ImperialismChevalier

Fall 2011/Winter 2012

A Western Dominated World

• WHAT DELINEATES THE WEST?

The New Imperialism and its causes

• Imperialism- the domination by one country of the political, economic, or cultural life of another country or region.

• The “New Imperialism”- A time period of aggressive European expansion in the 1800’s

Four Causes of the ‘New Imperialism’

• 1. Economic interests (needs)- The Ind. Rev. created needs/desires that spurred overseas expansion• Manufacturers wanted access to natural

resources (Indian cotton for example)• Hoped for new markets where they could

sell their factory goods• Colonies offered a valuable outlet for

Europe’s growing population

Four Causes of the ‘New Imperialism’

• 2. Political and Military interests (needs)- merchant ships, naval vessels needed bases around the world to take on coal and supplies• Industrial powers seized islands and

harbors• Nationalism and prestige- Western leaders

claimed colonies were needed for national security

• Ruling a global empire increased a country’s prestige

Four Causes of the ‘New Imperialism’

• 3. Humanitarian goals- missionaries, doctors, and colonial officials believed they had a duty to spread Western civilization. (Medicine, law, and Christianity to the savages)

Four Causes of the ‘New Imperialism’

• 4. Social Darwinism- many Westerners believed in their racial superiority.• Held the idea that Europeans were

superior to all others• Imperial conquest and destruction of

weaker nations was nature’s way of improving the human species

The Success of Western Imperialism

• 1870-1914- imperialist nations gained control over much of the world. Some reasons for their success: (why 1914?)

• 1. Weakness of non-western states-• Older civilizations went into decline

• Ottoman Empire in the Middle East• Mughal in India• Qing in China (Ching)• In W. Africa, slave trade undermined empires,

kingdoms, and city-states

Why did Imperialism succeed?

• 2. Western Advantages-• Strong economies, well organized

governments, powerful militaries, superior technology, medical advances• quinine- medicine used to fight malaria• Maxim gun- early machine gun

Resistance to Imperialism

• Africans/Asians strongly resisted Western expansion

• Many Western-educated Africans and Asians organized nationalist movements to expel the imperialists.

Criticism of Imperialism at Home

• Some argued colonialism was a tool of the rich

• Some said it was immoral

• Greater democracy at home, but imposing undemocratic rule on other people

Forms of Imperial Rule (3)

• 1. Colonies-

• Direct rule- officials and soldiers sent to administer colonies (French)

• Indirect rule- sultans, chiefs, other local leaders were urged to get educated in Britain to become Westernized (Britain)

Three Forms of Imperial Rule

• 2. Protectorate-

• Local rulers left in place but expected to follow advice of European advisors

• Cheaper than running a colony

Three Forms of Imperial Rule

• 3. Spheres of Influence-

• Areas in which outside powers claimed exclusive investment or trading privileges

• Europeans created them in China• U.S. in Latin America

The Partition of Africa

• Africa in the Early 1800’s- sets us up for why and how…

• North Africa: Muslim and part of the declining Ottoman Empire (Turkey)

• West Africa: Islam had grown in this region as well

The Partition of Africa

• The Asante Kingdom-• A strong state that had arisen in the forest

regions• Traded with Europeans and Muslims• Controlled several small states• These states worked with Europeans in an

attempt to exploit the kingdom’s lack on unity (where have we seen this before?)

The Partition of Africa

• East Africa: Muslim, African slaves sent from here to Middle East

• Southern Africa: Shaka(**)-leader of united Zulu nation• His conquests led to migrations and wars• In the 1830’s, the Zulus fought against the

Boers (Dutch settlers in the region)

The Partition of Africa

• The Slave Trade: by early 1800’s, Europeans had outlawed slave trade, but East African slave trade continued

• 1787- British organized Sierra Leone(Map) in West Africa as a colony for former slaves

• 1847- Liberia(Map) became independent republic (settled by free blacks from US)

Sierra Leone and Liberia (Map **)

European Contact Increases

• Africa was known as the ‘dark continent’ because little was known about its interior • Difficult to maneuver rivers, disease kept

many Europeans from venturing far• Malaria• Quinine• Machine guns

European Contact Increases

• Missionaries: tried to spread Christianity, spoke out against slavery- built schools, churches, medical clinics

• Paternalistic in nature: saw Africans as children in need of guidance• fatherly

Dr. David Livingstone (*)

• Dr. David Livingstone: best known British explorer and missionary• Explored the continent for 30 years,

writing about native cultures he’d encountered(modern Marco Polo)

