has obtained the lowest average end-to-end delay compared

to the other two routing protocol.

4.5 Summary

In this chapter, implementation and testing of the project were explained. The

implementation phase involved the simulation installation before testing of the network

simulator tool. Other than that, in testing phase, the three routing protocols which is

DSDV, AODV and DSR were experimented and the results were recorded. Both phased

has been done successfully and the results are also shown briefly.

58

CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION

5.1 Introduction

This chapter discussed about the project constraints, challenges while handling

the project and conclusion of this whole project. Moreover, improvements for future

work are proposed and summarized in this part to provide a smoother and more efficient

use as the future of Network management is becoming more challenging every second.

In project constraint, the challenges and limitation of project will be studied.

5.2 Project Finalization and Contribution

Mobile ad hoc network (MANET) provide a rapid deployment because it does

not depend on a fixed infrastructure (infrastructureless). Thus, the simulation of

MANET is important and helpful in giving better understanding on how it is operated

in real world. MANET also known to be advantageous to users that are residing in a

restricted situation and disaster area where applying wired network would be ineffective

and impractical. In this project, the implementation of performance analysis by using

network simulation NS2 is proposed to cover for the impracticality and to improve a

better quality of service (QoS) in routing.

59

Therefore, routing protocol of MANET which is DSDV, AODV and DSR was

proposed to analyse its performance in simulation rather than in actual world. The

results for each of the simulation are recorded and shown in previous chapter. The

analysis of performance is evaluated with average throughput, packet delivery ratio and

average end-to-end delay of MANET routing protocols mentioned by varying its speed

and number of nodes on NS2.

5.3 Constraints

Throughout the whole development of this project, there are several challenges

and limitation occurred before the whole project are completed and successful. In the

early stage of deployment of NS2, the problem faced is unstable connection of internet

which has delayed the installation process. This installation process must be done

perfectly so that the simulation will run smoothly without any error or lagging. Other

than that, another difficulty faced was adjusting and running the NS2 in a few versions

of Ubuntu operating system. Variety of Ubuntu operating system versions were

installed to match with NS2 file, and discovered that only Ubuntu 16.04 LTS can

support NS2.35 with stable and run the simulation without any problem. However, after

a few testing and experiment, all these problems can be resolve.

5.4 Future work

There are several improvements that can be made for the future work which can

be benefit for better efficiency and performance for this project. Firstly, the simulation

can be done by covering larger scale and area. By changing to larger scale and area, the

number of network loads can be increase in MANET simulation environment.

Secondly, this simulation should not only restrict for MANET only, but it must also be

used in VANET, wireless mesh network and other network for improving the

60

performance to provide better quality of service (QoS). Lastly, this simulation can have

various mobility model that the nodes can move with different speed and pause time in

the simulation area in the future work.

5.5 Summary

In this chapter, the contributions of the project and the challenges faces

throughout the entire development process is concluded. Moreover, the future work

pinpointed in this chapter could possibly be helpful for the users in the future. Besides,

the simulation of MANET environment by using NS2 is one of the network simulators

used by the researcher that could give better understanding and concept on how

MANET operated in real world. The implementation of MANET in real world requires

high cost, manpower and takes longer time to be developed. Therefore, this simulation

project is employed to cope with these problems operatively.

61

REFERENCES

1. Elliotte R. H., (2013), Java Network Programming Fourth Edition. pp.26.

2. James F. K. and Keith W. R., (1999), Computer Networking Sixth Edition. pp. 52.

3. Behrouz A. F., (2012), Data Communication and Networking Fifth Edition. pp. 7-

17.

4. Royer E.M. and Toh C., (1999), A review of current routing protocols for adhoc

mobile wireless networks., IEEE personal communications, pp. 46–56.

5. Perkins C.E and Bhagwat P., (1994), Highly dynamic Destination-Sequenced

Distance-Vector Routing (DSDV) for Mobile Computers, SIGCOMM ACM, pp.

234-245.

6. Perkins C.E. and Royer E.M, (1998) Ad-hoc, “On-demand Distance Vector

Routing, draft-ietf-manet-aodv-02.txt.

7. Jorge L. O., (2012). Guide to Wireless Communication Third Edition. pp. 18-56.

8. Whitman, M. E. and Mattord, H. J. (2010). Management of Information Security

Third Edition. pp. 171.

9. Sloman, M. (ed.), (1994), Networks and Distributed Systems Management,

Addison Wesley Longman Publishing Co., Inc., Boston, MA, USA.

