immunosenescence:*the* sleeper*of*immunology*€¦ · adaptive*immunity* 1....

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IMMUNOSENESCENCE: The Sleeper of Immunology E/Prof Robert Clancy AM FRS(N)

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Page 1: IMMUNOSENESCENCE:*The* Sleeper*of*Immunology*€¦ · ADAPTIVE*IMMUNITY* 1. Maintenance*of*“self”*integrity* 2. EvoluUonary*event –*geneUc*control* 3. Clonal*proliferaon*&*Somac*

IMMUNOSENESCENCE:  The  Sleeper  of  Immunology  

E/Prof  Robert  Clancy  AM  FRS(N)  

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TAKE  THIS  HOME  •  IMMUNE  SENESCENCE  IS  MAINSTREAM  IMMUNOLOGY  

•  OVERARCHING  INFLUENCE  ON  BIOLOGY  AND  PATHOBIOLOGY  

•  PROGRAMMED  IMMUNE  SENESCENCE,  WITH  ENVIRONMENTAL  INFLUENCE  

•  IMMUNISATION  –  LIFELONG  INTERVENTION  STRATEGY    

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ADAPTIVE  IMMUNITY  

1.  Maintenance  of  “self”  integrity  2.  EvoluUonary  event  –  geneUc  control  3.  Clonal  proliferaUon  &  SomaUc  

HypermutaUon  :  Fundamental  4.  Cell  proliferaUon:  Central  &  Peripheral  5.  Tight  connecUon  with  innate  immunity  

(protecUve  inflammaUon)    

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IMMUNOSENESCENCE  

•  Nothing  special  –  common  to  all  species.  “Life  span  related”  

•  GeneUc  influenced  reversal  of  evoluUonary  process  

•  Mechanisms  :replicaUve  senescence  (geneUc  –  telomere  shortening)  

                                                       :accumulated  damage  (environmental)  

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HOW  DOES  THE  IMMUNE  SYSTEM  IN  MAN  AGE?  

(AGING  IS  FAILED  TISSUE  HOMEOSTASIS)    

Bone  Marrow  –    Stem  cell  compart-­‐ment  

Myeloid  series  

Lymphoid  series  

Peripheral  pre-­‐

immune  pool  

AnUgen  Experienced  

pool  

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NET  OUTCOME  

•  Reduced  response  to  anUgen  sUmulaUon  •  Restricted  memory  development  •  InflammaUon  switches  from  protecUon  to  damage  

•  Impaired  immunity  (infecUon;  T  cell  containment)  

•  Failed  “self  discriminaUon”  

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PATHOBIOLOGY  IN  MAN  

•  Profound  bilateral  relaUonship  with  chronic  disease  

•  Poor  immunisaUon  outcomes  in  over  65’s  •  “Immune  Risk  Phenotype  Disease”  with  short  telomeres  

•  Accelerated  aging:  reduced  T  cell  pool  (eg  cytotoxic  drugs,  CVID,  HIV,  CMV  etc)  

                                                                       :chronic  inflammaUon                                  

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MORE  ON  MECHANISMS  •  Telomerase:  100  thousand  base  pair  loss  per  division.  With  age/sex  tel  length  1/3  death  risk  

•  DNA:  (1)MutaUons  :  balance  damage/repair                                    OxidaUve  Stress  (alcohol,  smoking,                                        inflammaUon)                                (2)EpigeneUc  regulaUon  (+/-­‐  by  chemical  tags  .  Gene  silencing.  ESP  methylaUon  of  high  CpG  regions  eg  Promoter  genes).  Also  glycaUon.                        2/3  of  death  risk  in  aged                          

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CMV(1)  

•  40-­‐100%  :co-­‐evoluUon  

•  Latent  infecUon  (in  HSC/myeloid  cells)  

•  Restricts  MHC  expression  

•  Contained  by  CD8  “memory  inflaUon”  

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CMV(2)  

