“China Under Siege: A Century of Crisis”“China Under Siege: A Century of Crisis”

Period V: 1750-1900

Period V: 1750-1900

I. The Middle KingdomA. Led by the Qing (Manchu) Dynasty – Foreigners from Manchuria – 1644-1911B. China was ____________ a. Healthy ______________ economy b. Massive expansion (imperialism?) on northern and western borders (Mongolia, Xinjiang, Tibet) c. produced silks, cottons, and ______________

self-sufficientagricultural

fine porcelain

Chinese were ___________: the belief that one's own group/culture is superior

Emperor lived in __________ City – isolated from the rest of society and influenced by scholars and ____________.

Forbiddeneunuchs

Ethnocentric

A. Foreign trade was restricted to the port city of GuangzhouB. European merchants could only deal with specially licensed Chinese firms known as ____________ – that were strictly regulated by the government.C.Chinese market had little demand for European products.D.British usually had to use silver to buy silk, porcelain, copper and tea.

II. Foreign Trade

Howqua – Leader of the Canton Cohong and one of the richest men in the world (over $8 billion)

Howqua – Leader of the Canton Cohong and one of the richest men in the world (over $8 billion)

cohong

Lord Macartney

•British wanted to expand trade with China

•In 1793, King George III sent Lord George Macartney on a mission to the court of the Qing Dynasty

•Tried to convince the Chinese to open up more ____________to British merchants.

•Macartney arrived in a warship bringing elaborate gifts like clocks, globes and other manufactured goods.

•The Chinese saw his mission as _________ and demanded that Lord Macartney perform _______________the traditional honoring of the Emperor.

Port cities

“tribute”

“kow-tow”

Emperor Qianlong

“Our dynasty's majestic virtue has penetrated unto every country under Heaven, and Kings of all nations have offered their costly tribute by land and sea. As your Ambassador can see for himself,

we possess all things. I set no value on objects strange or

ingenious, and have no use for your country's manufactures.”

- 1793, Qianlong to King George III

Qing Emperor 1735-1796

A. Unfavorable balance of trade for British merchants British imported millions of pounds of _______ each year from China British exported goods worth much less – paid in silver bullion

tea

III. Clash with the West (External)

B. British begin smuggling ___________ into China! Trade increased from 1,000 chests in 1773 to 23,000 in 1832 and 40,000 by 1839!

opium

C. Impact: Loss of Chinese Revenue – Illegal drug had to be smuggled and therefore was not regulated or ________ by government. Led to widespread corruption and loss of silver!

Millions of addicts – men, women, court officials, students, soldiers, laborers…

taxed

Opium Dens

Opium Dens

The Chinese Emperor assigned government official Lin Zexu to serve as a “drug czar” to destroy the illegal opium trade.

…I have heard that the smoking of opium is very strictly forbidden by your country; that is because the harm caused by opium is clearly understood. Since it is not permitted to do harm to your own country, then even less should you let it be passed on to the harm of other countries -- how much less to China!... certainly you will not let your subjects dare again to violate the law.

… it is clear that the true culprits of a Chinese’s death as a result of an opium conviction are the opium traders from foreign countries. Being the cause of other people’s death, why should they themselves be spared from capital punishment? A murderer of one person is subject to the death sentence; just imagine how many people opium has killed! Now consider this: if the barbarians do not bring opium, then how can the Chinese people resell it, and how can they smoke it? …Therefore in the new regulations, the penalty is fixed at decapitation or strangulation. This is what is called getting rid a harmful thing on behalf of mankind.

…If the merchants in your honorable country wish to enjoy trade with us on a permanent basis, they must fearfully observe our law by cutting off, once and for all, the supply of opium.

D. Lin Zexu wrote a letter to Great Britain’s Queen Victoria seeking her support to halt the opium trade.

When diplomacy failed, he seized and destroyed over __________ pounds of opium from Western traders and expelled them from China.

3 million

Opium War (1839)

A. Opium War took place mostly at seaB. China’s outdated ships versus Britain’s steam-powered ________________ navyC. Britain captured many coastal forts and towns and then forced the Chinese to surrender when the British armada took control of the Grand Canal and advanced up the Yangzi River.

A. Opium War took place mostly at seaB. China’s outdated ships versus Britain’s steam-powered ________________ navyC. Britain captured many coastal forts and towns and then forced the Chinese to surrender when the British armada took control of the Grand Canal and advanced up the Yangzi River.

Industrialized

“Unequal Treaties”

D. ________________: 1. _____________________________________ 2. Opened five ports to the British for commerce and residence 3. ________________ given to British subjects (meaning foreign residents are excused from the laws of China) 4. Legalized Opium trade 5. More Unequal treaties with the U.S., France, Japan, Spain, Belgium, Denmark,

and Germany followed opening China into Spheres of influence.

D. ________________: 1. _____________________________________ 2. Opened five ports to the British for commerce and residence 3. ________________ given to British subjects (meaning foreign residents are excused from the laws of China) 4. Legalized Opium trade 5. More Unequal treaties with the U.S., France, Japan, Spain, Belgium, Denmark,

and Germany followed opening China into Spheres of influence.

Ceded the island of Hong Kong to the BritishTreaty of Nanjing

Extraterritorial rights

How was the Opium War a turning point in Chinese history?

Spheres of Influence

1. According to the Political Cartoon, How is China depicted and what do the surrounding countries plan on doing with China?

