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Immunizations: A Focus on the Older Adult Margaret Williamson, PharmD, BPCS Assistant Clinical Professor of Pharmacy Practice Auburn University Harrison School of Pharmacy

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Page 1: Immunizations: A Focus the Older Adult · 2018-04-01 · •CDC Vaccine Schedules App –FREE! in the Apple App Store or Google Play •Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine ‐Preventable

Immunizations: A Focus on the Older Adult

Margaret Williamson, PharmD, BPCSAssistant Clinical Professor of Pharmacy PracticeAuburn University Harrison School of Pharmacy

Page 2: Immunizations: A Focus the Older Adult · 2018-04-01 · •CDC Vaccine Schedules App –FREE! in the Apple App Store or Google Play •Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine ‐Preventable

Disclosure Statement

• Neither I nor my spouse have relationships with pharmaceutical companies, biomedical device manufacturers, or other commercial companies whose products or services are related to the subject matter of the conference topics that could be perceived as a conflict of interest.

Page 3: Immunizations: A Focus the Older Adult · 2018-04-01 · •CDC Vaccine Schedules App –FREE! in the Apple App Store or Google Play •Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine ‐Preventable

Learning Objectives• Understand the challenges associated with the 

immune system of an older adult and why vaccination is necessary.

• Review the adult immunization schedule from the Centers for Disease Control to determine which vaccines may be recommended for an older adult.

• Distinguish important screening and counseling points among recommended vaccines.

• Discuss the latest recommendations from the CDC regarding pneumococcal vaccination.

Page 4: Immunizations: A Focus the Older Adult · 2018-04-01 · •CDC Vaccine Schedules App –FREE! in the Apple App Store or Google Play •Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine ‐Preventable

Resources for Today’s Presentation

• CDC Adult Immunization Schedule (effective February 1st)– Copies provided to you

• CDC Vaccine Schedules App– FREE! in the Apple App Store or Google Play

• Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine‐Preventable Diseases (Pink Book)– 13th Ed. Published Jan 2015, full text PDF online

Page 5: Immunizations: A Focus the Older Adult · 2018-04-01 · •CDC Vaccine Schedules App –FREE! in the Apple App Store or Google Play •Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine ‐Preventable
Page 6: Immunizations: A Focus the Older Adult · 2018-04-01 · •CDC Vaccine Schedules App –FREE! in the Apple App Store or Google Play •Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine ‐Preventable

Healthy People 2020

• Vaccination rates among adults >65 years of age– Influenza: 66.6% (Goal of 90%)– Pneumococcal: 60% (Goal 90%)– Zoster: 24.2% (Goal 30%)

Healthy People 2020: healthpeople.gov

Page 7: Immunizations: A Focus the Older Adult · 2018-04-01 · •CDC Vaccine Schedules App –FREE! in the Apple App Store or Google Play •Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine ‐Preventable

Why Immunizations in Older Adult

• Increased morbidity and mortality associated with infections

• Concomitant medical conditions that increase risk for complications

• Increased susceptibility to infection due to waning immunity 

• Can become reservoirs of certain diseases for infants

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Barriers to Vaccinations in the Older Adult

• Missed opportunities to provide multiple vaccinations in one day

• Contraindications versus precautions• Health literacy issues regarding vaccine adverse reactions

• Perceived cost issues

Page 9: Immunizations: A Focus the Older Adult · 2018-04-01 · •CDC Vaccine Schedules App –FREE! in the Apple App Store or Google Play •Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine ‐Preventable

Multiple Vaccines in One Day?

• Data show this does not cause any adverse effects

• Consider how many pathogens are on the surfaces you touch every day– The immune system is designed to handle it!

• Delaying vaccines increases:– Risks of infection and outbreaks– Number of appointments/health care system burden

– Likelihood that the vaccine schedule will not be completed

APhA Pharmacy-Based Immunization Delivery. Certificate Training Program, 13th edition. Live Training Seminar.

