impact stories from the people’s republic of china: partnership for prosperity

8/2/2019 Impact Stories from the Peoples Republic of China: Partnership for Prosperity

1/60

^mwqflwrci~

dhw whr~lwiqy

Ie~mbq Rqhwilr dwhe qcl ^lh~`lr Wl~|g`ib hd Bcifm


2/60

Bhfqlfqr

7 Ifqwha|bqihf1 Gwiaklr Gwifk GhheGy Imf Ki``

Qcl ~clfhelfm` 7>, kwh{qc wmql hd Rcmfkcmir |ahfk mwlm ir ifola qh fl{ ifdwmrqw|bq|wl

mfa ~`mfr lsirq qh g|ià m hq ehwl&

3 Whma qh ^whr~lwiqyGy Imf Ki``M dh|w%`mfl cikc{my emolr qwmtlìfk dmrqlw bclm~lw mfa rmdlwmfa gwifkr fl{ lbhfheib

h~~hwq|fiqilr&

=7 Hf qcl Wikcq QwmboGy Imf Ki``M fl{ wmi`{my mfa r|~~hwqifk whmar cmtl glbhel m ìdlìfl dhw hfl hd qcl ^WBr ~hhwlrq wlkihfr&

=4 îhfllwifk whjlbqGy Imf Ki``M ehal` g|iàh~lwmqlqwmfrdlw {mqlw ~whjlbq ~mrrlr iqr bw|bim` wrq qlrq mr qcl WB lfbh|wmklrdhwlikf%fmfbla alm`r&

7> Wltitifk m Cirqhwib [mqlw{myGy Imf Ki``Hfbl rel``y mfa g`mbo {iqc ~h``|qihf m kwmfaehqclw witlw ir wltitla if Rcmfkcmi&

71 Dwhe [mrql qh LflwkyGy @li OmfQlbcfh`hky qcmq bmf q|wf mfiem` {mrql ifqh kmr ir bcmfkifk ami`y ìdl dhw qcl glqqlw if w|wm` ^WB&


3/60

B h f q l f

q r

=

Qcl til{r ls~wlrrla if qcir ~|gìbmqihf mwl qchrl hd qcl m|qchwr mfa ahfhq flblrrmwi`y wllbq qcl til{r mfa ~hìbilr hd qcl Mrimf Altl`h~elfqGmfo #MAG) hw iqr Ghmwa hd Khtlwfhwr hw qcl khtlwfelfqr qcly wl~wlrlfq&

MAG ahlr fhq k|mwmfqll qcl mbb|wmby hd qcl amqm ifb`|ala if qcir~|gìbmqihf mfa mbbl~qr fh wlr~hfrigiìqy dhw mfy bhfrl}|lfbl hdqcliw |rl&

\rl hd qcl qlwe bh|fqwy ahlr fhq ie~`y mfy j|akelfq gy qcl m|qchwrhw MAG mr qh qcl `lkm` hw hqclw rqmq|r hd mfy qlwwiqhwim` lfqiqy&

MAG lfbh|wmklr ~wifqifk hw bh~yifk ifdhwemqihf lsb`|ritl`y dhw~lwrhfm` mfa fhfbheelwbim` |rl {iqc ~wh~lw mbofh{`lakelfq hd MAG&\rlwr mwl wlrqwibqla dwhe wlrl`ìfk wlairqwig|qifk hw bwlmqifk alwitmqitl{hwor dhw bheelwbim` ~|w~hrlr {iqch|q qcl ls~wlrr {wiqqlf bhfrlfqhd MAG&

Fhql: If qcir ~|gìbmqihf ! wldlwr qh \R ah``mwr&

73 Dwhe ^h``|qihf qh Rh`|qihfGy @li OmfM ~whjlbq qcmq bm~q|wlr mfa |rlr elqcmfl qcmq {h|à hqclw{irl gl wl`lmrla ifqh qcl mqehr~clwla|wifk qcl eififk ~whblrr ir rlq qh glbhel m ehal` dhw qch|rmfar hd bhm` eiflr mbwhrr qcl WB&

2< Rmtifk Rmfjimfk [lq`mfarGy @li OmfM emrritl lbh`hkibm` ~wlrlwtmqihf ~whjlbq ir kcqifk qh ~wlrlwtl qcl Rmfjimfk `mif {lq`mfar

chel qh rhel hd qcl wibclrq gihaitlwriqy if qcl WB &

23 Dwhe B`lmf [mqlw qh Kwllf LflwkyGy @li OmfQ{h fl{ cyawh~h{lw ~`mfqr if fhwqc{lrq ^WB mwl ~whtiaifk b`lmf lbilfq lflwky qh w|wm` dmweifkmfa clwaifk dmeiìlr&

17R~wlmaifk qcl Elrrmkl

Gy @li OmfMf m{mwlflrr%wmirifk ~whkwme altl`h~la if Mdwibmmfa qwmfr~`mfqla qh qcl WB {iqc qcl r|~~hwq hdMAGmier qh cm`q mfa wltlwrl qcl r~wlma hd CIT(MIAr&

14 ^whtiaifk B`lmf, B`lmw [mqlwGy Jimfk Zc|}ifkMAGr {mqlw r|~~`y mfa rmfiqmqihf ~whjlbq if Jiìf ir glflqifk |wgmf ch|rlchàr mfa cl`~ifk bhfqwh`

~h``|qihf if witlwr&


4/60

7

Ie~mbq

Rqhwilrdwhe

qcl^lh~`lrWl~|gìbhdBcifm

IFQWHA\BQIHF

Qcl lh~`lr Wl~|gìb hd Bcifm #^WB)cmr mbciltla wlemwomg`l lbhfheib

kwh{qc mfa altl`h~elfq mdqlw ifiqimqifkrhel qcwll albmalr mkh wldhwer qcmq

cmtl awmemqibm``y wla|bla ~htlwqy& Qcl MrimfAltl`h~elfq Gmfo #MAG) cmr bhfqwig|qla qh qclrl

mbbhe~ìrcelfqr rifbl rqmwqifk iqr h~lwmqihfrif qcl ^WB 7< ylmwr mkh if =934 gy ~whtiaifkls~lwqirl mfa d|faifk dhw altl`h~elfq ~whjlbqr&

Qh bheelehwmql qcl 7 MAG cma fmfbla =;=~|gìb rlbqhw ~whjlbqr #ehwl qcmf !72 gi`ìhf if`lfaifk) mfa 74 ~witmql rlbqhw `hmfr k|mwmfqllr

mfa l}|iqy iftlrqelfqr #qhqmìfk !7&< gi`ìhf)& Ifmaaiqihf qh fmfbifk MAGr r|~~hwq qh qcl rhdq

rlbqhwrofh{`lakl matirhwy r|~~hwq bm~mbiqyg|iàifkcmr rikfibmfq`y ifbwlmrla if wlblfq

ylmwr if til{ hd qcl ^WBr wm~ia altl`h~elfq mfarqwhfk bm~mbiqy qh ifqlwfmìzl mfa wl~ìbmql glrq~wmbqiblr mfa ~hìby matibl&

If qcl lmw`y ylmwr MAG dhb|rla hf ~whtiaifk

fmfbim` wlrh|wblr qh d|fa ~|gìb iftlrqelfqif qcl ifdwmrqw|bq|wl flblrrmwy qh dmbiìqmql

wm~ia lbhfheib kwh{qc mfa ~htlwqy wla|bqihf~mwqib|`mw`y if qcl qwmfr~hwq rlbqhw& Qcl MAG%

mrrirqla Fmf~| mfa Ymfk~| gwiaklr {cibc~whtiala qcl qwmfr~hwq ifdwmrqw|bq|wl lrrlfqim` dhwqcl ~clfhelfm` kwh{qc hd Rcmfkcmir |ahfk

Fl{ Mwlm mfa qcl Bc|sihfkAmì ls~wlrr{myif qcl {lrqlwf ~whtifbl hd Y|ffmf qcmq gwh|kcq

{ialr~wlma glflqr qh qcl w|wm` ~hhw mwl khhalsme~`lr hd r|bc ~whjlbqr&

Iffhtmqihf mfa tm`|l maaiqihf cmtl `hfkgllf ie~hwqmfq aielfrihfr hd qcl ^WBMAG

~mwqflwrci~ mfa MAG cmr r|~~hwqla emfy bwiqibm`


5/60

2

altl`h~elfq ~whjlbqr qcmq {lwl wrq ~i`hqla mfaqclf wl~ìbmqla mfa rbm`la |~ mq qcl ~whtifbim`

mfa fmqihfm` `ltl`r& M ~ihfllwifk g|iàh~lwmqlqwmfrdlw ~whjlbq qcmq gwh|kcq dhwlikf iftlrqelfq

mfa ifbwlmrla qcl r|~~`y hd b`lmf awifoifk {mqlwif Bclfka| qcl bm~iqm` hd Ribc|mf ^whtifbl? mfa

m ~whjlbq qcmq bm~q|wlr mfa ~wha|blr bhm` eiflelqcmfl dhw ~h{lw klflwmqihf {ci`l wla|bifkbmwghf aihsial leirrihfr if Rcmfsi ^whtifbl mwl

i``|rqwmqitl hd qcl qy~lr hd iffhtmqihfr MAG cmrr|~~hwqla mbwhrr m wmfkl hd rlbqhwr&

Qcl ~whehqihf hd lftiwhfelfqm r|rqmifmgi iqy cmr

lelwkla mr m rqwmqlkib ~i``mw hd MAGr h~lwmqihfrif qcl ^WB kitlf qcl `mwkl alemfa hf wlrh|wblrwlr|`qifk dwhe qcl bh|fqwyr wm~ia kwh{qc& If

qcir th`|el mwl rqhwilr rch{ifk ch{ MAG cmrr|~~hwqla lhwqr qh b`lmf |~ Rcmfkcmir R|zch|

Bwllo ~whqlbq qcl Rmfjimfk ^`mif bhe~wirifkqcl WBr mwklrq mwlm hd {lq`mfar dwhe c|emf

lfbwhmbcelfq mfa ifbwlmrl bhtlwmkl hd{mrql{mqlw qwlmqelfq mfa ie~whtl {mqlw

wlrh|wblr emfmklelfq if qcl |~~lw Rhfkc|mWitlw Gmrif mehfk hqclw lsme~`lr hd MAGrr|~~hwq dhw lftiwhfelfqm` ~whqlbqihf mfa

ie~whtlelfq&

MAG cmr m`rh ~`myla m `lmaifk wh`l if r|~~hwqifkwlkihfm` bhh~lwmqihf glq{llf qcl ^WB mfa

iqr flikcghwifk bh|fqwilr ifb`|aifk qcwh|kciftlrqelfqr if ifdwmrqw|bq|wl bhfflbqitiqy qh cl`~altl`h~ oly lbhfheib bhwwiahwr mfa qlbcfibm`

r|~~hwq qh ~whehql wlkihfm` ~|gìb khhar&

I f q w h a |

b q i h f

Qclrqhwilr hf MAGr r|~~hwq dhw mf m` %{lmqclwwhma bhfflbqifk m wlehql mwlm hd qcl ^WBr

Y|ffmf whtifbl {iqc @mh ^lh~`lr AlehbwmqibWl~|gìb mfa clfbl qcl gwhmalw Kwlmqlw Elohfk

R|gwlkihf mfa kwmrrwhhqr m~~whmbclr qhbclbo qcl r~wlma hd CIT(MIAR m`hfk qcl ^WBr

rh|qc{lrqlwf ghwalw wlkihfr if Y|ffmf whtifblmwl lsme~`lr hd MAGr r|~~hwq dhw wlkihfm`bhh~lwmqihf&

MAG {i`` bhfqif|l qh r|~~hwq qcl ^WB hf iqr

altl`h~elfq mklfam& H|w flsq ==7>=< mfa {i``gl mìkfla {iqc iqr ~wihwiqilr& @hhoifk glyhfa {iqcqcl bhfqif|la altl`h~elfq hd qcl ^WB lbhfhey

h|w tm`|l maaiqihf {i`` rcidq d|wqclw qh qcl rhdqrialofh{`lakl matirhwy r|~~hwq mfa bm~mbiqy

g|iàifk wmqclw qcmf `mwkl%rbm`l fmfbifkqch|kc {l ls~lbq qh bhfqif|l fmfbifk rem``lw

~i`hq%qy~l ~whjlbqr qh qlrq bhfbl~qr mfa fl{m~~whmbclr&

I ch~l qcmq yh| fa qcl rqhwilr if qcir gwhbc|wlifqlwlrqifk&

O`m|r Klwcml|rrlw

Aiwlbqhw Klflwm`Lmrq Mrim Al~mwqelfq

Mrimf Altl`h~elfq Gmfo

Iffhtmqihf mfa tm`|l

maaiqihf cmtl `hfk gllf

ie~hwqmfq aielfrihfr hd

qcl WBMAG ~mwqflwrci~


6/60

1

Ie~mbq

Rqhwilrdwhe

qcl^lh~`lrWl~|gìbhdBcifm Gwiaklr

Gwifk GhheQcl ~clfhelfm` 7>, kwh{qc wmql hd Rcmfkcmir^|ahfk mwlm ir ìfola qh fl{ ifdwmrqw|bq|wl

mfa ~`mfr lsirq qh g|ià m `hq ehwl

Gy Imf Ki``

DWHE QCL MWBCITLR: Qcir rqhwy {mr wrq ~|gìrcla if Emy 7>>7&


7/60

ìfor {i`` gl fllala

dhw gm`mfbla kwh{qc glq{llf |ahfk mfaah{fqh{f Rcmfkcmi&

[clf qcl rch{bmrl Fmf~| mfa Ymfk~| gwiaklrfmfbla gy MAG `hmfr qhqmìfk !=7 elqlwr rlqqifk

m {hwà wlbhwa mq qcl qiel& Qcl {hwà%b`mrr gwiaklr{lwl alrikfla gy Rcmfkcmi lfkifllwr mfa g|i`q gy

`hbm` bhfqwmbqhwr&

Gldhwl qcl gwiaklr tlcib`lr |rla liqclw m r`h{dlwwy hw hfl hd q{h bhfklrqla q|ffl`r qh wlmbc^|ahfk m r~wm{ìfk |faltl`h~la mwlm flmw`y qcl

rizl hd Rifkm~hwl&

G w i a k l r G w i f k G h h e


8/60

4

Ie~mbq

Rqhwilrdwhe


[iqc qcl h~lfifk hd

Fmf~| gwiakl qwmb kwl{

~clfhelfm``y& Rhel

=7>>> tlcib`lr ~lw amy

bwhrrla qcl qh`` gwiakl qclwrq ehfqc wirifk qh =;>>>

qcl dh``h{ifk ehfqc&

Qwmdb Th`|el @mwklw qcmf Ls~lbqla

[iqc qcl h~lfifk hd Fmf~| gwiakl qwmb kwl{~clfhelfm``y& Rhel =7>>> tlcib`lr ~lw amy

bwhrrla qcl qh`` gwiakl qcl wrq ehfqc wirifk qh=;>>> qcl dh``h{ifk ehfqc&

Qhamy Fmf~|r qwmb mtlwmklr m =7>>>> tlcib`lm amy b`hrl qh bm~mbiqy& Ymfk~| iqr rirqlw gwiaklcmfa`lr =>>>>> tlcib`l bwhrrifkr m amy ifb`|aifkehrq hd qcl qw|bor& M qciwa gwiakl qcl S|~| h~lflaif =994 bmwwilr ;>>>> tlcib`lr ami`y& Qcwll q|ffl`r#q{h mwl hfl%{my) |falw qcl C|mfk~| Witlwrll =7>>>> tlcib`lr ~mrr qcwh|kc ltlwy amy& Ifmaaiqihf qh qcl tlcib|`mw h{ qlfr hd qch|rmfar hdbhee|qlwr |rl m r|g{my ìfo qcmq h~lfla if7>>>&

