imperial perspective chapter 4. english administration of the colonies royal colonies –british...
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Imperial Perspective
Chapter 4
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English Administration of the Colonies
• Royal colonies– British crown responsible for
defense.– British crown regulated external
trade.• Elected lower houses
– Home rule – Self-government in the colonies
became first a habit, then a “right.”
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Economy: Mercantilism (self-
sufficient)• World’s gold and silver supply fixed.• Nations could gain wealth only at
the expense of another country – by seizing its gold and silver and dominating its trade.
• Colonies were part of an empire. – Source of raw materials.– Market for finished goods.
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AtlanticTrade
• Growing economy
• Unfavorable balanceof trade
• Shortage of hard money
• Ton of debt
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Navigation Acts (1651, 1660,
1663)
• Terms:– All imported goods to be shipped in
English vessels.– Enumerated articles could only be
shipped to England or other English colonies.
– All goods imported by the colonies come through England.
• The Imperial System before 1760– The benefits of benign neglect
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TroubledNeighbors
• Indian-wars– A series of Indian wars in the mid-1670s– King Philip’s War in New England between
colonists and the Wampanoag tribe.• Bacon’s Rebellion
– Virtually a civil war in Virginia over how to control the Indians.
– Nathaniel Bacon burned Jamestown in 1676 in an effort to arrest the governor.
– Bacon became ill and died of swamp fever.
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The Glorious Revolution of
1688-89• Charles II died in 1685 and was
succeeded by his brother, the duke of York.– James II openly parade his Catholic faith.
• Parliament invited James’s Protestant daughter Mary and her husband, the Dutch leader William of Orange to assume the throne as joint monarchs.– James II fled to France.
• Bill of Rights and Toleration Act (1689)– Limited the powers of rulers and affirmed
freedom of Worship for Christians.– Did not limit the king’s power in America.
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John Locke 1632-1704
• Defended the overthrow of James II, which set a precedent for revolution against the monarch.
• Two Treatises on Government (1690)– Contract theory of government argued
that people were endowed with natural rights to life, liberty, and property.
– When rulers violated these rights, the people could overthrow the monarch and change their government.
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The Habit of Self-Government
• Americans liked being British subjects.– Opportunities for trade and
commerce.– Military protection.– Political stability.
• Benefits had few costs.– Salutary neglect.– Home rule.
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England vs. France
• A competition to dominate world trade and naval power. Intensified after the Glorious Revolution.
• Four Wars– War of the League of Augsburg / King
William’s War (1689-97)– War of the Spanish Succession / Queen
Anne’s War (1702-13)– War of the Austrian Succession / King
George’s War (1744-48)– Seven Years’ War / French and Indian
War (1754-63)
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French & Indian War 1754-63
(Seven Years’ War)• Expansion led to conflict.• The Ohio Valley
– French Fort Duquesne.– George Washington and
Fort Necessity.• Three Phases
– 1754-56: British in North America losing– 1756-58: War starts in Europe/England in
charge– 1758-63: English win one battle after
another.
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Peace of Paris (1763)
• France: Ended French power in North America.
• Britain: Everything east of Mississippi River (except N.O.)
• Spain: Louisiana
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•
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Postwar Expectations
• Colonial pride and optimism• English resentments
– Unsatisfied with colonists role in war– Want more control– Want colonies to help pay for defense
•4 wars left England in enormous debt