• Opposed the slave trade

• 1871- journalist Henry Stanley tracked him down in Tanzania (hadn’t been heard from in years (Dr. Livingstone I presume)

Dr. David Livingstone (*)

A Scramble For Colonies

• Belgian King Leopold II(*)- hired Henry Stanley to explore Congo River Basin and arrange trade treaties with African leaders

• He hoped for conquest and profit

• His activities in the Congo set off a scramble by other European nations

King Leopold II (**)

A Scramble For Colonies

• Berlin Conference: 1884- to avoid bloodshed, European powers met in Germany to decide how to carve up Africa (Spain and Portugal in America)

• No Africans invited

• Recognized Belgium’s claim to the Congo Free State

A Scramble For Colonies

• Called for free trade on Congo and Niger Rivers

• European powers couldn’t claim any part of Africa without first setting up a gov’t. office there

• Within 20 years, most of African continent had been partitioned by E. powers.

Colonization of Africa in 1914

A Scramble For Colonies

• Horrors in the Congo: Belgium exploited the people of the Congo (as forced laborers) and its natural resources (copper, rubber, ivory)

• Laborers were beaten, mutilated• International outrage forced King

Leopold to turn control of colony over to Belgian government.

A Scramble For Colonies

• French Expansion: 1830’s- France invaded, conquered Algeria (thousands of French and Algerians killed in fighting)

• Late 1800’s- Tunisia under French control, much of West and Central Africa-French empire the size of continental U.S.

Fight for South Africa (**)

• Britain takes its share: 1815-• British took Cape Colony from the Dutch-

Boers (Dutch settlers) moved north• When they found gold and diamonds,

British fought them for control of the riches

• Led to the Boer war (1899-1902)• Guerilla warfare

Fight For South Africa

• The British won, but at a great cost

• 1910- Britain formed the Union of South Africa- government run by whites

• Completed racial segregation (apartheid) until 1993 (Nelson Mandel became President)

Apartheid

• Whites consisted of less than 25% of the population

• Apartheid means to separate

• Whites were Dutch and British

Apartheid Ended

Africans Resist Imperialism

• Ethiopia Survives: Emperor Menelik II(*)- late 1800’s- reforming ruler who modernized his country • Bridges• Western school system• Imported latest weapons• Hired Europeans to train his army

Menelik II- Ethiopia

Menelik II

• 1896- Italy invaded Ethiopia-• Ethiopians defeated Italian forces at the

battle of Adowa (*)• Aside from Liberia, Ethiopia was the only

African nation to preserve its independence (**)

Africa Resists Imperialism

• New African Elite: • Western educated elite (upper class)

emerged- some admired western ways and rejected their own cultures

• Others condemned western societies that upheld liberty and equality for whites only

Africa Resists Imperialism

• By early 1900’s, many African leaders were pursuing independence from European control/rule

European Challenges to the Muslim World

• Stresses in the Muslim World

• There were various empires in decline that the West was more than happy to gobble up…• India, Middle East, Iran• Europeans took advantage, forced to sign

unfair trade treaties

Problems for the Ottoman Empire

• Ottoman empire on the decline for several reasons… • Economics• Nationalism• European Pressure• Efforts to Westernize

Armenian Massacre

Armenian Massacre

• Muslim Turks distrusted Christian Armenians, accusing them of supporting Russian plans against the empire.• When Armenians protested, the sultan of the empire had

tens of thousands slaughtered.

• Over a million Armenians killed in the Armenian genocide which took place from 1890-1915.

• Genocide: the deliberate attempt to destroy an entire religious or ethnic group.

Hitler and Mussolini

Egypt Seeks to Modernize

• Muhammed Ali(* and Map)- “father of modern Egypt”- became gov. in 1805- modernized Egypt:• Schools, western style military, improved

tax collection, new landholding system, large irrigation projects to increase farm output

• Put Egypt on the road to Independence

Egypt Seeks to Modernize

• Dies in 1849- didn’t want the Suez Canal built- he thought it would destroy Egypt’s chances of becoming independent

The Suez Canal (Map)

• 1859-1869- Ferdinand de Lesseps- French entrepreneur who organized company to build canal- 1875- Egypt couldn’t repay loans for the canal

• Forced to sell interest in canal, Britain took control

• A British Protectorate- 1882- Suez became Britain’s lifeline to India

Geography of the Suez Canal

Suez Canal From Above

Suez Canal

The British Take Over India

• The East India Company and the Sepoy Rebellion:• Sphere of Influence at first

• Exploiting Indian diversity- India fragmented after fall of Mughal Empire• Different languages and traditions

• British took advantage of Indian divisions, encouraged competition and disunity among rival princes

India and the East India Trading Co.