Qcl Fmf~| mfa Ymfk~| gwiaklr ~mifqla {ciql

mfa wla wlr~lbqitl`y qh emwo qcl fl{ ei``lffi|ecmtl gllf tlwy r|bblrrd|` ~whjlbqr rmyr Bclf

Jimfc|m emfmklw hd qcl Rcmfkcmi C|mfk~| WitlwQ|ffl`r mfa Gwiaklr Altl`h~elfq Bhe~mfy&[l cma lrqiemqla m ami`y h{ hd >>> tlcib`lr

dhw Fmf~| dhw lsme~`l g|q qhamy {l mwl klqqifkehwl qcmf ah|g`l qcmq&

Qcl mwklw%qcmf%ls~lbqla th`|elr bm|rla r|bc

`hfk }|l|lr mq qcl qh``kmqlr hd qcl gwiaklr mfaq|ffl`r qcmq qcl qh`` ryrqle {mr rbwm~~la if 7>>>mfa wl~`mbla {iqc mf mff|m` qms hf m`` biqy awitlwr&

Cikc |rmkl hd qcl gwiaklr wl}|iwlr emifqlfmfbl

bhrqifk glq{llf BFY1 ei`ìhf #!19>>)mfa BFY< ei`ìhf #!47>>>>) m ylmw ~lw gwiakl

fhqlrBclf&

Chelkwh{f Qm`lfq

Qcl gwiaklr m rh wl~wlrlfqla m rikfibmfq

qlbcfh`hkibm` qwi|e~c dhw Rcmfkcmi& Qcliw bmg`lr{lwl emal hd cikc%rqwlfkqc emqlwim`r mfabhe~|qlwr {lwl |rla qh bm`b|`mql qcl bhe~`ls

rqwlrrlr ifth`tla& Fmf~| {mr alrikfla gy qclRcmfkcmi E|fibi~m` Lfkifllwifk Alrikf Ifrqiq|ql|rifk qcl M`lsmfalw Dwmrlw gwiakl if Tmfbh|tlw

mr m ehal`& MAG ~whtiala qlbcfibm` mrrirqmfblgy gwifkifk mf ifqlwfmqihfm` kwh|~ hd {hwà%

b`mrr lfkifllwr qh wltil{ iq& Qcl Bciflrl `lmwfla}|ibo`y mfa qcly g|i`q Ymfk~| hf qcliw h{f&

Mf leiflfq Klwemf gwiakl lfkifllw fhqla mqqcl qiel Dhw m altl`h~ifk bh|fqwy qh alrikf mfa

bhfrqw|bq m {hwà%wlbhwa bmg`l%rqmyla gwiaklir ìol {iffifk cm`d m ahzlf khà elam`r if qcl

H`ye~ibr& Qhamy Rcmfkcmi alrikfr m`` iqr gwiaklrmfa q|ffl`r glflqifk dwhe chel%kwh{f qm`lfq

~wha|bla gy Qhfkji \fitlwriqy dmeh|r dhw iqrmwbciqlbq|wl mfa lfkifllwifk rbchh`&

^|ahfk cmr ehwl qcmf ghwfl h|q qcl ~wlaibqihfqcmq iq {h|à gl qcl awmkhfr clma qcmq {h|à ~|``

qcl ghay hd qcl Ymfkqzl Witlw Al`qm mr hfl ÂMhbim` rmia if =997&

^`mffifk hw D|q|wl Kwh{qc

Rcmfkcmir mff|m` kwhrr ahelrqib ~wha|bq #KA^)kwh{qc cmr gllf mgh|q =>, g|q ^|ahfkr KA^kwh{qc cmr mtlwmkla mwh|fa m rqmkklwifk 7>, ~lw

mff|e rmyr C|m Sifsimfk ÂMr al~|qy aiwlbqhw hdqcl ^wlrr mfa Ifdhwemqihf Hbl& ^|ahfkr KA^ cmr

ifbwlmrla =3 qielr dwhe BFY4 gi`ìhf #!;1>ei`ìhf)if =99> qh BFY=>3 gi`ìhf #!=2&2 gi`ìhf) if 7>>=

dmw lsbllaifk lmwìlw dhwlbmrqr& If m dl{ clbqibylmwr |ahfk cmr qwmfrdhwela iqrl`d dwhe m `mwkl`ymkwib|`q|wm` mwlm ifqh m emjhw fmfbim` blfqlw mr

{l`` mr m emf|dmbq|wifk mfa qwmaifk c|g&

Emfmklw Bclf Jimfc|m hf qcl Fmf~| gwiakl& Qwmbh{r cmtl gllf mwklw qcmf ls~lbqla&


9/60

;

Til{ dwhe Fmf~| gwiakl

[l cmtl > r|bc ifrqiq|qihfr&

Hf qcl emf|dmbq|wifk rial ^|ahfk cmr qmwklqla

b`lmf ifa|rqwilr r|bc mr ~cmwembl|qibm` gihqlbcmfa ifdhwemqihf qlbcfh`hky mfa bhee|fibmqihfr

bhe~mfilr&

^|ahfk ir mkkwlrritl`y ~|wr|ifk dhwlikf iftlrqhwr

g|q mq qcl rmel qiel iq cmr gllf rcl`qlwla dwheqcl k`hgm` r`h{ah{f gy WBr ghheifk ahelrqib

emwolq fhqlr C|m&

M Khha ^`mbl qh @itl

[iqc qcl WBr lfqwy ifqh qcl [hwà Qwmal

Hwkmfizmqihf C|m glìltlr qcmq ^|ahfk {i`èmifqmif iqr wm~ia kwh{qc dhw rhel ylmwr qhbhel& KA^ ir dhwlbmrq qh wlmbc BFY7>> gi`ìhf

#!7< gi`ìhf) gy 7>>>>>> tlcib`lr mwl bwhrrifk qcl gwiaklr mfa

q|ffl`r ami`ymfa qcmq lsb`|alr ~lh~`l |rifk qclr|g{my& Qh bh~l {iqc rqi``%wirifk alemfa C|m rmyrqcmq mfhqclw gwiakl qcwll ehwl q|ffl`r mfa q{h

fl{ wmi` ìfor mwl ~`mffla {iqcif qcl flsq < ylmwr&

Mr {l`` mr glifk m dmrq%ls~mfaifk {hwo~`mbl^|ahfk ir glbheifk ehwl mqqwmbqitl mr m ~`mbl

hd wlrialfbl& Iqr amyqiel ~h~|`mqihf ir 7&1 ei`ìhfbhfrirqifk hd =&4 ei`ìhf wlrialfqr mfa 3>>>>>bhee|qlwr& G|q mr ch|rifk rch~~ifk mfa

wlbwlmqihfm` dmbiìqilr altl`h~ ehwl ~lh~`l mwlq|wfifk dwhe bhee|qlwr qh wlrialfqr&

C|m mfa mf ifbwlmrifk f|eglw hd ÂM rqm wllbq

qcir qwlfa& Cl glkmf |rifk Fmf~| mdqlw iq h~lflakwlmq`y wla|bifk cir qwmtlìfk qiel& If =99; clehtla cir dmei`y qh ^|ahfk ifa|bla gy mqqwmbqitl

ch|rifk mfa ìtifk bhfaiqihfr& Cl rmyr emfy ÂMrqmlwr cmtl ahfl qcl rmel&

Ewr& C|m ~whtialr m qlrq hd |ahfkr }|mìqy hd

ìdl& If qcl glkiffifk rcl aia fhq ìol ^|ahfkglbm|rl iq {mr fhq bhftlfilfq dhw rch~~ifk Ew&

C|m rmyr& G|q fh{ rcl rmyr yh| ahfq flla qh khqh Rcmfkcmi qh rch~ mfa iqr e|bc `lrr bhfklrqlaclwl&

^whjlbq Ifhwemqihf

Rcmfkcmi Ymfk~| Gwiakl ^whjlbq #=997)

Difmfbifk:!3< ei`ìhf hwaifmwy bm~iqm` wlrh|wblr

#MAG)? !;9 ei`ìhf bheelwbim` bhfmfbifk?

!=>7&9< ei`ìhf ghwwh{lw fmfbla

G w i a k l r G w i f k G h h e


10/60

3

Ie~mbq

Rqhwilrdwhe


Whma qh^whr~lwiqyM dh|w%`mfl cikc{my emolr qwmtl`ifk dmrqlw bclm~lw

mfarmdlwmfa gwifkr fl{ lbhfheib h~~hwq|fiqilr

Gy Imf Ki``



11/60

Qw|bo awitlw Ymfk liyhfkrmyr qcmq qcl fl{ whma cmr

emal cir jhg dmrqlw bclm~lwmfa rmdlw&

E|rcwhhe qwmalw @| Jimf mfaFmfc|m Al~|qy KhtlwfhwC|mfc Chfkzci rmy qcmq

g|riflrr ir ghheifk qcmforqh qcl fl{ ls~wlrr{my&

9

Mq m wlrq rqh~ gy qcl qh``kmql hd qclBc|sihfk qh Amì ls~wlrr{my qw|boawitlw Ymfk liyhfk ~|r hf m bikmwlqql

mr cl wlbm``r qcl gma qielr hf qcirwhma& Ew& Ymfk m rqhboy bcllwd|` emf cmr gllf

qwmfr~hwqifk r|kmw qlm qieglw mfa f|qr m`hfk qcirwhma dhw 7> ylmwr rltlf hw likcq qielr m ehfqc&

[clf qcl whma {mr fmwwh{ mfa bhfklrqla clrmyr qcl =;9%oi`helqlw jh|wfly bh|à qmol ehwlqcmf 1 ch|wr&

Id qclwl {mr mf mbbialfq qwmb {h|à gl gmbola

|~ dhw rltlwm` oi`helqlwr cl wleleglwr&

Qhamy cl rmyr m dh|w% mfl ls~wlrr{my cmremal qcl qwi~ dmrqlw bclm~lw mfa rmdlw& Qcl!47; ei`ìhf ~whjlbq bhe~`lqla if =993 {mr

~mwq`y fmfbla {iqc m != ei`ìhf `hmf dwhe qcl

Mrimf Altl`h~elfq Gmfo #MAG)&

Riqqifk if m ~mqwh` bmw gy qcl qh``kmql [| K|mfkdm

{ch cmr gllf m qwmb hblw hf qcl cikc{my rifbliq h~lfla bhfwer qcmq qcl rmdlqy gmwwilw aitiaifk

qcl cikc{my cmr kwlmq`y wla|bla qcl f|eglw hdmbbialfqr lr~lbim``y clma%hf bh`ìrihfr& Cl fhqlr

ch{ltlw qcmq rhel awitlwr ahzl h mfa g|e~ifqh qcl gmwwilwr& Hqclw{irl [| rmyr cir emifclmambcl ir almìfk {iqc qcl qcldq hd qwmb rikfr&

Dmwqclw |~ qcl cikc{my qwmalw @| Jimf {ch alm`r

if m wmwl oifa hd {ià e|rcwhhe wl~hwqr qcmqg|riflrr cmr ghhela rifbl qcl qwmtl` qiel qh

O|feifk miw~hwq cmr gllf b|q gy rhel q{h%qciwarqh 2 ch|wr& Cl g|yr qcl e|rcwhher m r~lbim`qy hdY|ffmf ^whtifbl dwhe rem`` dmwelwr mfa ls~hwqr

qcle qh Jm~mf mfa qcl Wl~|gìb hd Ohwlm&

G|q qcly e|rq gl dwlrc fhqlr @|& Qcl cikc{myelmfr I bmf klq qcle hf qcl ~`mfl {iqcif m amy

mfa qcir cmr cl`~la qh ghhrq rm`lr&

Rbchh` ^whtialr Ch~l hw Eifhwiqilr

Qcl ~whjlbq m rh ifth`tla |~kwmaifk flmw`y

;>> oi`helqlwr hd dllalw whmar mfa qcir cmr cl`~laìfo wlehql bhee|fiqilr qh |wgmf blfqlwr& Dhwlsme~`l if qcl ti``mkl hd Qimfrclfkqmfk h qcl

cikc{my ir qcl ^wiemwy Rbchh` hd Ch~l {clwl3


12/60

Ls~wlrr{my klflwm` emfmklw C| Alj|f if dwhfq hd hfl hd qcl fl{ cikc{myr emfy q|ffl`r& #Wikcq)F|wrlwy {hwolw C| Eli `ldq rmyr {mò%if g|riflrr ir gwiro&

=>

Ie~mbq

Rqhwilrdwhe


Ifbwlmrla qh|wire cmr glflqla qcl ~whtifbl

mr m {ch`l g|q lr~lbim``y qcl mfbilfq biqy hd Amì

mq qcl lfa hd qcl ls~wlrr{my&

hd Y|ffmfr emfy eifhwiqilr& Qcl ls~wlrr{mybhe~mfyr klflwm` emfmklw C| Alj|f ~wh|a`y

~hifqr qh mf ifrbwi~qihf gy qcl kmql qcmq fhqlr mbhe~mfy ahfmqihf cl`~la wlg|ià qcl rbchh`&

Rbchh` aiwlbqhw A|mf Sifk{mf rmyr qcl f|eglwhd ~|~i`r cmr wirlf dwhe = qh 7


13/60


14/60

Qcl ==3%oi`helqlw wmi` qwmbo{mr g|i`q htlw mfa qcwh|kc

rhel hd qcl ^WBr ehrqw|kkla qlwwmif&

=7

Ie~mbq

Rqhwilrdwhe


M fl{ wmi`{my mfa r|~~hwqifk whmar cmtl glbhel m `idl`ifl

dhw hfl hd qcl ^WBr ~hhwlrq wlkihfr

Hf qclWikcq Qwmbo


Gy Imf Ki``


15/60


16/60

Qh|wirqr lfjhy qcl r~lbqmb| mw Chfkk|hrc| {mqlwdm``&

=1

Ie~mbq

Rqhwilrdwhe


Dhw hqclwr ìol 2>%ylmw%hà dmwelw H| Amj|f {ch

ìtlr d|wqclw ah{f qcl qwmbo flmw qcl rqmqihf mqDmlw qcl wmi`{my elmfr cl bmf rl`` ehwl kifklw`hho mwh|fa dhw ifbhel%lmwfifk h~~hwq|fiqilr

mfa lfjhy cierl`d if qh{f&

Gldhwl qcl qwmif H| {h|à {mò dhw == ch|wrqh bmqbc m g|r dhw m 7%ch|w wial qh @i|~mfrc|i id cl

{mfqla bikmwlqqlr hw b`hqclr& [iqc qcl qwmif cl {i``kh ehwl hdqlf qh `hho dhw {hwo hw cmfk h|q {iqcdwilfar& Iqr cmwa qh ie~whtl qcifkr hf qcl dmwe

cl rmyr& [l ahfq cmtl qcl ehfly qh g|y if~|qrhw qlbcfh`hky qh ifbwlmrl h|w yilàr&

