Latin AmericaLatin America

Imperialism, Independence, Imperialism, Independence, DevelopmentDevelopment

ImperialismImperialism

• Spain and Portugal were competing for Spain and Portugal were competing for land in the Americas (1400-1600s)land in the Americas (1400-1600s)– Treaty of TordesillasTreaty of Tordesillas: drew a “line of : drew a “line of

demarcation” (p. 459)demarcation” (p. 459)

• Spanish ruleSpanish rule– Set up colonies to enrich the homelandSet up colonies to enrich the homeland– Exported tons of gold and silverExported tons of gold and silver– Plantations: bananas and sugarPlantations: bananas and sugar

• Natives were forced to mine and farmNatives were forced to mine and farm

ImperialismImperialism

• Encomiendas:Encomiendas: the right to demand labor the right to demand labor and/or taxes from nativesand/or taxes from natives

• HaciendasHaciendas: large plantations: large plantations

• Natives began dying too quickly from Natives began dying too quickly from disease and being overworkeddisease and being overworked

• The Spanish turned to African slave laborThe Spanish turned to African slave labor

ImperialismImperialism

A Sugar Hacienda (1823)A Sugar Hacienda (1823)

ImperialismImperialism

• Portuguese rule in Brazil– Sugar and slaverySugar and slavery– Effects of Portuguese Effects of Portuguese

imperialism can still be imperialism can still be found todayfound today

• Class systemClass system1.1. PeninsularesPeninsulares: officials sent from Spain to rule: officials sent from Spain to rule

2.2. CreolesCreoles: American born descendents of Spanish: American born descendents of Spanish

3.3. MestizosMestizos: mixed European, Indian descent: mixed European, Indian descent

4.4. Native AmericansNative Americans

5.5. Free AfricansFree Africans

6.6. SlavesSlaves

ImperialismImperialism

• Roman Catholic Roman Catholic ChurchChurch– Missionaries Missionaries

converted many converted many nativesnatives

ImperialismImperialism

• During the 18During the 18thth century, the European century, the European Enlightenment spread to South America Enlightenment spread to South America through the Spanish and Portuguesethrough the Spanish and Portuguese

• Ideas of natural rights to life, liberty, and propertyIdeas of natural rights to life, liberty, and property• People had the right to rebel against unjust rulersPeople had the right to rebel against unjust rulers

• Creoles believed that they did the most for Creoles believed that they did the most for the colonies and should be in charge of the colonies and should be in charge of themthem

IndependenceIndependence

• Simon BolivarSimon Bolivar– Creole who fought to liberate Creole who fought to liberate

Venezuela, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Colombia, and Peru from Spainand Peru from Spain

– Also freed Bolivia, which was Also freed Bolivia, which was later named after himlater named after him

IndependenceIndependence

• Jose de San MartinJose de San Martin– Liberated Argentina and ChileLiberated Argentina and Chile

IndependenceIndependence

• Both Mexico and Brazil fought long, bloody Both Mexico and Brazil fought long, bloody wars for independence during the early wars for independence during the early 1919thth century century

IndependenceIndependence

The 1810-1821 Mexican war for independence was initiated under father Miguel Hidalgo y Costillo. He sought a united front of Mexicans against the Spaniards. The multiple class, race, and ethnic coalition which Hidalgo envisioned is depicted the the mural by the radical 20th Century artist, Juan O'Gorman

DevelopmentDevelopment

• Following the wars of independence Following the wars of independence throughout Latin America, many countries throughout Latin America, many countries faced overcoming colonial legaciesfaced overcoming colonial legacies

• In order to develop, Latin American people have had to unite and work toward common goals, however, that has been difficult.

DevelopmentDevelopment

• Obstacles to Stability in Latin America:Obstacles to Stability in Latin America:1.1. Geographic barriers and border disputesGeographic barriers and border disputes

2.2. Remnants of the social class systemRemnants of the social class system

3.3. No experience in setting up and running own No experience in setting up and running own governmentsgovernments

4.4. CaudillosCaudillos: military leaders who have seized : military leaders who have seized the opportunity presented by weak the opportunity presented by weak governments to gain power and rule as governments to gain power and rule as dictatorsdictators

DevelopmentDevelopment

ReviewReview

• VocabularyVocabulary• Treaty of TordesillasTreaty of Tordesillas• EncomiendasEncomiendas• HaciendasHaciendas• PeninsularesPeninsulares• CreolesCreoles

• Wars for independenceWars for independence

• Obstacles to stability and developmentObstacles to stability and development