10. Nandhini, U., Nivetha, B. and Shobana, D. (2016). An Analysis of Linux Operating

System. International Journal of Trend in Research and Development, Volume 3(1),

ISSN:2394-9333.

11. Hussain A. A. and Dr. Christian Bach. (2014). Operating System and Decision

Making. ASEE 2014 Zone I Conference. pp. 80-85.

12. Genita G. and Biswaraj Sen, (2015), “Design and Simulation of Wireless Sensor

Network in NS2”, International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887),

Volume 113 No. 16.

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13. Naik, L., U., R., & B., R. (2016). Analysis of Node Velocity Effects in MANET

Routing Protocols using Network Simulator (NS3). International Journal of

Computer Applications, 144(4), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.5120/ijca2016910225

14. Singh, J. (2016). To Analyze & Compare AODV, DSR and DSDV Routing

Protocol for MANET. 5(12), 3414–3417.

15. Mohammed, B., Ghawy, Z., Ali, M., & Sanabani, A. L. (2017). Routing Protocol

in Ad-Hoc Wireless Sensor. 17(1).

16. Pandey, S., & Tyagi, V. (2013). Performance Analysis of Wired and Wireless

Network using NS2 Simulator. International Journal of Computer Applications

(IJCA), 72(21), 38–44. https://doi.org/10.5120/12669-9404

17. Analysis, S., Protocols, R., & Science, E. (2018). S u r j s s. 50(001), 165–170.

18. Nayak, P. and P. Sinha, (2016). “Analysis of Random Way Point and Random

Walk Mobility Model for Reactive Routing Protocols for MANET Using Netsim

Simulator.” Proceedings - AIMS 2015, 3rd International Conference on Artificial

Intelligence, Modelling and Simulation 427–32.

19. Marcotte, R. J. and E. Olson, (2016). “Adaptive Forward Error Correction with

Adjustable-Latency QoS for Robotic Networks.” Proceedings - IEEE

International Conference on Robotics and Automation 2016–June:5283–88.

20. Kumar, S., G. S. Agrawal, and S. K. Sharma, (2017). “Impact of Mobility on

MANETs Routing Protocols Using Group Mobility Model.” International Journal

of Wireless and Microwave Technologies 7(2):1–12. Retrieved (http://www.mecs-

press.org/ijwmt/ijwmt-v7-n2/v7n2-1.html).

21. Chaubey, N., A. Aggarwal, S. Gandhi, and K. A. Jani. (2015). “Performance

Analysis of TSDRP and AODV Routing Protocol under Black Hole Attacks in

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MANETs by Varying Network Size.” International Conference on Advanced

Computing and Communication Technologies, ACCT 2015:320–24.

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APPENDIX

65

A) Gantt Chart (FYP 1)

Activity/Week 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

1. FYP briefing by KPP

2. Discussion and selection of the proposal topic

3. Project title proposal

4. Details on project background, problem statement, objectives,

scope and limitation

5. Detail on Literature Review

6. Proposal progress presentation and panel’s evaluation

7. Correction on proposal

8. Framework discussion

9. Configuration of NS2

10. Draft proposal submission

11. Correction on proposal

12. Discussion and preparation of project presentation

13. Conference of project presentation

14. Final presentation and panel’s evaluation

15. Final report submission and supervisor’s evaluation

66

B) Gantt Chart (FYP 2)

Activity/Week 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

1. Project meeting with supervisor

2. Project development

3. Proposal progress presentation & evaluation

4. Project development (continued)

5. Project testing

6. FYP Format Writing Workshop

7. Draft proposal submission

8. Correction on proposal

9. Discussion and preparation of project presentation

10. Conference of project presentation

11. Final presentation and panel’s evaluation

12. Final report submission and supervisor’s evaluation

67

Program code 1: AODV10nodes.tcl

set val(chan) Channel/WirelessChannel ;#Channel Type

set val(prop) Propagation/TwoRayGround ;# radio-propagation model

set val(netif) Phy/WirelessPhy ;# network interface type

set val(mac) Mac/802_11 ;# MAC type

set val(ifq) Queue/DropTail/PriQueue ;# interface queue type

set val(ll) LL ;# link layer type

set val(ant) Antenna/OmniAntenna ;# antenna model

set val(ifqlen) 50 ;# max packet in ifq

set val(nn) 10 ;# number of mobilenodes

set val(rp) AODV ;# routing protocol

set val(x) 500

set val(y) 500

set val(cbr-start) 5.0 ;# time of starting traffic emissions

# Initialize Global Variables

set ns_ [new Simulator]

set tracefd [open aodv50nodes.tr w]