Page 10: Immunizations: A Focus the Older Adult · 2018-04-01 · •CDC Vaccine Schedules App –FREE! in the Apple App Store or Google Play •Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine ‐Preventable

False Contraindications

• Minor illness (mild fever, upper respiratory infection, mild diarrhea)– Vaccine should not be given if the patient is ill enough to refer to physician or hospital

• Allergies to products not in the vaccine (e.g., penicillin, bird feathers)

• Allergies that are not immediate and life‐threatening (e.g., other than anaphylaxis or laryngeal edema)

• Pregnancy in the household (even varicella)

Page 11: Immunizations: A Focus the Older Adult · 2018-04-01 · •CDC Vaccine Schedules App –FREE! in the Apple App Store or Google Play •Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine ‐Preventable

INFLUENZA

Page 12: Immunizations: A Focus the Older Adult · 2018-04-01 · •CDC Vaccine Schedules App –FREE! in the Apple App Store or Google Play •Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine ‐Preventable

Influenza Virus

A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)

NeuraminidaseHemagglutinin

Virustype

Geographicorigin

Strainnumber

Year of isolation

Virus subtype

CDC. Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine Preventable Diseases. 13th ed., 2015

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Influenza Virus Strains

• Type A‐moderate to severe illness all age groups – humans and other animals 

• Type B‐milder disease primarily affects children – humans only – more stable than influenza A, with less antigenic drift and consequent immunologic stability 

• Type C‐rarely reported in humans no epidemics 

CDC. Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine Preventable Diseases. 13th ed., 2015

Page 14: Immunizations: A Focus the Older Adult · 2018-04-01 · •CDC Vaccine Schedules App –FREE! in the Apple App Store or Google Play •Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine ‐Preventable

Influenza Disease• Onset

– 2 days (1–4) after exposure– Contagious 1 day before symptomatic and 5–7 

days after onset• Symptoms

– Cough (can be severe), fatigue, weakness, headache, myalgias

– Sudden onset of fever– Different presentation than common cold

• Complications– Pneumonia, exacerbation of pulmonary and 

cardiac conditions– Hospitalizations and deaths

MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2015;64(RR30):818-25.

Page 15: Immunizations: A Focus the Older Adult · 2018-04-01 · •CDC Vaccine Schedules App –FREE! in the Apple App Store or Google Play •Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine ‐Preventable

Influenza in the Older Adult

• At significantly increased risk for complications due underlying medical conditions, secondary infections (pneumonias), and hospitalizations

• Persons >65 years account for 90% of all flu‐related deaths

• Vaccination is 50‐60% effective in preventing hospitalization among elderly persons and 80% effective in preventing death among elderly persons 

CDC. Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine Preventable Diseases. 13th ed., 2015

Page 16: Immunizations: A Focus the Older Adult · 2018-04-01 · •CDC Vaccine Schedules App –FREE! in the Apple App Store or Google Play •Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine ‐Preventable

Abbreviations for Influenza Vaccines

• Inactivated influenza vaccine = IIV• Trivalent influenza vaccine (TIV) = IIV3

• Quadrivalent (QIV) = IIV4 Recombinant HA vaccine (Flublok) = RIV/RIV3

• Cell cultured (Flucelvax) = ccIIV3

Page 17: Immunizations: A Focus the Older Adult · 2018-04-01 · •CDC Vaccine Schedules App –FREE! in the Apple App Store or Google Play •Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine ‐Preventable

2015–16 Influenza Vaccine 

• Vaccine Composition – A/California/7/2009 (H1N1) pfm09‐like – A/Switzerland9715293/2013(H3N2)‐like (New)

– B/Phuket/3073/2013‐like (Yamagata) (New)

– B/Brisbane/60/2008‐like (Victoria) for quadrivalent

17

Page 18: Immunizations: A Focus the Older Adult · 2018-04-01 · •CDC Vaccine Schedules App –FREE! in the Apple App Store or Google Play •Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine ‐Preventable

Quadrivalent vs. Trivalent

• Recommendation to simply be vaccinated‐‐ ACIP does not recommend one over another

