AP World HistoryAP World HistoryUnit 6Unit 6

Total War.Total War. Industrial weapons of mass-killing.Industrial weapons of mass-killing. Extreme Nationalism.Extreme Nationalism. Civilians targeted.Civilians targeted. Genocide.Genocide.

• Turks slaughter Armenians.Turks slaughter Armenians. Communist Revolutions.Communist Revolutions. Terrorism.Terrorism.

10 million soldiers were killed.10 million soldiers were killed.• Over 20 million are wounded.Over 20 million are wounded.

Several million civilians died as a result Several million civilians died as a result of the hostilities, famine, and disease.of the hostilities, famine, and disease.

The world was left with hatred, The world was left with hatred, intolerance, and extreme nationalism.intolerance, and extreme nationalism.

Women’s Liberation movements Women’s Liberation movements strengthenedstrengthened

Isolationism encouragedIsolationism encouraged

Began in the trenches of the Western Front and then spread when soldiers returned home.

The greatest public health disaster of modern history.• Pandemic killed between 22 and 30 million people worldwide.

Twice as many people then had died during the actual war.• In Spain, it killed roughly 40 percent of the population

(8 million). Giving it the name of the Spanish Influenza.

• British colonial troops carried it to India where it killed 12 million.

• No disease, plague, war, famine, or natural disaster in world history had killed so many people in such a short time.

Turks attempt to exterminate all Turks attempt to exterminate all Armenian people.Armenian people. 1.5 million Armenians were killed. 1.5 million Armenians were killed.

Total cost of the war was over $350 billion. Total cost of the war was over $350 billion. • How was this paid for?!?How was this paid for?!?

Heavy taxes = causes lower standard of living for the Heavy taxes = causes lower standard of living for the people of Europe.people of Europe.

International trade suffers.International trade suffers.• Nations raise the tariffs on imports and exports.Nations raise the tariffs on imports and exports.

In Russia, the Communists seize power In Russia, the Communists seize power and introduce a new economic system.and introduce a new economic system.

Economic collapses bring on the Great Economic collapses bring on the Great Depression of the late 1920’s and 1930’s.Depression of the late 1920’s and 1930’s.

United States emerges as a world power because United States emerges as a world power because of the assumption of international responsibilities.of the assumption of international responsibilities.

3 major European dynasties are taken out of 3 major European dynasties are taken out of power.power.1.1. Romanovs in RussiaRomanovs in Russia2.2. Hohenzollerns in GermanyHohenzollerns in Germany3.3. Hapsburgs in Austria-HungaryHapsburgs in Austria-Hungary

New states are created in central Europe.New states are created in central Europe.• Some containing several different nationalities.Some containing several different nationalities.

especially in Poland and Czechoslovakia.especially in Poland and Czechoslovakia. The League of Nations is created to solve The League of Nations is created to solve

international problems and maintain world peace.international problems and maintain world peace.• Will be a failure.Will be a failure.

Many nations turn to military dictatorships to Many nations turn to military dictatorships to control their political problems.control their political problems.• Primarily in Russia, Italy, and Germany.Primarily in Russia, Italy, and Germany.

Wilson’s Fourteen Points.Wilson’s Fourteen Points.• Reduction of weapons.Reduction of weapons.• People’s right to choose their own government.People’s right to choose their own government.• Organization of world nations to protect against Organization of world nations to protect against

aggression.aggression. Allied Goals.Allied Goals.

• The four major countries all had different ideas for The four major countries all had different ideas for a peace treaty.a peace treaty.

• France and Great Britain wanted to punish France and Great Britain wanted to punish Germany.Germany. However, Great Britain did not want to weaken Germany.However, Great Britain did not want to weaken Germany.

Italian leaders hoped to gain land.Italian leaders hoped to gain land.• Disappointed that they were mostly ignored by the Disappointed that they were mostly ignored by the

other leaders.other leaders.

Germany must accept responsibility and Germany must accept responsibility and forced to pay large amounts of money.forced to pay large amounts of money.

Weakened Germany.Weakened Germany.• Military size limited.Military size limited.• Returned conquered land to France.Returned conquered land to France.• Formation of Poland.Formation of Poland.• Global colonies given up to the Allies.Global colonies given up to the Allies.

Germany’s Reaction.Germany’s Reaction.• Outraged, but forced to sign the treaty.Outraged, but forced to sign the treaty.• Economy was destroyed.Economy was destroyed.• Bitterness would affect politics for the next Bitterness would affect politics for the next

several years.several years.