$ns_ trace-all $tracefd

set namtrace [open aodv50nodes.nam w]

$ns_ namtrace-all-wireless $namtrace $val(x) $val(y)

# set up topography object

set topo [new Topography]

$topo load_flatgrid $val(x) $val(y)

# Create God

create-god $val(nn)

# New API to config node:

# 1. Create channel (or multiple-channels);

# 2. Specify channel in node-config (instead of channelType);

# 3. Create nodes for simulations.

# Create channel #1 and #2

set chan_1_ [new $val(chan)]

set chan_2_ [new $val(chan)]

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# Create node(0) "attached" to channel #1

# configure node, please note the change below.

$ns_ node-config -adhocRouting $val(rp) \

-llType $val(ll) \

-macType $val(mac) \

-ifqType $val(ifq) \

-ifqLen $val(ifqlen) \

-antType $val(ant) \

-propType $val(prop) \

-phyType $val(netif) \

-topoInstance $topo \

-agentTrace ON \

-routerTrace ON \

-macTrace ON \

-movementTrace ON \

-channel $chan_1_

set node_(0) [$ns_ node]

set node_(1) [$ns_ node]

set node_(2) [$ns_ node]

# node_(1) can also be created with the same configuration, or with a different

# channel specified.

# Uncomment below two lines will create node_(1) with a different channel.

$ns_ node-config \

-channel $chan_2_

set node_(3) [$ns_ node]

set node_(4) [$ns_ node]

set node_(5) [$ns_ node]

set node_(6) [$ns_ node]

set node_(7) [$ns_ node]

set node_(8) [$ns_ node]

set node_(9) [$ns_ node]

$node_(0) random-motion 0

$node_(1) random-motion 0

69

$node_(2) random-motion 0

$node_(3) random-motion 0

$node_(4) random-motion 0

$node_(5) random-motion 0

$node_(6) random-motion 0

$node_(7) random-motion 0

$node_(8) random-motion 0

$node_(9) random-motion 0

for {set i 0} {$i < $val(nn)} {incr i} {

$ns_ initial_node_pos $node_($i) 20

}

#

# Provide initial (X,Y, for now Z=0) co-ordinates for mobilenodes

#

$node_(0) set X_ 10.0

$node_(0) set Y_ 20.0

$node_(0) set Z_ 0.0

$node_(1) set X_ 10.0

$node_(1) set Y_ 100.0

$node_(1) set Z_ 0.0

$node_(2) set X_ 25.0

$node_(2) set Y_ 180.0

$node_(2) set Z_ 0.0

$node_(3) set X_ 45.0

$node_(3) set Y_ 290.0

$node_(3) set Z_ 0.0

$node_(4) set X_ 90.0

$node_(4) set Y_ 20.0

$node_(4) set Z_ 0.0

$node_(5) set X_ 170.0

$node_(5) set Y_ 50.0

$node_(5) set Z_ 0.0

70

$node_(6) set X_ 100.0

$node_(6) set Y_ 140.0

$node_(6) set Z_ 0.0

$node_(7) set X_ 150.0

$node_(7) set Y_ 200.0

$node_(7) set Z_ 0.0

$node_(8) set X_ 230.0

$node_(8) set Y_ 90.0

$node_(8) set Z_ 0.0

$node_(9) set X_ 100.0

$node_(9) set Y_ 280.0

$node_(9) set Z_ 0.0

# Now produce some simple node movements

# Node_(1) starts to move towards node_(0)

#

$ns_ at 0.1 "$node_(1) setdest 100.0 100.0 25.0"

$ns_ at 0.1 "$node_(2) setdest 180.0 230.0 40.0"

$ns_ at 0.1 "$node_(3) setdest 120.0 200.0 68.0"

$ns_ at 0.1 "$node_(4) setdest 300.0 130.0 5.0"

$ns_ at 0.1 "$node_(5) setdest 190.0 170.0 15.0"

$ns_ at 0.1 "$node_(6) setdest 240.0 240.0 15.0"

$ns_ at 0.1 "$node_(7) setdest 120.0 160.0 75.0"

$ns_ at 0.1 "$node_(8) setdest 320.0 40.0 75.0"

$ns_ at 0.1 "$node_(9) setdest 140.0 340.0 75.0"

# Node_() then starts to move away from node_(0)

$ns_ at 20.0 "$node_(5) setdest 100.0 200.0 30.0"