• Likely that all seasonal vaccines will transition to quad in the coming years

• Supply has to catch up with demand

Page 19: Immunizations: A Focus the Older Adult · 2018-04-01 · •CDC Vaccine Schedules App –FREE! in the Apple App Store or Google Play •Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine ‐Preventable

Fluzone High Dose

• Approved in 2009 as a new formulation of inactivated influenza

• Approved for adults 65 years of age or older

• Each dose contains 4 times as much hemagglutinin as the regular formulation of Fluzone for adults

• ACIP has not expressed a preference for the high dose Fluzone formulation or any other inactivated vaccine for use in persons 65 years and older

Page 20: Immunizations: A Focus the Older Adult · 2018-04-01 · •CDC Vaccine Schedules App –FREE! in the Apple App Store or Google Play •Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine ‐Preventable

Influenza Contraindications and Precautions

• Patients >49 should not receive LAIV• Contraindications IIV/RIV:

– Severe allergic reaction (e.g., anaphylaxis) after a previous dose of RIV or to a vaccine component. RIV does not contain any egg protein.

• Precautions IIV/RIV:– Moderate or severe acute illness with or without 

fever– History of GBS within 6 weeks of previous 

influenza vaccination– Persons who experience only hives with exposure 

to eggs may receive RIV or, with additional safety precautions, IIV.

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21

Influenza Vaccination of Persons Who Report Allergy 

to Eggs

MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2015;64(RR30):818-25.

Page 22: Immunizations: A Focus the Older Adult · 2018-04-01 · •CDC Vaccine Schedules App –FREE! in the Apple App Store or Google Play •Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine ‐Preventable

2015‐2016 Flu Season

• Started out slow… but picking up• Reports of local outbreaks in AL

Page 23: Immunizations: A Focus the Older Adult · 2018-04-01 · •CDC Vaccine Schedules App –FREE! in the Apple App Store or Google Play •Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine ‐Preventable

ZOSTER

Images taken from: zostavax.com

Page 24: Immunizations: A Focus the Older Adult · 2018-04-01 · •CDC Vaccine Schedules App –FREE! in the Apple App Store or Google Play •Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine ‐Preventable

Herpes Zoster Virus• Lies latent in cells of dorsal root ganglia• Reactivates and travels along neuronal cell 

axons– Often associated with advancing age or a 

weakened immune system (including immunosuppression)

• Appears as localized rash in dermatomes• Complications

– Postherpetic neuralgia (PHN)– Scarring– Bacterial infection– Ocular involvement

24

Page 25: Immunizations: A Focus the Older Adult · 2018-04-01 · •CDC Vaccine Schedules App –FREE! in the Apple App Store or Google Play •Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine ‐Preventable

Zoster Vaccination in the Older Adult

• Lifetime risk of zoster is about 1 in 3• Increasing age and cellular immunosuppression are the most important risk factors

• 50% of persons living to age 85 years develop zoster

Page 26: Immunizations: A Focus the Older Adult · 2018-04-01 · •CDC Vaccine Schedules App –FREE! in the Apple App Store or Google Play •Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine ‐Preventable

Zoster Vaccine

• Zostavax (Merck)– Live attenuated virus vaccine– Higher strength than varicella vaccine– Dose and route

• 0.65 mL (entire contents of vial) SC

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Page 27: Immunizations: A Focus the Older Adult · 2018-04-01 · •CDC Vaccine Schedules App –FREE! in the Apple App Store or Google Play •Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine ‐Preventable

Zostavax Efficacy

• ~50% effective… less effective with advancing age

• In those that develop shingles, vaccine reduced the incidence of PHN by 39%

• Most of the effectiveness in prevention of PHN is due to preventing zoster

• Individuals who have had shingles can still receive the vaccine to prevent future occurrences of the disease, but the vaccine does NOT treat active disease or PHN

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Zostavax Vaccination in Persons >50 versus >60

