imperialism: taking over the worldimperialism: cuba and latin america who were the imperialists?...
TRANSCRIPT
Imperialism:
Taking over the World
Definition
• Imperialism:
--one country takes control of another politically, militarily, and/or economically
--empire-building
Challenges to colonizing Africa
• Powerful African
armies
• Rivers not navigable
(rapids, cataracts,
changing flows)
• Disease
• Specialized trade
networks
David Livingstone
• British missionary
• “Disappeared” deep in
Congo interior
• Found by American
journalist Henry Stanley
• “Dr. Livingstone, I
presume?”
• Search was widely
publicized, sparked
interest in the Congo
Leopold II
• Belgian King
• Personal owner of
Congo
• Terrible abuses of
Congolese
• Natural Resource:
Rubber
• William Sheppard
William Sheppard
William Sheppard
Motivations
• Economic
--Natural Resources
--Naval bases
--Raw Materials
--New markets for
industrial products
--Overpopulation—more
jobs available in
colonies
• Cultural
--Source of troops for
bigger armies
--Spread of western
civilization: Social
Darwinism, “White
Man’s Burden”
--Spread of Christianity
--Medical help,
education
The White Man’s Burden
http://www.antiimperialist.com/webr
oot/PEOPLEdocuments/Membershi
p/Pictures/WhiteMansBurden.jpg
http://www.historycooperative.org/journal
s/jah/88.4/images/kramer_f5.jpg
Scramble for Africa:
European AdvantagesTechnology:
• Maxim gun—automatic
machine gun
• Steam engine—for travel
into African interior
• Telegraph
Medical Advances:
• Quinine—to control
malaria
Scramble for Africa:
Vulnerable to Conquest
• Huge variety of
languages and
cultures
• Wars between
ethnic groups over
land, water, and
trade rights
Scramble for Africa:
Berlin Conference
• 1884 Conference of European
powers in which Africa was
divided; no Africans attended
• By 1914, Europeans controlled
the entire African continent
except for Liberia (protected by
the U.S.) and Ethiopia
• Cash crops replaced food crops
grown by farmers to feed their
families
Scramble for Africa: South Africa
Three groups that clashed over
land and resources in South
Africa
• Zulus—led in early 19th c. by
Shaka
• British
• Boers (Dutch)—also called
Afrikaaners
First “total war”—waged against
civilians as well as armies
Scramble for Africa: Boer War
First “total war”—waged
against civilians as well
as armies
Outcomes of Boer War
• Britain won the war
• Union of South Africa
was created, controlled
by the British
• Cape Colony, apartheid
Cecil Rhodes--Rhodesia
British imperialist who
envisioned a British Africa
“from Cape to Cairo”
Rhodesia became
Zimbabwe 1979
Violent conflict over returning
gov’t to majority black rule
and redistributing property
owned by white landowners
since time of British control
Forms of Imperialism
• Colonies—Governed by mother country—
India, Rhodesia, French Indochina
• Protectorate—maintains local government,
which must answer to imperialist nation—
Niger River Delta
• Spheres of Influence—not governed by
imperialists, but identified as trading center
for different imperialist nations so they can
avoid competition with each other--China
Economic Imperialism:
• Used primarily by US, for example in Latin
America:
• 1. Paid workers w/ vouchers to be used only at
company stores, forced workers into debt w/
high prices; debt passed to next generation
• 2. Land distributed unequally—only wealthy
landowners had property
• 3. Supported military leaders who gained
fame/power during struggles for independence
and controlled new nations as military dictators
(caudillos)
U.S. Economic Imperialism:
Foreign Trade• 4. Latin American exports grew with steamship
and railroads and refrigeration
• 5. Foreign countries lent money to Latin
American governments for building facilities for
export industries; when they couldn’t pay back
loans, the foreign countries took over the
facilities and industries
• 6. Latin American countries didn’t invest in
infrastructure or fund programs for self-
sufficiency; US took advantage
Forms of Imperialism
• Paternalism—treating
indigenous people like
parents treat children
• Assimilation—based on
the idea that indigenous
people would adopt
European culture and
become like the
Europeans
West Africa
• Algerians, waged active
military resistance against
the French (lasted for 50
years)
• Samori Touré led
Mandingo against French
for 16 years; fell as a result
of famine
• French ultimately
controlled much of North
and West Africa
Maji Maji Rebellion
• German East Africa,
1905-06
• Villagers resisted
switch to cotton
(cash crop, not food)
• Belief in maji-maji
(magic water) for
protection
• Slaughter of 30% of
population
Imperialism: Ethiopia
• Successfully resisted
European imperialism when
King Menelik II
--played British, French and
Italians against each other
--built up arsenal of modern
weapons
--defeated Italians in Battle
of Adowa
--modernized Ethiopia
Imperialism Case Study:
Negative Consequences• Colonized people lost control of land and
independence
• New diseases (smallpox)
• Deaths from war, resistance, famine
• Loss of culture
• Artificial boundaries without regard to
ethnic rivalries or allegiances led to
longlasting political problems
Imperialism Case Study:
Benefits to colonized people
• Reduced local warfare
• Improved sanitation
• Improved hospitals and schools
--increased life spans
--increased literacy rates
• Economic expansion
• Constructed railroads, dams,
telephone and telegraph lines
China
• British established Opium trade in China, leading to
widespread addiction, and refused to end this drug trade
• China suffered humiliating defeat—forced to sign Treaty
of Nanjing
• Britain got Hong Kong
• Treaty Ports established
How did Europeans gain/ maintain control?