Dhw cir {idl Zcmh Yifkc|i qcl qwmif bh|à gl m

rmtihw if m elaibm` bwirir& Rcl wleleglwr {clfqcliw gmgy gwhol h|q if r~hqr mfa qcly cma qh bmwwycie htlw qcl eh|fqmifr dhw ehwl qcmf mf ch|w qh

wlmbc qcl flmwlrq bìfib&

Kwh{ifk Qwmfrrci~elfq Blfqlw

Ehwl qcmf =>>> dmeiìlr cma qh wl`hbmql glbm|rl

hd qcl ~whjlbq g|q mdqlw qcl ifbhftlfilfbl ehrqm~~wlbimqla qcl gikklw mfa glqqlw%}|mìqy ch|rlrmr {l`` mr qcl mbblrr qh l`lbqwibiqy& Ehrq cma qh

ehtl hf`y m rchwq airqmfbl mfa emfy rmia qclbhe~lfrmqihf {mr ehwl qcmf ls~lbqla rmyr

[mfk Zc|hsimf al~|qy klflwm` emfmklw hd qclK|izch| Rc|igmi Wmi`{my Bhw~hwmqihf&

Bhfrqw|bqihf hd qcl ~whjlbq dhw {cibc ehrqemqlwim`r r|bc mr rqhfl rmfa mfa qieglw {lwl

dh|fa hbm``y ~whtiala < ei`ìhf amyr hd {hwo dhw|falwle~`hyla mfa ~hhw ~lh~`l& Qcl eifie|e

{mkl hd BFY> #!4>) m ehfqc ìdqla m dmei`y hddh|w mghtl qcl ~htlwqy ìfl&

Glrialr gwifkifk rhbim` bcmfkl qcl ~whjlbq{i`` ghhrq qcl ~whtifblr lbhfhey qcwh|kc

qcl qwmfr~hwq hd bhm` mfa hqclw bheehaiqilr&M`qch|kc K|izch| cmr m cikc ifbialfbl hd ~htlwqy

iq ir wibc if fmq|wm` wlrh|wblr& Qcl wmi`{my ìfl w|frqcwh|kc qcwll emjhw bhm` làr {iqc wlrlwtlr

hd ehwl qcmf < gi`ìhf qhfr hd cikc%kwmal `h{%~h``|qifk bhm`&

Ie~hwqmfq`y qcl ìfl {i`` gl m fl{ wlkihfm` wmi`ìfo q|wfifk qcl mwlm ifqh m qwmfrrci~elfq blfqlw&

Iq {i`` b|q c|fawlar hd oi`helqlwr h ~wlrlfq wmi`wh|qlr glq{llf fhwqc{lrq ^WB mfa Dmfkbclfk

rlm~hwq if K|mfksi ^whtifbl mfa {i`` m``ltimqlb|wwlfq ghqq`lflbor if qcl qwmfr~hwq hd bhm` dwhe

K|izch| qh Ribc|mf mfa K|mfksi mfa `mghwlwrdwhe {lrqlwf WB qh K|mfkahfk hw tibl%tlwrmrmyr Alfk Rch|gif mf lfkifllw if qcl ~whjlbq

emfmklelfq hbl&

Qcl ~whjlbq {i`` ghhrq

qcl ~whtifblr lbhfhey

qcwh|kc qcl qwmfr~hwq hd

bhm` mfa hqclw bheehaiqilr

_mfaU ir ls~lbqla

qh h~lf |~ K|izch|r

r~lbqmb|`mw fmq|wm` mrrlqr

qh qh|wire&

Qmh Rc|si| riqqifk h|qrial clw ehalrq chelrmyr Gldhwl qcl wmi`{my {l fltlw qmrqla rc mfa{l cma ìeiqla elmq& Ltlf qcl ~ikr mfa bcibolfr

`mbola f|qwilfqr glbm|rl {l bh|àfq kitl qcle~wh~lw dlla& H|w bciàwlf mbola tiqmeifr&

Clw flikcghw Z|h Lw m ;1%ylmw%hà kwlmq

kwmfaehqclw wlbm``r qcl aib|`qilr hd irh`mqihf&[clf qcl wibl bwh~ dmi`la {l cma qh r|wtitl hf~hqmqhlrmfa {l ltlf bhhola lmtlr dwhe qcl

qwllr rcl rmyr&

Fl{ dmqclw Qmh Amyhfk 73 bwma`lr cir rhf mr clrmyr qcmq gmgy dhha eiò ~h{alw mfa b`hqclr

mwl {iqcif lmrilw wlmbc mfa cl bmf fh{ awlme hdrlfaifk cir ghy qh m khha rbchh`&


17/60


18/60

=4

Ie~mbq

Rqhwilrdwhe


M ehal` g|iàh~lwmqlqwmfrdlw {mqlw ~whjlbq ~mrrlr iqrbw|bim` wrq qlrq mr qcl ^WB lfbh|wmklr dhwlikf%fmfbla alm`r

îhfllwifk^whjlbq

Zcmfk Rcidmfk ir m tibqie hd dm`ìfk {mqlw `ltl`r&

Gy Imf Ki``



19/60

=

R|bblrr dhw qcl ~i`hq ~whjlbq ir ie~hwqmfq qh qcl ^WB mr iq lfbh|wmklr

dhwlikf wer qh ~mwqibi~mql if qcl bhfrqw|bqihf mfa emfmklelfq hd

iqr |wgmf ifdwmrqw|bq|wl ifb`|aifk {mqlw dmbiìqilr&

BCLFKA\ RIBC\MF WHTIFBL

If Dlgw|mwy 7>>7 qcl lh~`lr Wl~|gìb hdBcifmr #^WB) ~ihfllw g|iàh~lwmqlqwmfrdlw#GHQ) {mqlw r|~~`y tlfq|wl bhe~`lqla iqr

aib|`q wrq rqmkl hd bhfrqw|bqihfhfrbcla|`l mfa {iqcif g|aklq&

Rifbl qclf qcl ~whjlbq r|~~hwqla gy qcl Mrimf

Altl`h~elfq Gmfo #MAG) cmr h~lwmqla rehhqc`y{iqc m fl{ qwlmqelfq ~`mfq r|~~`yifk awifoifk{mqlw qh Bclfka|r airqwig|qihf flq{hwo qcwh|kc

m 7;%oi`helqlw ~i~lìfl& Qcl ~`mfq ir r|~~`yifkmèhrq 1>>>>> b|gib elqlwr m amy&

Qcl wrq rql~ hd bhfrqw|bqihf {mr tlwy r|bblrrd|`

mfa qclwl cmr gllf khha bhh~lwmqihf glq{llfqcl q{h rialr rmyr @if Jimfk|h klflwm` emfmklwhd Bclfka| E|fibi~m` [mqlw{hwor Klflwm`

Bhe~mfy qcl `hbm` |qiìqy qcmq ir g|yifk qcl

{mqlw dwhe qcl jhifq tlfq|wl bhe~mfy Bclfka|Klflwm`l alr Lm|sEmw|glfi [mqlw{hworBhe~mfy #BKLE)& BKLE ir h{fla 4>, gy Dwmfblr

Titlfai [mqlw mfa 1>, gy Emw|glfi Bhw~hwmqihfhd Jm~mf&

R|bblrr dhw qcl ~i`hq ~whjlbq ir ie~hwqmfq qh qcl^WB mr iq lfbh|wmklr dhwlikf wer qh ~mwqibi~mql

if qcl bhfrqw|bqihf mfa emfmklelfq hd iqr |wgmfifdwmrqw|bq|wl ifb`|aifk {mqlw dmbiìqilr& Qcl GHQ

mwwmfklelfq|falw {cibc m dhwlikf bhfrhwqi|eg|iàr mfa h~lwmqlr m dmbiìqy dhw m f|eglw hd ylmwrgldhwl qwmfrdlwwifk iq qh qcl `hbm` khtlwfelfqir

hfl hd rltlwm` ehamìqilr glifk qwila gy qcl ^WB&Hqclwr ifb`|al ìblfrla `lmrla mfa bhfqwmbq|m`

ehalr&

Qcl Glflqr h GHQMAG ir gmboifk qcl ~whjlbq glbm|rl Iqr ~mwq hdh|w rqwmqlky qh ~whehql kwlmqlw ~witmql rlbqhw~mwqibi~mqihf if qcl altl`h~elfq hd ifdwmrqw|bq|wldmbiìqilr if qcl ^WB rmyr M`dwlah ^mrb|m` aiwlbqhw hdMAGr ^witmql Rlbqhw Ifdwmrqw|bq|wl Difmfbl Aitirihf&

Dhw qcl Bclfka| khtlwfelfq qcl glflqrifb`|al qcl qwmfrdlw hd emfmklelfq mfa qlbcfibm`

roi``r mfa mdqlw =3 ylmwr qcl {mqlw qwlmqelfq ~`mfqqcmq cmr gllf d|``y d|fala gy dhwlikf iftlrqhwr&Hd qcl ~whjlbqr qhqm` bhrq hd !=>4&< ei`ìhf

2>,ir glifk d|fala gy qcl Dwlfbc mfa Jm~mflrl~mwqflwr mfa ;>, gy m kwh|~ bhe~wirifk MAG qcl

L|wh~lmf Iftlrqelfq Gmfo mfa tl bheelwbim`gmfor& MAG ir ~whtiaifk m !74&< ei`ìhf `hmf mfabhfmfbifk hd !7=&< ei`ìhf&

Dhw qcliw ~mwq qcl Dwlfbc mfa Jm~mflrl wer

wlblitl m bheelwbim` wlq|wf hf qcliw iftlrqelfqmfa ifbwlmrl qcliw ls~hr|wl if qcl {hwàr `mwklrq

lelwkifk emwolq&

Qcl ^WB cmr glflqla dwhe ehalwf emfmklelfq

qlbcfi}|lr rmyr Eibcml` Remwq qcl Gwiqircklflwm` emfmklw dhw BKLE a|wifk qcl 7 %ylmw

bhfrqw|bqihf ~cmrl&

Qcly cmtl `lmwfla dwhe alqmi`la ~whkwmeeifkbhfqif|h|r bhrq(g|aklq ehfiqhwifk mfa bhfqwh`

mfa b`hrl ~whjlbq bhhwaifmqihf rmyr Ew& Remwq&Dhw lsme~`l {l {lwl qhà qcl ~i~lìfl {mr qhkh |falw m wifk whma wmqclw qcmf m`hfkrial iq mfa

Bmggmkl dmwelw @i| Sifdlfk if qcl h|qlw r|g|wgr hdBclfka| {miqr dhw ~i~la {mqlw&

^ i h f l l w i f k ^ w h j l b q


20/60


21/60

Qcl ~whjlbq cmr cikcifqlwfmqihfm` rqmfamwarrmyrDwlfbc Klflwm` Emfmklw

JlmfDwmfbhir m~lq&

=

qcmq ifa|rqwy b|wwlfq`y |rlr 1>>>>> qh >>>>b|gib elqlwr m amy hd kwh|fa{mqlw {cibc

rhel glìltl qh gl |fr|rqmifmg`l ltlf {iqc qcleh|fqmif ~whtifblr mg|famfq r|~~`y&

^myifk hw [mqlw

Emfy wlrialfqr h|qrial qcl qciwa wifk whma {i`` glcm~~y id qcly bmf hfl amy wlblitl ~i~la {mqlw&

If K|`mf ti``mkl m dl{ oi`helqlwr h|qrial qclwifk whma bmggmkl dmwelw @i| Sifdlfk rmyr clw

4%elqlw%all~ q|gl {l`` cmr gllf awy rifbl mdmbqhwy {mr g|i`q flmwgy mfa rcl cmr qh al~lfa

hf flikcghwr dhw {mqlw&

Clw flikcghw Zcmfk Rcidmfk cmr m all~lw q|gl {l``mfa rqi`` wlblitlr {mqlw dwhe iq g|q {hwwilr id qcir {i``bhfqif|l {clf qcl dmbqhwy glkifr h~lwmqihfr& Rcl{h|à {l`bhel ~i~la {mqlw if ~wifbi~`l g|q {hwwilrmgh|q iqr bhrq fhqifk qcmq dmwe ~lh~`l bhfr|ele|bc ehwl {mqlw qcmf biqy a{l``lwr&

^whjlbq Ifhwemqihf

Bclfka| Fh& 4 [mqlw ^`mfq #=999)

Difmfbifk: !7=& ei`ìhf Bhe~`lelfqmwy

Difmfbifk Rbclel? !74& ei`ìhf

^witmql Rlbqhw @hmf

If î Bh|fqy m r|g|wg hd Bclfka| dmbqhwyh{flw Ymfk ]ic|i rmyr cl ir glifk bcmwkla dhw

kwh|fa{mqlw gy qcl `hbm` m|qchwiqilr g|q ir cm~~yqh ~my& [mqlw mbbh|fqr dhw hf`y m qify dwmbqihf hd

cir qhqm` bhrq mfa mr m dhwelw dmwelw cl rcmwlrhbim` bhfblwf mgh|q al~`lqifk qcl wlkihfr

kwh|fa{mqlw&

Qcl Bclfka| GHQ ~whjlbq rh dmw ir ìtifk |~ qh qcl

wl~|qmqihf iq {hf mdqlw kmwflwifk ifqlwfmqihfm`m{mwar if =999 mr m `lkm` ifdwmrqw|bq|wl mfa

~whjlbq fmfbl alm`&

^ i h f l l w i f k ^ w h j l b q


22/60

7>

Ie~mbq

Rqhwilrdwhe


Wltitifk m Cirqhwib

[mqlw{my

Qcl lftiwhfelfq cmr kwlmq`y ie~whtlarmyr wlqiwla qlmbclw Cl Eh {chrl m~mwqelfqhtlw`hhor R|zch| Bwllo&

Hfbl rel``y mfa g`mbo {iqc ~h``|qihf m kwmfaehqclw witlwir glifk wltitla ifRcmfkcmi

Gy Imf Ki``



23/60

7

R\ZCH\ BWLLO RCMFKCMI

Fhq hfk mkh Rcmfkcmir R|zch| Bwllo{mr m g`mbo rqifoifk witlw& Qhamy ehwlqcmf cm`d{my qcwh|kc m != gi`ìhf b`lmf%

|~ qcl witlw ir dwll hd rqlfbc mfa iqr bh`hwcmr bcmfkla qh kwmy&

R|zch| Bwllo ir fh{ b`lmf mfa mqqwmbqitl lfh|kc

dhw ~lh~`l qh chà {laaifk blwlehfilr hf~`mqdhwer htlw qcl {mqlw dhw dmeiìlr qh wl`ms iffl{ wlbwlmqihfm` mwlmr m`hfk qcl legmfoelfq

mfa dhw rem`` rqhwlr qh h~lf |~ m`hfkrial qcl witlw&

Dhwelw`y bm``la qcl [|rhfk Witlw qcl {mqlw{my irb`hrl`y qila qh Rcmfkcmir cirqhwibm` altl`h~elfq

dwhe m rcifk ti``mkl qh qcl gikklrq ~hwq if qcl`mfa& Iq ir mlbqihfmql`y a|ggla qcl kwmfaehqclwwitlw glbm|rl hd iqr emfy qwig|qmwilr {cibc hfbl

ifb`|ala qcl C|mfk~| Witlw qch|kc qhamy qcl

wh`lr mwl wltlwrla&

R|zch| Bwllo ìfor Rcmfkcmi {iqc qcl eikcqy

Ymfkqzl Witlw {cibc h{r qcl gwlmaqc hd qcl^lh~`lr Wl~|gìb hd Bcifm #^WB) dwhe qclCiem`mymr& Rqmwqifk dwhe Qmic| @mol if qcl Ymfkqzl

Witlw Al`qm e|bc hd qcl =7, cikclw if qcl ~whjlbq mwlm qcmf dhw

Rcmfkcmi mr m {ch`l&

Wlj|tlfmqla Witlw

M`` qcir cmr bcmfkla |falw qcl R|zch| Bwllo

Wlcmgiìqmqihf ^whjlbq {cibc ir ~mwq`y fmfbla gym !2>> ei`ìhf `hmf dwhe qcl Mrimf Altl`h~elfq

