immune response, toxins, & nutrition
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Immune Response, Toxins, & Nutrition. Immune Response to Microorganisms. Immune system – the body system that protects against pathogens and cancer Immunity – the ability to resist disease The immune system has 3 lines of defense:. Immune Response. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Immune Response, Toxins, & Nutrition
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Immune Response to Microorganisms
Immune system – the body system that protects against pathogens and cancer
Immunity – the ability to resist disease
The immune system has 3 lines of defense:
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Immune Response
1st line of defense (nonspecific): skin, ciliated cells, mucus membranes – act as barriers and traps
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Immune Response2nd line of defense (nonspecific): increased body temperature
(fever) to create conditions unsuitable for pathogen growth; increased blood flow to injured or infected site resulting in inflammation; blood brings white blood cells called macrophages that engulf and kill pathogens
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Immune Response
3rd line of defense (specific): macrophages activate helper T cells that (1) activate other T cells that destroy infected cells and (2) activate B-cells to make antibodies; antibodies attach to pathogens, clumps them, and signals them for destruction.
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Passive vs. Active Immunity
Active Immunity – body’s own immune response is activated and produces antibodies; occurs when a pathogen or a vaccination is introduced into the body; long-term effect; once you get exposed to pathogen, you retain those antibodies for awhile, explaining why some diseases are only contracted once in a lifetime
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Active Immunity
Memory B cells keep antibodies “on file” in case of future exposure to antigen
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Passive vs. Active Immunity
Passive Immunity – antibodies are introduced into the body (not a result of immune system response); example – mother transfers her immunity to infant during breast-feeding; effects are short-term
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Vaccines
• Made from weakened pathogens, pathogen parts, dead pathogens
• Injections, nasal sprays, ingested• Causes body to make antibodies that can be
used if it is exposed to the “real deal”; will shorten or prevent illness
• There are risk factors – allergic reactions, actually getting disease from vaccine, etc.
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Vaccines now available for:
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Toxins
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Effects of Environmental Toxins
Toxin – poisonous substance that can cause disease– Symptoms depend on dose, how long you’ve
been exposed, the way it got in the body, and body response.
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Effects of Environmental Toxins
1. Mercury– Sensory impairment (vision, hearing, speech), lack of
coordination, disturbance in sensations (pins and needles), muscle weakness, skin rash, mood swings, memory loss, mental disturbance
– Damage to central nervous system, liver, digestive tract, kidneys, prolonged exposure leads to brain damage and death
– Major sources – ingestion of contaminated food (mainly fish) and water, air pollution, improper use of items such as thermometers and fluorescent light bulbs
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Mercury
From 1932 to 1968, the Chisso Corp. dumped nearly 27 tons of mercury waste into Minamata bay, Japan. In the mid-1950’s, a strange disease emerged that seemed to affect cats, birds, and people.http://science.education.nih.gov/supplements/nih2/chemicals/activities/lesson5.htm or http://aileenarchive.or.jp/minamata_en/slides/swf.html
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Effects of Environmental Toxins2. Lead
– Major sources – lead paint (1978), toys, lead bullets, sinkers, plumbing, air (when we used leaded gas), pewter
– Symptoms:• Child: irritability, weight loss, sluggishness,
abdominal pain• Adult: pain/tingling in the extremities, muscle
weakness, headache, abdominal pain, memory loss, mood disorders, reduced sperm count, abnormal sperm
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Lead
Lead Paint chips
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Nutrition
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Nutrition1. Good Nutrition – can maintain good health and
prevent disease– Nutrients are substances the body needs to obtain
energy and build and replace tissue• Carbohydrates – energy
• Fats – store energy, insulation, building cell membranes
• Proteins – chemical reactions, body structure, traits
• Vitamins – naturally occurs in plant and animals; help body with specific functions
• Minerals – not made by living things (ex. Calcium, iron)
– Good nutrition is a balance of all of the above
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Nutrition2. Bad Nutrition – can
lead to:– Obesity – the wrong
amounts of sugars/carbohydrates and fats coupled with lack of or too little exercise; also has genetic component; can lead to other complications such as diabetes
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Nutrition– Malnutrition – an
overall deficiency of most or all the nutrients; can lead to other complications including decreased immunity
Malnourished child with dysentery
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Nutrition– Specific deficiencies – not
enough of certain vitamins and minerals can lead to specific health problems
Examples:Scurvy – deficiency of
Vitamin C; causes inflammation of the tongue, spongy gums, blue and black spots on skin, sunken eyes, pallor, corkscrew hair, nosebleeds; was common among sailors
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Nutrition
Goiters – deficiency of iodine; causes swelling of the thyroid gland (in your neck), tight feeling in your throat, coughing, trouble swallowing and breathing; not a problem in U.S. since iodized salt.
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Nutrition
Osteoporosis – disease caused by lack of enough calcium in the diet over many years; causes brittle bones, and hunched/stooped over appearance.
For more about vitamin & mineral needs/deficiencies: http://www.changingshape.com/resources/references/vmchart.asp