League of Nations.League of Nations.• Organization of world governments proposed by Wilson.Organization of world governments proposed by Wilson.• Established by the Treaty of Versailles.Established by the Treaty of Versailles.• Main goal was to encourage cooperation and keep peace.Main goal was to encourage cooperation and keep peace.• Germany was excluded.Germany was excluded.• United States did not join.United States did not join.

Ultimately weakened the League of Nations.Ultimately weakened the League of Nations. Changes in Europe.Changes in Europe.

• Austria-Hungary and Ottoman Empire lands were broken up.Austria-Hungary and Ottoman Empire lands were broken up.• Independent nations were created.Independent nations were created.

Austria, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, and Turkey.Austria, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, and Turkey. Other treaties signed with the defeated Central Other treaties signed with the defeated Central

Powers.Powers.

Many colonists who fought in the war heard Many colonists who fought in the war heard the words of the Allies leaders about the the words of the Allies leaders about the importance of freedom and democracy.importance of freedom and democracy.

After fighting for colonial rulers they After fighting for colonial rulers they expected rights for themselves.expected rights for themselves.

Wartime sacrifices did not win new Wartime sacrifices did not win new freedoms.freedoms.

European powers split up lands controlled European powers split up lands controlled by Germans, Austro-Hungarians, Ottomans.by Germans, Austro-Hungarians, Ottomans.• Redistributed them to other colonial powers.Redistributed them to other colonial powers.

Former Ottoman lands turned into Former Ottoman lands turned into “mandates”.“mandates”.• Territories ruled by European Powers, mainly Territories ruled by European Powers, mainly

France and Great Britain.France and Great Britain. Syria and Lebanon became mandates of France.Syria and Lebanon became mandates of France. Palestine and Iraq became mandates of Great Britain.Palestine and Iraq became mandates of Great Britain.

Created the Transjordan from the Palestine Mandate.Created the Transjordan from the Palestine Mandate. European nations were suppose to European nations were suppose to

control mandates until they were able to control mandates until they were able to govern themselves.govern themselves.• Mandates eventually became colonies.Mandates eventually became colonies.

Movement began in1860.Movement began in1860. The spiritual and political renewal of The spiritual and political renewal of

the Jewish people in its ancestral the Jewish people in its ancestral homeland of Palestine.homeland of Palestine.

Freedom from Western anti-Semitism. Freedom from Western anti-Semitism. 11stst Zionist Conference in 1897. Zionist Conference in 1897.

• Creates the First Zionist Congress.Creates the First Zionist Congress.• Becomes an international Jewish Becomes an international Jewish

organization.organization.

Arab nationalist movements had been Arab nationalist movements had been supported by the British in 1916.supported by the British in 1916.• Arabs wanted to create an independent state Arabs wanted to create an independent state

the stretched from Syria to Yemen.the stretched from Syria to Yemen. Zionist movement for a Jewish state was Zionist movement for a Jewish state was

supported by the British government.supported by the British government. British did not fulfill nationalist’s hopes.British did not fulfill nationalist’s hopes.

• Arabs and Jewish believed that war time Arabs and Jewish believed that war time promises were broken. promises were broken.

British created Jordan in1921.British created Jordan in1921.• Created from eastern part of Palestine Mandate.Created from eastern part of Palestine Mandate.

Palestine’s population rapidly expanded.Palestine’s population rapidly expanded.• Tens of thousands of Jews and Arabs Tens of thousands of Jews and Arabs

immigrated.immigrated.• Palestinian anger over Jewish immigration led to Palestinian anger over Jewish immigration led to

mid-1930s conflict.mid-1930s conflict.• Conflict in region continues today.Conflict in region continues today.

We will be covering this in more detail later in Unit 5. We will be covering this in more detail later in Unit 5.

Reza Khan led overthrow of shah Reza Khan led overthrow of shah in1921.in1921.

Khan became shah in1925Khan became shah in1925• Ruled as Reza Shah Pahlavi.Ruled as Reza Shah Pahlavi.• Wanted to make Persia into a modern and Wanted to make Persia into a modern and

independent nation.independent nation.• Sought to advance industry and improve Sought to advance industry and improve

education.education.• Changed Persia’s name to Iran in 1935.Changed Persia’s name to Iran in 1935.