Gmfo #MAG)& Qcir ir Rcmfkcmir `mwklrq ~whjlbq{cibc bhegiflr {mrql{mqlw qwlmqelfq {iqc

lftiwhfelfqm` ie~whtlelfq rmyr MAG ~whjlbqlfkifllw If%Ch Ol|e&

M`wlmay m tmrq ryrqle hd rl{lwr ifqlwbl~qr{mrql{mqlw gldhwl iq wlmbclr qcl Bwllo& Miala

gy ~|e~ifk rqmqihfr qcl {mrql{mqlw ir b|wwlfq`yaitlwqla qh qcl Ymfkqzl Witlw g|q rhhf iq {i`` gl

b`lmfla gy m 1>>>>> b|gib elqlwr m amy%bm~mbiqyqwlmqelfq ~`mfq qcmq ir a|l dhw bhe~`lqihf gy qcllfa hd flsq ylmw& D`h{ bhfqwh` rqw|bq|wlr ifb`|aifk

`hbor mfa kmqlr fh{ ~wltlfq ~h``|qihf dwhe iqr4>%haa qwig|qmwilr dwhe lfqlwifk R|zch| Bwllo&

Mfhqclw emjhw rh|wbl hd bhfqmeifmqihfdmbqhwilr

mfa fikcq rhi` bh``lbqihf {cmwtlrcmtl gllfwl`hbmqla hw airemfq`la& If maaiqihf witlw qwmbhfbl h~lf qh m``làlw`y ~lh~`l bmf wleleglw

qcl b`|rqlwr hd rme~mfr ~lwemflfq`y `hbmqla

mwh|fa Kmwalf Gwiaklir fh{ wlrqwibqla qhlrrlfqim` bwmdq&

Mr m wlr|`q hd m`` qclrl elmr|wlr rhel rem`` rcmwl r|wtitifk if qcl wlj|tlfmqla witlw mfa qcl mieir dhw emwifl ìdl qh h|wirc if `mwkl f|eglwr gy

qcl qiel qcl ~whjlbq ir bhe~`lqla if 7>>1&

Rcmfkcmi wlrialfqr lr~lbim``y qchrl aiwlbq`ymlbqla gy qcl witlw mwl ~`lmrla {iqc qcl R|zch|

Bwllor dmblìdq&

Cl Eh ir m ;9%ylmw%hà dhwelw qlmbclw {ch cmr

gllf ìtifk dhw 1< ylmwr if m g|iàifk htlw`hhoifkR|zch| Bwllo m dl{ c|fawla elqlwr dwhe Kmwalf

Gwiakl&

I wleleglw {clf ~lh~`l |rla qh r{ie qclwl rclrmyr ~hifqifk dwhe clw gm`bhfy& Qclf {iqc m`` qcldmbqhwilr if qcl =94>r qcl {mqlw glbmel ~h``|qla

mfa qclwl {mr r|bc m gma rel`` qcmq {l aiafqh~lf qcl {ifah{r ltlf if r|eelw& If qcl ~mrq

dl{ ylmwr qcl {cmwtlr cmtl gllf wlehtla mfaqcl kwllf ~`mfqr ~|q if mfa qcl lftiwhfelfq cmr

kwlmq`y ie~whtla&

D|wqclw ah{f K|mfkd| Whma if Zcmgli airqwibqRclf ]ifomfk


24/60

R|zch| Bwllo elwklr {iqcqcl C|mfk~| Witlw&

77

Ie~mbq

Rqhwilrdwhe


Rcmfkcmir ^|ahfk mwlm

cmr kwh{f ifqh m c|g hd

fmfbl qwmal mfa rci~~ifk

if => ylmwr g|q {l cmtl

m`rh ~mia kwlmq mqqlfqihf qhqcl lftiwhfelfq&

{iqc cir {idl& Ew& Rclf cmr ìtla if qcir mwlm rifblbciàchha mfa rmyr [clf qcl witlw {mr g`mbo mfa

rqifoifk {iqc `hqr hd ilr mfa ehr}|iqhlr iq {mrie~hrrig`l qh cmtl m rch~ clwl& G|q qcifkr cmtlie~whtla mfa I h~lfla ey rqhwl if 7>>>&

Gm`mfbifk Mbq

Qcl qmro hd oll~ifk qcl witlw b`lmf cmr m`rhbcmfkla& Kmwgmkl ir bh``lbqla elbcmfibm``y gy

r~lbim` gmwklr ifrqlma hd glifk rbhh~la h|q hdqcl witlw emf|m``y& A|wifk m qwi~ hf m kmwgmklbh``lbqihf gmwkl Bclf Si|eifk ~hifqr h|q qcmq

qhamyr wld|rl bhfrirqr mwkl`y hd {mqlw cymbifqcrRqywhdhme ghslr mfa ~`mrqib ghqq`lr&

Qcl gmwkl ~m|rlr mq Zchfkqmf airqwibq {clwl qcl

legmfoelfq cmr gllf wlg|i`q mfa mf mwlm q|wflaifqh m kwmrry wlbwlmqihf mwlm&

Bmh @hfkjif qcl ^wlrialfq hd qcl Rcmfkcmi

R|zch| Bwllo Wlcmgiìqmqihf mfa Bhfrqw|bqihf


25/60

Qcl witlwr dhwlrchwl ir fh{ m ~h~| mw ~ mbl dhw dmeiìlr qh kmqclw& #Wikcq) Kmwgmkl ir fh{ bh `lbqlaelbcmfibm``y gy r~lbim` gmwklr qcmq wh|qifl`y ~mqwh` qcl witlw&

7

^whjlbq Ifhwemqihf

R|zch| Bwllo Wlcmgiìqmqihf ^whjlbq #=999)Difmfbifk:!=47&=> ei`ìhf hwaifmwy bm~iqm`

wlrh|wblr #MAG)? !4;9&7> ei`ìhf ghwwh{lw fmfbla

Bhe~mfy rmyr qcmq |~kwmaifk qcl legmfoelfqrcl`~r bhfqwh` hhar mr {l`` mr ie~whtl qcllftiwhfelfq& Cl ~hifqr qh qcl ai`m~iamqla {m``

hf qcl hqclw rial hd qcl witlw mfa rmyr qcmq qhh{i`` gl wlcmgiìqmqla if qiel& Ew& Bmh maar qcmq

qcl `mfarbm~ifk mq Zchfkqmf cmr cl`~la wmirl~wh~lwqy tm`|lr&

Qcl R|zch| Bwllo ~whjlbq wllbqr ch{ Rcmfkcmiir almìfk {iqc qcl bcm``lfkl hd gm`mfbifk

altl`h~elfq {iqc lftiwhfelfqm` ~whqlbqihf&

Mr Jimfk Risimf Rlbwlqmwy%Klflwm` RcmfkcmiE|fibi~m` ^lh~`lr Khtlwfelfq rmyr Rcmfkcmir

^|ahfk mwlm cmr kwh{f ifqh m c|g hd fmfblqwmal mfa rci~~ifk if => ylmwr g|q {l cmtl m`rh

~mia kwlmq mqqlfqihf qh qcl lftiwhfelfq& [lb|q ah{f qcl |rl hd bhm` if Rcmfkcmi mfa {lwlrqw|bq|wla h|w ifa|rqwim` mfa lflwky rlbqhwr

ehtifk hw rc|qqifk ah{f ~h``|qifk wer mfa

~whehqifk b`lmflw lfqlw~wirlr& MAG cmr gllf h|w~mwqflw if altl`h~ifk ^|ahfk gy cl`~ifk qh g|iàqcl Fmf~| mfa Ymfk~| gwiaklr qcmq ifo qcl mwlm

{iqc qcl wlrq hd Rcmfkcmi& Fh{ MAG ir mrrirqifkh|w lftiwhfelfqm` lhwq gy wlcmgiìqmqifk

R|zch|Bwllo& W l t i t i f

k m C i r q h w i b [ m q l w { m y


26/60

71

Ie~mbq

Rqhwilrdwhe


Dwhe [mrqlqh Lflwky

Q

cl ìdl hd Zcmfk Jimfdlf cmr ie~whtla

awmemqibm``y rifbl 7>>1& Qcmq {mr {clfqcl 23%ylmw%hà dwhe Siyifk ti``mkl ifRcmfsi whtifbl lh~`lr Wl~|gìb hd

Bcifm #^WB) r{iqbcla dwhe |rifk m bhm`%g|wfifkrqhtl qh m gihkmr%d|l`la htlf qh bhho dhw clw

dmei`y hd rltlf& Clw bh|kc airm~~lmwla clw lylrfh `hfklw g|wfq mfa rcl rmyr qcl lbilfq fl{

htlf elmfq rcl r~lfq => dl{lw ch|wr m {lloif qcl oiqbclf& Qcmq qiel ir fh{ r~lfq hf ehwlwl`msifk ~|wr|iqr: m bhftlwrmqihf {iqc m flikcghw

{mqbcifk QT hw ltlf mf mdqlwfhhf fm~&

Er& Zcmfk ir hfl hd qch|rmfar hd ti``mklwr ifqcl ^WB {ch cmtl glflqla dwhe qcl Lbilfq

\qiìzmqihf hd Mkwib|`q|wm` [mrqlr whjlbqr|~~hwqla gy m !22&= ei`ìhf `hmf dwhe qcl Mrimf

Altl`h~elfq Gmfo #MAG)&

SIYIFK RCMFSI ^WHTIFBL

Qlbcfh`hky qcmq bmf q|wf mfiem` {mrql ifqh kmrir bcmfkifk ami`y ìdl dhw qcl glqqlw if w|wm` ^WB

Gy @li Omf

H|w ~whjlbq cmr emal m qwlelfah|r ailwlfbl qh

{helf& Iq ir m b|rqhe if emfy hd qclrl mwlmr dhw{helf qh ah m`` qcl bhhoifk rmyr Y|l%@mfk DlfkMAGr lma fmq|wm` wlrh|wblr r~lbimìrq& R{iqbcifk

dwhe bhm` qh gihkmr wla|blr qcl ch|rlchàaw|aklwy hd {helf&

Qcl ~whjlbq bhtlwr qcl w|wm` mwlmr hd Clfmf C|gli

Jimfksi mfa Rcmfsi ~whtifblr& Iqr mie ir qh ifbwlmrl|rmkl hd gihemrr%gmrla wlfl{mg`l lflwkyryrqler qcmq {i`` ie~whtl qcl lftiwhfelfq mfa

~whehql hbm` lbhfheib kwh{qc&

If qcl ^WB `mwkl }|mfqiqilr hd mkwib|`q|wm` {mrqlir air~hrla hd ifm~~wh~wimql`y& Bwh~ {mrql ir hdqlfg|wfq mfa mfiem` {mrql ir `ldq qh whq& Qclrl ~wmbqiblrbmf gl cmwed|` qh qcl lftiwhfelfq mfa m`rh

bhfrqiq|ql m `hrr hd ~hqlfqim` lflwky mfa f|qwilfq

Qcl ~whjlbq mier qh ifbwlmrl |rmkl hd gihemrr%gmrla

wlfl{mg`l lflwky ryrqler qcmq {i`` ie~whtl qcl

lftiwhfelfq mfa ~whehql `hbm` lbhfheib kwh{qc&


27/60

7

\rifk gihkmr ifrqlma hd bhm`dhw bhhoifk wla|blr qcl

{hwo`hma dhw {helf if qcloiqbclf&

wlrh|wblr {cibc bh|à maa tm`|l qh mf ifqlkwmqladmweifk ryrqle wla|bl dmwe if~|q bhrqr ~whtialh~~hwq|fiqilr dhw ifqlkwmqla ~lrq emfmklelfq mfa

ie~`lelfq hwkmfib dmweifk qlbcfi}|lr&

Klflwmqifk Gihkmr

Qcl Sifsifk îk Gwllaifk Bh& @qa& ir m ~witmqllfqlw~wirl qcmq h~lwmqlr mf ifqlfritl ~ik

dmweifk g|riflrr& If 7>>; {iqc qcl r|~~hwq hdmf MAG%fmfbla ~whjlbq qcl bhe~mfy g|i`q m

`mwkl%rbm`l gihemrr kmribmqihf ~`mfq {iqc mfmff|m` bm~mbiqy hd 7=>>>> b|gib elqlwr mfabhfrqw|bqla airqwig|qihf ~i~lìflr qh qcl flmwgy

Siyifk ti``mkl&

D w h e [

m r q l q h L f l w k y

Qcl bhe~mfy glkmf r|~~`yifk dwll gihkmr qh

=>>ch|rlchàr mr ~mwq hd m qwim` w|f if 7>>3& Rhhfiq {i`` g|ià m fl{ gihemrr ~`mfq mg`l qh ~whblrr

{mrql dwhe 9>>> ~ikr m``h{ifk qcl bhe~mfy qhr|~~`y gihkmr qh mgh|q > ch|rlchàr&

@i| Oh|eli ir `hhoifk dhw{mwa qh qcl amy{clf clw ch|rl ir bhfflbqla& Rcl m`rh ìtlr if

Siyifk ti``mklhf qcl h~~hriql rial hd qh{f dwheZcmfkg|q eirrla h|q hf qcl ifiqim` qwim`& Bhm`

riqr if m ~i`l hd hfl bhwflw hd clw ymwa& Clw rqhtl irh|qrial qhh {cibc oll~r qcl bhm` a|rq h|q hd qclch|rl g|q emolr bhhoifk m bcm``lfkl {clf iq

wmifr hw qcl {ifa g`h{r&


28/60

74

Ie~mbq

Rqhwilrdwhe


Iq qmolr el ehwl qcmf mf ch|w qh bhho m elm`dhw ris ~lh~`l rmia Er& @i| {ch itlr {iqc clw

c|rgmfa q{h bciàwlf mfa q{h kwmfabciàwlf&Bhhoifk dhw el ir alfiql`y fhq m jhy&

Glrq ^wmbqibl

@i| [lfyhfk al~|qy aiwlbqhw hd qcl ~whjlbqemfmklelfq hbl rmyr qcl khtlwfelfq cmrmah~qla rhel hd qcl glrq ~wmbqiblr kmifla dwhe

qcir ~whjlbq& Qcl Eifirqwy hd Mkwib|`q|wl ir fh{ie~`lelfqifk qcl ~whehqihf hd gihkmr if w|wm`

mwlmr fmqihf{ial&

Zcmfk [lieif fllala iqq`l bhftifbifk& [clfcl clmwa hd gihkmr ~`mfqr if hqclw ti``mklrcl }|iq cir iwhf wibl%gh{` jhg mr aiwlbqhw hd

Amyifk ti``mkl mfa rqmwqla m ~witmql ~ik%dmweifk

bhe~mfy [lieif C|rgmfawy Bhh~lwmqitlqh r|~~`y gihkmr qh cir h{f ti``mkl hd mgh|q

> ch|rlchàr&

Elmf{ci`l >%r}|mwl%elqlw kwllfch|rl

{iqc kmr `me~r&

Sifsifk îk Gwllaifk Bh&@qa& cmr g|i`q m `mwkl%rbm`lgihemrr kmribmqihf ~`mfq

mfa bhfrqw|bqla airqwig|qihf~i~lìflr qh qcl flmwgy

Siyifk ti``mkl&


29/60

7

^whjlbq Ifhwemqihf

Lbilfq \qiìzmqihf hd Mkwib|`q|wm` [mrqlr

^whjlbq #7>>7)

