immunity and infection chapter 17. © 2008 mcgraw-hill companies. all rights reserved. 2 chapter...
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Immunity and InfectionImmunity and Infection
Chapter 17
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. 2Chapter seventeen
The Chain of InfectionThe Chain of Infection Links in the Chain
Transmitted through a chain (six links) Pathogen - disease causing microorganism Reservoir - natural environment of the pathogen: Person, animal or
environmental component Portal of Exit Means of transmission
Direct transmission Indirect transmission
Portal of entry Penetration of the skin Inhalation Ingestion
New host Breaking the Chain
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. 3Chapter seventeen
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. 4Chapter seventeen
Body’s Defense SystemBody’s Defense System Physical and Chemical barriers
Skin, mucous membranes, respiratory tract The Immune System
Immunological Defenders Neutrophils Macrophages Natural killer cells Dendritic cells Lymphocytes
T-cells Helper, Killer, and Suppressor
B-cells Antibodies
Memory T and B cells
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. 5Chapter seventeen
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. 6Chapter seventeen
The Inflammatory ResponseThe Inflammatory Response Histamine.
Dilation of blood vessels, heat, redness, and swelling.
The immune response Phase 1 – Dendritic cells are drawn to the site Phase 2 – Helper T cells multiply
Production of Killer T and B cells Cytokines – chemical messengers
Phase 3 – Killer T cells strike Cell-mediated immune Anti-body mediated immune response
Phase 4 – Last Phase – Suppressor T-cells Slow down activity
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. 7Chapter seventeen
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. 8Chapter seventeen
ImmunityImmunity
An infected person will never get the same illness again.
Lymphocytes create amplification of the immune response are reserved by memory T and B cells
Symptoms and contagion Incubation – viruses are multiplying in the body or
when bacteria are actively multiplying Will not feel symptoms until the second or third phase of the
immune response cycle Prodromal period – the infected host has acquired
immunity
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. 9Chapter seventeen
ImmunizationImmunization The process of ‘priming’ the body to remember an
encounter with a specific antigen. Types of vaccines
VACCINE- Introduction of a killed or weakened pathogen to stimulate the body to produce antibodies.
(active immunity). PASSIVE IMMUNITY- Injection of antibodies
produced by other human beings or animals. ACQUIRED IMMUNITY-The ability of a memory
lymphocytes to remember a previous infection. (chicken pox).
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. 10Chapter seventeen
Immunization IssuesImmunization Issues
Vaccine shortages in the U.S. Deaths from vaccine-preventable disease
worldwide Vaccine safety
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. 11Chapter seventeen
Allergy: The Body’s Defense Allergy: The Body’s Defense System Gone HaywireSystem Gone Haywire The Body’s Defense System Gone
HaywireAllergiesAllergens
Pollen, Dander, Dust mites, Molds, Food, InsectsThe Allergic response
Immunoglobulin (IgE) Anaphylaxis
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. 12Chapter seventeen
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. 13Chapter seventeen
Dealing With AllergiesDealing With Allergies Avoidance Medication Immunotherapy
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. 14Chapter seventeen
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. 15Chapter seventeen
The Troublemakers: The Troublemakers: Pathogens and DiseasePathogens and Disease
Bacterium – Microscopic single celled organism Pneumonia Meningitis Strep Throat and other streptococcal infections Toxic shock and other staphylococcal Tuberculosis Lyme Disease and other tickborne infections Ulcers Other Bacterial infections
Tetanus Pertussis Urinary tract infections
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. 16Chapter seventeen
Antibiotic TreatmentAntibiotic Treatment
Actions of Antibiotics Antibiotic resistance Proper antibiotics usage
Don’t take an antibiotic every time you are sick
Use antibiotics as directedNever take an antibiotic without an
prescription
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. 17Chapter seventeen
Type of PathogensType of Pathogens Viruses – (parasites – take what they need)
Common Cold Influenza Measles, Mumps and Rubella Chickenpox, Cold Sores, and other herpes-virus infections
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) types 1 and 2 Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)
Viral encephalitis Viral Hepatitis Poliomyelitis Rabies Warts
Treatment
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. 18Chapter seventeen
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. 19Chapter seventeen
Types of PathogensTypes of Pathogens Fungi –
Primitive plant – Yeast infections, athletes foot, and ringworm Candida albicans
Protozoan – Microscopic single-celled animal – Malaria, African sleeping sickness,
Giardiasis, Tricomonias, Trypanosomiasis, and Amoebic dysentary. Parasitic worm –
Largest organism that can enter the body – Tapeworm, Hookworm, and Pinworm.
Prions - Fetal degeneration disorders of the CNS, linked to “proteinaceous
infectious particles. Lack DNA and RNA
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. 20Chapter seventeen
Emerging Infectious DiseasesEmerging Infectious Diseases Selected Infections of concern
West Nile virus Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) Rotavirus Escherichia coli Hantavirus Ebola
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. 21Chapter seventeen
Factors Contributing to Emerging Factors Contributing to Emerging InfectionsInfections Drug Resistance Poverty Breakdown of public health measures Environmental changes Travel and Commerce Mass food production and distribution Human behaviors Bioterrorism
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. 22Chapter seventeen
Other Immune Disorders: Other Immune Disorders: Cancer and Autoimmune Cancer and Autoimmune DiseasesDiseases If the immune system breaks down
Getting older HIV infection Chemotherapy
Autoimmune diseasesRheumatoid arthritisSystemic lupus erythmatosus
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. 23Chapter seventeen
Giving Yourself a Fighting Giving Yourself a Fighting Chance: How to Support Your Chance: How to Support Your Immune SystemImmune System
How to support your immune systemPublic HealthTaking care of yourself
Nutrition Exercise Rest Moderation of Lifestyle Controlling Stress
Immunity and InfectionImmunity and Infection
Chapter 17