Presented by :- DILEEP TRIPATHI ROLL NO.-14484SC015

IMMUNOSTIMULATORYEFFECTS OF MEDICINAL HERBS

IN FISHES

INTRODUCTION• For large growing world population fishes are very good

and cheap source of protein and other important nutrients .

• But in aquaculture a large number of pathogen found due to rich source of nutrients & pollution . This causes immunosuppression in fish resulting a lot of infection occurs .

• Immunostimulant is a chemical or drugs that enhances the defense mechanisms or immune response.

• So herbal medicine acts as an Immunostimulants resulting animal (fish) more resistance to diseases.

THREATS IN FISHES

Farmed fishes most commonly suffers from immuno-suppression due to-

Poor handling Transportation Over crowding Pollutants Infections.

• BKD (Renibacterium salmoninarum)

• Parasite proliferate in early winter

• BKD (Renibacterium salmoninarum) in late summer

• Furunculosis (Aeromonas salmonicida)

SPRING summer

RAIN FALLWINTER

Diseases and Stresses occurs at predictable time of year-

Immunostimulants applied before these infection might reduce disease ( Anderson et al, 1992)

COMMON DISEASES IN FISHES

• BKD(Bacterial kidney disease) Aeromonas salmonicida

• Furunculosis Renibacterium salmoninarum

• ULCER Aeromonas salmonicida

• FIN ROT Pseudomonas fluorescens(bacteria) Fungal agent

Immune system of fishNonspecific (Innate) defensemechanism

Lobster

Lamprey

Trout

Man

Insect Specific (Adaptive) immune response

Nonspecific defense mechanisms such as the presence of mucus or the activity of the phagocytic cells like as macrophages, granulocytes in the protection of the animals against diseases.

More developed animals depend more proportionally upon the specific immune responses, producing higher quality of antibody and earlier responses to immunization. ( Anderson et al, 1992)

Methods used to protect fishes• CHEMOTHERAPY- Overdose of chemotherapeutants

( formalin) resultants in severe gill damage(Punitha et al, 2008).

• Antibiotic resistant bacteria may spread from animal to man via food chain & pathogen may also transfer their antibiotic resistance genes into human pathogenic bacteria(Abello et al,2006)

• Vaccination- most effective method • however they are relatively expensive and pathogen

specific.• At present no effective vaccines available for many fish

diseases.• Wide range of pathogens in fish forming limits the

efficiency of vaccine. So what is the alternative method to protects the fishes

from pathogen?

AGEN

TS U

SED

CHEMOTHERAPY

VACCINATION

MEDICINAL HERBS

Medicinal Herbs

• In 4000 – 5000 B.C., Chinese first started herbal natural preparation as medicines.

• In 3500 – 1600 B.C., therapeutic uses of medicinal plants were studied in detail & recorded by ancient physicians in Ayurveda.

• Many plants & their byproducts contain phenolics, polysaccharides, alkaloid, quinone, terpenoid , lectin & polypeptides compounds that enhance immune system & many of which are alternatives to antibiotics, chemicals, vaccines & other synthetics drugs . (Citarasu et. al.,2010)

Application of some herbal medicinal plant as immunostimulants-

Water extract of O. sanctum leaves is rich in Euginol & methyl eugenol that causes immunostimulatory effcts in fishes.(Logambal et.al., 2000).

Methanolic extracts of O. sanctum herb significantly improve the immune parameters such as phagocytic activity, serum bactericidal activity in fishes.(Sivaram et.al.,2004).

Herbal extracts of Cynodon dactylon improve the immune system & reduced the microbial infection in Gold fish (Arassius auratus) (Minomol, 2005).

herbal extracts of Neem ( A. indica) contain Nimbin, nimbidic acid responsible for antimicrobial & immunostimulant role in fishes. (Harikrishanan et.al., 2009).

Application of some herbal medicinal plants-• Curcuma longa (Turmeric)& Alium satvum (Garlic) enriched diet

increase the serum bactericidal activity & phagocytosis in Rohu (Labeo rohita) (Sahu et.al.,2007)

• Root extracts of Astragalus radix (chinese herb) contain-polysaccharides, organic acids, alkaloids, glucosides and volatile oil that can enhance immune system in comman Carp.(Guogun et.al.,2008)

• Ganoderma mushroom (chinese herb) polysaccharides have been reported to be inhance immune system of comman Carp. (Guogun et.al.,2008).