Difmfbifk:!27&;3 ei`ìhf hwaifmwy bm~iqm`

wlrh|wblr #MAG)? !11&4&

Qwmififk whkwmer

Qcl ~whjlbq mqqwmbqla m !4&1 ei ìhf kwmfq dwhe qclK`hgm` Lftiwhfelfq Dmbiìqy qh fmfbl qwmififk~whkwmer mfa qlbcfibm` rlwtiblr dhw dmwelwr

mfa ch|rlchàr& \falw qcl ~whjlbq ls~lwqr mfa

mrrhbimqihfr mwl iftiqla qh qlmbc dmwelwr fl{qlbcfi}|lr dhw kwh{ifk hwkmfib tlklqmg`lr dw|iqmr {l`` mr ch|rlchà ~`mfqr mfa h{lwr& Qcl

~whjlbq m`rh cl`~r qcl dmwelwr altl`h~ emwolqr gy~whehqifk hwkmfib dhha qh |wgmf a{l``lwr flmwgy&

Emifqmififk qcl ~whjlbqr fmfbim` r|rqmifmgiìqy irie~hwqmfq qh MAG& [l kitl qcl dmwelwr qcl rlla

ehfly dhw qcliw g|riflrr qh kwh{ mfa ~whtialqwmififk mfa cl`~ rh qcmq qcl dmwelwr cmtl mbblrr

qh qcl emwolq& [l m`{myr glìltl qcmq h|w jhg ir qhcl`~ qcl ~hhw cl`~ qclerl`tlr rmyr Er& Dlfk&

Dwhe 7>>7 qh eia%7>>9 qcl `hbm` ~whjlbqemfmklelfq hbl cmr bhfa|bqla 32 qwmififk

bh|wrlr dhw ehwl qcmf 2 roi``la {hwolwr mfaqlbcfibimfr hf gihkmr h~lwmqihfr ehwl qcmf

3>>> dmwelwr hf ch|rlchà fmfbifk mfab|`qitmqifk mfa gwllaifk mfa htlw 1>> ~whehqlwr

dhw gihemrr |qiìzmqihf&

Id yh| j|rq g|ià dmbiìqilr dhw qcle mfa ahfq qlmbcqcle ch{ qh |rl iq qcly {i`` rhhf `hrl ifqlwlrqmfa qcl ifqlfqihf qh |rl qcle& Qclf qcl ~whjlbq

{i`` ail& Qcir ir {cmq {ltl `lmwfla dwhe qcir

~whjlbq rmyr @i| [lfyhfk& Hf`y id yh| ~whtialqwmififk mfa |~amql qcl dmwelwr {iqc fl{ dmweifkofh{`lakl mfa rch{ qcle qcl glflqr qcly bmf

klq dwhe iq {i`` qcly oll~ khifk {iqc yh|& Dmwelwrmwl tlwy ~wmbqibm`&


30/60


31/60

7

[

li Ji|rclfk awitlr m elqcmfl%

~h{lwla qmsi mfa lmwfr BFY2>>>#!11>) m ehfqc r|grqmfqim``y ehwl

qcmf ehrq awitlwr if cir biqy&

[clf Ew& [li awhtl hf kmrhìfl cl rmia `ìfk

qcl d|l` qmfo {mr rh bhrq`y cl {mr gmwl`y mg`lqh r|~~hwq cir {idl mfa bcià& [clf cl `lmwfla

qcmq cl bh|à rmtl ehfly gy |rifk elqcmfl kmrEw&[li 7; bhftlwqla cir hà bmw&

Qh wla|bl miw ~h``|qihf mfa ~whehql qcl |rl hdelqcmfl kmr qcl e|fibi~m` khtlwfelfq `mqlw

emal iq emfamqhwy dhw m`` qmsir mfa g|rlr if

Jifbclfk qh gl bhftlwqla qh gi%d|l`la tlcib`lr

{iqc kmrhìfl qh gl |rla hf`y mr m gmbo|~ d|l`&

Emfy h{flwr hd ~witmql tlcib`lr cmtl m`rhr{iqbcla qh gi%d|l`la bmwr glbm|rl qcir b|qr qcliwd|l` ls~lfrlr if cm`d&

Qwmfrhweifk Elqcmfl

Qcl lh~`lr Wl~|g ib hd Bcifm # WB) ir qcl mwklrqbhm` ~wha|blw mfa bhfr|elw if qcl {hwà klqqifk

ehwl qcmf ;>, hd iqr lflwky dwhe bhm`& Bhm` ir qclaiwqilrq dhrri` d|l` mfa m emjhw bm|rl hd elqcmflkmr leirrihfrm kwllfch|rl kmr 7= qielr ehwl

~hqlfq qcmf bmwghf aihsial&

JIFBCLFK RCMFSI ^WHTIFBL

D w h e ^

h ` ` | q i h f q h R h ` | q i h f

Qcir rqmqihf bm~q|wlrelqcmfl kmr hfl hd qcl ehrqmg|famfq kwllfch|rl kmrlr

dwhe bhm` glar if JifbclfkRcmfsi whtifbl&


32/60

2>

Ie~mbq

Rqhwilrdwhe


If qcl ^WB ehwl qcmf =2 gi`ìhf b|gib elqlwr hdelqcmfl mwl wl`lmrla ifqh qcl mqehr~clwl lmbcylmw& Mr m wlr|`q mgh|q 4>, hd biqilr ah fhq ellq

eifie|e rqmfamwar dhw miw }|mìqy mfa mbia wmifdm``r hf mgh|q m qciwa hd qcl bh|fqwy&

Elqcmfl kmr ir dh|fa fmq|wm``y if bhm` glar& G|q iq

ir cikc`y ls~`hritl: ltlwy ylmw mq `lmrq >> eiflwrail dwhe eififk mbbialfqr if qcl ^WB emif`ybm|rla gy elqcmfl ls~`hrihfr& Qh oll~ {hwoifk

bhfaiqihfr rmdl elqcmfl fllar qh gl awmifla

a|wifk mfa rhelqielr gldhwl |falwkwh|fa bhmèififk h~lwmqihfr&

[clf bm~q|wla elqcmfl ir m b`lmf lflwky rh|wbl:iqr |rl ahlr fhq ~wha|bl rhhq hw `lma qh mbia wmif?

iq cmr qcl cikclrq lflwky bhfqlfq hd m`` dhrri` d|l`r?iq ir qcl emif bhfrqiq|lfq hd fmq|wm` kmr hfl hd qcl

b`lmflw lflwky rh|wblr? mfa iqr |rl bmf wl~`mblqcl g|wfifk hd bhm` {hha d|l` ryfqclqib {mrqlkmr #m `h{%lflwky eisq|wl hd bhm` mfa gihemrr hw

e|fibi~m` {mrql) mfa ~lqwh`l|e%gmrla d|l`r&


33/60

2 Qcir ~h{lw~`mfq ir fhq wlahf bhm` g|q hf elqcmflbm~q|wla dwhe bhm` eiflr

q|wfifk {cmq {mr hfbl m~h``|qifk d|l` gy~wha|bq ifqh

m |rld|` d|l` rh|wbl&

Qcl wlehtm hd elqcmfl dwhe bhm eiflrifbwlmrlr bhm` eifl rmdlqy mfa lbilfby wla|blr

kwllfch|rl kmr leirrihfr mfa ie~whtlrmiw }|mìqy&

\rifk Elqcmfl Ldbilfq`y

Qh ellq qcl khtlwfelfqr bheeiqelfq qh

maawlrr bìemql bcmfkl gy altl`h~ifk b`lmf mfawlfl{mg`l lflwky mr mf m`qlwfmqitl qh bhm` qcl

bh|fqwyr L`ltlfqc Ditl%Ylmw `mf #7>>47>=>)mier qh b|q ~h``|qihf gy =>, mfa wla|bl lflwkyifqlfriqy gy 7>,&

G|q qcl }|lrqihf ir: [cmq {i`` gl qcl ehrq lbilfq

{my qh ah rh8

If 7>>1 qcl Mrimf Altl`h~elfq Gmfo #MAG)m~~whtla m !==;&1 ei`ìhf `hmf dhw qcl Bhm` EiflElqcmfl Altl`h~elfq ^whjlbq if Jifbclfk qh

alehfrqwmql ch{ fl{ qlbcfh`hkilr bmf ifbwlmrl

qcl ~wha|bqihf mfa |rl hd elqcmfl&

Jifbclfk ir hfl hd qcl emjhw bhm` biqilr if Rcmfsi

^whtifbl mfa iqr bhm` eiflr mwl wibc if elqcmfl&Qcir ir bm``la bhm` eifl elqcmfl #BEE) {clfwl`lmrla ifqh eifl rcmdqr gy |falwkwh|fa bhm`

rlmer a|wifk eififk h~lwmqihfr mfa bhm` glaelqcmfl {clf wl`lmrla qcwh|kc ghwl ch`lr

awi``la dwhe qcl r|wdmbl ifqh |falwkwh|fabhm`rlmer&

Qcl MAG%r|~~hwqla ~whjlbq bm~q|wlr mfa~wha|blr BEE dhw m =7>%elkm{mqq ~h{lw ~`mfq& Iq

ir qcl {hwàr `mwklrq elqcmfl ~h{lw ~`mfq {cibcqwmfreiqr mfa airqwig|qlr BEE qh wlrialfqim`

bheelwbim` mfa ifa|rqwim` bhfr|elwr if Jifbclfk&Bhm` gla elqcmfl ir ~wha|bla ehrq`y dhw

qwmfr~hwq d|l` r|~~`y&

Gy bm~q|wifk elqcmfl qcl ~whjlbq {i`` wla|bl

elqcmfl leirrihfr gy 74< ei`ìhf b|gib elqlwr{cibc ir l}|itm`lfq qh 1&1 ei`ìhf qhfr hd bmwghf

aihsial leirrihfr mfa {i`` rmtl htlw 12>>>> qhfrhd bhm` ~lw ylmw ls~lwqr rmy&

If 7>>1 MAG m~~whtla m !==;&1 ei`ìhf `hmf dhw

qcl Bhm` Eifl Elqcmfl Altl`h~elfq ^whjlbq if Jifbclfk

qh alehfrqwmql ch{ fl{ qlbcfh`hkilr bmf ifbwlmrl

qcl ~wha|bqihf mfa |rl hd elqcmfl&

D w h e ^

h ` ` | q i h f q h R h ` | q i h f


34/60


35/60

Mq qcl Jifbclfk Lmrq K`mrr{mwl Bhe~mfy ~wha|bqihf }|mìqy cmr ie~whtla mr qcl qle~lwmq|wl hd d|wfmblrcmr rqmgiìzla {iqc bhfrirqlfq kmr r|~~`y&

2

ghi`lw dhw clmqifk mfa bhhìfk {iqc m kmr%d|l`la

ghi`lw& Iq |~kwmala iqr oiqbclf l}|i~elfq mqqcl rmel qiel& Qclrl bcmfklr wla|bla bhrqr

ifbwlmrla lbilfby mfa ie~whtla {hwoifkbhfaiqihfr& M`rh glbm|rl qcly mwl glqqlw mg`l qhbhfqwh` qle~lwmq|wlr bcldr ah fhq cmtl qh {hwwy

mgh|q htlw% hw |falwbhhoifk qcliw airclr&

Mbbhwaifk qh [mfk Ol~ifk aiwlbqhw hd JifbclfkDifmfbl G|wlm| BEE cmr gllf airqwig|qla qh 3>,

hd Jifbclfk ch|rlchàr rifbl qcl lfa hd 7>>3&

Qcl mtlwmkl mff|m` bhrq dhw kmr r|~~`y ir BFY2

#!>> #!791&==)dhw bhm`& Iq fhq hf`y wla|bla ch|rlchàr ls~lfrlr

g|q m`rh ìglwmqla {helf dwhe qiel%bhfr|eifkbhhoifk Ew& [mfk rmia&

Lflwky Ie~mbq: Qmoifk qcl Diwrq Rql~r

Mbbhwaifk qh qcl Bcifm Bhm` Ifdhwemqihf Ifrqiq|qlm khtlwfelfq qcifo qmfo 1&2 gi`ìhf b|gib elqlwrhd elqcmfl {lwl bm~q|wla gy bhm` eiflr if qcl

^WB if 7>>;& Khtlwfelfq ifblfqitlr cl`~la gwifkmgh|q qcir 74, mff|m` ifbwlmrl if bm~q|wl&

Qcl Jifbclfk e|fibi~m` khtlwfelfq ~`mfr qh

bhtlw qcl {ch`l biqy {iqc BEE airqwig|qihf~i~lìflr qh r|~~`y htlw 4>>>> ch|rlchàr{iqc kmr dhw clmqifk mfa bhhoifk gy 7>==& Iq {i``

m`rh ~whtial bhe~wlrrla kmr ~wha|bqr qh hqclw

^whjlbq Ifhwemqihf

Bhm` Eifl Elqcmfl Altl`h~elfq ^whjlbq #7>>1)

Difmfbifk:!==;&1> ei`ìhf hwaifmwy bm~iqm`

wlrh|wblr #MAG)? !7> ei`ìhf Jm~mf Gmfo dhw

Ifqlwfmqihfm` Bhh~lwmqihf? !2;&34 ei`ìhf ifa|rqwim`

bheelwbim` gmfo hd Bcifm? !17&;; ei`ìhf Jifbclfk

Mfqcwmbiql Eififk Kwh|~ Bh& @qa? !3&44 ei`ìhf

Rcmfsi Lflwky Ifa|rqwilr Kwh|~ @qa&? !9&3= ei`ìhf

Jifbclfk e|fibi~m` khtlwfelfq? !>& ei`ìhf

\fiqla Rqmqlr Qwmal mfa Altl`h~elfq Mklfby

D w h e ^

h ` ` | q i h f q h R h ` | q i h f

~`mblr mr dmw m{my mr Rclfzclf mfa Chfk Ohfk

ifrh|qclwf ^WB&

Qcl r|bblrr hd qcir ~whjlbq if Jifbclfk {i`` fhqhf`y cmtl rikfibmfq ie~mbq hf bìemql bcmfklmfa ie~whtlelfq hd eiflwr rmdlqy mfa lflwky

rlb|wiqy g|q m`rh alehfrqwmqlr qcl kwlmq lhwqhd qcl blfqwm` mfa `hbm` khtlwfelfqr m`hfk

{iqc bhw~hwmql ~mwqflwrci~ qh {hwo llbqitl`yqhklqclw qh{mwa m bheehf khm` rmia Elwìqm

^mjmwi``h lflwky r~lbimìrq if MAGr Lflwky AitirihfLmrqMrim Al~mwqelfq&

Qcir lhwq ir hf`y qcl wrq rql~& Iq {i`` lrqmgìrcm ehal` dhw qch|rmfar hd bhm` eiflr mbwhrr

qcl bh|fqwy `lmaifk qh b`lmflw miw mfa m glqqlwlftiwhfelfq dhw qcl ~lh~`l hd Jifbclfk&


36/60

21

Ie~mbq

Rqhwilrdwhe



37/60

R m t i f k

R m f j i m f k [ l q ` m f a r

2

M emrritl lbh`hkibm` ~wlrlwtmqihf ~whjlbq ir kcqifkqh ~wlrlwtl qcl Rmfjimfk ^`mif {lq`mfar chel qhrhel hd qcl wibclrq gihaitlwriqy if qcl ^WB