2. How does this compare to the Ottoman Empire at this time?

1. According to the Political Cartoon, How is China depicted and what do the surrounding countries plan on doing with China?

2. How does this compare to the Ottoman Empire at this time?

IV. Internal Problems

A. Population in China was rising faster than ___________________ - Led to unemployment, impoverishment, misery and starvation for peasants.B. Chinese government was corruptC. Most Chinese businessmen served foreign firms which limited the development of

an independent __________ class and a Chinese Industrial Revolution.D. Opium addiction was rising steadily

agricultural production

The population had grown to 430 million by 1850 – a 30% gain in only 60 years.

capitalist

The Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864) (Taiping means “great peace”)

A. Led by ______________________

B. Influenced by__________________

C. Wanted: • abolition of private property• redistribution of land• equality of all men and women• end of ____________ and prostitution• end of opium smoking• end to poverty, corruption and foreign

Manchu rule.• Industrial nation, public education

D. Organized an army of peasants from southern China (1 million strong by 1853)

E. 1853 - captured the city of ________ and declared it his capital

Hong Xiuquan

Christian missionaries

NanjingClaimed to be the brother of Jesus – sent by god to cleanse the world of demons!

footbinding

The Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864)

Results:1. Hong Xiuquan dies in 1864 (Illness? Suicide?)2. With the help of the landowner gentry class and European aid and weapons, the Qing took Nanjing and ended the rebellion in 18643. ________ million lives were lost!4. ____________ destroyed

- led to severe famine5. Qing realized they needed to modernize their society6. New sense of ___________ developed throughout China

Results:1. Hong Xiuquan dies in 1864 (Illness? Suicide?)2. With the help of the landowner gentry class and European aid and weapons, the Qing took Nanjing and ended the rebellion in 18643. ________ million lives were lost!4. ____________ destroyed

- led to severe famine5. Qing realized they needed to modernize their society6. New sense of ___________ developed throughout China

20 to 30

farmland

nationalism

Rise of Chinese NationalismRise of Chinese Nationalism

Compare Hong Xiuquan to Muhammad Ali!

Write a Comparative Introduction and thesis statement about the political, economic and/or social impact each man had on his

respective civilization.

Write a Comparative Introduction and thesis statement about the political, economic and/or social impact each man had on his

respective civilization.

V. “Defensive Modernization”

A. “Self-strengthening” Campaign 1860-1895A. New examination system – sought “good men”B. Support for landlords, repair dikes, irrigation systems, roadsC. Some industrial factories for textiles, steel and weapons; coal mines expanded, telegraph systemD. Attempt to modernize the military and shipping and railroads

A. “Self-strengthening” Campaign 1860-1895A. New examination system – sought “good men”B. Support for landlords, repair dikes, irrigation systems, roadsC. Some industrial factories for textiles, steel and weapons; coal mines expanded, telegraph systemD. Attempt to modernize the military and shipping and railroads

B. ProblemsA. Conservative leaders feared changes would erode power and privileges of the landlord

classB. New Industry depended on foreigners for machinery, materials and expertiseC. Strengthen local authorities rather than the central Chinese state.

B. ProblemsA. Conservative leaders feared changes would erode power and privileges of the landlord

classB. New Industry depended on foreigners for machinery, materials and expertiseC. Strengthen local authorities rather than the central Chinese state.

“Chinese learning at the base, Western learning for use.”“Chinese learning at the base, Western learning for use.”

Empress Dowager Cixi

A. Rules China from 1861-1908B. Committed to traditional Chinese values – diverted funds intended for the navy to build a marble boat to grace a lake in her imperial garden.

A. Rules China from 1861-1908B. Committed to traditional Chinese values – diverted funds intended for the navy to build a marble boat to grace a lake in her imperial garden.

The Boat of Purity and Ease

The Boat of Purity and Ease

Other Nations Step In To China

A. China had weak military technology and both economic and political

problems

B. Many European powers and Japan gain _________________ in China

(A region in which the foreign nation controlled trade and investment)

C. In 1899 the United States declares the__________________

(Policy proposed that China’s door be open to merchants of all nations)

spheres of influence

Open Door Policy

Boxer Rebellion (1900)A. Secret society formed called the ________________________

- resented special privileges granted to foreigners and Chinese ChristiansB. Surrounded European section of Beijing shouting ____________________C. Defeated by soldiers from Britain, France, Germany, Austria, Italy, Russia, Japan, and U.S.

A. Secret society formed called the ________________________- resented special privileges granted to foreigners and Chinese Christians

B. Surrounded European section of Beijing shouting ____________________C. Defeated by soldiers from Britain, France, Germany, Austria, Italy, Russia, Japan, and U.S.

Results: 1. Boxer Protocol was signed in 1901 (China to pay reparations)2. Nationalism increased in China3. Realization that reforms were needed in order to survive

Results: 1. Boxer Protocol was signed in 1901 (China to pay reparations)2. Nationalism increased in China3. Realization that reforms were needed in order to survive

Society of Harmonious Fists

“Death to the foreign devils”

Film clipFilm clip

Rise of Chinese Nationalism

Dr. Sun YixianFather of Modern China

Dr. Sun YixianFather of Modern China

1. What was the greatest reform of the Qing Dynasty during this time period? Why?

2. Do you think the “Self-strengthening” reforms would permanently strengthen China or was it too little, too late? Why?