Plants extracts of Ginger (Zingiber officinle) & Turmeric (Curcuma longa) acts as immunostimulant in Cirrhinus mrigala exposed to Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria. (Sivagurunathan et.al.,2011)

• Turmeric (Curcuma longa) have cururmin, monodesmethoxy curcumin, bisdesmethoxy curcumin & Ginger (Zingiber officinle) contain gingerols & shogaols that stimulate immune system of C. mrigala.

curcumin

Experimental setup

FISH

CONTROL

BASIC DIET BASIC DIET +TERMERIC(T)

BASIC DIET +GINGER

EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

BASIC DIET BASIC DIET +TERMERIC(T)

BASIC DIET +GINGER

Not allow infection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa on fishes

Allow infection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa on fishes( 0.1 ml /fish intramuscularly, 1/10 dilution)

After 40

day

In both group TLC , Granulocytes& lymphocytes content was measure

Basic diet-Rice,wheat bran+dry fish meal+ ground nut oil

(Sivagurunathan et.al.,2011)

Observation tableParameter

Uninfected Infected

C T G C T G

TLC( 10^4)

% CHANGE

1.84 1.92 2.18 1.1

-39

2.11

+1

2.45

+12

LYMPHOCYTES(%)

% CHANGE

28 30 29 25

-1

31

+3

32

+1

NEUTROPHIL(%)

% CHANGE

58 61 63 55

-5

62

+2

63

0

EOSINOPHIL(%)

% CHANGE

5 2 3 6

+20

2

0

2

-33

BASOPHIL(%)

% CHANGE

3 3 2 6

+100

2

-33

1

-50

C= control dietT = Turmeric dietG =Ginger diet

% Change (+ = increase, - = Decrease)

(Sivagurunathan et.al.,2011)

Result – In infected fish fed with control diet the TLC, Lymphocytes & Neutrophils counts decreases whereas they increased in T & G diet

• Decrease in TLC, lymphocytes & Neutrophil will make the fish an easy target for infection.

• Turmeric & Ginger causes increase in TLC, Neutrophil & lymphocytes that removes pathogen from the fish body so thereby improve the general health.

(Sivagurunathan et.al.,2011)

Mechanism of action of Immunostimulants

• Exact molecular mechanism of herbal drugs on immune system are not well known in fish.

• But some polysaccharide & other chemical of plant extract activate the TLRs(Toll like receptors) that are found on the cell surface of the fish

Significance

Eco-friendly disease management tool.

Economically affordable.

Biodegradable.

Not causes any side effect on the physiology of animal if appropriately used.

Reduces the side effects of applying the synthetic compounds & the cost.

Conclusion

• Thus herbal biomedicine improve the immune system due to active compounds such as alkaloids, flavanoids, pigments, phenolics, essential oil etc.

• It target mainly innate immunity so respond to any type of pathogen.

• It can trigger adaptive responses downstream.

References

1. Anderson, D.P. (1997).Adjuvants and immunostimulants for enhancing vaccine potency in fish. Dev Biol Stand 90:257e65.

2. Auro, D.O., Jimenez M. (1993).Herbal medicines in the treatment of fish diseases in Mexico. Vet. Mex. 24, 291–295.

3. Bilen ,S., Bulut ,M.(2010). Effects of laurel (Laurus nobilis) on the non-specific immune response on rainbow trout (Oncorhycchus mykiss, Walbaum). J. Animal. Vet. Adv. 1275–1279.

4. Citarasu, T. (2010). Herbal biomedicines: a new opportunity for aquaculture industry.Aquacult int 18,403-414.

5. Hai,N.(2015). The use of medicinal plants as immunostimulants in aquaculture: A review. Aquaculture 446, 88-96.

References6. Harikrishnan ,P., Nisha,R.M., Balasundaram, C.(2013) . Hematological

and biochemical parameters in common carp, Cyprinus carpio, following herbal treatment forAeromonas hydrophila infection. Aquaculture 222, 41–50.

7. Harikrishnan, R. and Heo,M. (2010). Impact of plant products on innate and adaptive immune system of cultured finfish and shellfish.Aquaculture 317, 1-15.

8. Jian, J., Wu, Z. (2002). Effect of Chinese herbal medicine on non-specific immunity ofJian common carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian). J Dalian Fish Univ 17:114–9.

9. Kumar,S.,Gupta,P. and Sharma, S. (2011).A review on immunostimulatory plant. Fish and Shellfish immunology 19,457-472

10. Sivagurunathan, A., Meera, K. and Innocent, B.(2011).Investigation of immunostimulant potential of Zingiber officinale & Curcuma longa in Cirrhinus mrigala exposed to Pseudomonas aeruginosa.IJRAP 2(3),899-904.

THANK YOU