Foreign OfficeNovember 2nd, 1917

Dear Lord Rothschild, I have much pleasure to convey to you, on behalf of His Majesty’s Government, the following declaration of sympathy with Jewish Zionist aspirations which has been submitted to, and approved by, the Cabinet.“His Majesty’s Government view with favor the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people, and will use their best endeavors to facilitate the achievement of this object, it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine, or the rights and political status enjoyed by Jews in any other country.”I should be grateful if you would bring this declaration to the knowledge of the Zionist Federation.

Yours sincerely,ARTHUR JAMES BALFOURBritish Foreign Secretary

In 1917, China declared war on Germany.In 1917, China declared war on Germany. Hoped Allied Powers would return German-Hoped Allied Powers would return German-

controlled Chinese territoriescontrolled Chinese territories Treaty of Versailles gave Germany’s Chinese Treaty of Versailles gave Germany’s Chinese

territories to Japanterritories to Japan May 4, 1919, a group of angry students May 4, 1919, a group of angry students

began strikes and protests.began strikes and protests. Communist Party is formed in 1921.Communist Party is formed in 1921.

• Partner with Guomindang’s (Kuomintang) nationalist Partner with Guomindang’s (Kuomintang) nationalist movement against the warlords controlling China.movement against the warlords controlling China.

We will be covering this topic in more detail when we We will be covering this topic in more detail when we discuss the Chinese Communist Revolution.discuss the Chinese Communist Revolution.

800,000 Indians served with the British in WWI.800,000 Indians served with the British in WWI. Fought on Western Front and in the Middle East.Fought on Western Front and in the Middle East. Returned home to find sacrifices had not won Returned home to find sacrifices had not won

them any new freedoms.them any new freedoms. Britain planned to keep firm control over India.Britain planned to keep firm control over India. Anger and unrest grew.Anger and unrest grew. Rowlatt ActRowlatt Act

• Allowed Britain to act harshly against opposition in IndiaAllowed Britain to act harshly against opposition in India• British soldiers opened fire on peaceful, unarmed Indian British soldiers opened fire on peaceful, unarmed Indian

demonstrators in Amritsar in April of 1919.demonstrators in Amritsar in April of 1919.• Amritsar Massacre convinced Indians they must rid Amritsar Massacre convinced Indians they must rid

themselves of British rulersthemselves of British rulers

Believed in non-violence and civil Believed in non-violence and civil disobedience.disobedience.

The first non-violent action was boycotting The first non-violent action was boycotting British products in 1920.British products in 1920.• Stopped wearing British made clothes.Stopped wearing British made clothes.

Indians began making their own cloths.Indians began making their own cloths. Protested against the British monopoly on salt Protested against the British monopoly on salt

in 1930.in 1930.• Indians began producing their own salt.Indians began producing their own salt.

Inspired millions to resist British rule.Inspired millions to resist British rule. Limited degree of self-rule granted in 1935.Limited degree of self-rule granted in 1935.

We will be covering this topic in more detail when we We will be covering this topic in more detail when we discuss India’s Independence Movement.discuss India’s Independence Movement.

Hundreds of thousands of Africans served in Hundreds of thousands of Africans served in European armies during war.European armies during war.• Tens of thousands of Africans lost their lives during Tens of thousands of Africans lost their lives during

war.war. Wartime experience increased nationalist Wartime experience increased nationalist

feeling in Africa.feeling in Africa.• Africans believed they earned independence through Africans believed they earned independence through

wartime sacrifices.wartime sacrifices. War caused economic hardship.War caused economic hardship.

• Trade with Europe dried up and European spending in Trade with Europe dried up and European spending in Africa slowed.Africa slowed.

No Africans involved in negotiations of the No Africans involved in negotiations of the Treaty of VersaillesTreaty of Versailles• Did not grant independence.Did not grant independence.

Transferred Germany’s colonies to other countries.Transferred Germany’s colonies to other countries.

Pan-African Congresses.Pan-African Congresses.• Several conferences beginning in 1919 to Several conferences beginning in 1919 to

demand independence.demand independence. Northern African Arabs.Northern African Arabs.

• Wanted independence from the British in Egypt.Wanted independence from the British in Egypt.• Several protests in Egypt.Several protests in Egypt.

Many Egyptians were killed by the British.Many Egyptians were killed by the British.• Egypt was granted independence in February Egypt was granted independence in February

1922.1922. Nationalism movements growing.Nationalism movements growing.

• Egyptian independence did not start a trend.Egyptian independence did not start a trend. However, the desire for reform and independence was However, the desire for reform and independence was

growing.growing.• Most of Africa remained under European control Most of Africa remained under European control

until the 1920s and 1930s.until the 1920s and 1930s.