Imperialism overseas

• Begins in 1890s1.Spanish American

War2.Annexation of Hawaii3.Asia4.TR and Latin

America

#1: Spanish American War“A splendid little war”

• 2 main parts– A. Cuba (Caribbean Theater)– B. Philippines (Pacific Theater)

• April to August of of 1898--quick victory

• Few Americans die • Many by disease

• Turned small military into a stronger national military

• Blacks fought in the war

A. Cuban Independence

• Help Cubans overthrow Spanish government

• Why?• USS Maine• Yellow Journalism• Spanish

newspapers• Sympathy

• Why not annex?

B. Philippine War

• General Dewey of the US

• Defeats the Spanish Rule

• With MUCH help from Emilio Aguinaldo

• Filipino rebels are strong

Annex?

• Why should the US annex?– Same reasons as always– Moral, economic, social, political, religious– “take them all, and educate the Filipinos and uplift

and civilize them” -McKinley• Why should they not?– “open disloyalty to the distinctive principles of our

government”– “Nation cannot endure half republic and half colony--

half free and half vassal.” (WJB)– “It is not necessary to own people to trade with

them.” (WJB)

Annex!

• The vote to annex the Philippines is small

• Filipino rebels are angry, particularly Aguinaldo

• Fight back for their independence• 200,000 Filipinos dead, 5000

American dead.

Settlement of Spanish American War

• Treaty of Paris (1898): US gains Puerto Rico, Guam and the PI for $20 million

• No more Spanish influence near to the US• Did American foreign policy with the

Spanish further American ideologies and national interests? (Think-Pair-Share- Using 18.3 answer this questions drawing specific answers from the chart for American policy in Cuba, Philippines and Puerto Rico)

War of 1898

• Unites America– South proves loyalty– North values South

• America has extended influence in Asia

• Filipinos do not have independence until 1946

#2: Hawaii• American farmers have planted in Hawaii dating

back to the 1820’s• McKinley Tariff (William McKinely passed as a

representative of Congress) of 1890 got rid of the duty-free status of Hawaiian sugar

• American planters in Hawaii called for the US to annex Islands to get rid of tax

• Queen Liliuokalani is trying to increase the power of Native Hawaiians.

• “Hawaii for Hawaiians”• 1893--Farmers overthrow the Queen and try to annex

HI• Pres. Cleveland refuses because the native islanders

have not agreed to join the US• 1898 when war broke out with Spain-McKinley

approves their annexation • Why does the US want Hawaii?

#3: Asia• With the annexation of

Hawaii, PI, and Guam, US seeks more trade with Asia particularly China and Japan

• Open Door Policy--Open China’s ports for open trade for everyone--No desire to colonize--just trade (1898)

• US asks European powers to allow for free trade in China

China

• Symbol of colonization• Germany: “slicing the Chinese melon”• Missionaries

– Attacked

• Chinese Exclusion Act—Can the US ask for help for these missionaries?

• Secretary of State Olney—US must secure rights for US citizens in China

China and Trade

• US pushes Open Door Policy

• Win/Win?

Boxer Rebellion

• McKinley sends relief expedition– Without Congress approval

• Aftermath gives more power to Western powers in China– 300 million dollar indemnity– Additional troops to remain on Chinese soil– US does not dispute the unequal treaties

(takes $25 m indemnity)

• 2nd Open Door Note– Meaningless?– Move to capture China– “May we not want a slice, if it is to be

divided?” McKinley

#4: Theodore Roosevelt1901-1909

Panama Canal

• US funds Panamanian rebels in their quest for independence.

• Panama gives control to the US for $10 million and annual rent of $250,000

• Canal is built--5000 die, tropical diseases cause many deaths

• Drainage and Oiling=technological breakthroughs

• Canal cuts off 8000 nautical miles

Big Stick

• Monroe Doctrine--”Keep your hands off” (1823)• Roosevelt Corollary--US assumes role of

“policeman” in Latin America (1904) (reversed in the 1930s)– Maintains the right to restore order without European

intervention; extends commercial power of US– Latin Americans are angry as a whole--Why?

• “Big Stick” diplomacy– “Strong military action to achieve goals”– Speak softly and carry a big stick; you will go far”– Moral responsibility to uplift other nations– Must accept the challenge of international leadership– Roosevelt begins the military intervention of Latin

America that will continue for many years

Taft

• Dollar Diplomacy– In Latin America: Let US pay

off European debts through investment to decrease European involvement

• Dollars for bullets– Attempts to control the

railroads in China• Manchuria

– Draws Russia and Japan together

– Sometimes need bullets too• Nicaragua

By 1912

• “Colossus of the North”– Alters the view of the by US by Latin

America

• US has a larger role• Overall, actions are not helpful for

others• Helpful for US in may ways

Wilson• Missionary/Moral

Diplomacy• Serve broad human

interests—not narrow selfish interests

• Elected at a time when he has the opportunity to spread US ideals

• WJB as Secretary of State– Apologizes to Columbia and

offers monetary compensation

– Negotiates treaties with 20 nations in Europe to try to prevent military conflict.

Problems in Mexico

• 1914• Civil Unrest in Mexico against Huerta

government• Wilson helps Mexican rebel (Carranza)

gain power over gov’t----this leader is ineffective

• Pancho Villa rises and attacks New Mexico• US pushes him back but cannot find him

in Mexico• Eventually pulls out troops because of the

impending Great War

By 1917

• Wilson’s actions help prepare US for larger war

• Latin America dislikes the US– Carranza moved closer

to Germany– Zimmerman telegram

• Villa becomes “the man who attacked the US and got away with it.”

WWI in Europe

• You should know how it started:– Nationalism–Militarism--arms race– Alliances--cause chain reaction

– And how it existed:• Trench warfare• Stalemate