China• Taiping Rebellion and other resistance caused
internal pressure on Qing government
• Qing government tried to update education system,
diplomatic service and military with mixed results
• Foreign nations gained increasing control over China’s
economy; they established spheres of influence
• U.S. worried that it would be shut out if European nations
establish formal colonies—urged open door policy to
open trade between China and all foreign traders
• Outcome: Policy protected U.S. trade rights in China and
protected China from colonization
• Outcome: China still under control of foreign powers
China--Boxer Rebellion
Cause
• Growing frustration with
Chinese loss of power to
European powers
• Qing Dynasty (Dowager
Empress) refuses to allow
reform
• Peasants resented
privileges granted to
foreigners
• Resented Chinese
Christians
Effect
• International force of
19,000 troops marched
on Beijing and defeated
the Boxers
• Strong sense of
nationalism emerged in
China
• Dowager empress slowly
began reforms
• Five decades of unrest
Modernization in Japan
• American motive—to convince Japanese
to open their ports to trade
• U.S. benefits—U.S. could use two ports
• Meiji modernization—
--a. studied western gov’t and culture;
--b. adopted best aspects of western
civilization;
--c. modernized the military;
--d. universal public education;
--e. industrialization
Modernization in Japan• Korea—Both Japan and China
wanted trade and military posts in
Korea
• Sino-Japanese War—China sent
troops to help Korea’s king put
down a rebellion, violating its treaty
with Japan
• S-J War Consequences—Japan
drove Chinese out of Korea,
destroyed Chinese navy, gained
territory in Manchuria; Japan
gained first colonies
Modernization in Japan• Causes of Russo-Japanese War--
Russia refused to stay out of Korea,
Japan refused to recognize Russian
rights in Manchuria; Japan attacked
Russia
• Consequences—Japan forced
Russia out of Korea, captured
Russia’s Pacific fleet, destroyed
Russia’s Baltic fleet
• Ruling Korea—Harsh rulers: shut
down Korean newspapers, took over
schools, took land, prohibited
Koreans business
British Imperialism in India:
How did they gain/maintain control?
• Mughal Empire collapses; East India Co. gains control of
India
• British establish a railroad network in India to transport
raw materials and manufactured goods; India becomes
increasingly valuable to British
• British force emphasis on cash crops; cause famine;
villagers no longer self-sufficient
• Sepoy Mutiny occurs and uprisings spread over much of
northern India; British gov’t took direct control of India
British Imperialism in India:
Outcomes
Effects
• Nationalism grew in India, along with calls for
modernization and westernization
• Indians form Indian National Congress, which calls for
self-government
• British partition Bengal into Hindu and Muslim sections;
Indians find it more difficult to gain independence
because they were divided
Imperialism: Cuba and Latin America
Who were the Imperialists?
Originally Spain, then the U.S.
How did the US gain/maintain control?
Economic Imperialism▪US Businesses established holdings in Cuba
▪ 1898 Spanish-American War: When Cubans fought
Spanish for independence, US supported their fight
(probably more self-interested than concerned for
oppressed Cubans)
Imperialism: Cuba and Latin America
• U.S. feared that European powers would try to re-
conquer Latin American countries—issued
Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine
• The U.S. built the Panama Canal
OUTCOMES
U.S. installed military government in Cuba and
exerted control over Cuban affairs; Puerto Rico,
Guam and the Philippines became U.S. territories
• Santa Anna—1821 fought for
independence from Spain and
in 1829 fought to keep Spain
from retaking control;
• Became Mexico’s president
four times (1833-1855);
• Lost Texas and California to
the U.S. in Mexican-American
War (1845-48);
• Exiled—returned to Mexico
poor, blind, powerless,
forgotten (1874)
Turmoil and Change in Mexico
Turmoil and Change in Mexico
• Benito Juarez—poor
Zapotec Indian, gained
education, law degree;
• Started liberal reform
movement, La Reforma
(1840s-50s);
• Became president 1861-
72;
• Legacy of peace,
progress and reform
Turmoil and Change in Mexico
• Porfirio Diaz—noted military
general;
• Took control of Mexico in
military coup 1876-1911;
• Offered land, power, and
favors to supporters and
terrorized opponents;
• Elections became
meaningless; rich got richer
and the poor got poorer.
• Francisco Madero—ran for
president, arrested by Diaz;
• Called for Revolution;
• Won election after Diaz stepped
down 1911-1913
• Replaced by military leader
Victoriano Huerta, who likely
was responsible for Madero’s
assassination
Turmoil and Change in Mexico:
Mexican Revolution
Turmoil and Change in Mexico:
Mexican RevolutionEmiliano
Zapata—led
army in
southern
Mexico;
called for
reform,
“Land and
Liberty”
Pancho Villa
—led army in
northern
Mexico;
“Robin Hood”
—stole from
rich to give
to poor
Overthrew Huerta to put
Venustiano Carranza in
power.
Venustiano Carranza—
overthrew Huerta’s government,
Turned his army on Villa and
Zapata (his former allies);
Began revising Mexico’s
constitution but did not support
final version—overthrown 1920
Civil War ended with more than
1 million Mexican people dead.
Turmoil and Change in Mexico:
Mexican Revolution
New Mexican Constitution
• Adopted 1917
• Promoted education, land reforms (broke
up large estates), and women’s rights
• Supported by new leader, Alvaro Obregón
• United Mexico with nationalist emphasis
• In 1929, Institutional Revolutionary Party
(PRI) took over; not tolerant of opposition,
but enforced period of peace, stability