•  Latent  CMV  re-­‐shapes  immune  system  

•  CMV  memory  CD8  T  cells  50%  of  pool  

•  Acquires  changes  of  senescence  (restricted  diversity,  CD28-­‐ve,  impaired  response,  Th1>Th2  :  flu  vaccine  response  inversely  proporUonal  to  CMV  CD4  T  cell  response  

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CMV(3)  

•  Immune  risk  profile  (Wikdy  2005)  :  CMV  +ve,  CD4/CD8  <1,        CD8+  CD28-­‐  memory  cells,      

                 naïve  CD4  •  Especially  in  immune  compromised  

•  Interplay  with  epigeneUcs  

•  Repeat  anUgen  >  inflammaUon  :  viscious  circle    

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CHRONIC  OBSTRUCTIVE  PULMONARY  DISEASE  (a  trap  for  the  young  and  not  

so  young)  

•  Third  commonest  cause  of  death  (50  billion  $)  •  90%  smoking  related  •  Acute  exacerbaUons  determine  immediate  and  late  outcomes  

           **a  2  phase  disease  (toxin/bacteria)  •  Trans-­‐AtlanUc  confusion  (chronic  bronchiUs/COPD)    

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PATHOGENESIS  OF  SECOND  PHASE  DAMAGE  

•  Toxin  >  damage  to  airways  >  abnormal  microbiome  (dominant  NTHi)  >  aspirate  into  gut  – Peyer’s  patches  >  Th17  cells  “home”  to  bronchus  mucosa  >  acUvate  phagocyUc  pool.  

•  THEN  :  (i)controlled  inflammaUon,  or  (II)hypersensiUvity  response  

                 CLINICALLY  :  “increased  volume/purulence  of  sputum”  

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STRATEGY  TO  CONTROL  COLONISATION  

•  Enhance  “loop”  of  airways  protecUon  by  oral  inacUvated  NTHi  :  ie  specific  acUvaUon  of  Th17  cells,  but  non-­‐specific  effector  cells  (phagocytes)  

             BUFFERS  AGAINST  INTERCURRENT  VIRUS  INFECTION  

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ORAL  IMMUNISATION  IN  CHRONIC  BRONCHITIS  

Number   Age   FEV1                %      ColonisaUon  

           %  ProtecUon  

P  value  

Newcastle  1985  

50   65   1.0   69   90   0.001  

Perth  1991  

64   72   0.9   29   33   0.024  

PNG  1991   62   53   1.4   80   48   0.045  

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MULTI-­‐SITE  (22)  STUDY  in  COPD(2016)  

NUMBER   AGE   FEV1   %COLONISATION  

%PROTECTION  

P  VALUE  

ALL  SUBJECTS  

320   71   0.98   5.5   0  

<65  YEARS   91   59   1.00   6.0   54   0.001  

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COPD  STUDY  (2010)  

•  Similar  structure  to  2016  study  •  ColonisaUon  NTHi    30%  •  ProtecUon  in  all-­‐age  group  (141)  44%  (P  0.005)  •  ProtecUon  in  >65  group  (67)              40%  (P  0.02)  

       ie  similar  colonisaUon  level  and  protecUon  to  those  selected  as  “chronic  bronchiUs”  

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CONCLUSION  RE  MUCOSAL  VACCINE  IN  COPD  

1.  Mucosal  vaccine  subject  to  immune  senescence  

2.  Senescence  becomes  criUcal  when  protecUon  otherwise  marginal  

3.  Men  subject  more  to  immune  senescence  than  women  

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CONCLUSION  (1)  

•  WHAT  CAN  BE  DONE  ?                                -­‐biochemistry  defining  targets                                -­‐telomere  protecUon  (boost  telomerase)                                vaccines  (dose,  adjuvants,  anUgen  handling,  schedules  etc)                                  -­‐idenUfy  and  minimise  accellerants  

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CONCLUSION(2)    

     We  need  new  ideas  on  (1)  infecUon/anUbioUc  resistance,  immunisaUon  strategies,  chronic  disease,  within  the  context  of  aged  biology,  &                                                                                              (2)strategies  to  anUcipate  outcomes  of  immunosenescence  on  a  global  basis  (as  80%  of  the  elderly  live  in  developing  countries)