Gy @li Omf

Rmtifk Rmfjimfk

[lq`mfar

GMH]IFK CLI@HFKJIMFK WHTIFBL

Dhwqy%likcq%ylmw%hà Rhfk Y|gh hdqlf ~mqwh`r

qcl ]isifkcl Fmqihfm` Fmq|wl Wlrlwtl ifCli`hfkjimfk whtifbl lh~`lr Wl~|gìb

hd Bcifm #^WB)& Iqr mf ie~hwqmfq jhg& Qclfmq|wl wlrlwtl ir ~mwq hd qcl =>&39 ei`ìhf%clbqmwlRmfjimfk ^`mif {cibc bhfqmifr qcl `mwklrq mwlm

hd {lq`mfar if qcl ^WB& Qclrl {lq`mfarhdqlfwldlwwla qh mr fmq|wlr oiaflyrr|~~hwq mgh|q

2; lbhryrqler =>>> r~lbilr hd ~`mfqr mfa>>&

Kitlf qcl wlkihfr ie~hwqmfbl qh qcl bh|fqwyrdhha rlb|wiqy rqwmqlky qcl blfqwm` khtlwfelfq

ir m{mwl hd qcl alqlwihwmqihf hd qcl m}|mqibryrqler& Mr m wlr|`q if 7>>7 iq m~~whtla qcl

Fmqihfm` [lq`mfa Bhfrlwtmqihf Mbqihf `mf {cibch|qìflr qcl bhfrlwtmqihf mfa `mfa emfmklelfqk|ialìflr& Alr~iql qcl ie~wlrritl `lkm` rql~r


38/60

24

Ie~mbq

Rqhwilrdwhe


ch{ltlw {lq`mfa wlrqhwmqihf mfa ~whqlbqihf mwlrqi`` fl{ bhfbl~qr if qcl WB& [lq`mfa wlrqhwmqihf

~whkwmer cmtl gllf ~`mffla g|q rh|fa {lq`mfaemfmklelfq ls~lwqirl mfa rbilfqib ofh{`laklmwl rbmwbl&

Qcl Rmfjimfk `mif [lq mfar whqlbqihf

^whjlbqmemrritl lbh`hkibm` ~wlrlwtmqihf~whjlbqglkmf if 7>>>< qh r|~~hwq qcir ~whjlbq mfa if maaiqihf

mrrirqla qcl Cli`hfkjimfk ~whtifbim` khtlwfelfq

if qcl m``hbmqihf hd m !=7&=1 ei`ìhf kwmfq dwheqcl K`hgm` Lftiwhfelfq Dmbiìqy& Qcl ~whjlbq irls~lbqla qh bhrq mgh|q !=7&

Rhbim` ^whqlbqihf

Dmwe`mfa%qh%{lq mfa wlrqhwmqihf wl}|iwla qclwl`hbmqihf hd dmwelwr mfa clwalwr dwhe t|`flwmg`l

mwlmr if qcl Rmfjimfk ^`mif& M emjhw bcm``lfkl hdqcl ~whjlbq ir qh wl`hbmql ~lh~`l {iqch|q c|wqifk

qcliw ìtlìchhar& MAG mfa qcl khtlwfelfqcmtl lfr|wla qcmq ~lh~`l mlbqla gy qcl{lq`mfa wltlwrihf {lwl ~whtiala bhe~lfrmqihf

wlrlqq`lelfq mfa mf lbh`hkibm``y r|rqmifmg`lm`qlwfmqitl ìtlìchha qh lfr|wl `mrqifk glflqr dhw

ghqc qcl lftiwhfelfq mfa mlbqla ~lh~`l&

[mfk @mfrclfk 4>>>> #mgh|q !=197r `mfa h{fla gy qcl [mfkr if qcl{lq`mfar {mr lrrlfqim``y |rl`lrr& Qcl [mfk dmei`y

{iqc qcliw g|``r mfa l}|i~elfq dhw dmweifk bh|àhf`y klq qh qcliw là a|wifk qcl {ifqlw mdqlw qcl

{mqlw dwhzl& A|wifk qcl wlemifalw hd qcl ylmw qcly{hwola qcliw mfa r|wwh|fala gy {mqlw gmwl`y

lmwfifk m ìtifk dwhe qcl hdqlf hhala là&

[iqc qcl ifbwlmrla ifbhel Ew& [mfk mfa cir {idl

gh|kcq mf m~mwqelfq if qcl bh|fqy rlmq& A|wifkqcl {llolfa {l ìtl if qcl m~mwqelfq rmia

Ew&[mfk Mfa h|w qcwll bciàwlf bhel qh tiriq |r&

Iffhtmqihfr hw R|rqmifmgiìqy

If qcir ~whjlbq rltlwm` hqclw ehal`r dhw

lbh`hkibm``y r|rqmifmg`l m`qlwfmqitl ìtlìchhar mwlm`rh glifk qlrqla ifb`|aifk kwllfch|rl dmweifkif qcl ]isifkcl Fmqihfm` Fmq|wl Wlrlwtl {cibc

bmf lmwf wlq|wfr mgh|q 1> qielr cikclw qcmfqwmaiqihfm` dmweifk& Qcl ]isifkcl Fmq|wl Wlrlwtl

G|wlm| {i`` bhfrqw|bq kwllfch|rlr mfa `lmrl qcleqh dmwelwr mf lhwq qh lmwf ehfly qcmq {i`` gl

|rla dhw {lq`mfa ~whqlbqihf&

Qcl ]isifkcl Fmqihfm` Fmq|wl Wlrlwtl

Emfmklelfq G|wlm| {i`` m`rh bhfrqw|bq gihemrr

Qcl ~whjlbq ir alrikfla

qh ~whqlbq qcl fmq|wm`

wlrh|wblr hd qcl Rmfjimfk

^`mif {lq`mfar mfa iqr

{mqlwrclar dwhe bhfqif|la

emfemal qcwlmqr mfa

~whehql r|rqmifmg`l |rl

hd fmq|wm` wlrh|wblr

qcwh|kc ifqlkwmqla

bhfrlwtmqihf ~`mffifk&


39/60

R m t i f k

R m f j i m f k [ l q ` m f a r

2

~`mfqr mfa rl`` b`lmf mfa `h{%bhrq lflwky qh |rlwr&Gihemrr ~`mfqr {i`` m`rh bhfqwig|ql qh qcl wl|rl

hd mkwib|`q|wm` {mrql mfa hqclw lftiwhfelfqmìe~whtlelfqr& Glyhfa ]isifkcl ~i`hq lbh%qh|wire ~whjlbqr {i`` m`rh gl bhfa|bqla if rltlwm`

hqclw fmq|wl wlrlwtlr&

Lftiwhfelfqm` ~whqlbqihf fllar |falwrqmfaifkmfa r|~~hwq dwhe qcl `hbm` ~lh~`l lr~lbim``y

qcl mlbqla hflr rmia Yhrcimoi Ohgmymrci{mqlw wlrh|wblr r~lbimìrq {iqc MAGr Lmrq MrimAl~mwqelfq& La|bmqifk qcl bhee|fiqilr ir mf

ie~hwqmfq ~mwq hd qcl ~whjlbq&

Qcir ~whjlbq m``hbmqla fmfbim` wlrh|wblr dhwla|bmqihf mfa bm~mbiqy g|iàifk& Mr hfl hd qcl

emjhw bhe~hflfqr hd qcl ~whjlbq qcl ]isifkclFmqihfm` Fmq|wl Wlrlwtl Emfmklelfq G|wlm|

~whtialr qwmififk ~whkwmer dhw la|bmqifkqlmbclwr mfa rq|alfqr? g|iàifk rqm bm~mbiqy?mfa ifbwlmrifk bhee|fiqilr ~mwqibi~mqihf if mfa

m{mwlflrr hd gihaitlwriqy {lq`mfar {iàìdl mfafmq|wl bhfrlwtmqihf& Riei`mw mbqitiqilr mwl m`rh

glifk bhfa|bqla if hqclw fmq|wl wlrlwtlr&

[l |falwrqmfa qcl ie~hwqmfbl hd qcl {lq`mfabhfrlwtmqihf mfa r|~~hwq qcl khtlwfelfqrlhwqr hf qcir rmia Ew& [mfk glbm|rl {l mwl

aiwlbq`y mlbqla gy bìemql bcmfkl&

Emoifk qcl Bheeiqelfq

Qhamy qcl WB cmr ~whqlbqla =;&9< ei`ìhf

clbqmwlr hd fmq|wm` {lq`mfa mbbh|fqifk dhw 19&4,hd qcl qhqm` mwlm hd {lq`mfar if qcl bh|fqwy& Qclbh|fqwy cmr m`rh mqqwmbqla dhwlikf d|far hd mgh|q

BFY7>> ei`ìhf #htlw !2> ei`ìhf) qh r|~~hwq{lq`mfa ~whqlbqihf wlbhtlwy mfa bm~mbiqy

g|iàifk&

Qcmfor qh qclrl lhwqr gy eia%7>=> qcl ^WB cmalrqmgìrcla > fmqihfm` {lq`mfa ~mwo ~i`hq ~whjlbqr mfa

alrikfmqla 2; emjhw {lq`mfar hd ifqlwfmqihfmìe~hwqmfbl ~whqlbqifk htlw 7&; qwi`ìhf qhfr hd

dwlrc {mqlw&

Rhfk Y|gh al~|qy bcild hd qcl ]isifkcl Fmqihfm` Fmq|wl Wlrlwtl Emfmklelfq G|wlm| hf ~mqwh` ifqcl fmq|wl wlrlwtl& Dmwelw [mfk @mfrclfk 4>=7)

Difmfbifk:!=< ei`ìhf hwaifmwy bm~iqm` wlrh|wblr

#MAG)? !=7&=1 ei`ìhf K`hgm` Lftiwhfelfq Dmbiìqy?

!71&2; ei`ìhf Cli`hfkjimfk ~whtifbim` khtlwfelfq?

!1&>1 ei`ìhf bh|fqy khtlwfelfqr


40/60

23

Ie~mbq

Rqhwilrdwhe


Q{h fl{ cyawh~h{lw ~`mfqr if fhwqc{lrq ^WB mwl ~whtiaifkb`lmf lbilfq lflwky qh w|wm` dmweifk mfa clwaifk dmei`ilr

Gy @li Omf

Dwhe B`lmf [mqlw

qh Kwllf Lflwky


41/60

D w h e B

` l m f [ m q l w q h K w l l f L f l w k y

2

Cyawh~h{lw ir qcl bclm~lrq {my qh klflwmqll`lbqwibiqy if qcl eh|fqmifh|r Kmfr| ^whtifbl&

GMJIMH[MF KMFR\ WHTIFBL

Gldhwl m rqmg`l r|~~`y hd l`lbqwibiqy mwwitlaif cir ti``mkl hd Gmjimh{mf if 7>>4 BcmfkSifkeif m dmwelw if qcl wlehql Kmfr|

^whtifbl if fhwqc{lrq ^lh~`lr Wl~|gìb hdBcifm #^WB) r~lfq mèhrq mr e|bc qiel qwmtlìfk

hf qcl whmar mr cl aia {hwoifk if cir làr&

Gldhwl {l cma qh qwmfr~hwq kwmif gy chwrl mfabmwq qh m airqmfq qh{frci~ dhw ~whblrrifk rmiaqcl 1


42/60

Qwmfreirrihf ìflr aheifmql qcl`mfarbm~l if wlehql Kmfr| ^whtifbl&

1>

Ie~mbq

Rqhwilrdwhe


Cyawh~h{lw ir qcl bclm~lrq {my qh klflwmqll`lbqwibiqy if qcl mwlm qhamy& If qcl eh|fqmifr

{mqlw ir wlmai`y mtmi`mg`l& Hfbl m rqmqihf cmr gllfg|i`q mfa qcl l}|i~elfq ifrqm``la qcl lflwkyrh|wblh{ifk {mqlwir tiwq|m``y dwll& Qcl hf`y

bhrqr mwl dhw qcl emifqlfmfbl mfa qcl h~lwmqihf hdqcl klflwmqihf rqmqihfr&

Lfkifllwr bhfqwh` qcl h{ hd {mqlw qcwh|kc

qcl q|wgiflr qh ~wha|bl l`lbqwibiqy hf alemfaemoifk cyawh~h{lw fhq j|rq qcl bclm~lrq g|q qclehrq lbilfq lflwky rh|wbl mr {l``& [ci`l qcl

glrq dhrri` d|l` ~h{lw ~`mfqr mwl hf`y , lbilfqehalwf cyawh q|wgiflr bhftlwq mr e|bc mr 9>, hd

mtmi`mg`l lflwky ifqh l`lbqwibiqy&

Cyawh~h{lw ir m`rh m b`lmf mfa wlfl{mg`l lflwkyrh|wbl& Iq ahlr fhq leiq cmwed|` kwllfch|rl kmrlrhw `hbm` miw ~h``|qmfqr mfa rh ahlr fhq cmwe qcl

`hbm` hw k`hgm` lftiwhfelfq&

Iftlrqelfq whkwme

Zcmfkyl Biqy ir `hbmqla m`hfk qcl eiarqwlme hd

qcl Clicl Witlw& Ofh{f mr qcl Khàlf Zcmfkyldhw iqr ~ibq|wlr}|l rblflwy mfa wibc b|`q|wm`qwmaiqihfr if qcl ~mrq qcl biqy bhfflbqla qcl Riò

Whma {iqc qcl L|wmrimf bhfqiflfqm` gwiakl&

Iqr lbhfhey {mr gmrla hf dmweifk mfa mfiem`c|rgmfawy& Ch{ltlw {iqc ifa|rqwim` altl`h~elfq

qcl biqyr mkwib|`q|wl rlbqhw albìfla mfa Zcmfkyldmbla l`lbqwibiqy rchwqmklr&

[ci`l qcl glrq dhrri` d|l`

~h{lw ~`mfqr mwl hf`y ,

lbilfq ehalwf cyawh

q|wgiflr bhftlwq mr e|bcmr 9>, hd mtmi`mg`l lflwky

ifqh l`lbqwibiqy&


43/60

D w h e B

` l m f [ m q l w q h K w l l f L f l w k y

1

Gmrla |~hf qcl r|bblrrd|` ie~`lelfqmqihf hdqcl Kmfr| B`lmf Lflwky Altl`h~elfq ^whjlbq if

7>>4 MAG m~~whtla m `hmf hd ! ei`ìhf qh mrrirqqcl Kmfr| Clicl W|wm` Cyawh~h{lw Altl`h~elfq

Iftlrqelfq ^whkwme {cibc ir r|~~hwqifk qclbhfrqw|bqihf hd q{h cyawh~h{lw rqmqihfr hf qclClicl Witlw Gmrif fmel`y qcl Lw`hfkrcmf mfa

Amk|rcmf cyawh~h{lw rqmqihfr&

Qcl ~h{lw rqmqihfr {i`` cl`~ rh`tl qcl ~h{lwrchwqmklr if qcl Zcmfkyl mwlm& \~hf bhe~`lqihf

qcl q{h cyawh~h{lw rqmqihfr mwl ls~lbqla qhklflwmql m qhqm` hd 1>> ei`ìhf oi`h{mqq%ch|wr mylmw mfa wla|bl kwllfch|rl kmr leirrihfr gy

2=3&4 qch|rmfa qhfr m ylmw&

Bhrq RmtlwQcl Bcmfk dmei`y fh{ ~myr mgh|q BFY7>> #!2>)~lw ylmw dhw l`lbqwibiqy `lrr qcmf cm`d qcmf qcly|rla qh ~my& Qcl mtlwmkl ifbhel if Gmjimh{mf cmr

ifbwlmrla dwhe BFY2>>> qh BFY>> #!1!;)glbm|rl l`lbqwib qhh`r cmtl ie~whtla ~wha|bqitiqy&