• British Policies: East India Company (a private trading company)• Main goal was to make profit• Also improved roads, preserved peace, reduced

banditry in India

• British brought their western education, law, Christianity, worked to end slavery and the caste system (Hindu religion)

• This begins to lead to tension between the parties

Causes of Discontent

• E. India Co. required Sepoys (Indian soldiers in its service) to serve anywhere, even overseas

• Why the big deal?

• Passed law that allowed Hindu widows to remarry

Sepoy Tensions

• 1857- Sepoys told to bite off tip of cartridges before loading rifles- tips greased with animal fat

• Hindus can’t eat beef, Muslims can’t eat pork

• When they refused, they were sent home without pay• Straw that broke the Camel’s back

Rebellion and Aftermath

• Sepoy rebellion: sepoys rose up against their British officers, massacred British men, women, children

• Revolt was crushed, vengeance taken; as a result, British gov. took control of E. India Co.

• French were forced out of India and India became a British Colony (1858)

British Colonial Rule

• An Unequal partnership-• Britain made India the “brightest jewel” in

the crown• It modernized India, bringing western tech.

and culture• Built roads, railroads to transport raw

materials(cotton+coal)• Brought telegraph for communication

An Unequal Partnership

• Flooded India with cheap, factory made textiles, ruining India’s prosperous hand-weaving industry

• Farmers were pushed to grow cash crops (cotton) to sell on the world market (and back to India)

Population Growth and Famine

• Medical improvements, new farming methods, better healthcare, increased food production all led to pop. growth, and with cash crops being produced instead of food, famine resulted.

• Benefits of British rule: peace/order, legal system, RR’s, telegraph, upper classes sent kids to British schools, landowners got rich from cash crops

Indian Nationalism

• Indian National Congress: formed in 1885, professionals and business leaders who wanted greater democracy, and eventual self-rule• No more British

• Muslim League: formed in 1906- wished for a separate Muslim state

• Muslims and Hindus feared a government where the opposing religion ruled.

China and the New Imperialism

• The Trade Issue: 1700’s- China placed limits on foreign traders

• they enjoyed a favorable balance of trade where exports were greater than imports

• Westerners had a trade deficit with China- they bought more from China than they sold to them

China and the New Imperialism

• By the late 1700’s, westerners had a greater interest in China for 2 reasons:

• 1.China entered a period of decline

• 2.The Ind. Rev. created need for expanded markets for European goods

The Opium War

• British sold opium to China in exchange for tea

• Chinese became addicted to opium• Started trading silver for opium• This badly hurt the Chinese economy• China outlawed opium; told British to

stop trade• British refused

Opium War

• 1839- British ships attacked Chinese ships and ports- easily defeated

• 1842- Treaty of Nanjing (Nanking)- China had to pay for war losses, give Hong Kong to Britain (trade port), open 5 ports to foreign trade, give Britain extraterritoryiality in China (right to live under British laws, tried in their own courts)

Internal Problems

• Taiping Rebellion (1850-64)• Peasants rebelled against the Qing

(ching)dynasty for 4 reasons:• 1.irrigation/canals poorly maintained• 2.massive flooding of rich farmlands• 3.pop. Explosion• 4.corrupt government

• Government finally crushed rebellion (led by Hong Xiuquan (*)(she-shan)) 20-30 million chinese killed

Taiping Rebellion

• Leaders of the rebellion promised:• Equality for men and women• Land reform• Community ownership of property

Reform Efforts

• The “self-strengthening” movement- Chinese reformers imported western technology, tried to modernize

• CiXi (*) (see-chee)- empress from 1862-1908- a conservative leader- gave little support to movement, blocked effort to modernize

War With Japan

• War with Japan: (1894) war broke out (Japanese imperialists wanted control of part of China)- Japan won, took island of Taiwan from China.