$ns_ at 20.0 "$node_(6) setdest 200.0 120.0 75.0"

# Setup traffic flow between nodes

# TCP connections between node_(0) and node_(1)

set tcp [new Agent/TCP]

71

#$tcp set class_ 2

set sink [new Agent/TCPSink]

$ns_ attach-agent $node_(0) $tcp

$ns_ attach-agent $node_(1) $sink

$ns_ connect $tcp $sink

set ftp [new Application/FTP]

$ftp attach-agent $tcp

$ns_ at 3.0 "$ftp start"

set udp [new Agent/UDP]

set null [new Agent/Null]

$ns_ attach-agent $node_(0) $udp

$ns_ attach-agent $node_(2) $null

$ns_ connect $udp $null

set cbr [new Application/Traffic/CBR]

$cbr set packetSize_ 512

$cbr set rate_ 20Kb

$cbr attach-agent $udp

$ns_ at $val(cbr-start) "$cbr start"

#

# Tell nodes when the simulation ends

#

for {set i 0} {$i < $val(nn) } {incr i} {

$ns_ at 30.0 "$node_($i) reset";

}

$ns_ at 30.0 "stop"

$ns_ at 30.01 "puts \"NS EXITING...\" ; $ns_ halt"

proc stop {} {

global ns_ tracefd

$ns_ flush-trace

close $tracefd

}

puts "Starting Simulation..."

$ns_ run

72

Program code 2: throughput.awk

BEGIN {

recvdSize = 0

startTime = 400

stopTime = 0

}

{

event = $1

time = $2

node_id = $3

pkt_size = $8

level = $4

# Store start time

if ((level == "AGT" || level == "IFQ") && (event == "s") && pkt_size >= 512) {

if (time < startTime) {

startTime = time

}

}

# Update total received packets' size and store packets arrival time

if ((level == "AGT" || level == "IFQ") && (event == "r") && pkt_size >= 512) {

if (time > stopTime) {

stopTime = time

}

# Rip off the header

#hdr_size = pkt_size % 512

#pkt_size -= hdr_size

# Store received packet's size

recvdSize += pkt_size

}

}

END {

printf("Average Throughput[kbps] = %.2f\t\t StartTime=%.2f\tStopTime=%.2f\n",(recvdSize/(stopTime-startTime))*(8/1000),startTime,stopTime)

}

73

Program code 3: packetdeliveryratio.awk

BEGIN {

sendLine = 0;

recvLine = 0;

fowardLine = 0;

}

$0 ~/^s.* AGT/ {

sendLine ++ ;

}

$0 ~/^r.* AGT/ {

recvLine ++ ;

}

$0 ~/^f.* RTR/ {

fowardLine ++ ;

}

END {

printf "s:%d r:%d, r/s Ratio:%.4f, f:%d \n", sendLine, recvLine, (recvLine/sendLine),fowardLine;

}

Program code 4: endtoenddelay.awk

# ===================================================================

# AWK Script for calculating:

# => Average End-to-End Delay.

# ===================================================================

BEGIN {

seqno = -1;

# droppedPackets = 0;

# receivedPackets = 0;

count = 0;

}

{

if($4 == "AGT" && $1 == "s" && seqno < $6) {

seqno = $6;

}

# else if(($4 == "AGT") && ($1 == "r")) {

# receivedPackets++;

# } else if ($1 == "D" && $7 == "tcp" && $8 > 512){

74

# droppedPackets++;

# }

#end-to-end delay

if($4 == "AGT" && $1 == "s") {

start_time[$6] = $2;

} else if(($7 == "cbr") && ($1 == "r")) {

end_time[$6] = $2;

} else if($1 == "D" && $7 == "cbr") {

end_time[$6] = -1;

}

}

END {

for(i=0; i<=seqno; i++) {

if(end_time[i] > 0) {

delay[i] = end_time[i] - start_time[i];

count++;

}

else

{

delay[i] = -1;

}

}

for(i=0; i<=seqno; i++) {

if(delay[i] > 0) {

n_to_n_delay = n_to_n_delay + delay[i];

}

}

n_to_n_delay = n_to_n_delay/count;

print "\n";

# print "GeneratedPackets = " seqno+1;

# print "ReceivedPackets = " receivedPackets;

# print "Packet Delivery Ratio = " receivedPackets/(seqno+1)*100

#"%";

# print "Total Dropped Packets = " droppedPackets;

print "Average End-to-End Delay = " n_to_n_delay * 1000 " ms";

print "\n";

}