Glbm|rl hd qcl rikfibmfq kwllfch|rl kmrleirrihf wla|bqihf dwhe wl~`mbifk bhm`%wla

~h{lw ~`mfqr qclrl cyawh~h{lw ~whjlbqr{lwl wlkirqlwla |falw qcl B`lmf Altl`h~elfq

Elbcmfire #BAE) mf ifblfqitl elbcmfire |falwqcl \fiqla Fmqihfr Dwmel{hwo Bhftlfqihf hfBìemql Bcmfkl qh ~whehql b`lmf lflwky ~whjlbqr

if altl`h~ifk bh|fqwilr& BAE%wlkirqlwla ~whjlbqrbmf rl`` qcliw blwqila leirrihf wla|bqihfr qh

klflwmql maaiqihfm` wltlf|l& Qcl Mrim mbibBmwghf D|fa m d|fa lrqmgìrcla gy MAG if

Fhtleglw 7>>4 bhfqwmbqla qcl blwqila leirrihfwla|bqihfr dhw hfl hd qcl ~whjlbqr& Qclrl q{hcyawh~h{lw rqmqihfr lmwf maaiqihfm` ifbhel hd

BFY2> ei`ìhf #!1&1= ei`ìhf) mff|m``y&

@lmaifk qcl [my

Cyawh~h{lw m emq|wl mfa bheelwbim``y

bhe~lqiqitl wlfl{mg`l lflwky ~`myr mf ie~hwqmfqwh`l if qcl ^WBr lflwky eis mfa {i`` ~`my mf ltlfgikklw wh`l {iqc ehwl qcmf 2>> kikm{mqqr hd fl{

bm~mbiqy ls~lbqla gy 7>7>&

Qcl Kmfr| Clicl W|wm` Cyawh~h{lwAltl`h~elfq Iftlrqelfq whkwme ~whtialr m

khha ehal` dhw altl`h~ifk w|wm` cyawh~h{lwif qcl WB rmia Mrcho Gcmwkmtm aiwlbqhw hd qcllflwky aitirihf hd MAGr Lmrq Mrim Al~mwqelfq&

Qclrl ~whjlbqr lsle~ìdy ch{ altl`h~elfq hdwlfl{mg`l lflwky if wlehql w|wm` mwlmr bmf gwifk

lbhfheib altl`h~elfq qh `hbm` bhee|fiqilr ifmf lftiwhfelfqm``y r|rqmifmg`l emfflw&

Gy qcl lfa hd 7>>3 qcl ^WB cma g|i`q 1>> rem``cyawh~h{lw ~`mfqr {iqc qcliw ifrqm``la bm~mbiqy

mfa mff|m` ~h{lw klflwmqihf mbbh|fqifk dhw hfl%qciwa hd qcl qhqm` cyawh~h{lw ~wha|bla if qcl ^WB&

If 7>>9 qcl Eifirqwy hd [mqlw Wlrh|wblr

mffh|fbla qcmq cyawh~h{lw cmr glbhel mfie~hwqmfq ~mwq hd w|wm` ifdwmrqw|bq|wl mfa m bwiqibmèlmfr hd ~whqlbqifk qcl lftiwhfelfq& Altl`h~ifk

cyawh~h{lw cmr gllf ~|q mq qcl qh~ hd qclbh|fqwyr mklfam&

Difmfbifk hw Altl`h~elfq

Qcl Kmfr| Clicl W|wm` Cyawh~h{lw Altl`h~elfq

Iftlrqelfq whkwme ir fmfbla |rifk m

e|`qiqwmfbcl fmfbifk dmbiìqy #EDD)& Qcir ir mf

iffhtmqitl fmfbifk elbcmfire ifqwha|bla gy

qcl Mrimf Altl`h~elfq Gmfo #MAG) if 7>>>2 dhw Simhk|rcmf

cyawh~h{lw rqmqihf if qcl rmel witlw gmrif

g|i`q |~ qcl bm~mbiqy hd `hbm` khtlwfelfq mfaie~`lelfqifk mklfby dhw ~whjlbq emfmklelfq

{iqc ifqlwfmqihfm`bhfbl~qr&

^whjlbq Ifhwemqihf

EDD Kmfr| Clicl W|wm` Cyawh~h{lw Altl`h~elfq

Iftlrqelfq ^whkwme #7>>4)

Difmfbifk:! ei`ìhf hwaifmwy bm~iqm`

wlrh|wblr #MAG)


44/60

17

Ie~mbq

Rqhwilrdwhe



45/60

R ~ w l m a

i f k q c l E l r r m k l

1

Mf m{mwlflrr%wmirifk ~whkwme altl`h~la if Mdwibmmfa qwmfr~`mfqlaqh qcl ^WB {iqc qcl r|~~hwq hd MAGmier qh cm`q mfa wltlwrl qclr~wlma hd C IT(MIAr

R~wlmaifk

qcl ElrrmklGy @li Omf

@IFSIMFK Y\FFMF WHTIFBL

Glcifa clw lfkmkifk rei`l @i @|fwl~wlrlfqr m ~hqlfq fl{ {lm~hf if qcl

^lh~`lr Wl~|gìb hd Bcifmr #^WB) gmqq`lmkmifrq CIT(MIAR&

Khifk dwhe ci`` qh ci`` ahhw qh ahhw if @ifsimfk

Airqwibq @ifbmfk ~wldlbq|wl hd qcl eh|fqmifh|rY|ffmf ^whtifbl @i @|f ir hf m eirrihf qh ehgiìzl

~lh~`l qh qmol bhfqwh` hd qcl wiro hd CIT(MIAR ifqcliw ìtlr if qcl ìtlr hd dmei`y eleglwr mfa qclbhee|fiqy mr m {ch`l&

Rhelqielr {mòifk 2 ch|wr qh wlmbc m ti``mkl all~

if qcl eh|fqmifr @i @|f rmyr rcl ir j|rq qwyifk qhemol clw ìdl ehwl elmfifkd|`&

Rcl ir fhq m`hfl& @i @|f m dhwelw w|wm` ahbqhw {chemfmkla clw h{f rem`` bìfib ir m eleglw hd qcl

kwmrrwhhqr CIT(MIAR m{mwlflrr mfa ~wltlfqihf

~whkwme Qhqm` Bhfqwh` hd qcl L~ialeib #QBL)m rbclel altl`h~la gy ifqlwfmqihfm`

fhfkhtlwfelfq hwkmfizmqihf #FKH) C|emfm^lh~`l qh lh~`l #C^^)&

Qwmaiqihfm `y ifcigiqihfr if Bciflrl b|`q|wl

wlkmwaifk airb|rrifk rls|m` qh~ibr cmtl ìeiqlach{ ~mwlfqr airb|rr qcl qh~ib {iqc qcliw bciàwlf

mfa ch{ bhedhwqmg`l ma|`qr dll` mgh|q rlloifkifdhwemqihf& Gldhwl glkiffifk qcliw ifqlfritlkwmrrwhhqr {hwo QBL là hblwr wlblitl m

=%ehfqc qwmififk bh|wrl mfa if%là ~wmbqibll}|i~~ifk qcle {iqc roi``r qh qmò mgh|q rmdl rls

mfa CIT(MIAR {iqc ~lh~`l if qcliw mwlmr& Qcirqwmififk ir bw|bim` qh qcl r|bblrr hd qcl ~whjlbq&

Qcl QBL ehal` #altl h~la gy C^^ if Mdwibm)cmr gllf mam~qla qh qcl ^WB bhfqlsq mfa

~i`hqla if Y|ffmf if bhh~lwmqihf {iqc qcl


46/60

Qhqm` Bhfqwh` hd qcl L~ialeib#QBL) là hblwr wmirlm{mwlflrr hd CIT(MIAR if m

ti``mkl if Y|ffmf ^whtifbl&

11

Ie~mbq

Rqhwilrdwhe


MrimfAltl`h~elfq Gmfo #MAG) qcwh|kc mr|g~whjlbq hf R|rqmifmg`l Flq{hwor dhw @hbm`

CIT(MIAR ^wltlfqihf |falw mf MAG wlkihfm`qlbcfibm` mrrirqmfbl dhw Dikcqifk CIT(MIAR if Mrimmfa qcl ^mbib& Qcl qlbcfibm` mrrirqmfbl ir d|fala

gy qcl Khtlwfelfq hd R{lalf& Qcl ie~`lelfqifkmklfby ir m jhifq ~whjlbq hbl emfmkla gy qcl

Dhwlikf Bm~iqm` whjlbq Emfmklelfq Blfqlw hdqcl Y|ffmf htlwqy M``ltimqihf mfa Altl`h~elfq

Hbl mfa C^^& Hqclw ~mwqflwr ifb`|al qcl Bcifm^wltlfqitl Elaibifl Mrrhbimqihf #BÊM) mfa~whtifbim`% mfa `hbm`%`ltl` ~htlwqy mklfbilr mfa

g|wlm|r hd clm`qc dmei`y ~`mffifk mrrhbimqihfrmfa {helfr dlalwmqihfr&

Rifbl lfa hd Emwbc 7>>; @i @|f cmr tiriqla ehwl

qcmf =>>> chelr qmòifk qh mgh|q >> ~lh~`lemoifk m ailwlfbl if qcl bhee|fiqy {clwl rclkwl{ |~&

@ifbmfk ~wldlbq|wl ir `hbmqla if rh|qclmrqY|ffmf m bwiqibm` ghwalw mwlm glq{llf qcl ^WBmfa Eymfemw dhw mf l~ialeib qcmq ofh{r fh

gh|famwilr mfa bhfrirqr hd likcq bh|fqilr {iqc=; eifhwiqy kwh|~r& @ifbmfk ir m emjhw lfqwy ~hifqdhw re|kkìfk hd aw|kr #m emjhw wiro dmbqhw if qcl

CIT(MIAR l~ialeib) ifqh qcl ^WB& Gy qcl lfa hd7>>4 qclwl {lwl 242; wlkirqlwla ~lh~`l ìtifk

{iqc CIT(MIAR mehfk @ifbmfkr qhqm` ~h~|`mqihfhd 7&7 ei`ìhf& @mrq ylmw 13, hd fl{ ifdlbqihfr

{lwl qwmfreiqqla rls|m``y mfa 22, qcwh|kc g`hhaemif`y flla`l rcmwifk&

Qcl khtlwfelfq cmr ifbwlmrifk y wlbhkfizlaqcl flla dhw albiritl mbqihf qh mtlwq m r~iwmìfk

l~ialeib& Ch{ltlw km~r if rbm` mfa c|emfwlrh|wblrlr~lbim``y mq `h{lw `ltl`r ìol bh|fqilr

mfa ti``mklr mfa if ~hhwlw mwlmr~hrl olybhfrqwmifqr& Fl{ ifiqimqitlr mfa bhh~lwmqihfehal`r mwl fllala qh q|wf gmbo qcl r~wlma

hdCIT(MIAR&

^mwqib|`mw`y rifbl `mql 7>>2 qcl Khtlwfelfq hdqcl ^WB cmr qmolf bhfblwqla mbqihf qh maawlrr

CIT(MIAR {iqc r|~~hwq dwhe qcl cikclrq `ltl`rhd lmalwrci~ rmyr Bcwir R~hcw m rhbim` rlbqhwlbhfheirq mq MAGr Wlrialfq Eirrihf qh qcl ^WB&

Mq qcl rmel qiel qcl dwhfq ìfl if qcir gmqq`l irbhee|fiqilr mfa ifaitia|m`r {ch mwl hdqlf cmwa

qh wlmbc tim qcl rqmqlr h{f wlrh|wblr&

@i @|f cmr tiriqla ehwl

qcmf =>>> chelr qmòifk

qh mgh|q >> ~lh~`l

emoifk m ailwlfbl if

qcl bhee|fiqy {clwl

rcl kwl{|~&


47/60

R ~ w l m a

i f k q c l E l r r m k l

1

[ci`l qclwl mwl ìeiqmqihfr qh ~|wl`y kwmrrwhhqrm~~whmbclr ifb`|aifk bcm``lfklr dhw r|rqmifmgiìqymfa rbmìfk |~ r|bc ~whjlbqr Ew& R~hcw rmyr qcir

~whjlbq qmolr fl{ m~~whmbclr qh qm~ biti` rhbilqymr m ~mwqflw {iqcif khtlwfelfq%`la lhwqr&

Qcl QBL ehal` ir ~wleirla hf qcl ialm qcmq

hf`y ~lh~`l bmf iglwmql qclerl`tlr dwhe qcll~ialeib& Qcl @ifbmfk ~i`hq mah~qr mf ifqlwmbqitlm~~whmbc alìtlwifk rlwtiblr qh qcl klflwm`

~h~|`mqihf gy lfkmkifk `hbm` là hblwr qhehgiìzl la|bmql mfa qwmif `hbm` bhee|fiqilr&

Qcliw m~~whmbc ir {ial`y {l`bhela gy qcl

~|gìb lr~lbim``y qcl cikc%wiro kwh|~r r|bc mrrls {hwolwr ifqwmtlfh|r aw|k |rlwr mfa eikwmfq{hwolwr rmia Zch| Zc|mfkrclfk aiwlbqhw hd

@ifbmfk ^htlwqy M``ltimqihf mfa Altl`h~elfqHbl& Qclrl ~lh~`l mwl mg`l qh ql`` qcliw ~lwrhfm`

bhfblwfr qh qcl là hblwr {iqch|q dllìfklegmwwmrrla&

Aw& Bmi Jieifk tibl ~wlrialfq mfa rlbwlqmwy

klflwm` hd BÊM #m Glijifk%gmrla FKH {hwoifk{iqc MAG clwl if Y|ffmf mfa m rirqlw ~i`hq ifSifjimfk) mkwlla rmyifk: Bciflrl FKHr mwl

mf ifair~lfrmg`l bhe~hflfq if qcl CIT(MIAR~wltlfqihf mfa bhfqwh` hf qcl emif`mfa mfa

cmtl llbqitl`y alm`q {iqc emfy rlfriqitl clm`qcla|bmqihf mwlmr qcmq khtlwfelfq m|qchwiqilr cmtl

dl`q wl`|bqmfq qh cmfa`l aiwlbq`y&

R|bc ~i`hqr mwl fhq m`hfl& Mbbhwaifk qh m Bcifm

Ami`ywl~hwq qcl ^WBr `m|fbc `mrq Albleglw hd mwrq wh|fa hd ~|gìb rlwtibl mffh|fblelfqr qh

~whehql qcl |rl hd bhfaher mfa rmdl rls qh kcqCIT(MIAR emwola m oly fl{ m~~whmbc {iqc qcwll

tialh bì~r |rifk {l``%ofh{f Bciflrl bl`lgwiqilrciqqifk rbwllfr if miw~hwqr g|rlr mfa qwmifr mfa hf

qcl Ifqlwflq&

Qcl mqlrq k|wlr dwhe qcl Eifirqwy hd Clm`qc rch{

qcmq |frmdl rls ir qcl emif ehal hd qwmfreirrihfdhw CIT& Qcl ^WB fh{ cmr ;>>>>> ~lh~`l ìtifk

{iqc CIT(MIAR |~ dwhe mgh|q 4>>> if 7>>>> fl{ CIT

ifdlbqihfr `mrq ylmw {lwl wl~hwqla`y ifdlbqlaqcwh|kc |frmdl rls& M emjhwiqy hd qcl bmrlrifth`tla qchrl mkla 7> qh 29 ylmwr hà&