• Spheres of Influence: by the late 1890’s, Britain, France, Germany, Russia, Japan had carved up China

Hundred Days of Reform

• 1898- Guang Xu (shoe)- young emperor- launched reform to modernize nation

• Conservatives had him imprisoned

• Ci Xi (see-chee) regained the throne

The Qing Dynasty Falls

• Boxer Uprising: 1899-1900- Righteous Harmonious Fists were a rebel group who wanted to expel the “foreign devils” from China

• The western powers and Japan organized a military force to crush the Boxers

Boxer Uprising

• Aftermath: Chinese conservatives began to support modernization

• Education• Expanded economy and industry

Three Principles of the People

• Sun Yixian (*) (yee-shee-on)- father of modern China

• 1.Nationalism-free China from foreign control

• 2.Democracy-representative gov’t• 3.livelihood-economic security for all

Chinese

Birth of a Republic

• 1911- Qing (ching) dynasty toppled, Sun Yixian named president of new Chinese Republic

• China at war with itself/fighting off foreign invasion for the next 37 years

Japan Modernizes

• Discontent in Tokugawa Japan – since 1600s, Japan maintained policy of isolationism• Feudal society• No foreigners• Japanese couldn’t travel overseas• Military leaders (shoguns) no longer strong

leaders

Discontent in Japan

• Daimyo (nobles) suffered economic hardship (no foreign trade), peasants paid high taxes, merchants at bottom of social ladder

• Samurai were no longer fighters but bureaucrats- discontent all over Japan

• Loss of tradition: something had to change

Opening up Japan

• External pressure and internal revolt- 1853- U.S. Commodore Matthew Perry(*) sailed into Tokyo Bay, demanded that Japan trade with U.S.

• Treaty of Kanagawa in 1854- shogun agreed to open 2 Japanese ports to U.S. ships, but not for trade• US soon won trading rights, Euros followed• Forced to sign the treaty (no match for US)

Meiji Restoration

• 1868-1912-means ‘enlightened rule’• Japanese gov’t reformers wanted to

strengthen Japan• Began to study western ways, learned

how to compete with westerners• 1871-reformers traveled overseas to

learn about western gov’ts, economic technology, customs

Meiji Restoration

• Experts from western nations came to Japan

• Samurai sent to study abroad

• All done in the name of MODERNIZATION

Reforms under the Meiji

• Govt.- Japan adopted the German model: emperor would rule with a two-house legislature (diet)

• Voting rights limited• Set up dept’s of finance, army, navy,

education• Used western tech. to strengthen army

Reforms Under the Meiji

• Economic reforms: • Japan’s business class adopted western

methods• Set up banking system, railroads• Ports, telegraph, postal system• Govt built factories and sold them to

families (Kawasaki family)who became even wealthier

• 1890-Japan an industrial powerhouse

Growing Military Strength

• 1894- military gaining power

• Conflicts between Japan and China led to Sino-Japanese War-gained Taiwan again, gained access to Chinese ports

Russo-Japanese War

• 1904-1905:• Russia and Japan fought over

Manchuria (region in N. China rich in resources)

• Japan won, gained control of Korea and parts of Manchuria

• 1st time in history an Asian military power had defeated a Euro nation

Japan Rules Korea

• Ruled Korea for 35 years- Japan colonized, modernized Korea, exploited the land and its people

Southeast Asia and the Pacific

• Europeans colonize Southeast Asia:

• Why colonize SE Asia• Raw materials, new markets, and Christian

converts

• Dutch-1600’s- Dutch East India Company gained control of Spice Islands, then the rest of Indonesia

Europeans Lay Claim to SE Asia

• British: early 1800’s-clashed with rulers of Burma (Myanmar)

• 1886-Burma and Malaya, Singapore become British colonies

Europeans Lay Claim to SE Asia

• French: early 1800’s-French missionaries won converts in area that is modern-day Vietnam

• Area had long been influenced by Confucian traditions

• Vietnamese tried to suppress Christianity by killing converts and missionary priests

• French eventually controlled vietnam

Thailand Survives

• Siam Survives:• Modern-day Thailand-Chulalongkorn-

Siamese leader who modernized his army, reformed the gov’t., hired western experts to train Thais in new tech., abolished slavery

• Britain and France saw Siam as a buffer between their colonies, guaranteed Siam its independence in early 1900s

Imperial Powers in the Pacific

• Samoa- late 1800s- island archipelago became a triple protectorate of US, Germany, and Britain

• Hawaii- 1893- Queen Liliukalani(*) was overthrown by American sugar growers- they asked US to annex Hawaii, which it did in 1898

US and Philippines

• Spain had ruled Philippines as a colony since the 1500s

• 1898-Spanish-American War-US destroyed Spanish fleet in Philippines- Filipinos expected to gain independence (Cuba)

• In treaty with Spain, US took Philippines

A Promise Upended

• 1899-1901: Emilio Aguinaldo(*)- Filipino rebel who fought against US

• American crushed the rebellion• US modernized the Philippines

• education,• Healthcare• Economic reform, • Dams• Roads, RR

A Promise Upended

• US promised self-rule in the future

• Independence came in 1946