• ACIP target group for vaccination– Adults at least 60 years old

• FDA approved for prevention (not treatment) in: – Adults at least 50 years old

• Note:  ACIP recommendations still apply to adults 60 years and older 

• Vaccine efficacy wanes within the first 5 years after vaccination

• Studies are ongoing to assess the duration of protection from one dose of zoster vaccine and the need, if any, for booster doses

Page 29: Immunizations: A Focus the Older Adult · 2018-04-01 · •CDC Vaccine Schedules App –FREE! in the Apple App Store or Google Play •Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine ‐Preventable

POP QUIZ

A 66 year old female comes into your pharmacy asking what vaccines she may need. After interview you identify that she is a candidate for herpes zoster and PPSV23. Do you:A. Give both todayB. Wait and space the two vaccines 

apart

Page 30: Immunizations: A Focus the Older Adult · 2018-04-01 · •CDC Vaccine Schedules App –FREE! in the Apple App Store or Google Play •Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine ‐Preventable

Zoster Contraindications and Precautions

• Contraindications:– Severe allergic reaction (e.g., anaphylaxis) to a 

vaccine component– Known severe cellular immunodeficiency (e.g., from 

hematologic and solid tumors, receipt of chemotherapy, or long‐term immunosuppressive therapy or patients with HIV infection who are severely immunocompromised)

• Precautions– Moderate or severe acute illness with or without 

fever– Receipt of specific antivirals (i.e., acyclovir, 

famciclovir, or valacyclovir) 24 hours before vaccination; avoid use of these antiviral drugs for 14 days after vaccination

Immunization Action Coalition. Available from: www.immunize.org/catg.d/p3072a.pdf 

Page 31: Immunizations: A Focus the Older Adult · 2018-04-01 · •CDC Vaccine Schedules App –FREE! in the Apple App Store or Google Play •Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine ‐Preventable

Immunosuppression Recommendations

• New IDSA classification of immunosuppression• Low‐level immunosuppression

– Low dose corticosteroid – Alternate dose corticosteroid therapy – Methotrexate dose of 0.4 mg/kg/week or less– Azothiaprine dose of 3 mg/kg/day or less– 6‐MP dose of 1.5 mg/kg/day or less

• High‐level immunosuppression– Cancer chemotherapy – Prednisone dose of 2 mg/kg/day or less or 20 

mg/day for 14 days or more– Immune modulators such as TNF‐alpha inhibitors 

or anti‐B cell agents (rituximab)

31ACIP. MMWR. 2011:62:1-66.Rubin LG. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;58:e44-e100.

Page 32: Immunizations: A Focus the Older Adult · 2018-04-01 · •CDC Vaccine Schedules App –FREE! in the Apple App Store or Google Play •Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine ‐Preventable

POP QUIZ! 

Can patients who receive the herpes zoster vaccine transmit the varicella zoster virus (chickenpox) to susceptible persons?

• In theory, yes, but transmission of the varicella zoster virus from a vaccinated patient to a susceptible person has not yet been documented 

• If patient develops rash, should be covered and susceptible persons should avoid contact with the lesions

Page 33: Immunizations: A Focus the Older Adult · 2018-04-01 · •CDC Vaccine Schedules App –FREE! in the Apple App Store or Google Play •Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine ‐Preventable

TETANUS, DIPHTHERIA, PERTUSSIS 

Page 34: Immunizations: A Focus the Older Adult · 2018-04-01 · •CDC Vaccine Schedules App –FREE! in the Apple App Store or Google Play •Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine ‐Preventable

Vaccine‐Preventable Diseases in the 21st Century

34

DiseaseMax.Cases Year

Cases2011

Cases2012

Cases 2013

Case 2014 

Diphtheria 206,939 1921 0 1 0 1

Hib ~20,000 1980’s 14 30 18 27

Measles 894,134 1941 220 55 184 628

Mumps 152,209 1968 404 229 438 1151

Pertussis 265,209 1934 18,719 48,277 24,231 28,660

ParalyticPoliomyelitis

21,269 1952 0 0 0 0

Tetanus 601 1948 36 37 19 21Varicella 221,983 1984 14,513 13,447 9,987 9058

APhA Pharmacy-Based Immunization Delivery. Certificate Training Program, 13th edition. Live Training Seminar.