Ifiqimqitlr r|bc mr qcl MAG%r|~~hwqla ~i`hq if

@ifbmfk mie qh cl`~ rqle qcmq qial gy mrrirqifk qcl^WB qh ls~`hwl fl{ {myr qh ehgiìzl biti` rhbilqy

if qcl gmqq`l mkmifrq CIT(MIAR&

@i @|f qlrqr m ti``mklwr ofh{`lakl hd CIT(MIAR& #Wikcq) Dilà hblwr bhfa|bq dwll ~cyribm` bclbo%|~ra|wifk qcl ~whehqihf bme~mikf&

^whjlbq Ifhwemqihf

CIT(MIAR if Mrim mfa qcl ^mbib #WLQM) #7>>4)

Difmfbifk:!3&4; ei`ìhf Bhh~lwmqihf D|fa gy MAG

mfa qcl Khtlwfelfq hd R{lalf


48/60

14

Ie~mbq

Rqhwilrdwhe

qcl^lh~`lrWl~|gìbhdBcifm ^whtiaifk B`lmf,B`lmw [mqlw

Gy Jimfk Zc|}ifk

MAGr {mqlw r|~~`y mfa rmfiqmqihf ~whjlbq if Jiìfir glflqifk |wgmf ch|rlchàr mfa cl`~ifk bhfqwh`~h``|qihf if witlwr


49/60

^ w h t i a i f k B ` l m f

B ` l m w [ m q l w

1

ELICLOH\ BIQY JI@IF WHTIFBL

Rltlfqllf ylmwr ir fhq m rchwq ~lwiha&

Biqizlfr if Elicloh| Biqy if fhwqclmrqlwf^lh~`lr Wl~|gìb hd Bcifmr #^WB) Jiìf

^whtifblhfl hd qcl ^WBr ~hhwlw~whtifblr `mkkifk glcifa if qcl ~whtirihf hd gmrib

rhbim` rlwtiblre|rq cmtl fltlw iemkifla qcmqqcly {h|à cmtl qh {miq rh `hfk qh rmqirdy qcliwqciwrq dhw b`lmf awifoifk {mqlw&

Mr lmw`y mr =99= qcl biqyr khtlwfelfq ialfqila

ie~whtla {mqlw r|~~`y mfa }|mìqy if Elicloh|mr m qh~ ~wihwiqy& Qcl biqizlfr {lwl dmbla {iqc qm~

{mqlw qcmq {mr rel``y mfa dh|` qmrqifk lr~lbim``yif r~wifk&

Dwl}|lfq [mqlw Rchwqmklr

[l |rla qh g|y gmwwl`la {mqlw qh {mrc dw|iqr mfatlklqmg`lr gwl{ qlm mfa bhho elm`r glbm|rl qcl

qm~ {mqlwr }|mìqy bh|àfq gl rmdl`y wlìla hfrmyr [mfk R|`mf m 42%ylmw%hà wlqiwll {ch clmar

m dmei`y hd ris& Glrialr qcl qm~ {mqlw {mr fhqr|~~ìla 71 ch|wr m amy mfa {l hdqlf rmq |~ |fqièiafikcq qh bh``lbq m qmfo hd {mqlw dhw {mrcifk

b`hqclr mfa qmoifk gmqcr&

G|q `mbo hd d|far ie~lala qcl khtlwfelfqrlhwqr qh bhfrqw|bq qcl fllala {mqlw ~`mfq mfa

~i~lìfl& Dwl}|lfq {mqlw rchwqmklr mfa ~hhw{mqlw }|mìqy rbmwla m{my ~hqlfqim` iftlrqhwr mfa


50/60

13

Ie~mbq

Rqhwilrdwhe


cme~lwla qcl rehhqc altl`h~elfq hd qcl biqyfhqlr Tibl Emyhw Gmi Qilj|f&

Qcl riq|mqihf wlemifla |fbcmfkla |fqi 7>>2{clf m `lmalwrci~ kwh|~ {mr rlq |~ gy qcl biqyr

khtlwfelfq qh bh``lbq d|far dhw qcl ~whjlbq&

Hf =9 J|`y 7>>> ei`ìhf `hmf ~mbomkl dhwqcl ~whtifbl qh ifbwlmrl {mrql{mqlw bhtlwmkl

ghhrq qcl r|~~`y hd ~hqmg`l {mqlw mfa ie~whtl

emfmklelfq mfa |rl hd {mqlw wlrh|wblr if qcl|~~lw Rhfkc|m Witlw Gmrif&

Dhw Elicloh| MAG d|fala !=1&47 ei`ìhf hdqcl qhqm` BFY79; ei`ìhf #!12&1 ei`ìhf) fllala

qh ie~whtl {mqlw r|~~`y mfa qwlmqelfq& QclElicloh| ~whjlbq ifb`|alr m 1>%oi`helqlw {mqlw

qwmfreirrihf ~i~lìfl dwhe qcl Cmi`hfk Wlrlwthiwqh ah{fqh{f w|ffifk qcwh|kc rltlf qh{frci~rmfa airqwibqr mr {l`` mr qcl bhfrqw|bqihf hd m {mqlw

qwlmqelfq ~`mfq&

Qcl Bcmfkbc|f Fh&= Rl{mklQwlmqelfq ^ mfq qwlmqr htlw3>, hd qcl biqyr {mrql{mqlw

gldhwl airbcmwkl&


51/60


B ` l m w [ m q l w

1

[ci`l bhfrqw|bqifk qcl ~i~lìflr bhfrqw|bqhwr cmaqh htlwbhel aib|`qilr bm|rla gy gma {lmqclwmfa ~wibl |bq|mqihfr hf g|iàifk emqlwim`r&

MElicloh| [mqlw Qwlmqelfq `mfq {mr g|i`q qhellq `hbm` wlrialfqr alemfa hd =>>>>> qhfr hd qm~

{mqlw ~lw amy mfa d|l` qcl wl}|iwlelfq if qcl biqyrd|q|wl altl`h~elfq&

Ie~whtla Qm~ [mqlw

M`` 21 ifalslr hd qcl qm~ {mqlw ~whblrr cmtl

wlmbcla fmqihfm` rqmfamwar mfa biqizlfr if

Elicloh| mwl mrr|wla hd lfjhyifk rmdl b`lmfmfa}|mìqy qm~ {mqlw 71 ch|wr m amy dwhe fh{

hf rmyr @i Si|eif mf lfkifllw hd qcl {mqlwqwlmqelfq~`mfq&

Qcl }|mìqy hd qcl qm~ {mqlw ir e|bc glqqlw qcmfqcmq hd qcl kwh|fa{mqlw {cibc bhfqmifr ltl`r

hd iwhf mfa emfkmflrl ahzlfr hd qielr cikclwqcmf qcl fmqihfm` rqmfamwar rcl ls~`mifr&

Er& @ir mgr mfm`yzl qcl {mqlw mfa wlbhwa {mqlwrme~`lr bh``lbqla dwhe qcl {mqlw wlrh|wblr {mqlwqwlmqelfq ~`mfq mfa wlrialfqr chelr&

Elicloh|r riq|mqihf ir glqqlw bhe~mwla {iqc qcl

htlwm`` {mqlw riq|mqihf if qcl ^WB {clwl ehwl mfaehwl biqilr mwl glrlq gy lftiwhfelfqm` ~whg`ler

mfa {mqlw rchwqmkl mfa alqlwihwmqihf&

Mbbhwaifk qh lrqiemqlr qcl ^WB r|lwr dwhe

mf mff|m` {mqlw rchwqmkl hd mgh|q 4> gi`ìhf

b|gib elqlwr {iqc {mqlw r|~~`y fhq ellqifkqcl ifbwlmrifk alemfa if ehwl qcmf 1>> hd iqr4>>> qhfr hd |wgmf{mrql{mqlw lmbc amy&

Biqizlfr if Elicloh|

mwl mrr|wla hd lfjhyifk

rmdl b`lmf mfa }|mìqy

qm~ {mqlw71 ch|wr m amy

dwhefh{ hf&


52/60

Ie~mbq

Rqhwilrdwhe


Mdqlw lrqmgìrcifk mfa ls~mfaifk qcl Fh&=[mrql{mqlw Qwlmqelfq `mfq if m fhwqclwf r|g|wg

hd Bcmfkbc|f {l bmf qwlmq ehwl qcmf 3>, hdqcl {mrql{mqlw ~wha|bla gy qcl biqy gldhwlairbcmwkl rmyr A|mf K|hk|mfk al~|qy emfmklw

hd qcl Awmifmkl Bhe~mfy |falw qcl Bcmfkbc|f[mqlw Mmiwr Kwh|~&

Hd qcl 29>>>> qhfr hd qwlmqla {mrql{mqlw lmbc

amy 79>>>> qhfr ir awmifla ifqh qcl Yiqhfk Witlw{cibc ir hfl qwig|qmwy qh qcl Rhfkc|m Witlwqcmq w|fr ifqh qcl W|rrimf Dlalwmqihf& Qcl wlrq

hd qcl =>>>>> qhfr {i`` gl d|wqclw qwlmqla mrifqlwelaimql {mqlw dhw m qclwem` ~h{lw ~`mfq mr

bhhìfk {mqlw&

Qcl {mqlw if qcl Yiqhfk Witlw {mr rh amwo mfadh|` qcmq fh rc bh|à ìtl if iq if wlblfq ylmwra|l qh {mrql{mqlw ~h``|qihf rmyr ]imh C|i m

dmwelw%q|wfla%{hwolw {ch {mr g|ry ifrqm`ìfk

l}|i~elfq mq qcl {mrql{mqlw qwlmqelfq ~`mfq&

Awmrqib Ie~whtlelfq

[mqlw }|mìqy if qcl Yiqhfk Witlw cmr ie~whtlaawmrqibm``y mdqlw qcl {mrql{mqlw qwlmqelfq ~`mfq{mr ~|q ifqh h~lwmqihf ehwl qcmf m ylmw mkh&

If qcl ~mrq qcl ~maay là {mr bcmfkla ifqh m

bhwflà a|l qh qcl {mqlw alqlwihwmqihf bm|rla gyqcl awmifmkl hd {mrql{mqlw dwhe qcl |wgmf mwlm

rmyr R|f Yh|bclfk mfhqclw dmwelw%q|wfla%{hwolw{ch itlr if m rem`` ti``mkl m`hfk qcl Yiqhfk Witlw&

Cl rmyr cl cma emal m ìtifk hf m ;%e|#>&> kllrl bcibolfrmfa a|bor mq chel&

Elicloh|r {mqlw qwlmqelfq~`mfq ir ellqifk qcl alemfahd =>>>>> qhfr hd qm~ {mqlw

~lw amy&

^whjlbq Ifhwemqihf

KER FhwqcRh|qc Lbhfheib Bhwwiahw #7>>1)

Difmfbifk:M~~whtla hf !1=>> wltirla qh

!> Jm~mf R~lbim` D|fa #JRD) mfa Qlbcfibm`

Mrrirqmfbl R~lbim` D|fa #QMRD)


53/60


B ` l m w [ m q l w


54/60


55/60

Q l m m f a ^ w h r ~ l w i q y

%oi`helqlw rqwlqbc hd whma glifk fmela

Bcmemamh hw qcl Qlm Chwrl Whma rhelqiela|wifk qcl Qmfk ayfmrqy&

Qhamy e|bc hd qcl wh|ql rqi ` lsirqr& Alr~iql qcllshqibire hd qcl Qlm Chwrl Whma lklfa qcl whma

qwmtlwrlr rhel hd Mrimr ~hhwlrq mwlmr& G|q m fl{Mrimf Altl`h~elfq Gmfo #MAG)%r|~~hwqla whma

dh``h{ifk qcl Qlm Chwrl ~mqc{my cmr lfcmfblaqcl wlkihfr ~hqlfqim` dhw lbhfheib kwh{qc&

Wh|ql 2 rqwlqbcifk dwhe qcl ^WB qcwh|kc qcl@mh ÂW m``h{r qcl Fm rirqlwr qh klq qcliw qlm qh

{ch`lrm`lwr hf m ~mtla m``%rlmrhf whma& Gldhwliq {mr m gmbogwlmoifk {mò hf m wh|kc aiwq ~mqc

qlm%`malf gmrolqr hf qcliw gmbor& Qcl lmrl mfalbilfby hd qcl whma cmr emal g|riflrr lmrilwgwifkifk ehwl ~whqr dhw qcle mfa m rqwhfklw

lbhfhey dhw qcliw wlkihf& Ehqhwgiolr m ql`ltirihfmfa m omwmhol embcifl cmtl m`` dh|fa qcliw {my

ifqh qcl Fm ch|rlchàiqler qcmq qcl dmei`ybh|à cmtl hf`y awlmela mgh|q gldhwl Wh|ql 2&

Gy Jmrhf W|rc


56/60

>,& M fl{

rqwlmeìfla b|rqher ~whblrr mq qcl ghwalw m``h{rRioch|frmlfk qh qwmal ehwl lbilfq`y& Mr m wlr|`q

qcl g|riflrr ~whqr cmtl rhmwla mfa fh{ qcldmei`y emolr mgh|q !=7>> m ehfqcmf lsbl``lfq

ifbhel dhw qcl mwlm&

Lfqwl~wlfl|wr if Qcmi`mfa cmtl fhq gllf `ldq

h|q hd qcl glflqr& If Bcimfk Wmi amy emwolqrm`{myr m blfqwm` ~mwq hd qcmq fhwqclwf qh{fr

bhee|fiqycmtl ghhela mr khhar dwhe qcl^WB mfa qcl @mh ÂW mwwitl ehwl }|ibo`y mfa

lbilfq`y qcwh|kc Wh|ql 2&

Owimfkwmi Rmermo|`q|am cmr m rqm`` mq Qlrmgmf

Emwolq& Cl rmia qcmq ~wha|bqr dwhe qcl ^WB |rlaqh bhel qh qcl emwolq tim Gmfkoho mq cikclw ~wibl&

Fh{ qcly bhel ah{f Wh|ql 2& Qcly klq qh |r mqm bclm~lw ~wibl rmia Rmermo|`q|am& Rhhf qclwl

{h|à gl m gik airqwig|qihf blfqlw if qcl @mh ÂWcl rmia {cibc {h|à gl ltlf glqqlw&

G|q m fl{ whma ir fhq m`` mgh|q ~whqr m`qch|kc~whqr {i`` hdqlf albial id bciàwlf rqmy if rbchh`

mfa dmeiìlr bmf mhwa }|mìqy clm`qc bmwl& [iqc


57/60

Q l m m f a ^ w h r ~ l w i q y

>;)

Difmfbifk: !=>> ei`ìhf hwaifmwy bm~iqm` wlrh|wblr

#MAG)? !3=&;> ei`ìhf Bcmfkbc|f e|fibi~m`

khtlwfelfq? !22&1> ei`ìhf Ymfji e|fibi~m`

khtlwfelfq? !=2;&4> ei`ìhf ahelrqib bheelwbim`

gmfor bhfmfbifk

khfl |~& Rmyr ciqqch|eem qclwl ir ehwl qwmal

{iqc qcl ^WB mfa iftlrqelfq cmr rikfibmfq`yifbwlmrla&

@iol emfy m`hfk Wh|ql 2 qcl Fm rirqlwr mfa qcliw

dmei`y rcmwl if qcl glflqr& Qcly emy rmy qcliwmfbilfq qlm qwllr mwl `|boy g|q qcl fl{ whma cmrbhe~`lelfqla qcliw cmwa {hwo gwifkifk qcle

~whr~lwiqy qcly fltlw awlmela ~hrrig`l&


59/60


60/60

impact stories from the people’s republic of china: partnership for prosperity

Documents