imperialism: making of the european global order chapter 24 ap world history
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IMPERIALISM: MAKING OF THE EUROPEAN GLOBAL ORDERCHAPTER 24
AP World History
Big Picture Western European industrialization fundamentally
altered the nature of European overseas expansion.
In previous times, 3 Gs: Gold, God, & Glory Sought desired material goods, in Americas seized lands for plantation
crops. Countries in Europe were little interested in acquiring
expensive/unstable distant possessions, but men on the spot were drawn into local struggles as they sought to advance or defend their interests.
Christian missionaries sought converts. In competition with Islam. Industrialization brought new motives for expansion, including:
Raw materials were needed to fuel industrial growth Markets were required for its manufacturing production Christian proselytizing continued, but private initiative replaced state
direction Increased power, fear of other imperial rivalries more than indigenous
opposition. This pushed the Europeans into and occupied territories once closed
to them by disease or local resistance.
European Colonial TerritoriesBefore and After 1800
The Shift to Land Empires in Asia
The Dutch Advance on Java Established Batavia 1619
Initially paid tribute to sultan of Mataram 1670s started to take
part in political rivalry between claimants to the throne of Mataram
Dutch used firearms & trained army
These succession wars ended by 1750 with the domination of the whole island by the Dutch
The Shift to Land Empires in Asia
Stages of Dutch Expansion in Java
The Shift to Land Empires in Asia
Pivot of World Empire: The Rise of the British Rule in India
British East India Company Gained power as the Mughal Empire
diminished Sepoys used to fight wars
Seploys were Indian troops trained in European-style fighting
Five major wars were fought during the 18th century British assume power after defeat of the French, additionally: Battle of Plassey, 1757
Robert Clive defeats Bengal ruler British control Bengal
The Shift to Land Empires in Asia
The Consolidation of British Rule Mughal decline gives British opportunity
Presidencies Capitals: Madras, Bombay, Calcutta Directly ruled India
However, the rest of India was indirectly ruled Were controlled through agents at Indian rulers’ courts
By the beginning of the 19th century, India was becoming Britain’s major colonial possession. Empire’s largest colonized population.
Indians to served in British-led armies, powerful land force Indian ports were vital to British sea power.
Manufactured goods, overseas investment, and raw materials.
The Shift to Land Empires in Asia
The Growth of the British Empire in India,From the 1750s to 1858
The Shift to Land Empires in Asia
Early Colonial Society in India and Java The Europeans at first were content to leave
Asian social systems intact. The previous rulers ended up performing
most of the daily administrative tasks. They formed a new class on top of existing
hierarchies European a dominant class
Europeans adopted themselves to indigenous culture in order to survive. local styles of dress, food, housing, work
habits, and political symbols. Since most of the Europeans were men,
they lived with and married indigenous women.
The Shift to Land Empires in Asia
Social Reform in the Colonies Rampant corruption among British East India Company
officials (Nabobs) from the 1770s, which contributed to a disastrous famine in Bengal, forced reform. Accountable to British government 1790s Indians excluded from administration
Lord Charles Cornwallis Evangelical religion worked to…
Social reform sought to End slave trade End sati
English language was the key to reform The reforms enacted were a turning point in global
history. Essential components of Western culture were
introduced into the Indian world. Attempt to reshape colonial society
Industrial Rivalries and the Partition of the World, 1870-1914
Unequal Combat Industrial Revolution increased Western military superiority over the rest of the world.
Mass-produced weapons Machine gun, rendered the massed charge suicidal
Railroads, steam ships greater mobility. Africans and Asians still fought fiercely against the imperialists
Few won victories or long-delayed conquests The Zulu, defeated a British force at Isandhlwana in 1879 Guerrilla tactics in Vietnam, prolonged, but did not defeat
By 1914, all of Africa but Ethiopia and Liberia had fallen to Europeans In southeast Asia, only Siam was independent. China, Persia, and the Middle East remained unoccupied, but strong
informal European political and economic influence was present. Britain dominated overseas commerce and empire building during
the first half of the 19th century; from then on, Britain was challenged by Belgium, France, Germany, and the United States.
The Partition of Southeast Asia and the Pacific, to 1914
Industrial Rivalries and the Partition of the World, 1870-1914
Patterns of Dominance: Continuity and Change
"Tropical dependencies" Africa, Asia, South Pacific
Europeans rule indigenous peoples Settler colonies (2 types)
#1"White Dominions" Inhabitants mostly Europeans their descendants indigenous peoples were few. Examples: Canada, Australia
#2 “Contested Settler Colonies” Large numbers of Europeans Large indigenous numbers
European and indigenous peoples clashed control of local resources questions of social or cultural difference.
Examples: South Africa, Algeria, New Zealand, Kenya, and Hawaii
Patterns of Dominance: Continuity and Change
Colonial Regimes and Social Hierarchies in the Tropical Dependencies Cultural influence
Exploited ethnic and cultural divisions --- ‘tribes’ Minorities, especially Christians, were favored in colonial
recruiting English (western) language education (Java & India) Missionaries run schools (Africa)
European racial prejudices blocked higher education for most Africans. Asians had more opportunities, but fear of such education denied
graduates appropriate positions. Such policies greatly stunted the growth of a Western-oriented
middle class Changing Social Relations Between Colonizers and the Colonized
European communities grow Increasing segregation
Relations with indigenous women were not favored Ideas of white supremacy
Africans were put at the bottom of racial hierarchies, most non-white, if appeared non-civilized were put in a category of savages
Patterns of Dominance: Continuity and Change
Shifts in Methods of Economic Extraction Attempted to introduce scientific agricultural techniques Produce cheaper and more abundant raw materials
Drive to increase production, lower costs Many colonies reduced to dependency Railways, roads built to serve extraction
Settler Colonies in South Africa and the Pacific Relations varied Disease decimates in some cases Some native peoples Westernized Some more resistant
The Afrikaners (Boers- mainly Dutch, German and French ancestry), and their native tongue is Afrikaans, a language closely related to Dutch. Formed two interior republics during the 1850s and remained
independent until Discovery of diamonds (1867) Gold (1885)
Boer wars (1899-1902) & Afrikaner defeat in 1902
Patterns of Dominance: Continuity and Change
Pacific Tragedies demographic disaster and social disruption New Zealand
1790s, first Europeans Alcoholism, prostitution spread Maoris adopt firearms 1850s, change British farmers, herders arrive
Maoris pushed into interior Adopt European culture
Hawaii - James Cook Prince Kamehameha Westernization
1810, rules Hawaiian kingdom Disease devastates population
Shift-exploited the economy by establishing a plantation sugar system
Asian workers American settlers Push for annexation
Weak rulers pushed out 1893, last ruler deposed (Queen Liliuokalani)
1898, annexed by United States