Page 35: Immunizations: A Focus the Older Adult · 2018-04-01 · •CDC Vaccine Schedules App –FREE! in the Apple App Store or Google Play •Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine ‐Preventable

Pertussis (Whooping Cough)• Caused by Bordetella pertussis

– Very contagious

• Symptoms– Paroxysmal cough– Whooping caused by inspiration against a closed glottis

• Clinical Course– Incubation 9‐10 days (range 6‐20)– Catarrhal Stage 1‐2 weeks– Paroxysmal Stage 1‐6 weeks– Convalescent Stage 2‐3 weeks (range weeks to months)

35

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Pertussis (Whooping Cough)

• Complications– Infants and children

• Pneumonia, seizures, encephalopathy, hypoxia, hospitalizations, death

– Teens and adults• Persistent cough, weight loss, passing out, rib fractures

• Disease is more severe among younger children– Among those <1 year of age, 50% hospitalized and 1.6% die

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Page 37: Immunizations: A Focus the Older Adult · 2018-04-01 · •CDC Vaccine Schedules App –FREE! in the Apple App Store or Google Play •Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine ‐Preventable

Tdap in the Older Adult

• Adults are often reservoirs for pertussis and may not even know they have the disease

• Children are most at risk prior to 6 months (prior to routine vaccination)– Among those <1 year of age, 50% hospitalized and 1.6% die

• Should ideally be vaccinated 2 weeks prior to interacting with grandchildren

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Differences Between DTaP and Tdap

• Dose– Tdap has lower diphtheria and acellular pertussis 

dose to avoid local reactions in adults• FDA‐approved age indications

– DTaP younger than 7 years– Tdap

• Boostrix (GSK) 10 years or more• Adacel (Sanofi Pasteur) 11 to 64 years

• ACIP Recommendations for individuals 65 years and older – When feasible, use Boostrix– Use Adacel to not miss an opportunity if Boostrix 

not available 

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Timing of Tdap

If is no record of a Tdap dose, give a single dose of Tdap followed by one dose of Td every 10 years

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Contraindications and Precautions

• Contraindications – Severe allergic reaction (e.g., anaphylaxis) after a previous dose or to a vaccine component

– For pertussis‐containing vaccines: encephalopathy (e.g., coma, decreased level of consciousness, prolonged seizures) not attributable to another identifiable cause within 7 days of administration of a previous dose 

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Contraindications and Precautions

• Precautions:– Moderate or severe acute illness with or without 

fever– Guillain‐Barré syndrome (GBS) within 6 weeks 

after a previous dose of tetanus toxoid‐containing vaccine

– History of Arthus‐type hypersensitivity reactions after a previous dose of tetanus or diphtheria toxoid‐containing vaccine; defer vaccination until at least 10 years have elapsed since the last tetanus‐toxoid containing vaccine

– For pertussis‐containing vaccines: progressive or unstable neurologic disorder (including infantile spasms for DTaP), uncontrolled seizures, or progressive encephalopathy until a treatment 

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POP QUIZ!!!

• What is the recommended interval between a dose of Tdap and the last Td booster? 

42

Tdap can be administered regardless of the interval since the last tetanus and diphtheria toxoid‒containing vaccine

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PNEUMOCOCCAL

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Pneumococcal Disease• Streptococcus pneumoniae

– Gram‐positive coccobacillus with a polysaccharide cellular capsule

– Colonizes upper respiratory tract as part of normal flora

• Infection result of autoinoculation• A leading cause of vaccine‐preventable illness and death in U.S.

