IMPACT OF HOT-POTATO ROUTING CHANGES IN IP NETWORKS

Authors Renata Teixeira , Aman Shaikh and Jennifer

Rexford(AT&T), Tim Griffin(Intel)

http://www-cse.ucsd.edu/~teixeira

Presenter : Farrukh Shahzad

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Internet Routing Architecture

UCSDSprint

AT&T Verio

AOL

interdomain routing (BGP)

intradomain routing (OSPF,IS-IS) Changes in one AS may impact traffic

and routing in other ASes

User

Web Server

End-to-end performance depends on all ASes

along the path

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Distance-vector &Link state routing

Distance vector routing It involves two factors: the distance or metric, of a

destination, and the vector, or direction to take to get there.

Routing information is only exchanged between directly connected neighbors.

A router knows from which neighbor a route was learned, but it does not know where that neighbor learned the route

A router can't see beyond its own neighbors. This aspect of distance vector routing is sometimes referred to as "routing by rumor."

Measures like split horizon and poison reverse are employed to avoid routing loops.

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Link-state routing In contrast, requires that all routers know about the

paths reachable by all other routers in the network. Link-state information is flooded throughout the link-

state domain (an area in OSPF ) to ensure all routers possess a synchronized copy of the area's link-state database.

From this common database, each router constructs its own relative shortest-path tree, with itself as the root, for all known routes.

BGP is DV routing protocol OSPF is LS Routing Protocol

Distance-vector &Link state routing

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A router combines the BGP and IGP information to construct a forwarding table.

BGP exchanges route advertisements with neighboring domains, and propagate reachability information within AS.

IGP protocol, such as OSPF, computes shortest paths based on configurable link weights.

The interaction between IGP and BGP Hot potato routing.

Interaction between IGP and BGP

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Hot-Potato Routing

San Francisco

Dallas

New York

Hot-potato routing = route to closest egress point when there is more than one route to destination

ISP network

9 10

dstmultiple connections to the same peer

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Hot-Potato Routing Change

San Francisco

Dallas

New York

ISP network

dst

9 10- failure- planned maintenance- traffic engineering

11

Routes to thousands of destinations switch

exit point!!!Consequences:Transient forwarding instabilityTraffic shift Inter-domain routing changes

11

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Approach In Paper

Understanding impact in real networks How often hot-potato changes happen? How many destinations do they affect? What are the convergence delays?

Main contributions Methodology for measuring hot-potato

changes Characterization on AT&T’s IP

backbone

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Challenges for Identifying Hot-Potato Changes

Cannot collect data from all routers OSPF: flooding gives complete view of topology BGP: multi-hop sessions to several vantage points

A single event may cause multiple messages Group related routing messages in time

Router implementation affects message timing(PDelay) Real Time & Controlled experiments of router in the

lab Many BGP updates caused by external events

Classify BGP routing changes by possible causes

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Measurement Methodology

Replay routing decisions from vantage point A and B to identify hot-potato changes

AT&T backbone

BGP monitor

BGP updates

OSPF MonitorOSPF

messages

AB

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Measurement Methodology

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Sections Details

Section III- A: presents the measurement infrastructure used to collect BGP updates and OSPF LSAs.

Section III-B : describe how to compute the distance vector from the OSPF LSAs in.

Section III-C : explains the classification of BGP routing changes in terms of the possible causes. This sets the stage for the discussion in next section.

Section III-D : How to associate BGP routing changes with related distance changes that occur close in time

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Measurement Infrastructure

iBGP session allows the monitor to see changes in the “egress point” of BGP routes.

The BGP monitor also dumps a snapshot of its routes four times a day to provide an initial view of the best route for each prefix for each vantage point, For later classify the type of BGP change as discussed in Section III-C

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Classifying BGP Rt Changes

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The large volume of BGP updates shows exploration of multiple alternate routes when a router switches from one best path to another .

IGP distance changes cause a router inside the AS to switch from one stable route to another with a different egress point.

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BGP Reaction Time to Distance Changes

(i) Rerun the IGP shortest-path computation(ii) Apply the BGP decision process to select the best route(iii) Send update messages to BGP neighbors for the routes that have changed.

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Transfer Delay for Multiple Prefixes

1-The LSA is flooded throughout the network and each routercomputes new distances. For example, A and B compute new distances of 21 and 11, respectively.

2- After their scan timers elapse, and rerun the BGP decisionprocess. If runs first, selects the egress point with a distance of 20, since this is smaller than 21. Sometime afterwards, A selects egress point C.

3- B sends the new route (with egress point E ) to A, A and selects egress point with a distance of 19.

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Temporal and Spatial Variability(distance changes effect)

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Hot-Potato Variation Across Prefixes

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IMPLICATIONS OF HOT POTATOES

Performance Degradation Routing and Traffic Shifts Slow Forwarding-Plane Convergence

Measurement Inaccuracies Active Probes of the Forwarding Plane External Analysis of BGP Updates

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Conclusion

Hot-potato routing plays an important role in BGP routing changes, and that BGP updates

can lag 60 seconds (or more!) behind the related IGP events

The frequency and impact of hot-potato routing depends on the topology and configuration of the network under study

routing is usually a major contributor to large traffic variations. In particular, hot-potato routing changes are responsible for the largest shifts in the traffic matrix

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…conclusion

Setting IGP link weights without accounting for possible changes in the egress points can lead to routing configurations that cause unnecessary congestion.

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Thanks