• Frequent cause of secondary bacterial pneumonia following influenza 

• Threat exists year‐round, not just in winter• Antibiotic resistance is common

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Pneumococcal Disease• More than 90 serotypes based upon 

polysaccharide capsules• Disseminated disease

– Bacteremia– Meningitis– Arthritis– Peritonitis

• Lower respiratory tract– Pneumonia

• Upper respiratory tract– Sinusitis– Otitis media 

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Vaccine Licensure

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• 1977: 14‐valent Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine (PPSV14)

• 1983: 23‐valent Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine (PPSV23)

• 2000: 7‐valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine (PCV7)

• 2010: 13‐valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine (PCV13)

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PPSV23

• Pneumovax 23 (Merck)– Recommend single dose for

• All people 65 years and older• People 19–64 years old who smoke cigarettes • People 19–64 years old who have asthma• People at least 2 years old with chronic illness

– Contains 11 serotypes not found in PCV13– More efficacious against bacteremia than pneumonia

– Not adequately effective in children younger than 2 years

– Dose and route: 0.5 mL IM (or SC)

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Additional Doses of PPSV23

• Recommend a total of 2 doses 5 years apart for patients younger than 65 years with:– Immunosuppression– Asplenia (includes sickle cell disease)

• Recommend 1 dose of PPSV23 for patients younger than 65 years with:– Cochlear implants– CSF leaks 

• Recommend one dose of PPSV23 for patients 65 years and older who received 1 or 2 doses at least 5 years ago and when younger than 65 years

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PCV13• Prevnar 13 (Pfizer)

– 1 serotype not in PPSV23 (6A)• Routinely given to children ages 6 weeks 

through 5 years• FDA approved for adults aged 50 years and 

older • ACIP recommended in all adult 65 years and 

older and in patients with  – Cochlear implants– CSF leaks – Immunosuppression– Asplenia (includes sickle cell disease)

• Dose and route: 0.5 mL IM

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Pneumococcal Vaccination for Adults over 65 years

• If vaccine‐naïve– Give PCV13 followed by PPSV23 12 months later

• If vaccinated with PPSV23 at age 65 years or older– Give PCV13 at least 12 months after the PPSV23

• PCV13 recommendation to be re‐evaluated by ACIP in 2018– Herd immunity may make vaccine unnecessary

• No additional PCV13 is needed if a dose was given before age of 65

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Pneumococcal Vaccine Decision Tree for Adults >65 Years Old Who Did Not Receive PCV13

If PCV13 was given before age 65 years, no additional PCV13 is needed. 

ACIP. MMWR. 2014;63:822-5.

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Contraindications and Precautions

• Contraindications:– Severe allergic reaction (e.g., anaphylaxis) after a previous dose or to a vaccine component (including, for PCV13, to any diphtheria toxoid‐containing vaccine)

• Precautions:– Moderate or severe acute illness with or without fever

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Patient Case #1

SF is a 67 year old African American Female with no significant PMH. She comes in today asking about the pneumococcal vaccine. She has not been previously vaccinated with any pneumococcal vaccines in the past. All other vaccines are up to date. What is your recommendation?

Prevnar 13 today, Pneumovax 23 in 1 year

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Patient Case #2

JJ is a 69 year old Caucasian male with PMH significant for HTN and CAD. He comes in today asking about the pneumococcal vaccine. He received Pneumovax 23 a month ago at his doctor’s office and wants to know when he should get his next shot. All other vaccines are up to date. What is your recommendation?Prevnar 13 1 year from Pneumovax vaccination

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Patient Case #3

SP is a 66 year old Hispanic male with PMH significant for HTN and COPD. He comes in today asking about the pneumococcal vaccine. He received Pneumovax 23 six years ago (when he was 60) with his diagnosis of COPD. All other vaccines are up to date. What is your recommendation?

Prevnar 13 today, Pneumovax 23 in 1 year

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Wrap‐Up

• Waning immunity makes immunization in the older adult both necessary and complicating

• Each patient encounter is an opportunity to recommend necessary vaccines‐ don’t miss your chance!

• Immunization provides both protection to the older adult and the ones they love

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Questions???

Margaret Williamson, PharmD, BCPSAssistant Clinical Professor of Pharmacy PracticeClinical Coordinator of Introductory Pharmacy 

Practice ExperiencesAuburn University Harrison School of Pharmacy

[email protected]‐844‐7164